References and Notes
1. Lesage V, Kingsley MCS. Updated status of the St. Lawrence River population of the beluga, Delphinapterus leucas. Can Field Nat 112:98-113 (1998).
2. Reeves RR. Catch history and initial population of white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in the River and Gulf of the St. Lawrence Eastern Canada. Can Field Nat 111:63-121 (1984).
3. Sergeant D. Present status of white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in the St. Lawrence Estuary. Can Field Nat 113:61-81 (1986).
4. Letcher RJ, Norstrom RJ, Muir DCG, Sandau K, Koczanski R, Michaud R, De Guise S, Béland P. Methylsulfone PCB and DDE metabolites in beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence River estuary and western Hudson Bay. Environ Toxicol Chem 19(5):1378-1388 (2000).
5. Martineau D, Lagacé A, Béland P, Higgins R, Armstrong D, Shugart L. Pathology of stranded beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence estuary, Quebec. J Comp Pathol 98:287-311 (1988).
6. Martineau D, Béland P, Desjardins C, Lagacé A. Levels of organochlorine chemicals in tissues of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence estuary, Quebec, Canada. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 16:137-147 (1987).
7. Muir DCG, Ford CA, Rosenberg B, Norstrom RJ, Simon M, Béland P. Persistent organochlorines in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence River estuary. I. Concentrations and patterns of specific PCBs, chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Environ Pollut 93:219-234 (1996).
8. Wagemann R, Stewart REA, Béland P, Desjardins C. Heavy metals and selenium in tissues of beluga whales, Delphinapterus leucas, from the Canadian Arctic and the St. Lawrence estuary. In: Advances in Research on the Beluga Whale, Delphinapterus leucas (Smith TG, St. Aubin DJ, Geraci JR, eds). Ottawa:Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans, 1990;191-206.
9. Brodie PF. The beluga (Delphinapterus leucas); growth at age based on a captive specimen and a discussion of factors affecting natural mortality estimates. Rep Int Whal Comm 32:445-447 (1982).
10. Lebel G, Gingras S, Levallois P, Gauthier R, Gagnon M-F. Etude descriptive de l'incidence du cancer au Québec de 1989 à 1993, Beauport:Centre de Santé Publique de Québec, 1998.
11. Martineau D, Lair S, De Guise S, Lipscomb TP, Béland P. Cancer in beluga whales from the St. Lawrence estuary, Quebec, Canada: a potential biomarker of environmental contamination. J Cetacean Res Manag 1:249-265 (1999).
12. Béland P, Vézina A, Martineau D. Potential for growth of the St. Lawrence (Québec, Canada) beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) population based on modelling. ICES J Mar Sci (J Conseil) 45:22-32 (1988).
13. Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Investigations of Belukha Whales in Coastal Waters of Western and Northern Alaska. II. Biology and Ecology (Burns JJ, Seaman GA, eds). Contract NA 81 RAC 00049. Fairbanks, AK:Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 1986.
14. Martineau D, Lair S, De Guise S, Béland P. Intestinal adenocarcinomas in two beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the estuary of the St. Lawrence River. Can Vet J 36:563-565 (1995).
15. Dorn CR, Priester WA. Epidemiology. In: Veterinary Cancer Medicine (Theilen GH, Madewell BR, eds). Philadelphia:Lea & Febiger, 1987;27-52.
16. Michaud R, Béland P. Looking for trends in the endangered St. Lawrence beluga population. A critique of Kingsley, M.C.S. 1998. Population index estimates for the St. Lawrence beluga, 1973-1995. Mar Mamm Sci 17:206-212 (2001).
17. Michaud R. Distribution estivale du beluga du Saint-Laurent; synthèse 1986 à 1992. Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Rapp Tech Can Sci Halieut Aquat 1906:1-22 (1993).
18. Kingsley MCS, Hammill MO. Photographic census surveys of the St. Lawrence population, 1988 and 1990. Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Rapp Tech Can Sci Halieut Aquat 1776:1-19 (1991).
19. Uys CJ, Best PB. Pathology of lesions observed in whales flensed at Saldanha Bay, South Africa. J Comp Pathol 76:407-412 (1966).
20. Stroud RK, Roffe TJ. Causes of death in marine mammals stranded along the Oregon coast. J Wildl Dis 15:91-97 (1979).
21. Howard EB, Britt JO Jr, Simpson JG. Neoplasms in marine mammals. In: Pathobiology of Marine Mammal Diseases (Howard EB, ed). Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press, 1983;95-162.
22. De Guise S, Lagacé A, Béland P. Tumors in St. Lawrence beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas). Vet Pathol 31:444-449 (1994).
23. Mikaelian I, Labelle P, Martineau D. Metastatic mammary adenocarcinomas in two beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence estuary, Quebec, Canada. Vet Rec 145:738-739 (1999).
