Volume 72 Number 3
Federal Probation
 
     
     
 
References
Endnotes
 


The Development and Validation of a Pretrial Screening Tool

The Best Laid Plans: An Assessment of the Varied Consequences of New Technologies for Crime and Social Controls

The Empirical Status of the Level of Service Inventory

Cognitive Behavioral Intervention with Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Some Historical Perspective

Juvenile Sex Offenders and Sex Offender Legislation: Unintended Consequences

Correlates of Re-arrest among Felony Domestic Violence Probationers

 

The Development and Validation of a Pretrial Screening Tool

American Bar Association (2002). American Bar Association Criminal Justice Standards on Pretrial Release. 3d ed. Washington, D.C.: American Bar Association.

Andrews, D. and Bonta, J. (2007). Psychology of Criminal Conduct, 2nd Ed. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing.

Andrews, D. (1995) The psychology of criminal conduct. In J. McGuire (Ed.), What works: reducing reoffending: Guidelines from research and practice (pp.35-62). New York: Wiley Press.

Armstrong, B., Bourgon, G. (2001). New Directions in effective correctional treatment. Forum on Corrections Research, 13, 53-55.

Beck, A., Karberg, J., Harrison, P. (2002). Prison and Jail inmates at midyear 2001. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of Statistics.

Bonta, J. (1996). Risk-needs assessment and treatment. In A.T. Harland (Ed.), Choosing correctional interventions that work: Defining the demand and evaluating the supply (pp. 18-32). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Bonta, J. (2002). Offender risk assessment: Guidelines for selection and use. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 29, 355-379.

Brown, M. (1996). Refining the risk concept: Decision context as a factor mediating the relation between risk and program effectiveness. Crime and Delinquency, 42, 435-455.

Clark, J. & Henry, D.A. (2003). Pretrial services programming at the start of the 21st century: A survey of pretrial services programs. Bureau of Justice Assistance, U.S. Department of Justice (NCJ 199773).

Glaze, L. and Bonczar, T.P. (2007). Probation and parole in the United States, 2006. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of Statistics.

Gottfredson, S.D. & Moriarty, L.J. (2006). Statistical risk assessment: Old problems and New Applications, Crime and Delinquency, 52, 178-200.

Henry, D., Clark, J. (1999) Pretrial drug testing: An overview of issues and practices. Bureau of Justice Assistance, U.S. Department of Justice (NCJ 176341).

Flores, A., Travis III, L.F., & Latessa, E.J. (2003). Case classification for juvenile corrections: An assessment of the Youth Level of Service Case Management Inventory (YLS/ CMI). Unpublished manuscript, University of Cincinnati.

Jones, P. (1996). “Risk Prediction in Criminal Justice.” In A.T. Harland (Ed.), Choosing correctional interventions that work: Defining the demand and evaluating the supply (pp. 33-68). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Latessa, E., Allen, H. (2003). Corrections in the community. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing.

Lowenkamp, C.T. & Latessa, E.J. (2002). Validating the Level of Service Inventory Revised in Ohio’s community based correctional facilities. Unpublished manuscript, University of Cincinnati.

Lowenkamp, C. T. and Latessa, E. J. (2004). Understanding the Risk Principle: How and Why Correctional Interventions Can Harm Low-Risk Offenders. Topics in Community Corrections, National Institute of Corrections, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington D.C.

Lowenkamp, C. T., Pealer, J., Smith, P. and Latessa, E. (2006). Adhering to the Risk and Need Principles: Does it Matter for Supervision-Based Programs? Federal Probation, 70 (3).

Mahoney, B., Beaudin, B.D., Carver III, J.A., Ryan, D.B., & Hoffman, R.B. (2001). Pretrial service programs: Responsibilities and potential. National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice (NCJ 181939).

Maxwell, S.R. (1999). Examining the congruence between the predictors of ROR and failure to appear. Journal of Criminal Justice, 27, 127-141.

