Alternative Strategies for Implementing Entrepreneurial Education at a Local Education Agency (LEA) Level: An Approach for the Eighties
Lois Parker, Jacqueline Woodard, and Durinda Yates
1982. 46p. A collaborative report of the Montgomery County
(Maryland) Public Schools and the U.S. Small Business
Administration, Office of Advocacy.
School systems vary as to their interest, development, and potential for delivering entrepreneurial education to their students. The materials contained in this report can help local school systems to identify what types of entrepreneurial training they are already supporting and how these activities could be expanded or built upon with minimal expense and resource allocation.
NTIS order number:
PB91-151209
Price codes:
All (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
RS number: 109
Contingent Staffing Arrangements in Small and Large Firms
Sherry Almand and David Drury
1990. 230p. Contract awarded in FY 1988 to Berkeley Planning
Associates, Oakland, CA 94610.
This study found that small firms are less likely than large firms to use contingent staffing--temporary workers, on-call workers, independent contractors, and the like. However, where they do use contingent workers, small firms use them more intensively than large firms. The study examined variables such as small firms' reasons for using contingent workers, characteristics of jobs filled by contingent workers, and employer concerns about--and federal tax and regulatory practices affecting--contingent staffing practices.
NTIS order number:
PB91-113423
Price codes:
A03 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
RS number: 111
Below-Minimum-Wage Workers: An Application of Dual Labor Market Theory
Bradley R. Schiller
1990. 43p. Contract awarded in FY 1989 to Capitol Research,
Inc., 4323 Hawthorne Street NW, Washington, DC 20016.
In 1980, 52.1 percent of young, below-minimum wage workers were employed in firms with 100 employees; about 80 percent were employed in firms with fewer than 1,000 workers. This study set out to determine whether certain subgroups of workers--defined by geographic location, race, gender, age, intelligence, and other personal attributes--are associated with below-minimum-wage employment. The study found that except for age, there is little distinction between workers employed at or above the minimum wage and those employed below the minimum wage.
NTIS order number:
PB87-195475
Price codes:
A06 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
Early Jobs and Training: The Role of Small Business
Bradley R. Schiller
1986. 101p. Contract awarded in FY 1985 to Capitol
Research, Inc., 4323 Hawthorne Street NW, Washington,
DC 20016.
Small businesses are the preeminent provider of early work experience and training for both in-school and out-of-school youth. This study indicates that young men in small businesses get exposed to a greater variety of tasks than those in large businesses, developing a broader range of marketable skills, therefore making these individuals more attractive to larger firms who offer higher wages. This causes a problem for small businesses trying to retain newly trained workers. The low retention rate can reduce a firm's pay-off to training investments and may result in a competitive disadvantage.
NTIS order number:
PB85-169829
Price codes:
A03 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
RS number: 31
Employee Characteristics and Firm Size: Are There Any Systematic Empirical Relationships?
James R. Barth, Joseph I. Cordes, and Sheldon Haber
[1984]. 28p. Contract awarded in FY 1982 to Barth, Cordes, and
Haber, Rockville, MD 20852.
According to this study, jobs generated by small businesses are more likely to be filled by younger workers, older workers, and female workers. Included in the small business work force are greater numbers of the previously unemployed and those out of the work force, such as retirees, homeworkers, and students.
NTIS order number:
PB87-210175
Price codes:
A07(Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
RS number: 55
Employee Leasing in Small versus Large Businesses
Leslie A. Young and Elizabeth S. Elliott
1986. 131p. Contract awarded in FY 1985 to ATAC, 1200 Villa
Street, Mountain View, CA 94041.
There are approximately 300 leasing companies in the United States, mostly in California, New York, and Texas. Most companies kept complete employee records and offered the usual benefits of larger companies. Many employees received benefits for the first time as leased employees.
NTIS order number:
PB88-229513
Price codes:
A06 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
RS number: 93
Employment and Training Opportunities in Small and Large Firms
Sheldon Haber, Joseph Cordes, and James Barth 1988. 120p.
Contract awarded in FY 1984 to Simon &;Co., Inc., 8808 Stonehaven
Court, Potomac, MD 20854.
This study found that small establishments are more likely to hire part-time workers, workers with weak attachment to the labor force, less educated workers, and older workers. Also, small firms hire disproportionately more workers during a recession than during an expansion.
NTIS order number:
PB85-167351
Price codes:
A04 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
Employment Disincentives and Small Businesses: A Pilot Study
Herbert R. Northrup and Evelyn M. Erb
1984, 57p. Contract awarded in FY 1983 to the Wharton School,
University of Pennsylvania, 3733 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA
19104.