24. Cowan DF. Pathology of the pilot whale. Globicephala melaena. A comparative survey. Arch Pathol 82:178-189 (1966).
25. Cowan D. Involution and cystic transformation of the thymus in the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. Vet Pathol 31:648-653 (1994).
26. Kuiken T, Höfle U, Benett PM, Allchin CR, Kirkwood JK, Baker JR, Appleby EC, Lockyer CH, Walton MJ, Sheldrick MC. Adrenocortical hyperplasia, disease and chlorinated hydrocarbons in the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Mar Pollut Bull 26:440-446 (1993).
27. Kirkwood JK, Bennett PM, Jepson PD, Kuiken T, Simpson VR, Baker JR. Entanglement in fishing gear and other causes of death in cetaceans stranded on the coasts of England and Wales. Vet Rec 141:94-98 (1997).
28. Bossart GD, Ewing R, Herron AJ, Cray C, Mase B, Decker SJ, Alexander JW, Altman NH. Immunoblastic malignant lymphoma in dolphins: histologic, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features. J Vet Diagn Invest 9:454-458 (1997).
29. Cotran RS, Kumar V, Robbins SL, Schoen FJ. Neoplasia. In: Pathologic Basis of Disease (Cotran RS, Robbins SL, Kumar V, eds). Philadelphia:W.B. Saunders, 1994;241-304.
30. Teich N. Taxonomy of retroviruses. In: RNA Tumor Viruses (Weiss R, Teich N, Varmus H, Coffin J, eds). Cold Spring Harbor, NY:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1984;25-209.
31. Snyder RL, Tyler G, Summers J. Chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma associated with woodchuck hepatitis virus. Am J Pathol 107:422-425 (1982).
32. Aguirre AA, Brojer C, Morner T. Descriptive epidemiology of roe deer mortality in Sweden. J Wildl Dis 35:753-762 (1999).
33. Lipscomb TP, Scott DP, Garber RL, Krafft AE, Tsai MM, Lichy JH, Taubenberger JK, Schulman FY, Gulland FM. Common metastatic carcinoma of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus): evidence of genital origin and association with novel gammaherpesvirus. Vet Pathol 37:609-617 (2000).
34. Priester WA, McKay FW. The Occurrence of Tumors in Domestic Animals. Bethesda, MD:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, 1980.
35. MacVean DW, Monlux AW, Anderson PS Jr, Silberg SL, Roszel JF. Frequency of canine and feline tumors in a defined population. Vet Pathol 15:700-715 (1978).
36. Fowler ME. Zoo animals and wildlife. In: Veterinary Cancer Medicine (Theilen GH, Madewell BR, eds). Philadelphia:Lea & Febiger, 1987;649-662.
37. Campo MS, O'Neil BW, Barron RJ, Jarrett WF. Experimental reproduction of the papilloma-carcinoma complex of the alimentary canal in cattle. Carcinogenesis 15:1597-1601 (1994).
38. Cordes DO, Shortridge EH. Neoplasms of sheep: a survey of 256 cases recorded at Ruakura Animal Health Laboratory. NZ Vet J 19:55-64 (1971).
39. Jarrett WHF, McNeil PE, Grimshaw WTR, Selman IE, McIntyre WIM. High incidence area of cattle cancer with a possible interaction between an environmental carcinogen and a papillomavirus. Nature 274:215-217 (1978).
40. Newell KW, Ross AD, Renner RM. Phenoxy and picolinic acid herbicides and small-intestinal adenocarcinoma in sheep. Lancet 2:1301-1305 (1984).
41. De Guise S, Lagacé A, Béland P. Gastric papillomas in eight St. Lawrence beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas). J Vet Diagn Invest 6:385-388 (1994).
42. Cossa D, Picard-Bérubé M, Gouygou J-P. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in mussels from the estuary and northwestern gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 31:41-47 (1983).
43. Martel LM, Gagnon J, Massé R, Leclerc A, Tremblay L. Polyclyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from the Saguenay fjord, Canada. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 37:133-140 (1986).
44. Dalcourt MF, Béland P, Pelletier E, Vigneault Y. Caractérisation des communautés benthiques et étude des contaminants dans des aires fréquentées par le béluga du Saint-Laurent. Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Rapp Tech Can Sci Halieut Aquat 1845:1-86 (1992).
45. Vladykov VD. Études sur les Mammifères Aquatiques IV. Nourriture du Marsouin Blanc ou Béluga (Delphinapterus leucas) du Fleuve Saint-Laurent. Contribution du Département Pêcheries du Québec, 1946.
46. Ferguson PL, Chandler GT. A laboratory and field comparison of sediment polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bioaccumulation by the cosmopolitan estuarine polychaete Streblospio benedicti (Webster). Mar Environ Res 45:387-401 (1998).
