Appendix A. Tables

Table 1. Metric Conversion Coofficients and Factors


When you kow	Multiply by	To find
Millimeters	0.04	inches
Centimeters	0.39	inches
Meters	3.3	feet
Kilometers	0.62	miles
Hectares	2.47	acres
Square kilometers	0.39	square miles
Cubic meters	35.3	cubic feet
Liters	0.26	gallons
Kilograms	2.2	pounds
Metric tons	0.98	long tons
	1.1	short tons
	2,204	pounds
Degrees Celsius (Centigrade)	1.8 and add 32	degrees Fahrenheit

Table 2. Economic Activity in the Adult Population, 1989, 1990, 1991

**(in thousands of persons over fourteen years of age)**
Activity	1989	1990	1991
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing	929.9	889.2	806.5
Mining and quarrying	21.4	22.6	19.3
Manufacturing	714.9	719.9	699.0
Utilities	36.0	36.6	36.6
Construction	238.9	252.4	245.7
Trade, restaurants, and hotels	624.2	653.9	660.4
Transportation and communications	240.9	249.4	252.4
Finance, insurance, real estate, and business services	169.2	184.1	192.7
Community and social services	694.8	709.5	719.8
Other	0.7	1.5	0.0
Total employed	3,670.9	3,719.0	3,632.4
Total unemployed	296.0	280.8	301.1
Total labor force	3,966.9	3,719.0	3,933.5
Males	2,500.1	2,516.4	2,527.5
Females	1,466.8	1,483.4	1,406.0

Source: Based on information from The Europa World Year Book, 1994, 1, London, 1994, 1305.

Table 3. Urbanization, Selected Years, 1941- 71

**(in percentages of total population)**
Year	Athens	Thessaloniki	Other Urban	Rural
1941	15.3	3.7	13.0	68.0
1951	18.0	4.0	14.9	63.1
1961	22.1	4.5	16.1	57.3
1971	29.0	6.4	17.4	47.2

Source: Based on information from Lila Leontidou, The Mediterranean City in Transition, Cambridge, 1989, 104.

Table 4. Evolution of the Greek Language, ca. 2,000 B.C. to 1976

Period	Description
First half of second millennium B.C.	Greek speakers arrive in southern Balkan peninsula.
Second half of second millennium B.C.	Greek first written, then syllabary lost after fall of Mycenaea around 1100 B.C.
Late eighth century B.C.	Phoenician alphabet adopted and modified.
Sixth century B.C.	Greek literary tradition established.
404 B.C.	End of dominance of Athens, which had made Attic Greek lingua franca and literary language.
Mid-fourth century B.C.	End of predominance of several mutually intelligible dialects of city-states and literary variants depending on genre.
323 B.C.	Death of Alexander the Great ends expansion of Macedonian Empire, which had spread with it Attic Greek.
Third century B.C. to fourth century A.D.	Common language (Koine) develops for international trade, politics, and administration.
A.D. 330	Christian church adopts educated form of (Koine) as its official language.
Sixth century A.D. to fifteenth century	Byzantine period; complex, undocumented evolution of spoken form from that used in written texts.
Seventh century	Demotic (modern spoken Greek) assumes modern morphological and syntactic form.
Seventh to ninth century	During struggles against Arabs, Attic literary model not used.
Ninth to fifteenth century	Revived use of Attic model.
1261-1453	"Declassicized" texts simplify literary form for the uneducated.
Early fourteenth century	Vernacular literature approximates spoken form (poetry).
Late sixteenth to early seventeenth century	Cretan vernacular used in drama and poetry.
Late eighteenth century	Influence of Enlightenment politicizes language in Greek communities of Ottoman Empire and in Western Europe.
1834-36	Katharevousa adopted as offical state language of Greece after being devised by Adamantios Korais (1748- 1833).
1888	Ioannis Psicharis, champion of demotic, publishes My Journey, model for demotic literary movement.
1901	Riots in Athens to oppose demotic New Testament translation.
1917	Introduction of demotic in lower grades of elementary school.
1946-57	Prose writing career of Nikos Kazantzakis, influential writer in demotic movement.
1967-74	Military junta government attempts to reinstate Katharevousa in schools at all levels.
1970s-1980s	Regional dialects lost in many parts of Greece.
1976	Demotic of Athens becomes official language, called common or standard Greek (Neohelliniki).