Monahan, J. (1996). Violence prediction: The past twenty and the next twenty years. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 23, 107-120.

Monahan, J., and Steadman, H. (1994). Toward a rejuvenation of risk assessment research. In J. Monahan and Steadman (eds.), Violence and Mental Disorder: Developments in Risk assessment. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

National Association of Pretrial Services Agencies (2004) National association of Pretrial service agencies standards on pretrial release (3rd edition).

Sabol, W. (2008). Prison Inmates at Midyear 2007. Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice.

Sabol, W., Minton, T. (2007) Jail inmates at midyear 2007. Bureau of Justice Statistics bulletin. U.S. Department of Justice (NCJ 221945).

VanNostrand, M. (2003). Assessing risk among pretrial defendants in Virginia: The Virginia Pretrial Risk Assessment Instrument. Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services.

VanNostrand, M. (2007). Legal and evidence based practices: Application of legal principle, laws, and research to the field of pretrial services. Report by the Crime and Justice Institute and National Institute of Corrections, Community Corrections Division.

Van Voorhis, P., Braswell, M., Lester, D. (2004) Correctional Counseling & Rehabilitation (5th ed) Cincinnati, Ohio. Anderson publishing.

Winterfield, L., Coggeshall, M., Harrell, A. (2003). Empirically-based risk assessment instrument: Final Report. (April). Urban Institute Justice Policy Center.

Wright, K., Clear, T. & Dickson, P. (1984). Universal application of probation risk assessment instruments: A critique. Criminology, 22, 113-134.

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The Best Laid Plans: An Assessment of the Varied Consequences of New Technologies for Crime and Social Control

Austin, J. (2006) “How Much Risk Can We Take? The Misuse of Risk Assessment in Corrections” Federal Probation September: 58-63.

Barte, W. (2006) “Commentary: Collaborative Innovations Will Lead Corrections into the Future” Corrections Today October: 8.

Bellone, E. (2007) “Courts and Hard Technology: Applying Technology Solutions to Legal Issues” pp. 185-210 in Byrne, J. and Rebovich, D. (2007). The New technology of Crime, Law and Social Control (Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press).

Byrne, J. (in press) The New Generation of Concentrated Community Supervision Strategies: Focusing Resources on High Risk Offenders, Times, and Places. (Washington, DC: A Report for the Public Safety Performance Project, the Pew Charitable Trusts).

Byrne, J. and Rebovich, D. (2007). The New technology of Crime, Law and Social Control (Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press).

Byrne, J. and Pattavina, A. (2007) “Institutional Corrections and Soft Technology,” pp. 215-286 in Byrne, J. and Rebovich, D. (2007). The New technology of Crime, Law and Social Control (Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press).

Byrne, J. and Rebovich, D. (2007) “Introduction— The New Technology of Crime, Law and Social Control.” pp. 1-21, in Byrne, J. and Rebovich, D. (2007). The New technology of Crime, Law and Social Control (Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press).

Byrne, J. and Taxman, F. (2006) “Crime Control Strategies and Community Change” Federal Probation June: 3-12.

Byrne, James, Hummer, D. and F. Taxman (2008) The Culture of Prison Violence Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Byrne, J. and Taxman, F. (2005) “Crime (Control) is a Choice: Divergent Perspectives on the Role of Treatment in the Adult Corrections System” Criminology and Public Policy 4 (2): 291-310.

Byrne, J., Lurigio, A., and Petersilia, J. (1992) Smart Sentencing. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Clear, T. and Cadova, E. (2003) Community Justice. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.

Cole, D. and Lobel, J. (2007) Less safe, Less Free: Why America is Losing the War on Terror. New York: The New Press.

Corbett, Ronald (2007). “Courts and Soft Technology” pp. 211-226, in Byrne, J. and Rebovich, D. (2007). The New technology of Crime, Law and Social Control (Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press).

