The Monticello Mill Tailings Site (MMTS) is a public health hazard because of the radioactive
tailings that are present on site. Public access to the mill site is restricted; only persons involved
in remediation are allowed on site. Persons involved in the remediation are required to be
monitored each time they leave the mill site.
Tailings from the mill site were also dispersed off site throughout the city of Monticello by the
wind, in surface runoff, and by individuals who used the tailings for fill or construction
purposes. Remediation of the vicinity properties is ongoing and is scheduled for completion in
1998. However, there are properties in the community that may not be addressed by current
remedial actions for various reasons (i.e., properties whose owners have refused remediation,
areas outside the 8-mile radius clean-up boundary, properties that contain naturally occurring
radioactive materials (NORM), or properties where the brick veneer was left behind). The
remaining number of refusal properties is less than 5, and it is the intention of DOE, EPA, and
UDEQ to clean up all properties. Unless supplemental standards are approved, properties will
be cleaned up to the 40 Code of Federal Regulation (CFR) 192.12 standard. EPA and UDEQ
will consider supplemental standards (alternative clean-up levels including institutional controls)
only if they are protective of human health and the environment and are in compliance with
applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements. EPA and UDEQ have no statutory
requirement to clean up NORM. Property owners with such materials will be contacted and
given the opportunity to have NORM disposed of in a repository. The potential still exists for
individuals to be exposed to low levels of radiation at those properties.
The shallow alluvial aquifer is contaminated from mill site releases, and there is concern because
it overlies the deeper Burro Canyon Aquifer, which is used as a drinking water source.
However, the Mancos Shale and fine-grained units on the Dakota Sandstone Formation, which
separates the Burro Canyon Aquifer from the alluvial aquifer, act as aquitards to limit downward
migration from the alluvial aquifer. Direct human contact with contaminated groundwater from
the shallow alluvial aquifer appears unlikely, and we have no reports of this aquifer being used
as a source of potable water; therefore, there is no current public health risk through this
particular medium. Potential for future exposure also exists for anyone (e.g., residents, workers,
tourists, hunters, hikers, and ranchers) who might use the shallow alluvial aquifer as a future
water source.
Contamination in the soil and water represent a potential for contamination of game animals
present on the mill site and Montezuma Creek area. The potential also exists for contamination
of domestic cattle raised in the Montezuma Creek area. In the fall of 1996 the EPA and UDEQ
staff conducted a study of the body burden of contaminants in tissues and organs of deer and
cattle that consumed water and vegetation from the Montezuma Creek floodplain. Cattle and
deer from a background reference area were also sampled. The meat, liver kidney, and ribs are
being analyzed for radionuclides and nonradionuclide contaminants. Although the analyses have
not yet been completed, preliminary results indicate little or no contaminant uptake in cattle or
deer above the uptake in the reference area animals. Humans could potentially experience
exposure by eating food crops that accumulate contaminants if they were to be grown in the
Montezuma Creek area or in a contaminated yard.
Representatives of the Health and Safety Laboratory of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
performed a study of approximately 215 workers at the Monticello Ore Concentrating Plant in
1957 to determine the levels of radioactive dusts exposures workers were experiencing. The
study revealed that there was no effective dust control equipment throughout the plant. It also
showed that 86 employees out of the total plant population were exposed to average dust
concentrations above the maximum allowable concentration (MAC). Nineteen of those were
exposed to greater than five times the MAC. The areas in the mill that exceeded the MAC were
the ore sample plant, crushing areas, sample preparation area, and yellow cake drying area. The
survey showed that workers in the mill experienced no hazard from external radiation (beta plus
gamma or gamma only).
ATSDR representatives reviewed EPA's Riggan's Mortality Tapes and identified two large
percentage rate changes for white males and one large percentage rate change for white females
living in San Juan County between 1950 and 1970. Between the years of 1950 and 1959 and
1970 and 1979, there was a 395% increase in trachea bronchus lung pleura cancerous deaths in
men. Tracheobronchial lymph nodes tend to be the site of greatest concentration for inhaled
uranium and thorium. There was also a significant excess of deaths from prostate cancer
between 1960 and 1969 compared with rates for the U.S. population during the same period.
Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer among Mormon males. Radiation has not
been shown to be a factor in increasing the chances of developing prostate cancer. Between
1960 and 1969 and 1970 and 1979, there was a 287% increase in breast cancer mortality in
white females. Exposure to high levels of radiation is known to increase females' chances of
developing breast cancer. ATSDR representatives used the CDC WONDER system to review
renal failure for males and females in San Juan County. The database covers mortality for the
years 1979 to 1991. There were four cases for males, and the age-adjusted rate was equal to the
average rate for all counties in Utah that had reportable cases during the same period. There
were 11 cases for females, and the age-adjusted rates were higher for San Juan County than for
any other county in Utah. The age-adjusted rate for white women was double the rate for all
other races in San Juan County.