Source: Based on information from Robert Browning, Medieval and Modern Greek, London, 1969.

Table 5. Schools, Teachers, and Students at Various Education Levels, Selected Years, 1975-89

	1975	1980	1985	1989
Preschools
Schools	3,279	4,576	5,203	5,474
Teachers	4,137	6,514	7,617	8,307
Percent female teachers	100	100	100	100
Pupils	108,357	145,924	160,079	141,756
Percent female pupils	48	49	49	49
Primary schools
Schools	9,633	9,461	8,675	7,755
Teachers	30,953	37,315	37,994	42,485
Percent female pupils	48	48	48	48
All secondary schools
Teachers	n.a.	39,571	50,388	57,975
Percent female teachers	n.a.	49	53	54
Students	661,796	740,085	813,534	843,732
Percent female students	43	46	48	48
Vocational (secondary) schools
Teachers	n.a.	7,834	8,138	9,434
Percent female teachers	n.a.	24	34	35
Students	132,591	100,415	109,415	130,738
Percent female students	13	20	29	32
All postsecondary schools
Teachers	n.a.	10,542	11,878	13,451
Percent female teachers	n.a.	32	30	32
Students	117,246	121,116	181,901	194,419
Percent female students	37	41	49	50
Universities
Teachers	5,956	6,924	6,934	8,104
Percent female teachers	35	35	28	29
Students	95,385	85,718	110,917	117,260
Percent female students	37	42	48	53

n.a.---not available.

Source: Based on information from United Nations, Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistical Division, Statistical Yearbook, 1992, New York, 1994, 62, 74, 86, 99.

Table 6. Financial Structure of the Public Sector, 1989-93

**(in percentages of GDP)¹**
	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993
Budgetary indicators
Primary receipts²	28.8	31.4	32.0	32.7	33.0
Primary expenditures²	37.7	37.6	36.5	35.7	35.8
Primary budget balance	-8.9	-6.2	-4.5	- 3.0	-2.8
Net interest	-5.6	-7.7	-8.5	- 8.7	-10.7
General government budget balance	- 14.5	-13.9	-13.0	-11.8	-13.5
Savings	-10.3	- 10.2	-8.9	-7.8	-10.1
Expenditure and tax structure
General current expenditures	40.3	43.1	42.3	42.3	44.7
Transfers	13.1	12.7	12.7	12.2	12.7
Subsidies	4.1	4.4	4.2	4.1	4.7
Tax receipts	28.8	31.4	32.0	32.7	33.0
Personal income tax	3.5	4.0	3.6	3.1	3.2
Corporate tax	1.2	1.6	2.0	2.3	2.3
Social security contributions	11.8	12.2	11.8	11.7	12.5
Consumption taxes	12.2	13.7	14.6	15.6	15.0
Value-added tax³	6.6	7.4	7.6	7.9	n.a.

n.a.--not available.
¹ GDP--gross domestic product.
² Excluding interest.
³ Largest category of consumption taxes.

Source: Based on information from Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development, OECD Economic Surveys: Greece 1995, Paris, 1994, 101.

Table 7. Price and Wage Movement, Selected Years, 1985-93

	1985	1990	1991	1992	1993
Consumer price index¹
Food	66.4	144.3	172.2	196.4	221.3
Alcoholic beverages and tobacco	54.0	146.7	176.8	218.2	258.2
Clothing and footwear	55.5	134.4	156.5	178.4	198.0
Housing	63.7	136.1	172.0	201.8	233.7
Durable goods and household supplies	59.1	127.5	149.5	167.9	182.7
Transportation and communications	65.5	134.9	161.1	193.8	230.3
Overall consumer prices	61.5	136.9	163.6	189.5	216.8
Wholesale price index²
Domestic finished products consumed in Greece	245.3	474.3	563.2	631.2	706.9
Foreign-produced finished products	281.1	541.7	620.6	699.0	783.9
Exported domestic products	269.7	413.4	457.8	487.1	542.3
Overall wholesale prices	255.2	473.7	553.0	615.7	689.1
Hourly wages in manufacturing³	100.0	210.5	245.7	279.4	308.8

¹ 1988 = 100.0
² 1980 = 100.0
³ In enterprises employing at least ten persons.

