Code of Federal Regulations: 40 CFR 141: NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS

This electronic document was downloaded from the GPO web site, November 2003, and is provided for information purposes only. The Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, is updated July 1 of each year. The most current version of the regulations may be found at the GPO web site.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.1]

[Page 335]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart A--General

Sec. 141.1 Applicability.

This part establishes primary drinking water regulations pursuant to
section 1412 of the Public Health Service Act, as amended by the Safe
Drinking Water Act (Pub. L. 93-523); and related regulations applicable
to public water systems.

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[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.2]

[Page 336-341]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart A--General

Sec. 141.2 Definitions.

As used in this part, the term:
Act means the Public Health Service Act, as amended by the Safe
Drinking Water Act, Public Law 93-523.
Action level, is the concentration of lead or copper in water
specified in Sec. 141.80(c) which determines, in some cases, the
treatment requirements contained in subpart I of this part that a water
system is required to complete.
Best available technology or BAT means the best technology,
treatment techniques, or other means which the Administrator finds,
after examination for efficacy under field conditions and not solely
under laboratory conditions, are available (taking cost into
consideration). For the purposes of setting MCLs for synthetic organic
chemicals, any BAT must be at least as effective as granular activated
carbon.
Coagulation means a process using coagulant chemicals and mixing by
which colloidal and suspended materials are destabilized and
agglomerated into flocs.
Community water system means a public water system which serves at
least 15 service connections used by year-round residents or regularly
serves at least 25 year-round residents.
Compliance cycle means the nine-year calendar year cycle during
which public water systems must monitor. Each compliance cycle consists
of three three-year compliance periods. The first calendar year cycle
begins January 1, 1993 and ends December 31, 2001; the second begins
January 1, 2002 and ends December 31, 2010; the third begins January 1,
2011 and ends December 31, 2019.
Compliance period means a three-year calendar year period within a
compliance cycle. Each compliance cycle has three three-year compliance
periods. Within the first compliance cycle, the first compliance period
runs from January 1, 1993 to December 31, 1995; the second from January
1, 1996 to December 31, 1998; the third from January 1, 1999 to December
31, 2001.
Comprehensive performance evaluation (CPE) is a thorough review and
analysis of a treatment plant's performance-based capabilities and
associated administrative, operation and maintenance practices. It is
conducted to identify factors that may be adversely impacting a plant's
capability to achieve compliance and emphasizes approaches that can be
implemented without significant capital improvements. For purposes of
compliance with subpart P of this part, the comprehensive performance
evaluation must consist of at least the following components: Assessment
of plant performance; evaluation of major unit processes; identification
and prioritization of performance limiting factors; assessment of the
applicability of comprehensive technical assistance; and preparation of
a CPE report.
Confluent growth means a continuous bacterial growth covering the
entire filtration area of a membrane filter, or a portion thereof, in
which bacterial colonies are not discrete.
Contaminant means any physical, chemical, biological, or
radiological substance or matter in water.
Conventional filtration treatment means a series of processes
including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration
resulting in substantial particulate removal.
Corrosion inhibitor means a substance capable of reducing the
corrosivity of water toward metal plumbing materials, especially lead
and copper, by forming a protective film on the interior surface of
those materials.
CT or CTcalc is the product of "residual disinfectant
concentration" (C) in mg/1 determined before or at the first customer,
and the corresponding "disinfectant contact time" (T) in minutes,
i.e., "C" x "T". If a public water system applies disinfectants at
more than one point prior to the first customer, it must determine the
CT of each disinfectant sequence before or at the first customer to
determine the total percent inactivation or "total inactivation
ratio." In determining the total inactivation ratio, the public water
system must determine the residual disinfectant concentration of each
disinfection sequence and corresponding contact time before any
subsequent disinfection application point(s). "CT<INF>99.9</INF>" is
the CT value required for 99.9 percent (3-log) inactivation of Giardia
lamblia cysts. CT<INF>99.9</INF> for a variety of disinfectants and
conditions

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appear in tables 1.1-1.6, 2.1, and 3.1 of Sec. 141.74(b)(3).
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC15NO91.129

is the inactivation ratio. The sum of the inactivation ratios, or total
inactivation ratio shown as
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC15NO91.130

is calculated by adding together the inactivation ratio for each
disinfection sequence. A total inactivation ratio equal to or greater
than 1.0 is assumed to provide a 3-log inactivation of Giardia lamblia
cysts.
Diatomaceous earth filtration means a process resulting in
substantial particulate removal in which (1) a precoat cake of
diatomaceous earth filter media is deposited on a support membrance
(septum), and (2) while the water is filtered by passing through the
cake on the septum, additional filter media known as body feed is
continuously added to the feed water to maintain the permeability of the
filter cake.
Direct filtration means a series of processes including coagulation
and filtration but excluding sedimentation resulting in substantial
particulate removal.
Disinfectant means any oxidant, including but not limited to
chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chloramines, and ozone added to water in any
part of the treatment or distribution process, that is intended to kill
or inactivate pathogenic microorganisms.
Disinfectant contact time ("T" in CT calculations) means the time
in minutes that it takes for water to move from the point of
disinfectant application or the previous point of disinfectant residual
measurement to a point before or at the point where residual
disinfectant concentration ("C") is measured. Where only one "C" is
measured, "T" is the time in minutes that it takes for water to move
from the point of disinfectant application to a point before or at where
residual disinfectant concentration ("C") is measured. Where more than
one "C" is measured, "T" is (a) for the first measurement of "C",
the time in minutes that it takes for water to move from the first or
only point of disinfectant application to a point before or at the point
where the first "C" is measured and (b) for subsequent measurements of
"C", the time in minutes that it takes for water to move from the
previous "C" measurement point to the "C" measurement point for
which the particular "T" is being calculated. Disinfectant contact
time in pipelines must be calculated based on "plug flow" by dividing
the internal volume of the pipe by the maximum hourly flow rate through
that pipe. Disinfectant contact time within mixing basins and storage
reservoirs must be determined by tracer studies or an equivalent
demonstration.
Disinfection means a process which inactivates pathogenic organisms
in water by chemical oxidants or equivalent agents.
Disinfection profile is a summary of daily Giardia lamblia
inactivation through the treatment plant. The procedure for developing a
disinfection profile is contained in Sec. 141.172.
Domestic or other non-distribution system plumbing problem means a
coliform contamination problem in a public water system with more than
one service connection that is limited to the specific service
connection from which the coliform-positive sample was taken.
Dose equivalent means the product of the absorbed dose from ionizing
radiation and such factors as account for differences in biological
effectiveness due to the type of radiation and its distribution in the
body as specified by the International Commission on Radiological Units
and Measurements (ICRU).
Effective corrosion inhibitor residual, for the purpose of subpart I
of this part only, means a concentration sufficient to form a
passivating film on the interior walls of a pipe.
Enhanced coagulation means the addition of sufficient coagulant for
improved removal of disinfection byproduct precursors by conventional
filtration treatment.

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Enhanced softening means the improved removal of disinfection
byproduct precursors by precipitative softening.
Filter profile is a graphical representation of individual filter
performance, based on continuous turbidity measurements or total
particle counts versus time for an entire filter run, from startup to
backwash inclusively, that includes an assessment of filter performance
while another filter is being backwashed.
Filtration means a process for removing particulate matter from
water by passage through porous media.
First draw sample means a one-liter sample of tap water, collected
in accordance with Sec. 141.86(b)(2), that has been standing in plumbing
pipes at least 6 hours and is collected without flushing the tap.
Flocculation means a process to enhance agglomeration or collection
of smaller floc particles into larger, more easily settleable particles
through gentle stirring by hydraulic or mechanical means.
GAC10 means granular activated carbon filter beds with an empty-bed
contact time of 10 minutes based on average daily flow and a carbon
reactivation frequency of every 180 days.
Ground water under the direct influence of surface water means any
water beneath the surface of the ground with significant occurrence of
insects or other macroorganisms, algae, or large-diameter pathogens such
as Giardia lamblia or (for subpart H systems serving at least 10,000
people only) Cryptosporidium, or significant and relatively rapid shifts
in water characteristics such as turbidity, temperature, conductivity,
or pH which closely correlate to climatological or surface water
conditions. Direct influence must be determined for individual sources
in accordance with criteria established by the State. The State
determination of direct influence may be based on site-specific
measurements of water quality and/or documentation of well construction
characteristics and geology with field evaluation.
Gross alpha particle activity means the total radioactivity due to
alpha particle emission as inferred from measurements on a dry sample.
Gross beta particle activity means the total radioactivity due to
beta particle emission as inferred from measurements on a dry sample.
Haloacetic acids (five) (HAA5) mean the sum of the concentrations in
milligrams per liter of the haloacetic acid compounds (monochloroacetic
acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid,
and dibromoacetic acid), rounded to two significant figures after
addition.
Halogen means one of the chemical elements chlorine, bromine or
iodine.
Initial compliance period means the first full three-year compliance
period which begins at least 18 months after promulgation, except for
contaminants listed at Sec. 141.61(a) (19)-(21), (c) (19)-(33), and
Sec. 141.62(b) (11)-(15), initial compliance period means the first full
three-year compliance period after promulgation for systems with 150 or
more service connections (January 1993-December 1995), and first full
three-year compliance period after the effective date of the regulation
(January 1996-December 1998) for systems having fewer than 150 service
connections.
Large water system, for the purpose of subpart I of this part only,
means a water system that serves more than 50,000 persons.
Lead service line means a service line made of lead which connects
the water main to the building inlet and any lead pigtail, gooseneck or
other fitting which is connected to such lead line.
Legionella means a genus of bacteria, some species of which have
caused a type of pneumonia called Legionnaires Disease.
Man-made beta particle and photon emitters means all radionuclides
emitting beta particles and/or photons listed in Maximum Permissible
Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concentration of Radionuclides in
Air or Water for Occupational Exposure, NBS Handbook 69, except the
daughter products of thorium-232, uranium-235 and uranium-238.
Maximum contaminant level means the maximum permissable level of a
contaminant in water which is delivered to any user of a public water
system.
Maximum contaminant level goal or MCLG means the maximum level of a
contaminant in drinking water at

