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Contents--Summary Table of Cases	xxix Select Table of Treaties and Other Instruments xlix Select List of Abbreviations lxvii PART I: THE CONCEPT OF STATEHOOD IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 1 1.Statehood and Recognition3 2.The Criteria for Statehood: Statehood as Effectiveness37 3.International Law Conditions for the Creation of States96 4.Issues of Statehood Before United Nations Organs174 5.The Criteria for Statehood Applied: Some Special Cases 196 PART II: MODES OF THE CREATION OF STATES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 255 6.Original Acquisition and Problems of Statehood257 7.Dependent States and Other Dependent Entities282 8.Devolution329 9.Secession374 10.Divided States and Reunification449 11.Unions and Federations of States479 PART III: THE CREATION OF STATES IN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 501 12.International Dispositive Powers503 13.Mandates and Trust Territories565 14.Non-self-governing Territories: The Law and Practice of Decolonization 602 PART IV: ISSUES OF COMMENCEMENT, CONTINUITY AND EXTINCTION 649 15.The Commencement of States651 16.Problems of Identity, Continuity and Reversion667 17.The Extinction of States700 Conclusions 718 Appendices: 1. List of States and Territorial Entities Proximate to States 727 2. League Mandates and United Nations Trusteeships 741 3. The United Nations and Non-Self-Governing Territories, 1946 to 2005 746 4. Consideration by the International Law Commission of the Topic of Statehood (1996) 757 Select Bibliography 760 Index 851 Contents Table of Cases xxix Select Table of Treaties and Other Instruments xlix Select List of Abbreviations lxvii PART I: THE CONCEPT OF STATEHOOD IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 1 1. Statehood and Recognition 3 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Statehood in early international law 6 (1) Doctrine 6 (2) Statehood in early international law: aspects of State practice 10 1.3 Recognition and Statehood 12 (1) The early view of recognition 12 (2) Positivism and recognition 13 (3) Statehood in nineteenth-century international law 14 1.4 Recognition of States in modern international law 17 (1) Recognition: the great debate 19 (i)The constitutive theory19 (ii)The declaratory theory22 (2) Conclusions 26 1.5 Certain basic concepts 28 (1) International personality 28 (2) The State 31 (3) Sovereignty 32 (4) State and government 33 (5) State continuity and State succession 35 2.The Criteria for Statehood: Statehood as Effectiveness37 2.1Introduction37 2.2The classical criteria for statehood: ex factis jus oritur 45 (1)Defined territory46 (2)Permanent population52 (3)Government55 (4)Capacity to enter into relations with other States61 (5)Independence62 (i)Formal independence67 (a)Situations not derogating from formal independence67 (b)Situations regarded as derogating from formal independence71 (ii)Real or actual independence72 (a)Situations not derogating from actual independence72 (b)Situations regarded as derogating from actual independence74 (iii)The relation between formal and actual independence88 (6)Sovereignty89 (7)Other criteria89 (i)Permanence90 (ii)Willingness and ability to observe international law 91 (iii)A certain degree of civilization92 (iv)Recognition93 (v)Legal order93 3.International Law Conditions for the Creation of States96 3.1Legality and statehood97 (1)Development of the concept of peremptory norms 99 (2)Effects of peremptory norms on situations other than treaties102 (3)Status of entities created by treaties105 (4)Legality and statehood: general conclusions106 3.2Statehood and self-determination107 (1)Self-determination in modern international law108 (i)Self-determination before 1945108 (ii)Self-determination under the United Nations Charter 112 (iii)Identifying the units of self-determination115 (a)The mandate and trusteeship systems116 (b)Non-self-governing territories116 (c)Application to particular territorial disputes or situations117 (d)Criteria for self-determination territories 117 (e)The 'safeguard clause'118 (iv)The consequences of self-determination121 (v)Conclusions122 (2)Statehood and the operation of the principle of self-determination128 3.3Entities created by the unlawful use of force131 (1)The relation between self-determination and the use of force134 (i)Assistance