47. Shugart LR, Martineau D, Béland P. Detection and quantitation of benzo[a]pyrene adducts in brain and liver tissue of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas). In: Proceedings of the International Forum for the Future of the Beluga. Tadoussac, Québec, Canada (Prescott J, Gauquelin M, eds). Sillery:Presses de l'Université du Québec, 1990;219-223.
48. Ray S, Dunn BP, Payne JF, Fancey L, Helbig R, Béland P. Aromatic DNA-carcinogen adducts in beluga whales from the Canadian Arctic and Gulf of St. Lawrence. Mar Pollut Bull 22:392-396 (1991).
49. Martineau D, De Guise S, Fournier M, Shugart L, Girard C, Lagace A, Beland P. Pathology and toxicology of beluga whales from the St. Lawrence estuary, Quebec, Canada. Past, present and future. Sci Total Environ 154:201-215 (1994).
50. Culp SJ, Gaylor DW, Sheldon WG, Goldstein LS, Beland FA. A comparison of the tumors induced by coal tar and benzo[a]pyrene in a 2-year bioassay. Carcinogenesis 19:117-124 (1998).
51. Chow WH, Linet MS, McLaughlin JK, Hsing AW, Cochien HT, Blot WJ. Risk factors for small intestine cancer. Cancer Causes Control 4:163-169 (1993).
52. Kaminsky LS, Fasco MJ. Small intestinal cytochromes P450. Crit Rev Toxicol 21:407-422 (1991).
53. Zhang QY, Wikoff J, Dunbar D, Kaminsky L. Characterization of rat small intestinal cytochrome P450 composition and inducibility. Drug Metab Dispos 24:322-328 (1996).
54. Zhang QY, Wikoff J, Dunbar D, Fasco M, Kaminsky L. Regulation of cytochrome P4501A1 expression in rat small intestine. Drug Metab Dispos 25:21-26 (1997).
55. Béland P, De Guise S, Girard C, Lagacé A, Martineau D, Michaud R, Muir DCG, Norstrom RJ, Pelletier E, Ray S, et al. Toxic compounds and health and reproductive effects in St. Lawrence beluga whales. J Gt Lakes Res 19:766-775 (1993).
56. Harshbarger JC. Invertebrate and cold-blooded vertebrate oncology. In: Spontaneous Animal Tumors: A Survey (Rossi L, Richardson R, Harshbarger JC, eds). Milano, Italy:Press Point, 1997;41-53.
57. Mikaelian I, de Lafontaine Y, Menard C, Tellier P, Harshbarger J, Martineau D. Neoplastic and nonneoplastic hepatic changes in lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) from the St. Lawrence River, Quebec, Canada. Environ Health Perspect 106:179-183 (1998).
58. Mikaelian I, de Lafontaine Y, Harshbarger JC, Lee LLJ, Martineau D. Health of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) with elevated tissue levels of environmental contaminants. Environ Toxicol Chem (In press, 2002).
59. Veatch JK, Carpenter JW. Metastatic adenocarcinoma of the mammary gland in a Père David's deer. J Vet Diagn Invest 5:639-640 (1993).
60. Gillete DM, Acland HM, Klein L. Ductular mammary carcinoma in a lioness. J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:1099-1102 (1978).
61. Pogo BG, Melana SM, Holland JF, Mandeli JF, Pilotti S, Casalini P, Menard S. Sequences homologous to the mouse mammary tumor virus env gene in human breast carcinoma correlate with overexpression of laminin receptor. Clin Cancer Res 5:2108-2111 (1999).
62. Blackwood A, Wolff M, Rundle A, Estabrook A, Schnabel F, Mooney LA, Rivera M, Channing KM, Perera F. Organochlorine compounds (DDE and PCB) in plasma and breast cyst fluid of women with benign breast disease. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 7:570-583 (1998).
63. Güttes S, Failing K, Neumann K, Kleinstein J, Georgii S, Brunn H. Chlororganic pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in breast tissue of woman with benign and malignant breast disease. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 35:140-147 (1998).
64. Perera FP, Estabrook A, Hewer A, Channing K, Rundle A, Mooney LA, Whyatt R, Phillips GN. Carcinogen-DNA adducts in human breast tissue. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 4:233-238 (1995).
65. Geraci JR, Palmer NC, St Aubin DJ. Tumors in cetaceans: analysis and new findings. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 44:1289-1300 (1987).
66. Armstrong B, Tremblay C, Baris D, Theriault G. Lung cancer mortality and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons: a case-cohort study of aluminum production workers in Arvida, Quebec, Canada. Am J Epidemiol 139:250-262 (1994).
67. Tremblay C, Armstrong B, Theriault G, Brodeur J. Estimation of risk of developing bladder cancer among workers exposed to coal tar pitch volatiles in the primary aluminum industry. Am J Ind Med 27:335-348 (1995).