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which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons
would occur, and which allows an adequate margin of safety. Maximum
contaminant level goals are nonenforceable health goals.
Maximum residual disinfectant level (MRDL) means a level of a
disinfectant added for water treatment that may not be exceeded at the
consumer's tap without an unacceptable possibility of adverse health
effects. For chlorine and chloramines, a PWS is in compliance with the
MRDL when the running annual average of monthly averages of samples
taken in the distribution system, computed quarterly, is less than or
equal to the MRDL. For chlorine dioxide, a PWS is in compliance with the
MRDL when daily samples are taken at the entrance to the distribution
system and no two consecutive daily samples exceed the MRDL. MRDLs are
enforceable in the same manner as maximum contaminant levels under
Section 1412 of the Safe Drinking Water Act. There is convincing
evidence that addition of a disinfectant is necessary for control of
waterborne microbial contaminants. Notwithstanding the MRDLs listed in
Sec. 141.65, operators may increase residual disinfectant levels of
chlorine or chloramines (but not chlorine dioxide) in the distribution
system to a level and for a time necessary to protect public health to
address specific microbiological contamination problems caused by
circumstances such as distribution line breaks, storm runoff events,
source water contamination, or cross-connections.
Maximum residual disinfectant level goal (MRDLG) means the maximum
level of a disinfectant added for water treatment at which no known or
anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons would occur, and
which allows an adequate margin of safety. MRDLGs are nonenforceable
health goals and do not reflect the benefit of the addition of the
chemical for control of waterborne microbial contaminants.
Maximum Total Trihalomethane Potential (MTP) means the maximum
concentration of total trihalomethanes produced in a given water
containing a disinfectant residual after 7 days at a temperature of 25
deg.C or above.
Medium-size water system, for the purpose of subpart I of this part
only, means a water system that serves greater than 3,300 and less than
or equal to 50,000 persons.
Near the first service connection means at one of the 20 percent of
all service connections in the entire system that are nearest the water
supply treatment facility, as measured by water transport time within
the distribution system.
Non-community water system means a public water system that is not a
community water system. A non-community water system is either a
"transient non-community water system (TWS)" or a "non-transient non-
community water system (NTNCWS)."
Non-transient non-community water system or NTNCWS means a public
water system that is not a community water system and that regularly
serves at least 25 of the same persons over 6 months per year.
Optimal corrosion control treatment, for the purpose of subpart I of
this part only, means the corrosion control treatment that minimizes the
lead and copper concentrations at users' taps while insuring that the
treatment does not cause the water system to violate any national
primary drinking water regulations.
Performance evaluation sample means a reference sample provided to a
laboratory for the purpose of demonstrating that the laboratory can
successfully analyze the sample within limits of performance specified
by the Agency. The true value of the concentration of the reference
material is unknown to the laboratory at the time of the analysis.
Person means an individual; corporation; company; association;
partnership; municipality; or State, Federal, or tribal agency.
Picocurie (pCi) means the quantity of radioactive material producing
2.22 nuclear transformations per minute.
Point of disinfectant application is the point where the
disinfectant is applied and water downstream of that point is not
subject to recontamination by surface water runoff.
Point-of-entry treatment device is a treatment device applied to the
drinking water entering a house or building

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for the purpose of reducing contaminants in the drinking water
distributed throughout the house or building.
Point-of-use treatment device is a treatment device applied to a
single tap used for the purpose of reducing contaminants in drinking
water at that one tap.
Public water system means a system for the provision to the public
of water for human consumption through pipes or, after August 5, 1998,
other constructed conveyances, if such system has at least fifteen
service connections or regularly serves an average of at least twenty-
five individuals daily at least 60 days out of the year. Such term
includes: any collection, treatment, storage, and distribution
facilities under control of the operator of such system and used
primarily in connection with such system; and any collection or
pretreatment storage facilities not under such control which are used
primarily in connection with such system. Such term does not include any
"special irrigation district." A public water system is either a
"community water system" or a "noncommunity water system."
Rem means the unit of dose equivalent from ionizing radiation to the
total body or any internal organ or organ system. A "millirem (mrem)"
is 1/1000 of a rem.
Repeat compliance period means any subsequent compliance period
after the initial compliance period.
Residual disinfectant concentration ("C" in CT calculations) means
the concentration of disinfectant measured in mg/l in a representative
sample of water.
Sanitary survey means an onsite review of the water source,
facilities, equipment, operation and maintenance of a public water
system for the purpose of evaluating the adequacy of such source,
facilities, equipment, operation and maintenance for producing and
distributing safe drinking water.
Sedimentation means a process for removal of solids before
filtration by gravity or separation.
Service connection, as used in the definition of public water
system, does not include a connection to a system that delivers water by
a constructed conveyance other than a pipe if:
(1) The water is used exclusively for purposes other than
residential uses (consisting of drinking, bathing, and cooking, or other
similar uses);
(2) The State determines that alternative water to achieve the
equivalent level of public health protection provided by the applicable
national primary drinking water regulation is provided for residential
or similar uses for drinking and cooking; or
(3) The State determines that the water provided for residential or
similar uses for drinking, cooking, and bathing is centrally treated or
treated at the point of entry by the provider, a pass-through entity, or
the user to achieve the equivalent level of protection provided by the
applicable national primary drinking water regulations.
Service line sample means a one-liter sample of water collected in
accordance with Sec. 141.86(b)(3), that has been standing for at least 6
hours in a service line.
Single family structure, for the purpose of subpart I of this part
only, means a building constructed as a single-family residence that is
currently used as either a residence or a place of business.
Slow sand filtration means a process involving passage of raw water
through a bed of sand at low velocity (generally less than 0.4 m/h)
resulting in substantial particulate removal by physical and biological
mechanisms.
Small water system, for the purpose of subpart I of this part only,
means a water system that serves 3,300 persons or fewer.
Special irrigation district means an irrigation district in
existence prior to May 18, 1994 that provides primarily agricultural
service through a piped water system with only incidental residential or
similar use where the system or the residential or similar users of the
system comply with the exclusion provisions in section 1401(4)(B)(i)(II)
or (III).
Standard sample means the aliquot of finished drinking water that is
examined for the presence of coliform bacteria.
State means the agency of the State or Tribal government which has
jurisdiction over public water systems. During any period when a State
or Tribal

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government does not have primary enforcement responsibility pursuant to
section 1413 of the Act, the term "State" means the Regional
Administrator, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Subpart H systems means public water systems using surface water or
ground water under the direct influence of surface water as a source
that are subject to the requirements of subpart H of this part.
Supplier of water means any person who owns or operates a public
water system.
Surface water means all water which is open to the atmosphere and
subject to surface runoff.
SUVA means Specific Ultraviolet Absorption at 254 nanometers (nm),
an indicator of the humic content of water. It is a calculated parameter
obtained by dividing a sample's ultraviolet absorption at a wavelength
of 254 nm (UV <INF>254</INF>) (in m <SUP1) by its concentration
of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (in mg/L).
System with a single service connection means a system which
supplies drinking water to consumers via a single service line.
Too numerous to count means that the total number of bacterial
colonies exceeds 200 on a 47-mm diameter membrane filter used for
coliform detection.
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) means total organic carbon in mg/L
measured using heat, oxygen, ultraviolet irradiation, chemical oxidants,
or combinations of these oxidants that convert organic carbon to carbon
dioxide, rounded to two significant figures.
Total trihalomethanes (TTHM) means the sum of the concentration in
milligrams per liter of the trihalomethane compounds (trichloromethane
[chloroform], dibromochloromethane, bromodichloromethane and
tribromomethane [bromoform]), rounded to two significant figures.
Transient non-community water system or TWS means a non-community
water system that does not regularly serve at least 25 of the same
persons over six months per year.
Trihalomethane (THM) means one of the family of organic compounds,
named as derivatives of methane, wherein three of the four hydrogen
atoms in methane are each substituted by a halogen atom in the molecular
structure.
Uncovered finished water storage facility is a tank, reservoir, or
other facility used to store water that will undergo no further
treatment except residual disinfection and is open to the atmosphere.
Virus means a virus of fecal origin which is infectious to humans by
waterborne transmission.
Waterborne disease outbreak means the significant occurrence of
acute infectious illness, epidemiologically associated with the
ingestion of water from a public water system which is deficient in
treatment, as determined by the appropriate local or State agency.

[40 FR 59570, Dec. 24, 1975, as amended at 41 FR 28403, July 9, 1976; 44
FR 68641, Nov. 29, 1979; 51 FR 11410, Apr. 2, 1986; 52 FR 20674, June 2,
1987; 52 FR 25712, July 8, 1987; 53 FR 37410, Sept. 26, 1988; 54 FR
27526, 27562, June 29, 1989; 56 FR 3578, Jan. 30, 1991; 56 FR 26547,
June 7, 1991; 57 FR 31838, July 17, 1992; 59 FR 34322, July 1, 1994; 61
FR 24368, May 14, 1996; 63 FR 23366, Apr. 28, 1998; 63 FR 69463, 69515,
Dec. 16, 1998]

Effective Date Note: At 66 FR 7061, Jan. 22, 2001, Sec. 141.2 was
amended by revising the definition heading for "Point-of-entry
treatment device" to read "Point-of-entry treatment device (POE)" and
by revising the definition heading for "Point-of-use treatment device"
to read "Point-of-use treatment device (POU)", effective Mar. 23,
2001. At 66 FR 16134, Mar. 23, 2001, the effective date was delayed
until May 22, 2001. At 66 FR 28350, May 22, 2001, the effective date was
further delayed until Feb. 22, 2002.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.3]

[Page 341]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart A--General

Sec. 141.3 Coverage.