Source: Based on information from Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development, OECD Economic Surveys: Greece 1995, Paris, 1994, 94.

Table 8. Structure of Economic Output, 1989- 93¹

**(in percentage of GDP)**
Economic Activity	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing	12.8	11.0	12.5	12.1	11.9
Mining and quarrying	1.9	1.9	1.8	1.8	1.7
Total manufacturing	18.8	18.6	17.9	17.4	16.9
Food, drink, and tobacco	4.3	4.1	4.2	4.4	n.a.
Textiles	3.1	3.1	2.7	2.5	n.a.
Chemical and related industries	3.2	3.1	2.9	2.8	n.a.
Stone, clay, and glass	1.5	1.6	1.3	1.3	n.a.
Metals, engineering, and electric goods	1.9	1.7	1.8	1.8	n.a.
Construction	5.4	5.8	5.4	5.2	5.0
Utilities	4.2	4.1	4.3	4.5	4.6
Trade services²	26.8	27.7	27.8	28.6	29.0
Nontrade services³	24.0	24.6	24.4	24.0	24.4
Other	6.1	6.4	6.0	6.4	6.6

n.a.--not available.
¹GDP--gross domestic product.
² Transportation, communications, wholesale and retail trade, banking, insurance, and real estate.
³ Ownership of dwellings, public administration and defense, and health and education services.

Source: Based on information from Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development, OECD Economic Surveys: Greece 1995, Paris, 1995, 100.

Table 9. Export Trade by World Economic Group, 1989-93

**(in millions of United States dollars)**
Group	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993
Total OECD¹	6,088.6	6,425.5	6,759.1	7,347.9	5,850.0
European Community²	4,990.9	5,202.6	5,515.2	6,108.0	4,748.4
Britain	558.6	587.7	592.8	660.5	484.7
France	664.3	777.1	656.0	689.2	526.0
Germany³	1,623.5	1,792.5	2,073.0	2,197.8	2,012.8
Italy	1,535.5	1,384.0	1,441.4	1,718.2	1,127.1
Other OECD Europe⁴	484.7	570.0	580.7	646.7	547.9
North America	480.5	498.9	528.7	436.0	417.9
Central and East
European countries⁵	348.4	342.6	431.4	608.5	886.5
OPEC⁶	284.2	318.0	321.5	323.8	312.1
Other	845.8	934.4	1,151.0	934.2	1,085.7
Total exports⁷	7,567.1	8,020.6	8,663.0	9,842.0	8,777.3

¹ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, whose 25 members include all of Western Europe, all of North America, Australia, Japan, New Zealand, and Turkey.
² Until 1994, included Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Germany (West Germany through 1990), Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain.
³ West Germany through 1990.
⁴ Austria, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland.
⁵ In 1993 included Albania, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Ukraine.
⁶ Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, whose members in 1993 included Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela (Ecuador left in 1992).
⁷ Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.

Source: Based on information from Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development, OECD Economic Surveys: Greece 1995, Paris, 1994, 96.

Table 10. Import Trade by World Economic Group, 1989-93

**(in millions of United States dollars)**
Group	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993
Total OECD²	12,938.2	16,049.5	16,858.5	18,385.8	16,914.2
European Community²	10,052.4	12,697.6	12,955.7	14,514.6	13,190.7
Britain	935.7	1,040.3	1,149.8	1,277.4	1,337.9
France	1,106.1	1,595.9	1,668.0	1,814.5	1,739.7
Germany³	3,244.2	4,104.0	4,168.6	4,668.2	3,727.6
Italy	2,393.4	3,038.3	3,054.6	3,290.4	3,074.3
Other OECD Europe⁴	1,137.6	1,305.8	1,405.5	1,398.6	1,292.9
North America	623.3	792.2	985.3	902.0	880.7
Central and East
European countries⁵	647.7	787.4	973.1	930.9	1,007.7
OPEC⁶	792.6	1,129.1	1,575.6	1,595.6	1,492.2
Other	1,700.9	1,735.4	2,243.0	2,494.4	3,345.6
Total imports⁷	16,079.5	19,701.4	21,650.1	23,406.8	22,759.8

Source: Based on information from Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development, OECD Economic Surveys: Greece 1995, Paris, 1994, 96.