Farabee, D. (2005) Rethinking Rehabilitation: Why Can’t We Reform Our Criminals? Washington, D.C.: AEI Press, American Enterprise Institute.

Farrington, D., and Welsh, B. (2005). “Randomized Experiments in Criminology: What Have We Learned in the Last Two Decades?” Journal of Experimental Criminology 1:1-29.

Federal Bureau of Investigation (2004). FBI Strategic Plan: 2004-2009. Washington, D. C.: Federal Bureau of Investigation.

Felson, M. & Clarke, R.V. (1998). Opportunity makes the thief: Practical theory for Crime Prevention. Police Research Series Paper 98. London: Home Office.

Gandy, O. (2007) Race and Cumulative Disadvantage: Engaging the Actuarial Assumption (The B. Aubrey Fisher Memorial Lecture, Department of Communication, University of Utah, October 18, 2007).

Garland, D. (2002) The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society. New York: Oxford University Press.

Gibbs, J.J., and P.L. Shelly (1982) Commercial Theft Studies Project Final Report. Newark, N.J.: Center for the Study of the Causes of Crime for Gain, School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University.

Gibbons, J. and N. Katzenbach. (2006) Confronting Confinement: A Report of the Commission on Safety and Abuse in America’s Prisons. Vera Institute of Justice, New York, NY. http://www.prisoncommission.org/pdfs/ Confronting_Confinement.pdf

Gilligan, J. (1996) Violence: Reflections on a National Epidemic. New York: Random House.

Gilligan, J., and Lee, B. (2004) “Beyond the Prison Paradigm: From Provoking Violence to Preventing It by Creating ‘Anti-Prisons.’” Annals of the NY Academy of Sciences, 1036: 300-324.

Glaze, L. and S. Palla (2005) Probation and Parole in the United States, 2004. Washington, D.C. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin, November.

Haggerty, Kevin (2008) “Book Review: Evidence- Based Crime Prevention” Theoretical Criminology, vol. 12 (1): 121-126.

Harris, A. and Lurigio, A. (2007). “Crime Prevention and Soft Technology: Risk Assessment, Threat Assessment, and the Prevention of Violence,” pp. 103-132, in Byrne, J. and Rebovich, D. (2007). The New technology of Crime, Law and Social Control (Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press).

Harris, C. (2007) “Police and Soft Technology: How Information Technology Contributes to Police Decision Making,” pp. 153-183, in Byrne, J. and Rebovich, D. (2007). The New Technology of Crime, Law and Social Control (Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press).

Harris, P. and Byrne, J. (2007) “Community Corrections and Hard Technology,” pp. 287-325, in Byrne, J. and Rebovich, D. (2007). The New Technology of Crime, Law and Social Control (Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press).

Herivel, T. and Wright, P. (2007). Prison Profiteers: Who makes money from mass incarceration (New York: The New Press).

Hummer, D. (2007) “Policing and “Hard” Technology” pp. 133-152, in Byrne, J. and Rebovich, D. (2007). The New Technology of Crime, Law and Social Control (Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press).

Huxley, A. (1932) Brave New World. New York: Bantam Books.

Kleiman, M. (2005) When Brute Force Fails: Strategic Thinking for Crime Control. Final report to the National Institute of Justice (ncj: 211204).

Kraska, P.B. (2001) Militarizing the American Criminal Justice System: The Changing Role of the Armed Forces and the Police. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press.

Laub, J. and Sampson, R. (2001) “Understanding Desistance from Crime.” In Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 28, ed. Michael Tonry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Liebling, A. (2004) Prisons and their Moral Performance: A Study of Values, Quality, and Prison Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Manning, P.K. (2003) Policing Contingencies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Manning, P. (2008). “Surveillance: From them to us and back to them.” Presentation at the 2008 Hixon-Riggs Forum on Science, Technology, and Society, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA: March 28, 2008.