This part shall apply to each public water system, unless the public
water system meets all of the following conditions:
(a) Consists only of distribution and storage facilities (and does
not have any collection and treatment facilities);
(b) Obtains all of its water from, but is not owned or operated by,
a public water system to which such regulations apply:
(c) Does not sell water to any person; and
(d) Is not a carrier which conveys passengers in interstate
commerce.

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[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.4]

[Page 342]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart A--General

Sec. 141.4 Variances and exemptions.

(a) Variances or exemptions from certain provisions of these
regulations may be granted pursuant to sections 1415 and 1416 of the Act
and subpart K of part 142 of this chapter (for small system variances)
by the entity with primary enforcement responsibility, except that
variances or exemptions from the MCL for total coliforms and variances
from any of the treatment technique requirements of subpart H of this
part may not be granted.
(b) EPA has stayed the effective date of this section relating to
the total coliform MCL of Sec. 141.63(a) for systems that demonstrate to
the State that the violation of the total coliform MCL is due to a
persistent growth of total coliforms in the distribution system rather
than fecal or pathogenic contamination, a treatment lapse or deficiency,
or a problem in the operation or maintenance of the distribution system.

[54 FR 27562, June 29, 1989, as amended at 56 FR 1557, Jan. 15, 1991; 63
FR 43846, Aug. 14, 1998]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.5]

[Page 342]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart A--General

Sec. 141.5 Siting requirements.

Before a person may enter into a financial commitment for or
initiate construction of a new public water system or increase the
capacity of an existing public water system, he shall notify the State
and, to the extent practicable, avoid locating part or all of the new or
expanded facility at a site which:
(a) Is subject to a significant risk from earthquakes, floods, fires
or other disasters which could cause a breakdown of the public water
system or a portion thereof; or
(b) Except for intake structures, is within the floodplain of a 100-
year flood or is lower than any recorded high tide where appropriate
records exist. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency will not seek to
override land use decisions affecting public water systems siting which
are made at the State or local government levels.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.6]

[Page 342-343]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart A--General

Sec. 141.6 Effective dates.

(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (a) through (h) of this
section, and in Sec. 141.80(a)(2), the regulations set forth in this
part shall take effect on June 24, 1977.
(b) The regulations for total trihalomethanes set forth in
Sec. 141.12(c) shall take effect 2 years after the date of promulgation
of these regulations for community water systems serving 75,000 or more
individuals, and 4 years after the date of promulgation for communities
serving 10,000 to 74,999 individuals.
(c) The regulations set forth in Secs. 141.11 (a), (d) and (e);
141.14(a)(1); 141.14(b)(1)(i); 141.14(b)(2)(i); 141.14(d); 141.21 (a),
(c) and (i); 141.22 (a) and (e); 141.23 (a)(3) and (a)(4); 141.23(f);
141.24(a)(3); 141.24 (e) and (f); 141.25(e); 141.27(a); 141.28 (a) and
(b); 141.31 (a), (d) and (e); 141.32(b)(3); and 141.32(d) shall take
effect immediately upon promulgation.
(d) The regulations set forth in Sec. 141.41 shall take effect 18
months from the date of promulgation. Suppliers must complete the first
round of sampling and reporting within 12 months following the effective
date.
(e) The regulations set forth in Sec. 141.42 shall take effect 18
months from the date of promulgation. All requirements in Sec. 141.42
must be completed within 12 months following the effective date.
(f) The regulations set forth in Sec. 141.11(c) and Sec. 141.23(g)
are effective May 2, 1986. Section 141.23(g)(4) is effective October 2,
1987.
(g) The regulations contained in Sec. 141.6, paragraph (c) of the
table in 141.12, and 141.62(b)(1) are effective July 1, 1991. The
regulations contained in Secs. 141.11(b), 141.23, 141.24, 142.57(b),
143.4(b)(12) and (b)(13), are effective July 30, 1992. The regulations
contained in the revisions to Secs. 141.32(e) (16), (25) through (27)
and (46); 141.61(c)(16); and 141.62(b)(3) are effective January 1, 1993.
The effective date of regulations contained in Sec. 141.61(c) (2), (3),
and (4) is postponed.
(h) Regulations for the analytic methods listed at Sec. 141.23(k)(4)
for measuring antimony, beryllium, cyanide, nickel, and thallium are
effective August 17, 1992. Regulations for the analytic methods listed
at Sec. 141.24(f)(16) for dichloromethane, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, and
1,1,2-trichloroethane are effective August 17, 1992. Regulations

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for the analytic methods listed at Sec. 141.24(h)(12) for measuring
dalapon, dinoseb, diquat, endothall, endrin, glyphosate, oxamyl,
picloram, simazine, benzo(a)pyrene, di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate, di(2-
ethylhexyl)phthalate, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclopentadiene, and
2,3,7,8-TCDD are effective August 17, 1992. The revision to
Sec. 141.12(a) promulgated on July 17, 1992 is effective on August 17,
1992.

[44 FR 68641, Nov. 29, 1979, as amended at 45 FR 57342, Aug. 27, 1980;
47 FR 10998, Mar. 12, 1982; 51 FR 11410, Apr. 2, 1986; 56 FR 30274, July
1, 1991; 57 FR 22178, May 27, 1992; 57 FR 31838, July 17, 1992; 59 FR
34322, July 1, 1994; 61 FR 24368, May 14, 1996]

Effective Date Note: At 66 FR 7061, Jan. 22, 2001, Sec. 141.6 was
amended by revising paragraphs (a) and (c) and adding paragraphs (j) and
(k), effective Mar. 23, 2001. At 66 FR 16134, Mar. 23, 2001, the
effective date was delayed until May 22, 2001, and paragraph (j) was
amended by revising the last sentence. At 66 FR 28350, May 22, 2001, the
effective date was further delayed until Feb. 22, 2002, and paragraph
(j) was amended by again revising the last sentence. For the convenience
of the user, the revised and added text is set forth as follows:

Sec. 141.6 Effective dates.

(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) through (k) of this
section, and in Sec. 141.80(a)(2), the regulations set forth in this
part shall take effect on June 24, 1977.

* * * * *

(c) The regulations set forth in Secs. 141.11(d); 141.21(a), (c) and
(i); 141.22(a) and (e); 141.23(a)(3) and (a)(4); 141.23(f); 141.24(e)
and (f); 141.25(e); 141.27(a); 141.28(a) and (b); 141.31(a), (d) and
(e); 141.32(b)(3); and 141.32(d) shall take effect immediately upon
promulgation.

* * * * *

(j) The arsenic maximum contaminant levels (MCL) listed in
Sec. 141.62 is effective for the purpose of compliance on January 23,
2006. Requirements relating to arsenic set forth in Secs. 141.23(i)(4),
141.23(k)(3) introductory text, 141.23(k)(3)(ii), 141.51(b), 141.62(b),
141.62(b)(16), 141.62(c), 141.62(d), and 142.62(b) revisions in Appendix
A of subpart O for the consumer confidence rule, and Appendices A and B
of subpart Q for the public notification rule are effective for the
purpose of compliance on January 23, 2006. However, the consumer
confidence rule reporting requirements relating to arsenic listed in
Sec. 141.154(b) and (f) are effective for the purpose of compliance on
February 22, 2002.
(k) Regulations set forth in Secs. 141.23(i)(1), 141.23(i)(2),
141.24(f)(15), 141.24(f)(22), 141.24(h)(11), 141.24(h)(20), 142.16(e),
142.16(j), and 142.16(k) are effective for the purpose of compliance on
January 22, 2004.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.11]

[Page 343-344]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart B--Maximum Contaminant Levels

Sec. 141.11 Maximum contaminant levels for inorganic chemicals.

(a) The maximum contaminant level for arsenic applies only to
community water systems. Compliance with the MCL for arsenic is
calculated pursuant to Sec. 141.23.
(b) The maximum contaminant level for arsenic is 0.05 milligrams per
liter.
(c) [Reserved]
(d) At the discretion of the State, nitrate levels not to exceed 20
mg/l may be allowed in a non-community water system if the supplier of
water demonstrates to the satisfaction of the State that:
(1) Such water will not be available to children under 6 months of
age; and
(2) The non-community water system is meeting the public
notification requirements under Sec. 141.209, including continuous
posting of the fact that nitrate levels exceed 10 mg/l and the potential
health effects of exposure; and
(3) Local and State public health authorities will be notified
annually of nitrate levels that exceed 10 mg/l; and
(4) No adverse health effects shall result.

[40 FR 59570, Dec. 24, 1975, as amended at 45 FR 57342, Aug. 27, 1980;
47 FR 10998, Mar. 12, 1982; 51 FR 11410, Apr. 2, 1986; 56 FR 3578, Jan.
30, 1991; 56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 56 FR 30274, July 1, 1991; 56 FR
32113, July 15, 1991; 60 FR 33932, June 29, 1995; 65 FR 26022, May 4,
2000]

Effective Date Note: At 66 FR 7061, Jan. 22, 2001, Sec. 141.11 was
amended by revising the second sentence of paragraph (a) and revising
paragraph (b), effective Mar. 23, 2001. At 66 FR 16134, Mar. 23, 2001,
the effective date was delayed until May 22, 2001. At 66 FR 28350, May
22, 2001, the effective date was further delayed until Feb. 22, 2002.
For the convenience of the user, the revised text is set forth as
follows:

Sec. 141.11 Maximum contaminant levels for inorganic chemicals.

(a) * * * The analyses and determination of compliance with the 0.05
milligrams per liter

[[Page 344]]

maximum contaminant level for arsenic use the requirements of
Sec. 141.23.
(b) The maximum contaminant level for arsenic is 0.05 milligrams per
liter for community water systems until January 23, 2006.

* * * * *

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.11]

[Page 343-344]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart B--Maximum Contaminant Levels

Sec. 141.11 Maximum contaminant levels for inorganic chemicals.

(a) * * * The analyses and determination of compliance with the 0.05
milligrams per liter

[[Page 344]]

* * * * *

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.12]

[Page 344]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart B--Maximum Contaminant Levels

Sec. 141.12 Maximum contaminant levels for total trihalomethanes.