to established local insurgents138 (ii)Military intervention to procure self-determination 139 (2)Conclusions147 3.4Statehood and fundamental human rights148 (1)General considerations148 (2)Democracy as a continuing condition for statehood 150 (3)Apartheid and the bantustan policy155 (4)Conclusions155 3.5Other cases155 (1)Entities not claiming to be States156 (2)Puppet States and the 1949 Geneva Conventions 156 (3)Violation of treaties providing for independence157 3.6Collective non-recognition157 (1)Collective non-recognition and territorial status158 (2)Consequences of collective non-recognition162 (i)The Namibia Opinion162 (ii)The ILC Articles on State Responsibility, Articles 40 to 41168 (iii)Subsequent consideration by the International Court 168 (iv)Conclusion173 4.Issues of Statehood Before United Nations Organs174 4.1General considerations174 4.2League of Nations and United Nations membership176 (1)Membership practice under the League of Nations 176 (2)The United Nations: original membership177 (3)The United Nations: admission to membership179 (i)The criteria for membership: Article 4 in theory and practice179 (ii)The micro-State issue and the move to universality of membership182 (iii)Renewed controversy during the 1990s: the former Yugoslavia186 (iv)Conclusions189 4.3Statehood for other United Nations purposes190 (1)Statehood and dispute settlement: Articles 32 and 35(2) 190 (2)Claims to be parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice191 (3)Other cases192 4.4UN observer status193 5.The Criteria for Statehood Applied: Some Special Cases 196 5.1General considerations197 5.2Entities unrecognized as separate states: Taiwan198 (1)Historical background198 (2)The international relations of Taiwan200 (3)Judicial decisions205 (4)The legal status of Taiwan206 (5)Development of a Taiwanese claim to statehood 212 (i)Amendments to the law of Taiwan212 (ii)Statements respecting international policy216 (6)Conclusion219 5.3Entities recognized as States 'for special reasons': The Vatican City and the Holy See221 (1)The international status of the Vatican City222 (2)The international status of the Holy See225 (3)The relation between the Holy See and the Vatican City 226 5.4'Internationalized Territories': the Free City of Danzig and some modern analogues233 (1)The concept of 'internationalized territory'233 (2)The Free City of Danzig236 (3)Trends in internationalization since 1945: Cyprus 241 5.5Transitional autonomous entities: Hong Kong and Macao 244 (1)Historical outline245 (2)Arrangements for the government of the HKSAR 246 (3)The status of Hong Kong248 (4)Relations between Hong Kong and China250 5.6Conclusion252 PART II: MODES OF THE CREATION OF STATES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 255 6.Original Acquisition and Problems of Statehood257 6.1General Considerations257 6.2The status of indigenous communities260 (1)Statehood of indigenous communities260 (2)Legal personality of indigenous communities not regarded as States263 6.3Acquisition of territory from indigenous communities 268 (1)Status of aboriginal treaties of cession268 (2)Legal effects of aboriginal treaties269 (3)Grants of territory to private persons270 (4)Conclusions271 6.4Original occupation of territory by a new State274 (1)Liberia274 (2)The Boer Republics275 (3)The Free State of the Congo276 (4)Israel277 (5)Taiwan277 6.5Original acquisition and indigenous rights278 7.Dependent States and Other Dependent Entities282 7.1General principles282 7.2Protectorates and protected States286 (1)Protected States288 (2)International protectorates294 (3)Colonial protectorates299 (4)Legal effects of protectorates303 (i)Protectorates and domestic jurisdiction303 (ii)Relations between protectorate and protecting State 305 (iii)Opposability of protectorate arrangements 307 (iv)Protectorates and State succession307 (v)Cession of protected territory310 (vi)International responsibility314 (vii)Treaty-making power with respect to protectorates 315 (viii)Belligerency and protectorates316 (ix)Nationality in protectorates317 (x)Protectorates and State immunity318 (xi)Protectorates and international organizations 318 (xii)Termination of protected status318 7.3Other Cases320 (1)Special treaty relations320 (2)Vassal States and suzerainty321 (3)Autonomy and residual sovereignty323 (4)Spheres of influence327 8.Devolution329 8.1Introduction330 8.2Explicit