Marx, G. (2008) “Windows into the soul: Surveillance and society in an age of high technology.” Keynote Presentation at the 2008 Hixon-Riggs Forum on Science, Technology, and Society, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA: March 27, 2008.

Marx, Gary (2007). “Engineering of Social Control: Intended and Unintended Consequences,” pp. 347-371 in James M. Byrne and Donald J. Rebovich, eds., The New technology of Crime, Law and Social Control, Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Pattavina, A. (2005) Information Technology and the Criminal Justice System. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Pattavina, A. and Taxman, F. (2007) “Community Corrections and Soft Technology,” pp. 327-346, in Byrne, J. and Rebovich, D. (2007). The New Technology of Crime, Law and Social Control (Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press).

Rebovich, D. and Martino, A. (2007) “Technology, Crime Control and the Private Sector in the 21st Century,” pp. 49-79, in Byrne, J. and Rebovich, D. (2007). The New Technology of Crime, Law and Social Control (Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press).

Schlegal, K. and Cohen, C. (2007). “Impact of Technology on Criminality,” pp. 23-47, in Byrne, J. and Rebovich, D. (2007). The New Technology of Crime, Law and Social Control (Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press).

Sherman, L.W., Gottfredson, D.C., MacKenzie, D.L., Eck, J.E., Reuter, P., & Bushway, S.D. (1997). Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice.

Skogan, W. and Frydl, K. (2004) Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing: The Evidence. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, National Research Council.

Sparks, R.F. 1981 “Center for the Study of the Causes of Crime for Gain Annual Report 1980-1981.” Newark, N.J.: School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University.

Sparks, R.F., A. Greer, and S.A. Manning 1982. “Theoretical Studies Project Final Report.” Newark, N.J.: Center for the Study of the Causes of Crime for Gain, School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University.

Stowell, J. (2007) “Institutional Corrections and Hard Technology,” pp. 215-286 in Byrne, J. and Rebovich, D. (2007). The New Technology of Crime, Law and Social Control (Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press).

Sutherland, E.H. 1937. The Professional Thief. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Taxman, F., Byrne, J. and Pattavina, A. (2005) “Racial Disparity and the Legitimacy of the Criminal Justice System: Exploring Consequences for Deterrence.” Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 16 (2005): 57–77.

Taylor, R., Caeti, T., Loper, D., Fritsch, E., and Liederbach, J. (2006) Digital Crime and Digital Terrorism. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Taylor, R.B. & Gottfredson, S. (1986). Environmental design, crime and prevention: An examination of community dynamics. In A.J. Reiss, Jr. & M. Tonry (Eds.), Communities and Crime. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Vol. 8. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Webster, C., Doob, A., and Zimring, F. (2006) “Proposition 8 and Crime Rates in California: The Case of the Disappearing Deterrent,” Criminology and Public Policy 5 (3): 417-448.

Weisburd, D., Mastrofski, S.D., Greenspan, R., & Willis, J. J. (2003). Reforming to preserve: Compstat and strategic problem solving in American policing. Criminology & Public Policy, 2, 421-455.

Weisburd, D., Mastrofski, S. D., Greenspan, R., & Willis, J.J. (2004). The growth of Compstat in American policing. Washington, D.C.: Police Foundation.

Welsh, B.C. & Farrington, D.P. (2002). Crime Prevention Effects of Closed Circuit Television: A Systematic Review. Home Office Research Study, No. 252. London: Home Office.

Welsh, B.C. & Farrington, D.P. (2004). Surveillance for crime prevention in public space: Results and policy choices in Britain and America. Criminology & Public Policy, 3, 497-526.

Welsh, B.C. & Farrington, D.P. (Eds.). (2006). Preventing Crime: What Works for Children, Offenders, Victims, and Places. New York: Springer.

Welsh, B.C. & Farrington, D.P. (2007) “Crime Prevention and Hard Technology: The Case of CCTV and Improved Street Lighting,” pp. 81-102 in Byrne, J. and Rebovich, D. (2007). The New Technology of Crime, Law and Social Control (Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press).