The maximum contaminant level of 0.10 mg/L for total trihalomethanes
(the sum of the concentrations of bromodichloromethane,
dibromochloromethane, tribromomethane (bromoform), and trichloromethane
(chloroform)) applies to subpart H community water systems which serve a
population of 10,000 people or more until December 31, 2001. This level
applies to community water systems that use only ground water not under
the direct influence of surface water and serve a population of 10,000
people or more until December 31, 2003. Compliance with the maximum
contaminant level for total trihalomethanes is calculated pursuant to
Sec. 141.30. After December 31, 2003, this section is no longer
applicable.

[63 FR 69463, Dec. 16, 1998, as amended at 66 FR 3776, Jan. 16, 2001]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.13]

[Page 344]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart B--Maximum Contaminant Levels

Sec. 141.13 Maximum contaminant levels for turbidity.

The maximum contaminant levels for turbidity are applicable to both
community water systems and non-community water systems using surface
water sources in whole or in part. The maximum contaminant levels for
turbidity in drinking water, measured at a representative entry point(s)
to the distribution system, are:

Editorial Note: At 54 FR 27527, June 29, 1989, Sec. 141.13 was
amended by adding introductory text, effective December 31, 1990.
However, introductory text already exists. The recently added text
follows.
The requirements in this section apply to unfiltered systems until
December 30, 1991, unless the State has determined prior to that date,
in writing pursuant to Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), that filtration is
required. The requirements in this section apply to filtered systems
until June 29, 1993. The requirements in this section apply to
unfiltered systems that the State has determined, in writing pursuant to
Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), must install filtration, until June 29, 1993,
or until filtration is installed, whichever is later.
(a) One turbidity unit (TU), as determined by a monthly average
pursuant to Sec. 141.22, except that five or fewer turbidity units may
be allowed if the supplier of water can demonstrate to the State that
the higher turbidity does not do any of the following:
(1) Interfere with disinfection;
(2) Prevent maintenance of an effective disinfectant agent
throughout the distribution system; or
(3) Interfere with microbiological determinations.
(b) Five turbidity units based on an average for two consecutive
days pursuant to Sec. 141.22.

[40 FR 59570, Dec. 24, 1975]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.15]

[Page 344]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart B--Maximum Contaminant Levels

Sec. 141.15 Maximum contaminant levels for radium-226, radium-228, and gross alpha particle radioactivity in community water systems.

The following are the maximum contaminant levels for radium-226,
radium-228, and gross alpha particle radioactivity:
(a) Combined radium-226 and radium-228--5 pCi/1.
(b) Gross alpha particle activity (including radium-226 but
excluding radon and uranium)--15 pCi/1.

[41 FR 28404, July 9, 1976]

Effective Date Note: At 65 FR 76745, Dec. 7, 2000, Sec. 141.15 was
removed, effective Dec. 8, 2003.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.16]

[Page 344-345]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart B--Maximum Contaminant Levels

Sec. 141.16 Maximum contaminant levels for beta particle and photon radioactivity from man-made radionuclides in community water systems.

(a) The average annual concentration of beta particle and photon
radioactivity from man-made radionuclides in drinking water shall not
produce an annual dose equivalent to the total body or any internal
organ greater than 4 millirem/year.
(b) Except for the radionuclides listed in Table A, the
concentration of man-made radionuclides causing 4 mrem total body or
organ dose equivalents shall be calculated on the basis of a 2 liter per
day drinking water intake

[[Page 345]]

using the 168 hour data listed in "Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and
Maximum Permissible Concentration of Radionuclides in Air or Water for
Occupational Exposure," NBS Handbook 69 as amended August 1963, U.S.
Department of Commerce. If two or more radionuclides are present, the
sum of their annual dose equivalent to the total body or to any organ
shall not exceed 4 millirem/year.

Table A--Average Annual Concentrations Assumed to Produce a Total Body
or Organ Dose of 4 mrem/yr
------------------------------------------------------------------------
pCi per
Radionuclide Critical organ liter
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tritium.............................. Total body.............. 20,000
Strontium-90......................... Bone marrow............. 8
------------------------------------------------------------------------

[41 FR 28404, July 9, 1976]

Effective Date Note: At 65 FR 76745, Dec. 7, 2000, Sec. 141.16 was
removed, effective Dec. 8, 2003.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.21]

[Page 345-352]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart C--Monitoring and Analytical Requirements

Sec. 141.21 Coliform sampling.

(a) Routine monitoring. (1) Public water systems must collect total
coliform samples at sites which are representative of water throughout
the distribution system according to a written sample siting plan. These
plans are subject to State review and revision.
(2) The monitoring frequency for total coliforms for community water
systems is based on the population served by the system, as follows:

Total Coliform Monitoring Frequency for Community Water Systems
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Minimum
number of
Population served samples
per month
------------------------------------------------------------------------
25 to 1,000 \1\.............................................. 1
1,001 to 2,500............................................... 2
2,501 to 3,300............................................... 3
3,301 to 4,100............................................... 4
4,101 to 4,900............................................... 5
4,901 to 5,800............................................... 6
5,801 to 6,700............................................... 7
6,701 to 7,600............................................... 8
7,601 to 8,500............................................... 9
8,501 to 12,900.............................................. 10
12,901 to 17,200............................................. 15
17,201 to 21,500............................................. 20
21,501 to 25,000............................................. 25
25,001 to 33,000............................................. 30
33,001 to 41,000............................................. 40
41,001 to 50,000............................................. 50
50,001 to 59,000............................................. 60
59,001 to 70,000............................................. 70
70,001 to 83,000............................................. 80
83,001 to 96,000............................................. 90
96,001 to 130,000............................................ 100
130,001 to 220,000........................................... 120
220,001 to 320,000........................................... 150
320,001 to 450,000........................................... 180
450,001 to 600,000........................................... 210
600,001 to 780,000........................................... 240
780,001 to 970,000........................................... 270
970,001 to 1,230,000......................................... 300
1,230,001 to 1,520,000....................................... 330
1,520,001 to 1,850,000....................................... 360
1,850,001 to 2,270,000....................................... 390
2,270,001 to 3,020,000....................................... 420
3,020,001 to 3,960,000....................................... 450
3,960,001 or more............................................ 480
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Includes public water systems which have at least 15 service
connections, but serve fewer than 25 persons.

If a community water system serving 25 to 1,000 persons has no history
of total coliform contamination in its current configuration and a
sanitary survey conducted in the past five years shows that the system
is supplied solely by a protected groundwater source and is free of
sanitary defects, the State may reduce the monitoring frequency
specified above, except that in no case may the State reduce the
monitoring frequency to less than one sample per quarter. The State must
approve the reduced monitoring frequency in writing.
(3) The monitoring frequency for total coliforms for non-community
water systems is as follows:
(i) A non-community water system using only ground water (except
ground water under the direct influence of surface water, as defined in
Sec. 141.2) and serving 1,000 persons or fewer must monitor each
calendar quarter that the system provides water to the public, except
that the State may reduce this monitoring frequency, in writing, if a
sanitary survey shows that the system is free of sanitary defects.
Beginning June 29, 1994, the State cannot reduce the monitoring
frequency for a non-community water

[[Page 346]]

system using only ground water (except ground water under the direct
influence of surface water, as defined in Sec. 141.2) and serving 1,000
persons or fewer to less than once/year.
(ii) A non-community water system using only ground water (except
ground water under the direct influence of surface water, as defined in
Sec. 141.2) and serving more than 1,000 persons during any month must
monitor at the same frequency as a like-sized community water system, as
specified in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, except the State may
reduce this monitoring frequency, in writing, for any month the system
serves 1,000 persons or fewer. The State cannot reduce the monitoring
frequency to less than once/year. For systems using ground water under
the direct influence of surface water, paragraph (a)(3)(iv) of this
section applies.
(iii) A non-community water system using surface water, in total or
in part, must monitor at the same frequency as a like-sized community
water system, as specified in paragraph (a)(2) of this section,
regardless of the number of persons it serves.
(iv) A non-community water system using ground water under the
direct influence of surface water, as defined in Sec. 141.2, must
monitor at the same frequency as a like-sized community water system, as
specified in paragraph (a)(2) of this section. The system must begin
monitoring at this frequency beginning six months after the State
determines that the ground water is under the direct influence of
surface water.
(4) The public water system must collect samples at regular time
intervals throughout the month, except that a system which uses only
ground water (except ground water under the direct influence of surface
water, as defined in Sec. 141.2), and serves 4,900 persons or fewer, may
collect all required samples on a single day if they are taken from
different sites.
(5) A public water system that uses surface water or ground water
under the direct influence of surface water, as defined in Sec. 141.2,
and does not practice filtration in compliance with Subpart H must
collect at least one sample near the first service connection each day
the turbidity level of the source water, measured as specified in
Sec. 141.74(b)(2), exceeds 1 NTU. This sample must be analyzed for the
presence of total coliforms. When one or more turbidity measurements in
any day exceed 1 NTU, the system must collect this coliform sample
within 24 hours of the first exceedance, unless the State determines
that the system, for logistical reasons outside the system's control,
cannot have the sample analyzed within 30 hours of collection. Sample
results from this coliform monitoring must be included in determining
compliance with the MCL for total coliforms in Sec. 141.63.
(6) Special purpose samples, such as those taken to determine
whether disinfection practices are sufficient following pipe placement,
replacement, or repair, shall not be used to determine compliance with
the MCL for total coliforms in Sec. 141.63. Repeat samples taken
pursuant to paragraph (b) of this section are not considered special
purpose samples, and must be used to determine compliance with the MCL
for total coliforms in Sec. 141.63.
(b) Repeat monitoring. (1) If a routine sample is total coliform-
positive, the public water system must collect a set of repeat samples
within 24 hours of being notified of the positive result. A system which
collects more than one routine sample/month must collect no fewer than
three repeat samples for each total coliform-positive sample found. A
system which collects one routine sample/month or fewer must collect no
fewer than four repeat samples for each total coliform-positive sample
found. The State may extend the 24-hour limit on a case-by-case basis if
the system has a logistical problem in collecting the repeat samples
within 24 hours that is beyond its control. In the case of an extension,
the State must specify how much time the system has to collect the
repeat samples.
(2) The system must collect at least one repeat sample from the
sampling tap where the original total coliform-positive sample was
taken, and at least one repeat sample at a tap within five service
connections upstream and at least one repeat sample at a tap within five
service connections downstream of