68. Bye T, Romundstad PR, Ronneberg A, Hilt B. Health survey of former workers in a Norwegian coke plant. Part 2. Cancer incidence and cause specific mortality. Occup Environ Med 55:622-626 (1998).
69. Saint-Laurent Vision 2000. Synthèse des connaissances sur les aspects socio-économiques du Saguenay. Rapport technique. Zones d'intervention prioritaire 22 et 23. Centre Saint-Laurent. Environnement Canada. Région du Québec. Saint-Laurent Vision 2000. En40-216/14F. Montreal, Quebec:Centre Saint-Laurent Environnement Canada, 1995.
70. Saint-Laurent Vision 2000. Synthèse des connaissances sur les aspects physiques et chimiques de l'eau et des sédiments du Saguenay. Rapport technique. Zones d'intervention prioritaire 22 et 23. Centre Saint-Laurent. Environnement Canada. Région du Québec. Saint-Laurent Vision 2000. En40-216/17F. Montreal, Quebec:Centre Saint-Laurent Environnement Canada, 1995.
71. Smith MC, Levy EM. Geochronology for polycylic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in sediments of the Saguenay fjord. Environ Sci Technol 24:874-879 (1990).
72. Patenaude NJ, Quinn JS, Béland P, Kingsley M, White BN. Genetic variation of the St. Lawrence beluga whale population assessed by DNA fingerprinting. Mol Ecol 3:375-381 (1994).
73. Fearon ER. Human cancer syndromes: clues to the origin and nature of cancer. Science 278:1043-1050 (1997).
74. Perera FP. Environment and cancer: who are susceptible? Science 278:1068-1073 (1997).
75. Munson L, Nesbit JW, Meltzer DG, Colly LP, Bolton L, Kriek NP. Diseases of captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus) in South Africa: a 20-year retrospective survey. J Zoo Wildl Med 30:342-347 (1999).
76. O'Brien SJ. A role for molecular genetics in biological conservation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 191:5748-5755 (1994).
77. Lair S. Epidemiology and pathology of neoplasia in the captive population of the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) [DVSc]. Guelph, Ontario:University of Guelph, 1998.
78. Ridgway SH, Harrison R, eds. Handbook of Marine Mammals. San Diego:Academic Press, 1989;1-101.
79. Perera FP. Molecular epidemiology of environmental carcinogenesis. Recent Results Cancer Res 154:39-46 (1998).
80. Perera FP, Dickey C. Molecular epidemiology and occupational health. Ann NY Acad Sci 837:353-359 (1997).
81. Girard C, Lagacé A, Higgins R, Béland P. Adenocarcinoma of the salivary gland in a beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). J Vet Diagn Invest 3:264-265 (1991).
82. Lair S, De Guise S, Martineau D. Uterine adenocarcinoma with abdominal carcinomatosis in a beluga whale. J Wildl Dis 34:373-376 (1998).
83. Martineau D, Lagacé A, Massé R, Morin M, Béland P. Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in a beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). Can Vet J 26:297-302 (1985).
84. Landy RB. A review of neoplasia in marine mammals (Pinnepedia and Cetacea). In: The Comparative Pathology of Zoo Animals (Montali RJ, Migaki G, eds). Washington, DC:Smithsonian Institution Press, 1980;579-591.
85. Cowan D. Personal communication.
86. Benirschke K, Marsh H. Anatomic and pathologic observations of female reproductive organs in the short-finned pilot whale, Globicephala macrorhynchus. Rep Int Whal Comm 6:451-454 (1984).
87. Baker JR. Causes of mortality and parasites and incidental lesions in dolphins and whales from British waters. Vet Rec 130:569-572 (1992).
88. Breuer EM, Krebs BH, Hofmeister RJ. Metastasizing adenocarcinoma of the stomach in a harbor porpoise. Dis Aquat Org 7:159-163 (1989).
89. Rewell RE, Willis RA. Some tumours found in whales. J Pathol Bacteriol 61:454-456 (1949).
90. Stolk A. Tumours in whales. Amsterdam Nat 1:28-33 (1950).
91. Yonezawa M, Nakamine H, Tanaka T, Miyaji T. Hodgkin's disease in a killer whale (Orcinus orca). J Comp Pathol 100:203-207 (1989).
92. Gaudette LA, Altmayer CA, Wysocki M, Gao R-N. Cancer Incidence and Mortality across Canada. Catalogue No. 82-003. Ottawa:Statistics Canada Health Reports, 1998.
93. Health Canada. Cancer in Canada. 1985, 1986, Vol 3, No. 2. Ottawa:Health Canada, 1991.
94. Georgsson G, Vigfusson H. Carcinoma of the small intestine of sheep in Iceland. A pathological and epizootiological study. Acta Vet Scand 14:392-409 (1973).
Last Updated: February 12, 2002