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The Empirical Status of the Level of Service Inventory

*Andrews, D.A. (1982). The level of supervisory inventory (LSI): The first follow-up. Ontario, Canada: Ministry of Correctional Services.

Andrews, D.A., Bonta, J. (1995). LSI-R the level of service inventory revised user’s manual. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems Inc.

Andrews, D.A., Bonta, J. (1998). The psychology of criminal conduct (2nd ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing Company.

Andrews, D.A., Zinger, I., Hoge, R.D., Bonta, J., Gendreau, P, & Cullen, F.T. (1990). Does correctional treatment work? A clinicallyrelevant and psychologically-informed meta-analysis. Criminology, 28, 369-404.

*Andrews, D.A., Kiessling, J.J., Mickus, S., & Robinson, D. (1986). The construct validity of interview-based risk assessments in corrections. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 18, 460-471.

Ayres, I. (2007). Super crunchers: Why thinking-by-numbers is the new way to be smart. New York: Bantam Books.

*Austin, J., Coleman, D., Peyton, J., & Dedel Johnson, K. (2003). Reliability and validity study of the LSI-R risk assessment instrument. Washington, DC: The Institute on Crime, Justice and Corrections.

*Barnoski, R., & Aos, S. (2003). Washington’s offender accountability act: An analysis of the department of corrections’ risk assessment. Olympia, WA: Washington State Institute for Public Policy.

*Bechtel, K., Lowenkamp, C.T., & Latessa, E.J. (2007). Assessing the risk of re-offending for juvenile offenders using the youth level of service/case management inventory. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 45(3/4), 85-108.

*Bonta, J. (1989). Native inmates: Institutional response, risk, and needs. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 31, 49-62.

Bonta, J. (2002). Offender risk assessment guidelines for selection and use. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 29, 355-379.

Bonta, J. (1996). Risk-needs assessment and treatment. In A.T. Harland (Ed.), Choosing correctional options that work: Defining the demand and evaluating the supply (pp. 18-32). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

*Bonta, J., & Motiuk, L.L. (1985). Utilization of an interview-based classification instrument: A study of correctional halfway houses. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 12, 333-352.

*Bonta, J. & Motiuk, L.L. (1987). The diversion of incarcerated offenders to correctional halfway houses. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 24, 302-323.

*Bonta, J. & Motiuk, L.L. (1990). Classification to halfway houses: A quasi experimental evaluation. Criminology, 28, 497-506.

*Bonta, J. & Motiuk, L.L. (1992). Inmate classification. Journal of Criminal Justice, 20, 343-353.

*Coulson, G., Ilacqua, G., Nutbrown, V., & Cudjoe, F. (1996). Predictive utility of the LSI for incarcerated female offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 23, 427-439.

*Dahle, K.P. (2006). Strengths and limitations of actuarial prediction of criminal reoffence in a German prison sample: A comparative study of LSI-R, HCR-20 and PCL-R. International Journal of Law & Psychiatry, 29, 431-442.

*Dowdy, E.R., Lacy, M.G., & Unnithan, N.P. (2002). Correctional prediction and the level of supervision inventory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 30, 29-39.

Feeley, M.M., & Simon, J. (1992). The new penology: Notes on the emerging strategy of corrections and its implications. Criminology, 30, 449-474.

*Flores, A.W., Lowenkamp, C.T., Holsinger, A.M., & Latessa, E.J. (2006). Predicting outcome with the level of service inventoryrevised: The importance of implementation integrity. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34, 523-529.

*Flores, A.W., Lowenkamp, C.T., Smith, P., & Latessa, E.J. (2006). Validating the level of service inventory-revised on a sample of federal probationers. Federal Probation, 70(2), 44-49.

*Folsom, J., & Atkinson, J.L. (2007). The generalizability of the LSI-R and the CAT to the prediction of recidivism in female offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 1044- 1056.