grants of independence330 (1)Granting partial or incomplete independence332 (2)Grants in violation of self-determination333 (i)Grants to minority or unrepresentative governments within self-determination units333 (ii)Grants disruptive of the territorial integrity of a self-determination unit335 (3)Grants of independence in furtherance of fundamentally unlawful policies: the bantustans338 (i)Origins of the bantustan policy338 (ii)Denationalization through State creation340 (iii)The status of the bantustans under international law 341 (iv)Dismantling the bantustan system345 (4)Colonial enclaves and rights of pre-emption348 (5)Derogations from grants of independence348 8.3Relinquishment of sovereignty without grant349 8.4The gradual devolution of international personality349 (1)The 'unitary State' theory351 (2)General principles of the status of devolving entities 353 (3)The principles applied: devolution of States within the British Commonwealth358 (i)The self-governing Dominions358 (ii)British India366 (iii)Subsequent cases of Commonwealth independence 368 (iv)Southern Rhodesia pre-1965368 (v)The elimination of post-Imperial links371 (a)Canada371 (b)Australia371 (c)New Zealand372 (4)Other cases of devolution372 (i)The Ottoman Empire372 (ii)The Philippines372 (iii)The French and Netherlands Unions373 9.Secession374 9.1Secession as a method of the creation of States375 9.2The traditional approach: secession and recognition 1815 to 1945376 (1)The relevance of recognition376 (i)Metropolitan recognition376 (ii)Recognition by third States379 (iii)Recognition of belligerency380 (2)The traditional test of independence in a secessionary situation382 9.3Independence and secession in modern international law 383 (1)The secession of a self-determination unit384 (i)Secession in furtherance of self-determination 384 (ii)Secession in violation of self-determination388 (2)Secession outside the colonial context388 (i)Cases of secession or dismemberment post-1945 391 (a)Senegal392 (b)Singapore392 (c)Bangladesh393 (d)The Baltic States393 (e)Successor States to the USSR395 (f)Successor States to the SFRY395 (g)Czechoslovakia402 (h)Eritrea402 (ii)Unsuccessful attempts at secession403 (a)The Faroes404 (b)Katanga404 (c)Biafra406 (d)Republika Srpska406 (e)Kosovo407 (f)Chechnya408 (g)Quebec411 (h)Somaliland412 (iii)Summary of post-1945 practice415 9.4Certain incidents of secession in international law418 (1)Belligerency and insurgency in secession struggles 418 (2)Application of international humanitarian law in internal conflicts420 (3)Military and civil aid to seceding regimes421 (4)Problems of continuity and commencement421 9.5The Former Palestine Mandate: Israel and Palestine421 (1) Historical introduction 421 (i) The Mandate for Palestine 422 (ii) The abandonment of the Mandate and its aftermath 424 (2) The creation of the State of Israel 425 (i)The validity of the Mandate for Palestine428 (ii)Validity and legal effects of the Partition Resolution 430 (iii)The creation of Israel (1948-9)432 (3) The creation of the State of Palestine (1988-) 434 (i)Palestine prior to the Oslo Accords: the 1988 Declaration435 (ii)Alternative conceptions of statehood: Montevideo and other criteria436 (iii)The authority of the General Assembly440 (iv)The position of dissenting or opposing States 442 (v)The road to Palestinian statehood since 1993 442 (vi)Conclusion446 10.Divided States and Reunification449 10.1 The category of 'divided States' 449 10.2 The two Germanies 452 (1) The quadripartite government of Germany 452 (2) The creation of the Federal Republic of Germany 454 (3) The creation of the German Democratic Republic 455 (4) Residual quadripartite authority over 'Germany as a whole' 458 (5) The status of Berlin 459 (6) Conclusions 465 10.3 Other cases of 'divided States' 466 (1) Korea after 1947 466 (2) Vietnam after 1945 472 (3) China after 1948 477 10.4 Conclusions 477 11. Unions and Federations of States 479 11.1 The classification of political unions 479 11.2 Federation, confederation and other forms of political union 481 (1) Real and personal unions 482 (2) Federations and confederations 483 (3) Unusual formations 489 (4) 'Remedial federation': federal solutions in conflict situations 490 (i)Cyprus490 (ii)Bosnia and Herzegovina491 (5) Associated States 492 11.3 Unions of States in international organizations 492 (1) The United Nations organization 