Table 11. Exports by commodity, 1990- 93

**(in millions of United States dollars)**
Commodity	1990	1991	1992	1993
Food and live animals	1,627.7	1,922.3	2,085.3	1,736.7
Beverages and tobacco	443.6	493.2	650.8	550.2
Inedible crude material except fuels	456.7	455.7	425.3	506.2
Mineral fuels and lubricants	588.0	773.4	518.9	688.5
Animal and vegetable oils and fats	302.5	222.2	550.7	314.2
Chemicals	314.9	338.0	372.7	409.7
Manufactured goods	3,754.1	3,888.0	4,527.8	3,878.9
Textiles	500.1	533.3	520.2	446.0
Iron and steel	415.0	412.4	471.1	251.2
Aluminum	279.3	287.2	311.9	269.5
Clothing	1,675.2	1,749.6	2,146.0	1,844.0
Machinery and transportation equipment	1,864.5	1,935.5	2,360.1	2,115.2
Other	532.1	197.9	238.2	143.0
TOTAL	8,020.6	8,663.0	9,842.0	8,777.3

Source: Based on information from Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development, OECD Economic Surveys: Greece 1995, Paris, 1994, 95.

Table 12. Imports by commodity, 1990- 93

**(in millions of United States dollars)**
Commodity	1990	1991	1992	1993
Food and live animals	2,506.9	2,379.3	2,762.6	2,561.1
Beverages and tobacco	323.7	366.5	464.1	493.4
Inedible crude materials except fuels	954.1	945.7	723.1643.4
Mineral fuels and lubricants	1,530.5	2,097.3	2,301.3	2,430.7
Crude petroleum	997.2	1,368.9	1,718.3	1,733.0
Petroleum products	456.1	623.7	490.8	612.0
Chemicals	2,068.1	2,238.7	2,472.5	2,504.4
Manufactured goods	4,306.3	4,300.9	4,263.0	3,809.8
Machinery and transportation equipment	6,120.4	7,124.1	7,969.6	8.012.5
Road motor vehicles	1,981.0	2,417.0	3,112.0	2,437.3
Aircraft	109.9	324.5	165.7	266.8
Ships and boats	527.1	886.1	819.7	1,486.0
Other	1,891.4	2,197.6	2,450.6	2,304.7
TOTAL	19,701.4	21,650.1	23,406.8	22,759.8

Source: Based on information from Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development, OECD Economic Surveys: Greece 1995, Paris, 1994, 95.

Table 13. Circulation of Leading Newspapers, 1991

Newspaper	Circulation	Orientation
Akropolis	50,800 M	Center-right, independent
Apogevmatini	80,000 A	-do-
Avgi	55,000 M	Organ of Greek Left Party
Avriani	51,000 A	Center-left
Eleftheros Typos	135,000 A	Right-wing, independent
Eleftherotypia	108,000 A	Center-left, independent
Ethnos	150,000 A	Left-wing, independent
Express	25,000	Business, independent
Kathimerini	935,000 M	Center-right
Makedonia	55,000 M	Independent
Rizopastis	40,000 M	Organ of Communist Party of Greece
Ta Nea	133,000 A	Center-left
To Vima	195,000 S	- do-

A--Daily, afternoon.
M--Daily, morning.
S--Sundays only.

Source: Based on information from Harry Drost, ed., The World's News Media, New York, 1991, 192-94.