During ATSDR's public availability sessions, residents of Monticello reported deteriorating
clothes on clotheslines and chrome trim on automobiles and disintegrating screen doors. We do
not know the extent of emissions from the mill's roaster stack when the mill was operating;
however, we believe that emissions of sulfur oxides and sulfuric acid from the stack might have
accounted for the reported occurrences.
Establish local ordinances to prevent installation in the contaminated alluvial aquifer of
wells that would supply potable water.
Continue to remediate those properties that exceed standards in 10 Code of Federal
Regulations (CFR) 1020 and 40 CFR 192.12 and monitor all properties that have
exceeded standards in either of these laws to ensure that remedial actions have removed
the tailings.
Continue to monitor the wastewater treatment plant effluent to ensure that limits set by
the Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Quality are not
exceeded.
Ensure that residents of Monticello scheduled to have their yards remediated do not
consume edible food crops grown in their yards until remediation is completed.
Evaluate the need for sampling any food crops for human consumption that are grown
in the future in the Montezuma Creek floodplain.
Continue sampling deer and cattle to determine if a potential food chain pathway exists
for potential human uptake. ATSDR scientists concur with the activities and
recommend that EPA and UDEQ continue to study and monitor the body burden of
contaminants in tissues and organs of deer and cattle.
Continue to monitor the Burro Canyon Aquifer downgradient of the mill site. If site-related contaminants increase to levels of public health concern, initiate a definitive
well survey and follow-up monitoring of any private wells identified in the survey.
Analyze the database containing radon measurements for the vicinity properties and
determine what specific health actions are appropriate. ATSDR is scheduled to begin
this evaluation during calendar year 1998. The completion and success of this activity
depends on the quality and quantity of data as well as the financial funding provided by
DOE.
Continue to analyze the radon concentrations that are being released from the tailings
piles to determine whether off-site concentrations are at levels of public health concern.
Health Activities Recommendation Panel (HARP) Recommendations
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980
(CERCLA), as amended, requires the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
(ATSDR) to perform public health actions needed at hazardous waste sites. To determine
whether public health actions are needed, the data and information developed in the Monticello
Mill Tailings Site (MMTS) and Monticello Vicinity Properties (MVP) Public Health Assessment
were evaluated by the ATSDR Health Activities Recommendation Panel (HARP) for follow-up
health actions. Because people have potentially been exposed to MMTS contaminants at levels
of health concern in the past and present, follow-up health actions related to the MMTS and
MVP are indicated at this time. Human exposure is believed to be occurring or to have occurred
in the past because of human interaction with pathways of exposure, and there is an indication or
allegation that adverse health conditions are occurring or have occurred in the area population
that may be related to exposure to hazardous substances from the MMTS. HARP identified the
need for site-specific environmental health education and the need for the consideration of health studies.
Public Health Action Plan
The public health action plan for the MMTS and MVP National Priorities List sites contains a
description of actions to be taken by ATSDR staff members and other government agencies at
and in the vicinity of the sites after completion of this public health assessment. The purpose of
this public health action plan is to ensure that this public health assessment not only identifies
public health hazards but also provides a plan of action designed to mitigate and prevent adverse
human health effects resulting from exposure to hazardous substances in the environment.
ATSDR
The off-site area, the vicinity and peripheral properties, is being considered for follow-up public
health actions. Exposure to contaminants from past and current activities at the MMTS suggests
the need for health studies and further education efforts.
Health Studies
There are completed exposure pathways and the allegation of substantial exposure and
serious diseases. The panel has determined that health studies need to be considered
that would address the level of current and past exposures and their relationships. The
ATSDR site representative is currently working with ATSDR's Division of Health
Studies (DHS) representatives to formulate a plan of action.
The occurrence of renal failure will be investigated in conjunction with the health
studies efforts.
ATSDR's Division of Health Assessment and Consultation (DHAC) representatives
plan to thoroughly investigate and analyze the Department of Energy's (DOE)
residential/property database which contains environmental data for each off-site
property. DHS representatives will also integrate an analysis of the database into their
health studies activities. The completion and success of this activity is dependent on
the quality and quantity of data as well as the financial funding provided by DOE. The
community's Monticello Uranium Mill Impact Survey and the leukemia study
performed in the 1980s both contain pertinent information to the above efforts. These
resources are an integral part of helping more clearly define exposure and disease rate to determine what is occurring medically.
Education
There are potential exposures where the community could be educated on specific
actions that can prevent adverse health effects.
There are past completed exposure pathways where specific actions, knowledge, or
education can prevent or mitigate future adverse health effects. For example, physician
educational seminars, community information sharing sessions, and problem-specific
solving sessions.