493 (2) The European Union 495 11.4 Regional devolution in previously unitary States 500 PART III: THE CREATION OF STATES IN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 501 12. International Dispositive Powers 503 12.1 Introduction 504 12.2 Territorial dispositions by multilateral treaty 505 (1) Dispositions in treaties of peace 505 (i) The nineteenth-century practice 505 (a) The Congress of Vienna, 1815 505 (b) The Concert of Europe, 1815 to 1848 506 (c) The Treaty of Paris, 1856 506 (d) The Congress of Berlin, 1878 508 (e) The Conference of Berlin, 1884 to 1885 509 (f) The International Government of Crete, 1897 to 1913 509 (g) The Act of Algeciras, 1906 510 (h) The Treaty of London, 1913 and the creation of Albania 510 (i)The nineteenth-century Congresses and the principle of consent512 (ii)The World War I settlements516 (iii)The World War II settlements518 (a) The re-establishment of annexed or conquered States 519 (b) Internationalized territories 522 (c) Poland, 1939 to 1946 522 (d) Other dispositions 522 (iv) Peace settlements since 1945 523 (a) Germany, 1990 523 (b) Cambodia, 1991 526 (c) Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1992 to 1995 528 (2) Dispositions anticipatory of peace treaties 530 (3) Dispositions delegated to groups of States 531 (i)The Conference of Ambassadors and Albania 532 (ii)The Principal Allied and Associated Powers after 1918533 (a) The Mandate system 533 (b) Danzig 534 (c) Memel 534 (d) Fiume 534 (e) Luxembourg 535 (iii) The Allied Powers 1945 to 1955 535 (4) Conclusion: powers of disposition pursuant to multilateral treaties 535 12.3 The exercise of dispositive power through collective recognition 539 (1) The concept of 'collective recognition' 539 (i)Greece, 1822 to 1830540 (ii)Belgium, 1830 to 1839542 (iii)Albania, 1913 to 1921544 (iv)New States in the former Soviet Union and the dissolution of Yugoslavia, 1990 to 1995 544 (2) Collective recognition within international organizations 544 (3) Collective conditional recognition 545 12.4 Territorial dispositions by international organizations 546 (1) General principles 546 (2) The Concert of Europe 547 (3) The League of Nations 548 (4) The United Nations and territorial dispositions 549 (i) General principles: delegated and inherent authority 549 (a) The General Assembly 551 (b) The Security Council 552 (ii) Functions pursuant to the peace treaties 553 (a) Trieste 553 (b) Disposition of Italian colonies in Africa 554 (iii)Functions pursuant to the Mandate and Trusteeship systems555 (iv)Other cases555 (a) West Irian 555 (b) Namibia 556 (c) Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium 556 (d) Kosovo 557 (e) East Timor 560 (f) Iraq 562 (g) Jerusalem 563 (v) Conclusion 564 12.5 The notion of 'international dispositive powers' 564 13. Mandates and Trust Territories 565 13.1 Mandates and Trust territories in historical perspective 566 13.2 Sovereignty over Mandates and Trust Territories 568 (1) Sovereignty and 'A' Mandates 569 (2) Sovereignty and other mandated and trust territories 570 (3) Legal personality of mandated and trust territories 574 13.3 Termination of Mandates and Trusteeships 574 (1) Termination of Mandates 575 (i)During the period of the League575 (ii)After the dissolution of the League580 (iii)By transfer to Trusteeship580 (2) Termination of Trusteeships 581 (3) Legal effects of termination 584 13.4 Revocation of Mandates and Trusteeships 586 (1) Revocation of Mandates during the League period 586 (2) Revocation of Trusteeships 590 (3) Revocation of Mandates by United Nations organs 591 (4) Post-revocation action of the United Nations concerning Namibia 595 13.5 Post-independence claims 596 (1) Namibia 597 (2) Nauru 598 (3) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 599 13.6 The Future of Trusteeship? 