Table 14. Major Army Equipment, 1994

Type	Model	Number
Main battle tank
	M-26	250 (in storage)
	M-47	396 (in storage)
	AMX-30	156 (in storage)
	Leopard 1A4	170
	Leopard 1A3	109
	M-48A1	299
	M-48A3	212
	M-48A5	599
	M-60A1	359
	M-60A3	312
Light tank	M-24	67
Reconnaissance vehicle	M-8	48
	M-20	180 (reserve)
Armored infantry fighting vehicle	BMP- 1	500
	AMX-10P	96
Armored personnel carrier	Leonidas	130
	M-2	114
	M-3 half track	403
	M-59	372
	M-113A1 and M-113A2	1,346
105mm howitzer	M-56	18
	M-101	469
140mm howitzer	5.5 inch	32
155mm howitzer	M-114	271
203mm howitzer	M-115	85
105mm self-propelled howitzer	M- 52	76
155mm self-propelled howitzer	M- 44A1	48
	M-109A1	51
	M-109A2	84
175mm self-propelled howitzer	M- 107	12
203mm self-propelled howitzer	M- 110A2	100
107mm mortar	M-30	773
81mm mortar	690
122mm multiple rocket launcher	RM- 70	150
Antitank guided weapon (ATGW)	Milan	394
64mm rocket launcher	RPG-18
90mm recoilless launcher	EM-67	1,057
	M-40A1	763
20mm air defense gun	RH-202 twin	101
23mm air defense gun	ZU-23-2	300
40mm air defense gun	M-1	227
	M-42A twin self- propelled	95
Surface-to-air missile	Improved Hawk and Redeye	42
Aircraft	Aero Commander	2
	Super King Air	2
	U-17A	20
Helicopter	CH-47C1	9
	UH-1D/H/AB-205	85
	AH-1P	9
	AB-212	1
	AB-206	15
	Bell 47G	10
	Hughes 300C	30

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1994- 1995, London, 1994, 53.

Table 15. Major Air Force Equipment, 1994

Type	Model	Number
A-7 fighter aircraft	A-7H	38
	TA-7H	7
	A-7E	40
	A-7K	7
F-5 fighter aircraft	F-5A	64
	F-5B	8
	NF-5A	11
	NF-5B	1
	RF-5A	6
F-4 fighter aircraft	F-4E	52
	RF-4E	20
F-16 fighter aircraft	F-16C	32
	F-16D	6
Mirage fighter aircraft	F-1	25
Transport and training aircraft	HU- 16B	2
	C-47	4
	C-130H	10
	C-130B	5
	CL-215	11
	Do-28	12
	Gulfstream I	1
	T-2	36
	T-33A	30
	T-37B/C	29
	T-41D	19
	Ys-11-200	6
Helicopter	AB-205A transport	14
	AB-212 transport	3
	Bell 47G liaison	5
	AH-64 attack	12
Surface-to-air missile	Nike Hercules	36
	Sparrow	40

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1994- 1995, London, 1994, 53.

Table 16. Major Navy Equipment, 1994

Type	Model/Class	Number
Submarine	Glavkos (GeT- 209/1100)	8
Destroyer	Kimon (U.S. Adams)	4
	Themistocles (U.S. Gearing-FRAM I)	2
Frigate	Hydra (MEKO-200H)	1
	Elli (Kortenaer)	4
	Makedonia (U.S. Knox)	3
Corvette	Niki (Ge-Thetis)	5
Missile craft	Laskos (La Combattante II/III)	14
	I. Votis (La Combattante IIA)	2
	Stamou	2
Torpedo craft	Hesperos (Jaguar)	6
	"Nasty"	4
Coastal patrol craft	Armatolos (Osprey)	2
Inshore patrol craft	Tolmi/PCI	5
Minelayer	Aktion (LSM-1)	2
Mine countermeasure craft	Alkyon (MSC- 294)	9
	Atalanti (Adjutant)	5
Amphibious craft	Samos tank-landing ship	1
	Nafkratourssa (Cabaldo) dock landing ship	1
	Inouse (County) tank-landing ship	2
	Ikaria (LST-510)	4
	Ipopliarhos Grigoropoulos (LSM- 1)	2
	Medium landing ship	2
Antisubmarine helicopter
Helicopter	AB-212	22
	SA-319	4

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1994- 1995, London, 1994, 54.

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Comments: lcweb@loc.gov(02/06/97)