The purpose of this study was to determine, by a pilot survey, which government regulations affect small businesses, to what degree the impact of those regulations were beneficial or adverse to small businesses, and how these regulations affected their employment practices. Chief executives of 20 small firms--all located in the mid-Atlantic region--were surveyed.
NTIS order number:
PB86-158128
Price codes:
A03 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
RS number: 83
Exchange Programs for Small Businesses and the Schools: Planning Project
Michael D. Usdan
1985. 47p. Contract awarded in FY 1984 to the Institute for
Educational Leadership, 1001 Connecticut Avenue NW,
Suite 310, Washington, DC 20006.
Although small firms hire and train more than halt of all new workers, there has been little emphasis on developing concrete relationships between small businesses and school systems in the areas of entrepreneurship and job training. The purpose of this study was, through four pilot efforts located in Massachusetts and Washington, D.C., to document the process by which small businesses and educators might develop job training exchange programs.
NTIS order number:
PB83-146779
Price codes:
A05 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
Human Capital Transfers from Small to Large Businesses
Bradley R. Schiller
1982. 79p. Contract awarded in FY 1981 to Capitol Research,
Inc., 4323 Hawthorne Street NW, Washington, DC 20016.
Based on a national longitudinal sample, this report quantifies the difficulty small businesses have in retaining trained workers. It also highlights the risks and disincentives small businesses confront in providing more employee training, especially in the face of a general exodus of trained workers from small firms to larger ones.
NTIS order number:
PB87-221594
Price codes:
A04 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
Implications of the Declining Supply of Entry Level Workers for Small Firms
Douglas M. Brown
1987. 52p. Contract awarded in FY 1986 to Georgetown
University, Department of Economics, Washington, DC
20057.
This paper shows that increases in prime-age female labor in entry level jobs has more than offset the recent decline in youth labor supply. Where higher labor costs have been encountered, owners of small businesses have worked more hours.
NTIS order number:
PB85-175941
Price codes:
A03 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
Industrial Fluctuations, Firm Size, and Employment
David E. Mills
1982. 49p. Contract awarded in FY 1983 to the University of
Virginia, Rouss Hall, Charlottesville, VA 22901.
This report takes up the question of whether the firm-size effects
of output fluctuation are reflected in firms' employment
patterns. Specifically, do small firms have greater relative
employment variability than their larger competitors? If they
do, is this an amplification or dampening of their output shock
absorption function?
NTIS order number:
PB93-192870
Price codes:
A08 (Paper)
A02 (Microfiche)
RS number: 135
Job Training Approaches and Costs in Small and Large Firms
John Barron, Mark C. Berger, and Dan A. Black
1993. 168p. Contract awarded in FY 1991 to University of
Kentucky, Department of Economics, Lexington, KY 40506-0034.
This study provides detailed data on training activities in small and large firms. It is based on a telephone survey of 1,288 businesses conducted in August 1992. Its focus was the training experience of workers hired in the previous three months. It found that compared with large firms, small firms provided fewer total hours of training to new hires, but more training to new employees with less than 12 years of schooling. Large firms tended to hire more trained and experienced workers and provided more formal, firm-specific training.
NTIS order number:
PB89-179360
Price codes:
A09 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
Labor Turnover and Worker Mobility in Small and Large Firms: Evidence from the SIPP
David Drury, William Dickens, and Christopher Martin
1988. 178p. Contract awarded in FY 1987 to Berkeley Planning
Associates, 3200 Adeline Street, Berkeley, CA 94703.
This study addresses the issue of whether small firms have higher separation and hire rates than large firms. More generally, it explores the potential of the Census Bureau's Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), a relatively new data base, for describing small and large business labor force characteristics, and for tracking worker mobility over time.
NTIS order number:
PB82-198250
Price codes:
A04 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
New Career Opportunities: Summary of a Survey of Past Participants
Alfred E. Osborne
1982. 52p. Contract awarded in FY 1981 to A. E. Osborne
Associates, 3350 Coy Drive, Sherman Oaks, CA 91423.
Older Americans are an under-utilized resource for the U.S. economy. This study examines New Career Opportunities (NCO), a program that seeks to turn the talents of older Americans into profitable home-type businesses. NCO encourages retired individuals to go into the workplace and reinvolve themselves, suggesting an entrepreneurial role in a small home-based business as a meaningful and rewarding alternative to an idle, boring, and unproductive retirement.