600 14. Non-self-governing Territories: The Law and Practice of Decolonization 602 14.1 Introduction 603 14.2 The development in practice of Chapter XI of the Charter 606 (1) The definition of 'non-self-governing territories' 606 (2) Competence to determine whether a territory falls under Chapter XI 607 (3) The scope of Chapter XI in practice 608 (4) Possible extension of Chapter XI beyond colonial territories 610 14.3 The international status of non-self-governing territories 613 (1) Sovereignty and non-self-governing territories 613 (2) The use of force and non-self-governing territories 616 (3) The legal personality of dependent peoples 617 (4) Standards for assessing the wishes of a dependent people 620 14.4 Termination of non-self-governing status: the forms of self-government 621 (1) Termination of non-self-governing status: criteria for self-government 621 (2) Determination of cessation of non-self-governing status 621 (3) The forms of self-government 623 (i)Independence623 (ii)Incorporation in another State623 (iii)Association625 (a) Association arrangements in practice since 1952 626 (b) The international legal status of associated States 632 (4) Remaining non-self-governing territories 634 (5) Claims by third States against non-self-governing territories 637 PART IV: ISSUES OF COMMENCEMENT, CONTINUITY AND EXTINCTION 649 15. The Commencement of States 651 15.1 The problem of commencement 651 (1) Problems of commencement in national courts 652 (2) Problems of commencement at the international level 653 (3) 'Illegal entities' and problems of commencement 657 15.2 States in statu nascendi 658 15.3 New States and the acquisition of territorial sovereignty 664 (1) The acquisition of statehood as a 'mode of acquisition' of territory 664 (2) Claims to the entire territory of a new State 665 16. Problems of Identity, Continuity and Reversion 667 16.1 Identity and continuity of States: general considerations 667 16.2 Some applications of the concept of continuity 672 (1) Territorial changes 673 (2) Changes in population 678 (3) Changes in government 678 (4) Changes in international status 680 (5) Belligerent occupation 688 (6) Continuity and illegal annexation 689 (7) Identity without continuity 690 (8) Multiple changes and State continuity: the case of Poland after 1945 692 16.3 Reversion to sovereignty 695 (1) Rights of reversion by treaty 696 (2) Reversion of territorial enclaves 696 (3) Postliminium 696 (4) Reversion to sovereignty 697 17. The Extinction of States 700 17.1 General principles 700 17.2 Extinction and illegal annexation 702 17.3 State extinction and the possibility of prescription 703 17.4 Extinction, merger and the creation of new States 705 (1) Voluntary absorption: the German Democratic Republic 705 (2) Extinction by merger: Yemen 705 (3) Extinction by voluntary dissolution: the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic 706 (4) Extinction by involuntary dissolution: the SFRY and its successor States 707 17.5 International law and the survival of States 715 Conclusions 718 Appendices: 1. List of States and Territorial Entities Proximate to States 727 2. League Mandates and United Nations Trusteeships 741 3. The United Nations and Non-Self-Governing Territories, 1946 to 2005 746 4. Consideration by the International Law Commission of the Topic of Statehood (1996) 757 Select Bibliography 760 Index 851 Select List of Abbreviations AdV Archiv des Volkerrechts AFDI Annuaire Francais de Droit International AJ American Journal of International Law AJ Supp American Journal of International Law, Supplement Akehurst, Modern M Akehurst, A Modern Introduction to Introduction Law (London, 6th edn, 1993) Al-Baharna H Al-Baharna, The Legal Status of the Arabian Gulf States (2nd edn, 1975) ALJ Australian Law Journal ALR Australian Law Reports Am Pol Sc R American Political Science Review Annuaire Annuaire de l'Institut de Droit International Arangio-Ruiz G Arangio-Ruiz, L'Etat dans le sens de droit des gens et la notion du droit international (Bologna, 1975; and in (1975) 26 OzfoR 3, 265) ARSIWA International Law Commission, Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts ASCL Annual Survey of Commonwealth Law BFSP British and Foreign State Papers Bibl Viss Bibliotheca Visseriana, Dissertationum Ius Internationale Illustrantium BPIL British Practice in International Law Brierly, Collected Papers (ed H Lauterpacht and CHM Waldock, Oxford, 1958) Brierly, Basis of Obligation JL Brierly, The Basis of Obligation in International Law Briggs, Law of Nations HW Briggs, The Law of Nations. Cases, Nations Documents and Notes (2nd edn, NY, 1952) Brownlie, Principles Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law (Oxford, 6th edn, 2003) Brownlie, Use of Force Brownlie, International Law and the Use of Force by Force States (Oxford, 1963) BY British Yearbook of International Law California WJIL California Western Journal of International Law Can BR Canadian Bar Review Can YIL Canadian