[[Page 347]]

the original sampling site. If a total coliform-positive sample is at
the end of the distribution system, or one away from the end of the
distribution system, the State may waive the requirement to collect at
least one repeat sample upstream or downstream of the original sampling
site.
(3) The system must collect all repeat samples on the same day,
except that the State may allow a system with a single service
connection to collect the required set of repeat samples over a four-day
period or to collect a larger volume repeat sample(s) in one or more
sample containers of any size, as long as the total volume collected is
at least 400 ml (300 ml for systems which collect more than one routine
sample/month).
(4) If one or more repeat samples in the set is total coliform-
positive, the public water system must collect an additional set of
repeat samples in the manner specified in paragraphs (b) (1)-(3) of this
section. The additional samples must be collected within 24 hours of
being notified of the positive result, unless the State extends the
limit as provided in paragraph (b)(1) of this section. The system must
repeat this process until either total coliforms are not detected in one
complete set of repeat samples or the system determines that the MCL for
total coliforms in Sec. 141.63 has been exceeded and notifies the State.
(5) If a system collecting fewer than five routine samples/month has
one or more total coliform-positive samples and the State does not
invalidate the sample(s) under paragraph (c) of this section, it must
collect at least five routine samples during the next month the system
provides water to the public, except that the State may waive this
requirement if the conditions of paragraph (b)(5) (i) or (ii) of this
section are met. The State cannot waive the requirement for a system to
collect repeat samples in paragraphs (b) (1)-(4) of this section.
(i) The State may waive the requirement to collect five routine
samples the next month the system provides water to the public if the
State, or an agent approved by the State, performs a site visit before
the end of the next month the system provides water to the public.
Although a sanitary survey need not be performed, the site visit must be
sufficiently detailed to allow the State to determine whether additional
monitoring and/or any corrective action is needed. The State cannot
approve an employee of the system to perform this site visit, even if
the employee is an agent approved by the State to perform sanitary
surveys.
(ii) The State may waive the requirement to collect five routine
samples the next month the system provides water to the public if the
State has determined why the sample was total coliform-positive and
establishes that the system has corrected the problem or will correct
the problem before the end of the next month the system serves water to
the public. In this case, the State must document this decision to waive
the following month's additional monitoring requirement in writing, have
it approved and signed by the supervisor of the State official who
recommends such a decision, and make this document available to the EPA
and public. The written documentation must describe the specific cause
of the total coliform-positive sample and what action the system has
taken and/or will take to correct this problem. The State cannot waive
the requirement to collect five routine samples the next month the
system provides water to the public solely on the grounds that all
repeat samples are total coliform-negative. Under this paragraph, a
system must still take at least one routine sample before the end of the
next month it serves water to the public and use it to determine
compliance with the MCL for total coliforms in Sec. 141.63, unless the
State has determined that the system has corrected the contamination
problem before the system took the set of repeat samples required in
paragraphs (b) (1)-(4) of this section, and all repeat samples were
total coliform-negative.
(6) After a system collects a routine sample and before it learns
the results of the analysis of that sample, if it collects another
routine sample(s) from within five adjacent service connections of the
initial sample, and the initial sample, after analysis, is found to

[[Page 348]]

contain total coliforms, then the system may count the subsequent
sample(s) as a repeat sample instead of as a routine sample.
(7) Results of all routine and repeat samples not invalidated by the
State must be included in determining compliance with the MCL for total
coliforms in Sec. 141.63.
(c) Invalidation of total coliform samples. A total coliform-
positive sample invalidated under this paragraph (c) does not count
towards meeting the minimum monitoring requirements of this section.
(1) The State may invalidate a total coliform-positive sample only
if the conditions of paragraph (c)(1) (i), (ii), or (iii) of this
section are met.
(i) The laboratory establishes that improper sample analysis caused
the total coliform-positive result.
(ii) The State, on the basis of the results of repeat samples
collected as required by paragraphs (b) (1) through (4) of this section,
determines that the total coliform-positive sample resulted from a
domestic or other non-distribution system plumbing problem. The State
cannot invalidate a sample on the basis of repeat sample results unless
all repeat sample(s) collected at the same tap as the original total
coliform-positive sample are also total coliform-positive, and all
repeat samples collected within five service connections of the original
tap are total coliform-negative (e.g., a State cannot invalidate a total
coliform-positive sample on the basis of repeat samples if all the
repeat samples are total coliform-negative, or if the public water
system has only one service connection).
(iii) The State has substantial grounds to believe that a total
coliform-positive result is due to a circumstance or condition which
does not reflect water quality in the distribution system. In this case,
the system must still collect all repeat samples required under
paragraphs (b) (1)-(4) of this section, and use them to determine
compliance with the MCL for total coliforms in Sec. 141.63. To
invalidate a total coliform-positive sample under this paragraph, the
decision with the rationale for the decision must be documented in
writing, and approved and signed by the supervisor of the State official
who recommended the decision. The State must make this document
available to EPA and the public. The written documentation must state
the specific cause of the total coliform-positive sample, and what
action the system has taken, or will take, to correct this problem. The
State may not invalidate a total coliform-positive sample solely on the
grounds that all repeat samples are total coliform-negative.
(2) A laboratory must invalidate a total coliform sample (unless
total coliforms are detected) if the sample produces a turbid culture in
the absence of gas production using an analytical method where gas
formation is examined (e.g., the Multiple-Tube Fermentation Technique),
produces a turbid culture in the absence of an acid reaction in the
Presence-Absence (P-A) Coliform Test, or exhibits confluent growth or
produces colonies too numerous to count with an analytical method using
a membrane filter (e.g., Membrane Filter Technique). If a laboratory
invalidates a sample because of such interference, the system must
collect another sample from the same location as the original sample
within 24 hours of being notified of the interference problem, and have
it analyzed for the presence of total coliforms. The system must
continue to re-sample within 24 hours and have the samples analyzed
until it obtains a valid result. The State may waive the 24-hour time
limit on a case-by-case basis.
(d) Sanitary surveys. (1)(i) Public water systems which do not
collect five or more routine samples/month must undergo an initial
sanitary survey by June 29, 1994, for community public water systems and
June 29, 1999, for non-community water systems. Thereafter, systems must
undergo another sanitary survey every five years, except that non-
community water systems using only protected and disinfected ground
water, as defined by the State, must undergo subsequent sanitary surveys
at least every ten years after the initial sanitary survey. The State
must review the results of each sanitary survey to determine whether the
existing monitoring frequency is adequate and what additional

[[Page 349]]

measures, if any, the system needs to undertake to improve drinking
water quality.
(ii) In conducting a sanitary survey of a system using ground water
in a State having an EPA-approved wellhead protection program under
section 1428 of the Safe Drinking Water Act, information on sources of
contamination within the delineated wellhead protection area that was
collected in the course of developing and implementing the program
should be considered instead of collecting new information, if the
information was collected since the last time the system was subject to
a sanitary survey.
(2) Sanitary surveys must be performed by the State or an agent
approved by the State. The system is responsible for ensuring the survey
takes place.
(e) Fecal coliforms/Escherichia coli (E. coli) testing. (1) If any
routine or repeat sample is total coliform-positive, the system must
analyze that total coliform-positive culture medium to determine if
fecal coliforms are present, except that the system may test for E. coli
in lieu of fecal coliforms. If fecal coliforms or E. coli are present,
the system must notify the State by the end of the day when the system
is notified of the test result, unless the system is notified of the
result after the State office is closed, in which case the system must
notify the State before the end of the next business day.
(2) The State has the discretion to allow a public water system, on
a case-by-case basis, to forgo fecal coliform or E. coli testing on a
total coliform-positive sample if that system assumes that the total
coliform-positive sample is fecal coliform-positive or E. coli-positive.
Accordingly, the system must notify the State as specified in paragraph
(e)(1) of this section and the provisions of Sec. 141.63(b) apply.
(f) Analytical methodology. (1) The standard sample volume required
for total coliform analysis, regardless of analytical method used, is
100 ml.
(2) Public water systems need only determine the presence or absence
of total coliforms; a determination of total coliform density is not
required.
(3) Public water systems must conduct total coliform analyses in
accordance with one of the analytical methods in the following table.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Organism Methodology \12\ Citation \1\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Coliforms \2\........................... Total Coliform Fermentation 9221A, B
Technique 3,4,5.
Total Coliform.................... 9222
Membrane Filter................... A, B, C
Technique \6\.....................
Presence-Absence.................. 9221
(P-A) Coliform Test \5,7\.........
ONPG-MUG Test \8\................. 9223
Colisure Test \9\
E*Colite<Register> Test \10\
m-ColiBlue24<Register> Test \11\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The procedures shall be done in accordance with the documents listed below. The incorporation by reference of the following documents listed in
footnotes 1, 6, 8, 9, 10 and 11 was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR Part 51. Copies of
the documents may be obtained from the sources listed below. Information regarding obtaining these documents can be obtained from the Safe Drinking
Water Hotline at 800-426-4791. Documents may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460
(Telephone: 202-260-3027); or at the Office of Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW, Suite 700, Washington, D.C. 20408.
\1\ Methods 9221 A, B; 9222 A, B, C; 9221 D and 9223 are contained in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th edition (1992)
and 19th edition (1995) American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20005; either edition may be used.
\2\ The time from sample collection to initiation of analysis may not exceed 30 hours. Systems are encouraged but not required to hold samples below 10
deg.C during transit.
\3\ Lactose broth, as commercially available, may be used in lieu of lauryl tryptose broth, if the system conducts at least 25 parallel tests between
this medium and lauryl tryptose broth using the water normally tested, and this comparison demonstrates that the false-positive rate and false-
negative rate for total coliform, using lactose broth, is less than 10 percent.
\4\ If inverted tubes are used to detect gas production, the media should cover these tubes at least one-half to two-thirds after the sample is added.
\5\ No requirement exists to run the completed phase on 10 percent of all total coliform-positive confirmed tubes.
\6\ MI agar also may be used. Preparation and use of MI agar is set forth in the article, "New medium for the simultaneous detection of total coliform
and Escherichia coli in water" by Brenner, K.P., et al., 1993, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:3534-3544. Also available from the Office of Water
Resource Center (RC-4100), 401 M. Street SW, Washington, DC 20460, EPA/600/J-99/225.
\7\ Six-times formulation strength may be used if the medium is filter-sterilized rather than autoclaved.
\8\ The ONPG-MUG Test is also known as the Autoanalysis Colilert System.