Gardner, W., Lidz, C.W., Mulvey, E.P., & Shaw, E.C. (1996). Clinical versus actuarial predictions of violence in patients with mental illness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 602-609.

Gendreau, P. (1996). Offender rehabilitation what we know and what needs to be done. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 23, 144-161.

Gendreau, P. (1996). The principles of effective intervention with offenders. In A. T Harland (Ed.), Choosing correctional options that work: Defining the demand and evaluating the supply (pp. 117-130). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

*Gendreau, P. Goggin, C.E., & Law, M.A. (1997). Predicting prison misconducts. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 24, 414-431.

*Gendreau, P., Goggin, C.E., & Smith, P. (2002). Is the PCL-R really the “unparalleled” measure of offender risk? A lesson in knowledge cumulation. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 29, 397-426.

*Gendreau, P., Little, T., & Goggin, C.E. (1996). A meta-analysis of the predictors of adult offender recidivism: What works! Criminology, 34, 575-607.

*Girard, L., & Wormith, J.S. (2004). The predictive validity of the level of service inventory-Ontario revision on general and violent recidivism among various offender groups. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 31, 150-181.

Glaze, L.E., & Bonczar, T.P. (2007). Probation and parole in the United States, 2006. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice.

Grove, W.M., & Meehl, P.E. (1996). Comparative efficiency of informal (subjective, impressionistic) and formal (mechanical, algorithmic) prediction procedures: The clinical-statistical controversy. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 2, 293-323.

Grove, W.M., Zald, D.H., Lebow, B.S., Snitz, B. E., & Nelson, C. (2000). Clinical versus mechanical prediction: A meta-analysis. Psychological Assessment, 12, 19-30.

*Hendricks, B., Werner, T., & Shipway, L. (2006). Recidivism among spousal abusers: Predictions and program evaluations. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21, 703-716.

*Hollin, C.R., & Palmer, E.J. (2006). The level of service inventory-revised profile of English prisoners: Risk and reconviction analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 33, 347-366.

Hollin, C.R., Palmer, E.J., & Clark, D. (2003). The level of service inventory-revised profile of english prisoners a needs analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 30, 422-440.

*Holsinger, A.M., Lowenkamp, C.T., & Latessa, E. J. (2006). Exploring the validity of the level of service inventory-revised with native american offenders. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34, 331-337.

Holtfreter, K., & Culp, R. (2007). Gender and risk assessment the empirical status of the LSI-R for women. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 23, 363-382.

*Holtfreter, K., Reisig, M.D., & Morash, M. (2004). Poverty, state capital, and recidivism among women offenders. Criminology & Public Policy, 3, 185-208.

*Ilacqua, G.E., Coulson, G. E., Lombardo, D., & Nutbrown, V. (1999). Predictive validity of the young offender level of service inventory for criminal recidivism of male and female young offenders. Psychological Reports, 84, 1214-1218.

*Kelly, C.E. & Welsh, W.N. (2008). The predictive validity of the level of service inventoryrevised for drug-involved offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35, 819-831.

*Kirkpatrick, B. (1998). Field test of the LSI-R: A study of offenders under intensive community supervision. Perspectives, 22, 24-28.

*Kirkpatrick, B. (1999). Exploratory research of female risk prediction and LSI-R. Corrections Compendium, 24(5), 1-3, 14-17.

*Lowenkamp, C.T. & Bechtel, K. (2007). The predictive validity of the LSI-R on a sample of offenders drawn from the records of the Iowa department of corrections data management system. Federal Probation, 71(3), 25-29.

*Lowenkamp, C.T., Holsinger, A.M., & Latessa, E. J. (2001). Risk/Need assessment, offender classification, and the role of childhood abuse. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 28, 543-563.

Lowenkamp, C.T., Lovins, B., & Latessa, E.J. (in press). Validating the Level of Service Invetory-Revised and the Level of Service Inventory Screening Version with a sample of probationers. Prison Journal.