Yearbook of international Law CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy Charpentier J Charpentier, La Reconnaissance internationale et l'evolution du droit des gens (Paris, 1956) Chen, Recognition TC Chen, The International Law of Recognition (ed LC Green, London, 1951) CILSA Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa CMLR Common Market Law Reports CMLR Common Market Law Review Col JTL Columbia Journal of Transnational Law Crawford, Selected essays J Crawford, International Law as an Open System: Selected essays (London, Cameron May, 2002) Crawford, (2002) J Crawford (ed), The International Law Commission's articles on state responsibility: introduction, text, and commentaries (Cambridge, 2002) CTS Consolidated Treaty Series DDR German Democratic Republic Dir Int Diritto Internazionale DPRK Democratic People's Republic of Korea DRVN Democratic Republic of Vietnam DSB Department of State Bulletin Duursma, Microstates JC Duursma, Fragmentation and the International Relations of Micro-States: Self-determination and Statehood (Cambridge, 1996) ECJ Rep European Court of Justice, Reports of the Jurisprudence of the Court EJIL European Journal of International Law EPLF Eritrean People's Liberation Front Fawcett, BritishJES Fawcett, The British Commonwealth in international Commonwealthlaw (London, 1963) For Aff Foreign Affairs (Washington) FRG Federal Republic of Germany FRY Federal Republic of Yugoslavia FYROM Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia GAOR General Assembly Official Records GDR German Democratic Republic Grotius ST Transactions of the Grotius Society Grotius SP CH Alexandrowicz, ed, Grotius Society Papers Hackworth, Digest GH Hackworth, Digest of International Law (15 vols, Washington, 1940-4) HR Academie de Droit International, Recueil des cours HC Deb House of Commons Debates (5th series unless otherwise stated) HL Deb House of Lords Debates Higgins, Development R Higgins, The Development of International Law through the Political Organs of the United Nations (London, 1963) ICJ Rep International Court of Justice, Reports of Judgements, Advisory Opinions and Orders ICJ Rev Review of the International Commission of Jurists ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia ICLQ International and Comparative Law Quarterly IFOR Implementation Force ILC International Law Commission INTERFET International Force in East Timor HKLJ Hong Kong Law Journal ILC Ybk Yearbook of the International Law Commission ILM International Legal Materials ILQ International Law Quarterly ILR International Law Reports Indian JIL Indian Journal of International Law Indian YIA Indian Yearbook of International Affairs Int Aff International Affairs (London) Int Conc International Conciliation Int Org International Organization IR Irish Reports Is Yb HR Israeli Yearbook of Human Rights JDI Journal du Droit International (Clunet) Jennings, Acquisition RY Jennings, The Acquisition of Territory in International Law (Manchester, 1963) JNA Yugoslav National Army Kamanda, Legal AM Kamanda, A Study of the legal status of Status of Protectorates protectorates in public international law (Geneva, 1961) Keesing's Keesing's Contemporary Archives Kelsen, Principles Hans Kelsen, Principles of International Law (2nd edn, rev RW Tucker, NY, 1966) Kiss, Pratique AC Kiss, Repertoire de la pratique francaise en matiere de droit intentional public (7 vols, Paris, 1962-72) KLA Kosovo Liberation Army Lauterpacht, Papers E Lauterpacht, ed., International Law. Being the Collected Papers of Hersch Lauterpacht (Cambridge, vols 1-5, 1970-2004) Lauterpacht, Recognition H Lauterpacht, Recognition in International Law (Cambridge, 1948) Lauterpacht, Development H. Lauterpacht, Development of International Law by the International Court (London, 1958) LNOJ League of Nations Official Journal LNTS League of Nations Treaty Series LQR Law Quarterly Review Marek, Identity K. Marek, Identity and Continuity of States in Public International Law (Geneva, 1954) Mendelson MH Mendelson, 'Acquisition of Membership in Selected International Organizations' (Oxford, M.S.D. Phil d 5229, 1971) MLR Modern Law Review Moore, Digest JB Moore, A Digest of International Law (Washington, 8 vols, 1906) Moore, IA JB Moore, International Arbitrations Moore, Int Adj JB Moore, International Adjudications (Modern (MS) Series) NILR Netherlands International