[[Page 350]]

\9\ A description of the Colisure Test, Feb 28, 1994, may be obtained from IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, Maine 04092. The
Colisure Test may be read after an incubation time of 24 hours.
\10\ A description of the E*Colite<Register> Test, "Presence/Absence for Coliforms and E. Coli in Water," Dec 21, 1997, is available from Charm
Sciences, Inc., 36 Franklin Street, Malden, MA 02148-4120.
\11\ A description of the m-ColiBlue24<Register> Test, Aug 17, 1999, is available from the Hach Company, 100 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010.
\12\ EPA strongly recommends that laboratories evaluate the false-positive and negative rates for the method(s) they use for monitoring total coliforms.
EPA also encourages laboratories to establish false-positive and false-negative rates within their own laboratory and sample matrix (drinking water or
source water) with the intent that if the method they choose has an unacceptable false-positive or negative rate, another method can be used. The
Agency suggests that laboratories perform these studies on a minimum of 5% of all total coliform-positive samples, except for those methods where
verification/confirmation is already required, e.g., the M-Endo and LES Endo Membrane Filter Tests, Standard Total Coliform Fermentation Technique,
and Presence-Absence Coliform Test. Methods for establishing false-positive and negative-rates may be based on lactose fermentation, the rapid test
for <greek-b>-galactosidase and cytochrome oxidase, multi-test identification systems, or equivalent confirmation tests. False-positive and false-
negative information is often available in published studies and/or from the manufacturer(s).

(4) [Reserved]
(5) Public water systems must conduct fecal coliform analysis in
accordance with the following procedure. When the MTF Technique or
Presence-Absence (PA) Coliform Test is used to test for total coliforms,
shake the lactose-positive presumptive tube or P-A vigorously and
transfer the growth with a sterile 3-mm loop or sterile applicator stick
into brilliant green lactose bile broth and EC medium to determine the
presence of total and fecal coliforms, respectively. For EPA-approved
analytical methods which use a membrane filter, transfer the total
coliform-positive culture by one of the following methods: remove the
membrane containing the total coliform colonies from the substrate with
a sterile forceps and carefully curl and insert the membrane into a tube
of EC medium (the laboratory may first remove a small portion of
selected colonies for verification), swab the entire membrane filter
surface with a sterile cotton swab and transfer the inoculum to EC
medium (do not leave the cotton swab in the EC medium), or inoculate
individual total coliform-positive colonies into EC Medium. Gently shake
the inoculated tubes of EC medium to insure adequate mixing and incubate
in a waterbath at 44.5 <plus-minus> 0.2 deg.C for 24 <plus-minus> 2
hours. Gas production of any amount in the inner fermentation tube of
the EC medium indicates a positive fecal coliform test. The preparation
of EC medium is described in Method 9221E (paragraph 1a) in Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th edition, 1992
and in the 19th edition, 1995; either edition may be used. Public water
systems need only determine the presence or absence of fecal coliforms;
a determination of fecal coliform density is not required.
(6) Public water systems must conduct analysis of Escherichia coli
in accordance with one of the following analytical methods:
(i) EC medium supplemented with 50 <greek-m>g/ml of 4-
methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide (MUG) (final concentration). EC
medium is described in Method 9221 E as referenced in paragraph (f)(5)
of this section. MUG may be added to EC medium before autoclaving. EC
medium supplemented with 50 <greek-m>g/ml of MUG is commercially
available. At least 10 ml of EC medium supplemented with MUG must be
used. The inner inverted fermentation tube may be omitted. The procedure
for transferring a total coliform-positive culture to EC medium
supplemented with MUG shall be as specified in paragraph (f)(5) of this
section for transferring a total coliform-positive culture to EC medium.
Observe fluorescence with an ultraviolet light (366 nm) in the dark
after incubating tube at 44.5 <plus-minus> 0.2 deg.C for 24
<plus-minus> 2 hours; or
(ii) Nutrient agar supplemented with 100 <greek-m>g/ml 4-
methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide (MUG) (final concentration).
Nutrient Agar is described in Method 9221 B (paragraph 3) in Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th edition, 1992
and in the 19th edition, 1995; either edition may be used. This test is
used to determine if a total coliform-positive sample, as determined by
the Membrane Filter Technique or any other method in which a membrane
filter is used, contains E. coli. Transfer the membrane filter
containing a total coliform colony(ies) to nutrient agar supplemented
with 100 <greek-m>g/ml (final concentration) of MUG. After incubating
the agar plate at 35 deg.C for 4 hours, observe the colony(ies) under
ultraviolet

[[Page 351]]

light (366 nm) in the dark for fluorescence. If fluorescence is visible,
E. coli are present.
(iii) Minimal Medium ONPG-MUG (MMO-MUG) Test, as set forth in the
article "National Field Evaluation of a Defined Substrate Method for
the Simultaneous Detection of Total Coliforms and Escherichia coli from
Drinking Water: Comparison with Presence-Absence Techniques" (Edberg et
al.), Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Volume 55, pp. 1003-1008,
April 1989. (Note: The Autoanalysis Colilert System is an MMO-MUG test).
If the MMO-MUG test is total coliform-positive after a 24-hour
incubation, test the medium for fluorescence with a 366-nm ultraviolet
light (preferably with a 6-watt lamp) in the dark. If fluorescence is
observed, the sample is E. coli-positive. If fluorescence is
questionable (cannot be definitively read) after 24 hours incubation,
incubate the culture for an additional four hours (but not to exceed 28
hours total), and again test the medium for fluorescence. The MMO-MUG
Test with hepes buffer in lieu of phosphate buffer is the only approved
formulation for the detection of E. coli.
(iv) The Colisure Test. A description of the Colisure Test may be
obtained from the Millipore Corporation, Technical Services Department,
80 Ashby Road, Bedford, MA 01730.
(v) The membrane filter method with MI agar, a description of which
is cited in footnote 6 to the table in paragraph (f)(3) of this section.
(vi) E*Colite Test, a description of which is cited in
footnote 10 to the table at paragraph (f)(3) of this section.
(vii) m-ColiBlue24 Test, a description of which is cited
in footnote 11 to the table in paragraph (f)(3) of this section.
(7) As an option to paragraph (f)(6)(iii) of this section, a system
with a total coliform-positive, MUG-negative, MMO-MUG test may further
analyze the culture for the presence of E. coli by transferring a 0.1
ml, 28-hour MMO-MUG culture to EC Medium + MUG with a pipet. The
formulation and incubation conditions of EC Medium + MUG, and
observation of the results are described in paragraph (f)(6)(i) of this
section.
(8) The following materials are incorporated by reference in this
section with the approval of the Director of the Federal Register in
accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies of the
analytical methods cited in Standard Methods for the Examination of
Water and Wastewater (18th and 19th editions) may be obtained from the
American Public Health Association et al.; 1015 Fifteenth Street NW.,
Washington, DC 20005. Copies of the methods set forth in Microbiological
Methods for Monitoring the Environment, Water and Wastes may be obtained
from ORD Publications, U.S. EPA, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive,
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268. Copies of the MMO-MUG Test as set forth in the
article "National Field Evaluation of a Defined Substrate Method for
the Simultaneous Enumeration of Total Coliforms and Escherichia coli
from Drinking Water: Comparison with the Standard Multiple Tube
Fermentation Method" (Edberg et al.) may be obtained from the American
Water Works Association Research Foundation, 6666 West Quincy Avenue,
Denver, CO 80235. A description of the Colisure Test may be obtained
from the Millipore Corp., Technical Services Department, 80 Ashby Road,
Bedford, MA 01730. Copies may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water
Docket; 401 M St., SW.; Washington, DC 20460, or at the Office of the
Federal Register; 800 North Capitol Street, NW., suite 700, Washington,
DC.
(g) Response to violation. (1) A public water system which has
exceeded the MCL for total coliforms in Sec. 141.63 must report the
violation to the State no later than the end of the next business day
after it learns of the violation, and notify the public in accordance
with subpart Q.
(2) A public water system which has failed to comply with a coliform
monitoring requirement, including the sanitary survey requirement, must
report the monitoring violation to the State

[[Page 352]]

within ten days after the system discovers the violation, and notify the
public in accordance with subpart Q.

[54 FR 27562, June 29, 1989, as amended at 54 FR 30001, July 17, 1989;
55 FR 25064, June 19, 1990; 56 FR 642, Jan. 8, 1991; 57 FR 1852, Jan.
15, 1992; 57 FR 24747, June 10, 1992; 59 FR 62466, Dec. 5, 1994; 60 FR
34085, June 29, 1995; 64 FR 67461, Dec. 1, 1999; 65 FR 26022, May 4,
2000]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.22]

[Page 352]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart C--Monitoring and Analytical Requirements

Sec. 141.22 Turbidity sampling and analytical requirements.