ATSDR staff will conduct a needs assessment as a basis for determining the
appropriate preventative health education plan for the sites. We will identify the public
health problems, community concerns, health professional and community-specific
needs, and primary target populations for health education. Special needs groups, such
as children, minorities, and the elderly, will be noted. ATSDR staff plan to collaborate
with state and local health departments. Site-specific preventative health education
needs will be categorized for either rapid response or for extended follow-up. The
rapid response mechanism will be used for situations that require immediate
implementation of education activities to address significant public health concerns.
The purpose of the activities will be to provide health professionals and community
members with the ability to minimize exposures to hazardous substances or reduce the
potential for health impact. The extended follow-up mechanism will be used when the
public health concerns do not require an immediate response. ATSDR scientists will
provide DOE proposals for extended follow-up activities for comment.
ATSDR staff will continue to monitor the ongoing activities and occurrences in the Monticello area.
DOE
ATSDR recognizes and endorses the DOE, EPA, and state community involvement at these sites
and agrees that further coordinated remediation activities are needed in this community. EPA
and the state will continue oversight of DOE's activities and participation in community
involvement.
Community Involvement
DOE has established a Site-Specific Advisory Board (SSAB) consisting of fourteen
local residents from Monticello and Blanding to advise DOE on cleanup issues
affecting the local community. The SSAB is involved in advising on local training and
hiring as well as future land use of the Monticello Mill Site. All meetings are open to the public.
DOE and MACTEC Environmental Restoration services staff are in both Grand
Junction, Colorado and Monticello. DOE has established a toll-free number (1-800-269-7145) for the public to call with questions or concerns.
Remediation Activities
DOE is the responsible party for remediating the Monticello Vicinity Properties (MVP)
Site, and is further responsible for certifying that the remediation is completed at each
of these properties. The total number of individual MVP included in the site as of
December 1996 is 420, grouped into eight operable units. By the end of 1996, 389
properties were remediated. There are an additional 29 peripheral properties. As of May 1997, 11 of these peripheral properties have been remediated.
The contaminated materials from the off-site properties are being temporarily moved to
the mill site and will be disposed of with the mill site tailings in a permanent repository
immediately south of Monticello. DOE's contractor, OHM Remediation Services, will
carry out the construction of the repository as well as perform mill site maintenance.
Excavation of the repository was completed on April 27, 1996. All surface
contaminants posing an unacceptable risk to human health and the environment will be placed in the permanent repository. In late May, 1997, DOE began placement of
approximately 2.3 million cubic yards of mill tailings and other contaminated materials
in the recently completed repository. The excavation activities will be completed by November 1998.
DOE's files of public information on the Monticello Cleanup Projects are at the Monticello City Office at 17 North First East, Monticello, Utah 84535. The
Information Repository is a set of documents pertaining to the Monticello projects; it
includes documents on site activities, general information about the Superfund
program, site-specific information, and the Administrative Record. The Administrative
Record, which is a subset of the Information Repository, contains all information used
to select a cleanup remedy for a particular site. The public can access the Information
Repository and Administrative Record files by calling the Monticello City Office at
(801) 587-2271 or visit during regular office hours between 8 A.M. to 4:30 P.M., Monday through Friday.
Marcie Gallagher
Environmental Engineer, Lead Health Assessor
Federal Facilities Assessment Branch
Division of Health Assessment and Consultation
Andrew Dudley
Environmental Health Scientist
Federal Facilities Assessment Branch
Division of Health Assessment and Consultation
Richard F. Collins, MSEH, REHS, DAAS
Senior Environmental Health Scientist
Federal Facilities Assessment Branch
Division of Health Assessment and Consultation
Jo A. Freedman, PhD, DABT
Toxicologist
Federal Facilities Assessment Branch
Division of Health Assessment and Consultation
Edward Gregory, PhD
Demographic Analyst
Federal Facilities Assessment Branch
Division of Health Assessment and Consultation
Ronald E. Hatcher
Writer-Editor
Office of Policy and External Affairs
Teresa Ramsey, MA
Writer-Editor
Office of Policy and External Affairs
Alan Parham
Environmental Health Scientist
Exposure and Disease Registry Branch
Division of Health Studies
L. Samuel Keith, CHP
Environmental Health Scientist
Toxicology Information Branch
Division of Toxicology
ATSDR gratefully acknowledges the assistance and contributions to this public health
assessment by personnel with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Air and
Radiation Environmental Laboratory (NAREL), and the Boston University (BU) School of
Public Health, Department of Environmental Health.
Reviewers of Report
Rita Ford
Energy Section Chief
Federal Facilities Assessment Branch
Division of Health Assessment and Consultation
Sandy Isaacs
Branch Chief
Federal Facilities Assessment Branch
Division of Health Assessment and Consultation
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