*Lowenkamp, C.T., Smith, P., & Latessa, E.J. (2008). Can 14,737 women be wrong? A meta-analytic review of the research on the relationship between the LSI-R and recidivism among female offenders. Unpublished Manuscript, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH.

*Marczyk, G.R., Heilbrum, K., Lander, T., & DeMatteo, D. (2003). Predicting juvenile recidivism with the PCL:YV, MAYSI, and YLS/CMI. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 2, 7-18.

*Miles, H., & Raynor, P. (2004). Community sentences in jersey: Risk, need and rehabilitation. St. Helier, Jersey: Jersey Probation and After Care Service.

*Mills, J.F., Kroner, D.G., & Hemmati, T. (2003). Predicting violent behavior through a staticstable variable lens. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 891-904.

*Mills, J.F., Jones, M. N., & Kroner, D. G. (2005). An examination of the generalizability of the LSI-R and VRAG probability bins. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 32, 565-585.

*Mills, J.F., & Kroner, D.G. (2006). The effect of discordance among violence and general recidivism risk estimates on predictive accuracy. Criminal Behaviour & Mental Health, 16, 155-166.

*Motiuk, L.L., Bonta, J., & Andrews, D.A. (1986). Classification in correctional halfway houses the relative and incremental predictive criterion validities of the Megargee-MMPI and LSI systems. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 13, 33-46.

*Motiuk, M.S., Motiuk, L.L., & Bonta, J. (1992). A comparison between self-report and interview-based inventories in offender classification. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 19, 143-159.

*O’Keefe, M.L., Klebe, K., & Hromas, S. (1998). Validation of the level of supervision inventory (LSI) for community based offenders in Colorado: Phase II. Colorado Spring, CO: Colorado Department of Corrections.

*Palmer, E.J., & Hollin, C.R. (2007). The level of service inventory-revised with English women prisoners a needs and reconviction analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 971-984.

Raynor, P. (2007). Risk and need assessment in British probation: The contribution of LSIR. Psychology, Crime & Law, 13, 125-138.

*Raynor, P., Knych, J., Roberts, C., & Merrington, S. (2000). Risk and need assessment in probation services: An evaluation. Home Office Research Study 211. London: Home Office.

*Reisig, M.D., Holtfreter, K., & Morash, M. (2006). Assessing recidivism risk across female pathways to crime. Justice Quarterly, 23, 384-405.

Sarbin, T.R. (1943). A contribution to the study of actuarial and individual methods of prediction. American Journal of Sociology, 48(5), 593-602.

*Schlager, M.D., & Simourd, D.J. (2007). Validity of the level of service inventory-revised (LSI-R) among african american and hispanic male offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 545-554.

*Schmidt, F., Hoge, R.D., & Gomes, L. (2005). Reliability and validity analyses of the youth level of services/case management inventory. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 32, 329-344.

*Shields, I.W. (1993). The use of the young offender-level of service inventory (YO-LSI) with adolescents. IARCA Journal on Community Corrections, 5, 10, 26.

*Simourd, D.J. (2004). Use of Dynamic Risk/ Needs Assessment Instruments Among Long Term Incarcerated Offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 31, 306-323.

Van Voorhis, P. (2000). An overview of offender classification systems. In P. Van Voorhis, M. Braswell, & D. Lester (Eds.), Correctional counseling & rehabilitation (4th ed., pp. 81-108). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing Company.

*Vose, B. (2008). Assessing the predictive validity of the level of service inventory revised: Recidivism among Iowa parolees and probationers. Doctoral dissertation, University of Cincinnati.

*Studies included in Table 1.

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Cognitive Behavioral Intervention with Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Some Historical Perspective

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Juvenile Sex Offenders and Sex Offender Legislation: Unintended Consequences

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Correlates of Re-arrest among Felony Domestic Violence Probationers

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