The requirements in this section apply to unfiltered systems until
December 30, 1991, unless the State has determined prior to that date,
in writing pursuant to section 1412(b)(7)(iii), that filtration is
required. The requirements in this section apply to filtered systems
until June 29, 1993. The requirements in this section apply to
unfiltered systems that the State has determined, in writing pursuant to
section 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), must install filtration, until June 29,
1993, or until filtration is installed, whichever is later.
(a) Samples shall be taken by suppliers of water for both community
and non-community water systems at a representative entry point(s) to
the water distribution system at least once per day, for the purposes of
making turbidity measurements to determine compliance with Sec. 141.13.
If the State determines that a reduced sampling frequency in a non-
community will not pose a risk to public health, it can reduce the
required sampling frequency. The option of reducing the turbidity
frequency shall be permitted only in those public water systems that
practice disinfection and which maintain an active residual disinfectant
in the distribution system, and in those cases where the State has
indicated in writing that no unreasonable risk to health existed under
the circumstances of this option. Turbidity measurements shall be made
as directed in Sec. 141.74(a)(1).
(b) If the result of a turbidity analysis indicates that the maximum
allowable limit has been exceeded, the sampling and measurement shall be
confirmed by resampling as soon as practicable and preferably within one
hour. If the repeat sample confirms that the maximum allowable limit has
been exceeded, the supplier of water shall report to the State within 48
hours. The repeat sample shall be the sample used for the purpose of
calculating the monthly average. If the monthly average of the daily
samples exceeds the maximum allowable limit, or if the average of two
samples taken on consecutive days exceeds 5 TU, the supplier of water
shall report to the State and notify the public as directed in
Secs. 141.31 and subpart Q.
(c) Sampling for non-community water systems shall begin within two
years after the effective date of this part.
(d) The requirements of this Sec. 141.22 shall apply only to public
water systems which use water obtained in whole or in part from surface
sources.
(e) The State has the authority to determine compliance or initiate
enforcement action based upon analytical results or other information
compiled by their sanctioned representatives and agencies.

[40 FR 59570, Dec. 24, 1975, as amended at 45 FR 57344, Aug. 27, 1980;
47 FR 8998, Mar. 3, 1982; 47 FR 10998, Mar. 12, 1982; 54 FR 27527, June
29, 1989; 59 FR 62466, Dec. 5, 1994; 65 FR 26022, May 4, 2000]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.23]

[Page 352-366]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart C--Monitoring and Analytical Requirements

Sec. 141.23 Inorganic chemical sampling and analytical requirements.

Community water systems shall conduct monitoring to determine
compliance with the maximum contaminant levels specified in Sec. 141.62
in accordance with this section. Non-transient, non-community water
systems shall conduct monitoring to determine compliance with the
maximum contaminant levels specified in Sec. 141.62 in accordance with
this section. Transient, non-community water systems shall conduct
monitoring to determine compliance with the nitrate and nitrite maximum
contaminant levels in Secs. 141.11 and 141.62 (as appropriate) in
accordance with this section.
(a) Monitoring shall be conducted as follows:
(1) Groundwater systems shall take a minimum of one sample at every
entry point to the distribution system which is representative of each
well after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point) beginning in
the initial compliance period. The system shall take each sample at the
same sampling

[[Page 353]]

point unless conditions make another sampling point more representative
of each source or treatment plant.
(2) Surface water systems shall take a minimum of one sample at
every entry point to the distribution system after any application of
treatment or in the distribution system at a point which is
representative of each source after treatment (hereafter called a
sampling point) beginning in the initial compliance period. The system
shall take each sample at the same sampling point unless conditions make
another sampling point more representative of each source or treatment
plant.
Note: For purposes of this paragraph, surface water systems include
systems with a combination of surface and ground sources.
(3) If a system draws water from more than one source and the
sources are combined before distribution, the system must sample at an
entry point to the distribution system during periods of normal
operating conditions (i.e., when water is representative of all sources
being used).
(4) The State may reduce the total number of samples which must be
analyzed by allowing the use of compositing. Composite samples from a
maximum of five samples are allowed, provided that the detection limit
of the method used for analysis is less than one-fifth of the MCL.
Compositing of samples must be done in the laboratory.
(i) If the concentration in the composite sample is greater than or
equal to one-fifth of the MCL of any inorganic chemical, then a follow-
up sample must be taken within 14 days at each sampling point included
in the composite. These samples must be analyzed for the contaminants
which exceeded one-fifth of the MCL in the composite sample. Detection
limits for each analytical method and MCLs for each inorganic
contaminant are the following:

Detection Limits for Inorganic Contaminants
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Detection
Contaminant MCL (mg/l) Methodology limit (mg/l)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Antimony.................. 0.006...... Atomic 0.003
Absorption;
Furnace.
Atomic 0.0008 \5\
Absorption;
Platform.
ICP-Mass 0.0004
Spectrometry.
Hydride-Atomic 0.001
Absorption.
Asbestos.................. 7 MFL \1\.. Transmission 0.01 MFL
Electron
Microscopy.
Barium.................... 2.......... Atomic 0.002
Absorption;
furnace
technique.
Atomic 0.1
Absorption;
direct
aspiration.
Inductively 0.002 (0.001)
Coupled Plasma.
Beryllium................. 0.004...... Atomic 0.0002
Absorption;
Furnace.
Atomic 0.00002 \5\
Absorption;
Platform.
Inductively 0.0003
Coupled Plasma
\2\.
ICP-Mass 0.0003
Spectrometry.
Cadmium................... 0.005...... Atomic 0.0001
Absorption;
furnace
technique.
Inductively 0.001
Coupled Plasma.
Chromium.................. 0.1........ Atomic 0.001
Absorption;
furnace
technique.
Inductively 0.007 (0.001)
Coupled Plasma.
Cyanide................... 0.2........ Distillation, 0.02
Spectrophotomet
ric \3\.
Distillation, 0.005
Automated,
Spectrophotomet
ric \3\.
Distillation, 0.05
Selective
Electrode \3\.
Distillation, 0.02
Amenable,
Spectrophotomet
ric \4\.
Mercury................... 0.002...... Manual Cold 0.0002
Vapor Technique.
Automated Cold 0.0002
Vapor Technique.
Nickel.................... xl......... Atomic 0.001
Absorption;
Furnace.
Atomic 0.0006 \5\
Absorption;
Platform.
Inductively 0.005
Coupled Plasma
\2\.
ICP-Mass 0.0005
Spectrometry.
Nitrate................... 10 (as N).. Manual Cadmium 0.01
Reduction.
Automated 0.01
Hydrazine
Reduction.
Automated 0.05
Cadmium
Reduction.
Ion Selective 1
Electrode.
Ion 0.01
Chromatography.
Nitrite................... 1 (as N)... Spectrophotometr 0.01
ic.
Automated 0.05
Cadmium
Reduction.
Manual Cadmium 0.01
Reduction.
Ion 0.004
Chromatography.
Selenium.................. 0.05....... Atomic 0.002
Absorption;
furnace.
Atomic 0.002
Absorption;
gaseous hydride.
Thallium.................. 0.002...... Atomic 0.001
Absorption;
Furnace.

[[Page 354]]

Atomic 0.0007 \5\
Absorption;
Platform.
ICP-Mass 0.0003
Spectrometry.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ MFL = million fibers per liter >10 <greek-m>m.
\2\ Using a 2X preconcentration step as noted in Method 200.7. Lower
MDLs may be achieved when using a 4X preconcentration.
\3\ Screening method for total cyanides.
\4\ Measures "free" cyanides.
\5\ Lower MDLs are reported using stabilized temperature graphite
furnace atomic absorption.

(ii) If the population served by the system is >3,300 persons, then
compositing may only be permitted by the State at sampling points within
a single system. In systems serving <ls-thn-eq>3,300 persons, the State
may permit compositing among different systems provided the 5-sample
limit is maintained.
(iii) If duplicates of the original sample taken from each sampling
point used in the composite sample are available, the system may use
these instead of resampling. The duplicates must be analyzed and the
results reported to the State within 14 days after completing analysis
of the composite sample, provided the holding time of the sample is not
exceeded.
(5) The frequency of monitoring for asbestos shall be in accordance
with paragraph (b) of this section: the frequency of monitoring for
antimony, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride,
mercury, nickel, selenium and thallium shall be in accordance with
paragraph (c) of this section; the frequency of monitoring for nitrate
shall be in accordance with paragraph (d) of this section; and the
frequency of monitoring for nitrite shall be in accordance with
paragraph (e) of this section.
(b) The frequency of monitoring conducted to determine compliance
with the maximum contaminant level for asbestos specified in
Sec. 141.62(b) shall be conducted as follows:
(1) Each community and non-transient, non-community water system is
required to monitor for asbestos during the first three-year compliance
period of each nine-year compliance cycle beginning in the compliance
period starting January 1, 1993.
(2) If the system believes it is not vulnerable to either asbestos
contamination in its source water or due to corrosion of asbestos-cement
pipe, or both, it may apply to the State for a waiver of the monitoring
requirement in paragraph (b)(1) of this section. If the State grants the
waiver, the system is not required to monitor.
(3) The State may grant a waiver based on a consideration of the
following factors:
(i) Potential asbestos contamination of the water source, and
(ii) The use of asbestos-cement pipe for finished water distribution
and the corrosive nature of the water.
(4) A waiver remains in effect until the completion of the three-
year compliance period. Systems not receiving a waiver must monitor in
accordance with the provisions of paragraph (b)(1) of this section.

(5) A system vulnerable to asbestos contamination due solely to
corrosion of asbestos-cement pipe shall take one sample at a tap served
by asbestos-cement pipe and under conditions where asbestos
contamination is most likely to occur.

(6) A system vulnerable to asbestos contamination due solely to
source water shall monitor in accordance with the provision of paragraph
(a) of this section.

(7) A system vulnerable to asbestos contamination due both to its
source water supply and corrosion of asbestos-cement pipe shall take one
sample at a tap served by asbestos-cement pipe and under conditions
where asbestos contamination is most likely to occur.

(8) A system which exceeds the maximum contaminant levels as
determined in Sec. 141.23(i) of this section shall monitor quarterly
beginning in the

[[Page 355]]

next quarter after the violation occurred.