NTIS order number:
PB92-155910
Price codes:
A08 (Paper)
A02 (Microfiche)
RS number: 124
Older Workers in the Labor Market
Mark C. Berger, John E. Garen, Frank A. Scott, and Richard
Thalheimer
1991. 150p. Contract awarded in FY 1989 to Thalheimer Research Associates, Inc., 107 West Short Street, Lexington, KY 40507.
This study uses a data set drawn from the Census Bureau's Current Population Surveys for 1979, 1983, and 1988 and a 1991 SBA survey of employers to look at trends in the employment of older workers. Small firms were found to hire disproportionately more older workers than large businesses overall, and to hire disproportionately more older workers than younger workers in part-time jobs. If private pension plans change their rules to coincide with Social Security, then more workers should remain in their jobs past age 65, and fewer individuals would be available to small businesses for second, part-time careers.
NTIS order number:
PB86-102019
Price codes:
A03(Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
On-the-Job Training in Small Business
John H. Bishop
[1986]. 28p. Contract awarded in FY 1981 to Bishop Associates,
4950 Gilkeson Road, Waunakee, WI 58597.
Using data from a national survey of employers conducted in 1982, this report looks at the amount of on-the-job training offered to workers in large and small firms; how previous vocational training related to such measures as productivity and wages; and whether the less bureaucratic nature of small firms enable them to receive greater benefits from hiring already trained workers.
NTIS order number:
PB87-115978
Price codes:
A03 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
A Report on the Demographic Characteristics and Selected Fringe Benefits of Wage and Salary Workers by Size of Firm, 1979-1983
Sheldon Haber
1985. 50p. Contract awarded in FY 1984 to Simon &;Co., Inc.,
8808 Stonehaven Court, Potomac, MD 20854.
Using data from the Census Bureau's Current Population Survey for 1979 and 1983, this study examines the demographic characteristics of wage and salary workers in small and large firms. Additionally, differences in pension plan and health insurance coverage by size of firm are analyzed.
NTIS order number:
PB89-113245
Price codes:
A08 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
RS number: 94
Self-Employment Selection and Earnings Over the Life Cycle
David S. Evans and Linda S. Leighton
1987. 156p. Contract awarded in FY 1986 to Fordham University,
Department of Economics, Bronx, NY 10458.
The likelihood that a person will start his own business is relatively constant through his prime working years, according to this study. Men forego current wage income when they try self- employment but seem to recoup when and if they reenter wage work.
NTIS order number:
PB89-179006
Price codes:
A04 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
Small-Business Formation by Unemployed Workers
David S. Evans and Linda S. Leighton
1989. 62p. Contract awarded in FY 1987 to CERA Economic
Consultants, Inc., P.O. Box 159, Old Greenwich, CT 06870.
Little is known about the propensity of unemployed workers to
start small businesses in the absence of governmental assistance
or about the success of firms started by unemployed workers
relative to that of firms started by wage workers. This report
uses data on employed and unemployed workers who started
businesses to examine these issues. Its major source of data
consists of some 300,000 labor-market participants who were
included in the Current Population Surveys between 1968 and 1987
and for whom data are available for two consecutive years.
NTIS order number:
PB94-195187
Price codes:
A03 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
A Status Report on Entrepreneurial Education for Engineers
Susan P. Coombs, John M. Henderson, and Lisa Lee Moreau
1982. 92p. Contract awarded in FY 1982 to Worcester Poly technic
Institute, Washington, D.C., Project Center, Worcester, MA 01609.
The objective of this report was to survey, analyze, and catalog entrepreneurial education programs for engineers at 49 colleges and universities. The report contains a detailed digest of these university-level entrepreneurial programs based on the authors' survey. A model college program designed to improve the state of entrepreneurial education is also described.
NTIS order number:
PB91-181560
Price codes:
A08 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
RS number: 107
Workplace Education Efforts in Small Business: Learning from the Field
Lauren K. Clausen, David A. Drury, and Mary P. Vencill
1991. [168]p. Contract awarded in FY 1989 to Berkeley Planning
Associates, Oakland, CA 94610.
Firms with fewer than 500 workers provide about half of all jobs
in the economy and their workers are more likely than others to
have low levels of formal education. Small firm respondents in
this study pointed to several workplace education needs,
including more awareness of constraints faced by small business
managers, sliding scale fee structures that favor small firms,
increased training in effective workplace education practices,
funding for small business education efforts, and more
flexibility in using existing job training and education funds.