STATEMENT BY
W. HAYS PARKS
SPECIAL ASSISTANT FOR LAW OF WAR MATTERS
THE JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
BEFORE THE
HOUSE ARMED SERVICE
COMMITTEE
UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
HEARING ON IRAQ'S
VIOLATIONS
OF THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT
APRIL 4, 2003
Thank you
for inviting me to testify on this very
important subject.
You have asked me to comment on the 1949
Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection
of Prisoners of War, commonly referred to by
the acronym "GPW," Department of Defense
policies with respect to that Convention in
the current conflict with
Iraq
, and Iraqi violations of the Convention.
Geneva
Convention Background
The GPW
was negotiated after World War II.
Out of 194 nations in the world, 190
are States parties, including the
United States
and
Iraq
. More
governments are States Parties to this
convention than Member States of the United
Nations, making it one of the most widely
accepted treaties. The protections of the
Convention apply when the members of the
armed forces of one belligerent nation
"fall into the hands" of an enemy
belligerent.
This can happen through capture or
surrender to enemy military forces.
The
Geneva Convention provides the following
fundamental protections for POWs:
·
POWs must at all times be
humanely treated.
Humane treatment is the baseline, but
POW protections are much more extensive.
·
Any act or omission that
causes the death or endangers a POW is
prohibited and is a serious breach of the
Convention.
●
POWs must be removed from the
battlefield as soon as circumstances permit
and at all times protected from physical and
mental harm.
●
POWs must be provided adequate
food, shelter and medical aid.
●
POWs must be protected,
particularly against acts of violence or
intimidation and against insults and public
curiosity.
●
If questioned, POWs are
required to provide their name, rank, serial
number, and date of birth.
They may not be required or forced to
provide any other information.
·
POWs may not be subjected to physical
or mental torture. Those who refuse to
answer questions may not be
threatened, insulted, or exposed to any
unpleasant or
disadvantageous
treatment of any kind.
●
Subject to valid security
reasons, POWs are entitled to retain their
personal property and protective equipment.
These items may not be taken from a
POW unless properly accounted for and
receipted.
●
Representatives from the
International Committee of the Red Cross
must be permitted access to POWs as soon as
practical.
●
All POWs must be protected
against assault, including sexual assault.
Female POWs shall be treated with the
regard due to their gender and, like all
POWs, are entitled to respect for their
person and their honor.
In
addition to the GPW, there are other Geneva
Conventions relevant to the current
conflict.
In particular, the
United States
and
Iraq
are both parties to the 1949 Geneva
Convention for the Amelioration of the
Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed
Forces in the Field.
The title of this Convention is a bit
misleading because it also provides
protection for the dead.
In particular, this Convention:
·
Requires parties to the conflict to
protect the dead against pillage and
ill-treatment;
and
●
Requires parties to ensure
that the dead are honorably interred, their
graves respected, and information as to
their identity, etc., provided to the
International Committee of the Red Cross.
DOD
Policies in Conflict with
Iraq
The
United States
and Coalition forces conduct all operations
in compliance with the law of war.
No nation devotes more resources to
training and compliance with the law of war
than the
United States
.
Both the
United States
and
Iraq
are parties to the GPW, which the
United States
fully observes in this conflict.
The
U.S.
and Coalition Forces have planned for the
protection and proper treatment of Iraqi
POWs under each of the Geneva Conventions I
have identified. These plans are integrated
into current operations.
Before describing our policies, I
should note that in Operation Desert Storm
in 1991, the
United States
and Coalition partners detained 86,743 Iraqi
POWs. These
Iraqi POWS were given all of the protections
required by the Geneva Conventions.
Our aims and acts are precisely the same in
the current conflict: We are providing, and
will continue to provide, captured Iraqi
combatants with the protections of the
Geneva Conventions and other pertinent
international laws.
In addition, arrangements are
currently in progress to allow for
representatives from the International
Committee of the Red Cross to meet with
Iraqi POWs.
This will take place as soon as their
security can be assured.
Iraqi
Violations of the
Geneva
Conventions and Related Laws of War
Unfortunately, the Iraqi regime is not
complying with the Geneva Conventions.
Before turning to a summary of the
Iraqi violations, I should note that in
Desert Storm in 1991, the Iraqis mistreated
U.S.
and Coalition forces in numerous respects,
including physical abuse and torture, forced
propaganda statements, food deprivation,
denial of ICRC access until the day of
repatriation, and much more.
The Iraqis similarly mistreated
Iranian POWs during the 8-year Iran-Iraq war
in the 1980s.
The Iraqi regime has thus displayed a
pattern of systematic disregard for the laws
of war.
Based upon briefings and reports in
the media, it appears that
Iraq
has once again committed violations of the
Geneva Conventions and related laws of war.
I will mention just three.
·
First: Iraqi Television and
al-Jazeera have aired a lengthy tape of
deceased U.S or coalition service
members.
I understand that some of you have
seen the tape; I will not describe it in any
detail.
Suffice it to say that this tape,
which was apparently made with the consent
or at the direction of the Iraqi regime,
shows fundamental violations of the Geneva
Convention obligations, including
prohibitions on pillage and ill-treatment of
the dead, the duty to respect the personal
dignity of all captured combatants, and
possibly the prohibition against willful
killing, torture, inhumane treatment, or the
willful causing of great suffering or
serious injury to body or health of a POW.
·
Second: Iraqi Television and
al-Jazeera have aired a tape of
U.S.
soldiers answering questions in humiliating
and insulting circumstances designed to make
them objects of public curiosity, in
violation of the GPW.
·
Third:
There are reports that the Iraqi
regime has sent forces carrying white flags
as if to indicate an intention to surrender,
repeating an illegal act used by Iraqi
military in the 1991 Coalition war to
liberate Kuwait, or dressed forces as
liberated civilians to draw coalition forces
into ambushes. These acts of "perfidy"
are among the most fundamental violations of
the law of war, endangering Coalition forces
and innocent Iraqi civilians.
These
are three obvious Iraqi law of war
violations.
Behind the tapes and initial reports
from the field there are likely to be
additional violations.
The position of
the United States Government is to do
everything in its power to bring to justice
anyone who, by action or inaction, is
responsible for fundamental violations of
the law of war.
The Secretary of the Army
investigated and recorded Iraqi war crimes
during the 1990-1991 Persian Gulf War.
Steps have been taken to begin a
similar investigation and information
collection effort.
Ultimate disposition will depend upon
evidence collected, identified violations,
and individuals who come under
U.S.
control.