Law Review NRG GF de Martens, Nouveau Recueil General de Traites NYIL Netherlands Yearbook of International Law NYUJILP New York University Journal of International Law and Politics NZULR New Zealand Universities Law Review OAS Organization of American States OAU Organization of African Unity O'Brien, New Nations WV O'Brien, ed, The New Nations in International Law and Diplomacy (NY, 1965) O'Brien & Goebel, 'Recognition' WV O'Brien & J Goebel, 'U.S. Recognition Policy and the New Nations', in O'Brien, ed, op. cit. 98-228 O'Connell, State Succession DP O'Connell, State Succession in Municipal Law and International Law (Cambridge, 2 vols, 1967) Oppenheim L Oppenheim, International Law--A Treatise (1st edn, London, 1905; Vol I, 8th edn (ed Lauterpacht), 1955; Vol II, 7th edn, 1952; Vol I (9th edn, 1992)) OZfoR Osterreichische Zeitschrifi fur offentliches Recht PA Palestine Authority PAS Proceedings of the American Society of International Law PLO Palestine Liberation Organization PRC People's Republic of China PRK People's Republic of Kampuchea RDI Revue de Droit International (de la Pradelle) Rdi Rivista di Diritto Internazionale RDILC Revue de Droit International et de Legislation Comparee RDISDP Revue de Droit International, de Sciences Diplomatiques et Politiques Repertoire suisse P Guggenheim, ed, Repertoire suisse de droit international public (1914-1939), I-IV (Basle, 1975) Rep MA T Reports of Decisions of Mixed Arbitral Tribunals Restatement 2nd American Law Institute, Restatement, Second. Foreign Relations Law of the United States (1965) Restatement 3rd American Law Institute, Restatement, Third. Foreign Relations Law of the United States (1987) RGDIP Revue General de Droit International Public RIAA Reports of International Arbitral Awards RJPIC Revue Juridique et Politique Independance et Cooperation ROC Republic of China ROK Republic of Korea Rollet H Rollet, Liste des engagements bilateraux et multilateraux au 30 juin 1972; accords et traites souscrits par la France. (Paris, 1973) Rousseau, DIP II Charles Rousseau, Droit international public, Tome II Les sujets de droit (Paris, 1974) RVN Republic of Vietnam SAR Special Administrative Region Schwarzenberger, International Law G Schwarzenberger, International Law as applied by International Courts and Tribunals (3 vols, London, 1957-1976) Schwarzenberger, Manual G Schwarzenberger, A Manual of International Law (6th edn, London, 1976) SCOR Security Council Official Records SFRY Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Smith, GB & LN HA Smith, Great Britain and the Law of Nations (2 vols, London, 1932) SNC Supreme National Court SNM Somali National Movement Sorensen, Manual M Sorensen, ed, Manual of Public International Law (London, 1968) SWAPO South West African People's Organization Talmon, Recognition S Talmon, Recognition of Governments (2001) TTPI Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands UDI Unilateral Declaration of Independence UNAMET United Nations Mission in East Timor UNAMI United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq UNCIO United Nations Conference on International Organization, San Francisco, 1945 United Nations, Repertory Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs UN Jur Ybk United Nations Juridical Yearbook UNMC United Nations Monthly Chronicle Repertory UNMIK United Nations Interim Administrative Mission in Kosovo UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia UNTAET United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor UNTAG United Nations Transitional Assistance Group UNTEA United Nations Temporary Executive Authority UNTS United Nations Treaty Series US Digest Digest of United States Practice in International Law USFR Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States U Tol LR University of Toledo Law Review Verhoeven, Reconnaissance J Verhoeven, La Reconnaissance internationale dans la pratique contemporaine: les relations publiques internationales (Paris, 1975) Whiteman, Digest MM Whiteman, Digest of International Law (Washington, 15 vols, 1963-1973) Ybk AAA Association des Auditeurs et Anciens Auditeurs de l'Academie de Droit International de la Haye, Annuaire YBWA Yearbook of World Affairs ZaoRV Zeitschrifi fur Auslandisches Offentliches Recht und Volkerrecht
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Sovereignty.
State succession.
Newly independent states.