(9) The State may decrease the quarterly monitoring requirement to
the frequency specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section provided the
State has determined that the system is reliably and consistently below
the maximum contaminant level. In no case can a State make this
determination unless a groundwater system takes a minimum of two
quarterly samples and a surface (or combined surface/ground) water
system takes a minimum of four quarterly samples.

(10) If monitoring data collected after January 1, 1990 are
generally consistent with the requirements of Sec. 141.23(b), then the
State may allow systems to use that data to satisfy the monitoring
requirement for the initial compliance period beginning January 1, 1993.

(c) The frequency of monitoring conducted to determine compliance
with the maximum contaminant levels in Sec. 141.62 for antimony, barium,
beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel,
selenium and thallium shall be as follows:
(1) Groundwater systems shall take one sample at each sampling point
during each compliance period. Surface water systems (or combined
surface/ground) shall take one sample annually at each sampling point.
(2) The system may apply to the State for a waiver from the
monitoring frequencies specified in paragraph (c)(1) of this section.
States may grant a public water system a waiver for monitoring of
cyanide, provided that the State determines that the system is not
vulnerable due to lack of any industrial source of cyanide.
(3) A condition of the waiver shall require that a system shall take
a minimum of one sample while the waiver is effective. The term during
which the waiver is effective shall not exceed one compliance cycle
(i.e., nine years).
(4) The State may grant a waiver provided surface water systems have
monitored annually for at least three years and groundwater systems have
conducted a minimum of three rounds of monitoring. (At least one sample
shall have been taken since January 1, 1990). Both surface and
groundwater systems shall demonstrate that all previous analytical
results were less than the maximum contaminant level. Systems that use a
new water source are not eligible for a waiver until three rounds of
monitoring from the new source have been completed.
(5) In determining the appropriate reduced monitoring frequency, the
State shall consider:
(i) Reported concentrations from all previous monitoring;
(ii) The degree of variation in reported concentrations; and
(iii) Other factors which may affect contaminant concentrations such
as changes in groundwater pumping rates, changes in the system's
configuration, changes in the system's operating procedures, or changes
in stream flows or characteristics.
(6) A decision by the State to grant a waiver shall be made in
writing and shall set forth the basis for the determination. The
determination may be initiated by the State or upon an application by
the public water system. The public water system shall specify the basis
for its request. The State shall review and, where appropriate, revise
its determination of the appropriate monitoring frequency when the
system submits new monitoring data or when other data relevant to the
system's appropriate monitoring frequency become available.
(7) Systems which exceed the maximum contaminant levels as
calculated in Sec. 141.23(i) of this section shall monitor quarterly
beginning in the next quarter after the violation occurred.
(8) The State may decrease the quarterly monitoring requirement to
the frequencies specified in paragraphs (c)(1) and (c)(2) of this
section provided it has determined that the system is reliably and
consistently below the maximum contaminant level. In no case can a State
make this determination unless a groundwater system takes a minimum of
two quarterly samples and a surface water system takes a minimum of four
quarterly samples.
(d) All public water systems (community; non-transient, non-
community;

[[Page 356]]

and transient, non-community systems) shall monitor to determine
compliance with the maximum contaminant level for nitrate in
Sec. 141.62.
(1) Community and non-transient, non-community water systems served
by groundwater systems shall monitor annually beginning January 1, 1993;
systems served by surface water shall monitor quarterly beginning
January 1, 1993.
(2) For community and non-transient, non-community water systems,
the repeat monitoring frequency for groundwater systems shall be
quarterly for at least one year following any one sample in which the
concentration is 50 percent of the MCL. The State may allow a
groundwater system to reduce the sampling frequency to annually after
four consecutive quarterly samples are reliably and consistently less
than the MCL.
(3) For community and non-transient, non-community water systems,
the State may allow a surface water system to reduce the sampling
frequency to annually if all analytical results from four consecutive
quarters are 50 percent of the MCL. A surface water system shall return
to quarterly monitoring if any one sample is ;50 percent of the MCL.
(4) Each transient non-community water system shall monitor annually
beginning January 1, 1993.
(5) After the initial round of quarterly sampling is completed, each
community and non-transient non-community system which is monitoring
annually shall take subsequent samples during the quarter(s) which
previously resulted in the highest analytical result.
(e) All public water systems (community; non-transient, non-
community; and transient, non-community systems) shall monitor to
determine compliance with the maximum contaminant level for nitrite in
Sec. 141.62(b).
(1) All public water systems shall take one sample at each sampling
point in the compliance period beginning January 1, 1993 and ending
December 31, 1995.
(2) After the initial sample, systems where an analytical result for
nitrite is 50 percent of the MCL shall monitor at the frequency
specified by the State.
(3) For community, non-transient, non-community, and transient non-
community water systems, the repeat monitoring frequency for any water
system shall be quarterly for at least one year following any one sample
in which the concentration is 50 percent of the MCL. The State may allow
a system to reduce the sampling frequency to annually after determining
the system is reliably and consistently less than the MCL.
(4) Systems which are monitoring annually shall take each subsequent
sample during the quarter(s) which previously resulted in the highest
analytical result.
(f) Confirmation samples:
(1) Where the results of sampling for asbestos, antimony, barium,
beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel,
selenium or thallium indicate an exceedance of the maximum contaminant
level, the State may require that one additional sample be collected as
soon as possible after the initial sample was taken (but not to exceed
two weeks) at the same sampling point.
(2) Where nitrate or nitrite sampling results indicate an exceedance
of the maximum contaminant level, the system shall take a confirmation
sample within 24 hours of the system's receipt of notification of the
analytical results of the first sample. Systems unable to comply with
the 24-hour sampling requirement must immediately notify persons served
by the public water system in accordance with Sec. 141.202 and meet
other Tier 1 public notification requirements under Subpart Q of this
part. Systems exercising this option must take and analyze a
confirmation sample within two weeks of notification of the analytical
results of the first sample.
(3) If a State-required confirmation sample is taken for any
contaminant, then the results of the initial and confirmation sample
shall be averaged. The resulting average shall be used to determine the
system's compliance in accordance with paragraph (i) of this section.
States have the discretion to delete results of obvious sampling errors.
(g) The State may require more frequent monitoring than specified in

[[Page 357]]

paragraphs (b), (c), (d) and (e) of this section or may require
confirmation samples for positive and negative results at its
discretion.
(h) Systems may apply to the State to conduct more frequent
monitoring than the minimum monitoring frequencies specified in this
section.
(i) Compliance with Secs. 141.11 or 141.62(b) (as appropriate) shall
be determined based on the analytical result(s) obtained at each
sampling point.
(1) For systems which are conducting monitoring at a frequency
greater than annual, compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for
antimony, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide,
fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium or thallium is determined by a
running annual average at any sampling point. If the average at any
sampling point is greater than the MCL, then the system is out of
compliance. If any one sample would cause the annual average to be
exceeded, then the system is out of compliance immediately. Any sample
below the method detection limit shall be calculated at zero for the
purpose of determining the annual average.
(2) For systems which are monitoring annually, or less frequently,
the system is out of compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for
asbestos, antimony, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide,
fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium or thallium if the level of a
contaminant at any sampling point is greater than the MCL. If a
confirmation sample is required by the State, the determination of
compliance will be based on the average of the two samples.
(3) Compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for nitrate and
nitrate is determined based on one sample if the levels of these
contaminants are below the MCLs. If the levels of nitrate and/or nitrite
exceed the MCLs in the initial sample, a confirmation sample is required
in accordance with paragraph (f)(2) of this section, and compliance
shall be determined based on the average of the initial and confirmation
samples.
(j) Each public water system shall monitor at the time designated by
the State during each compliance period.
(k) Inorganic analysis:
(1) Analysis for the following contaminants shall be conducted in
accordance with the methods in the following table, or their equivalent
as determined by EPA. Criteria for analyzing arsenic, barium, beryllium,
cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, selenium, sodium, and
thallium with digestion or directly without digestion, and other
analytical test procedures are contained in Technical Notes on Drinking
Water Methods, EPA-600/R-94-173, October 1994. This document also
contains approved analytical test methods which remain available for
compliance monitoring until July 1, 1996. These methods will not be
available for use after July 1, 1996. This document is available from
the National Technical Information Service, NTIS PB95-104766, U.S.
Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia
22161. The toll-free number is 800-553-6847.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant and methodology \13\ EPA ASTM \3\ SM \4\ Other
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alkalinity:
Titrimetric...................... ........... D1067-92B 2320 B I-1030-85 \5\
Electrometric titration.......... ........... ................... ................... ..................
Antimony:
ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8
Hydride-Atomic Absorption........ ........... D-3697-92 ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; Platform...... \2\ 200.9 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; Furnace....... ........... ................... 3113 B ..................
Arsenic\14\:
Inductively Coupled Plasma....... \2\ 200.7 ................... 3120 B ..................
ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; Platform...... \2\ 200.9 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; Furnace....... ........... D-2972-93C 3113 B ..................

[[Page 358]]

Hydride Atomic Absorption........ ........... D-2972-93B 3114 B ..................
Asbestos:
Transmission Electron Microscopy. \9\ 100.1 ................... ................... ..................
Transmission Electron Microscopy. \10\ 100.2 ................... ................... ..................
Barium:
Inductively Coupled Plasma....... \2\ 200.7 ................... 3120 B ..................
ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; Direct........ ........... ................... 3111 D ..................
Atomic Absorption; Furnace....... ........... ................... 3113 B ..................
Beryllium:
Inductively Coupled Plasma....... \2\ 200.7 ................... 3120 B ..................
ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; Platform...... \2\ 200.9 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; Furnace....... ........... D3645-93B 3113 B ..................
Cadmium:
Inductively Coupled Plasma....... \2\ 200.7 ................... ................... ..................
ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; Platform...... \2\ 200.9 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; Furnace....... ........... ................... 3113 B ..................
Calcium:
EDTA titrimetric................. ........... D511-93A 3500-Ca D
Atomic absorption; direct ........... D511-93B 3111 B ..................
aspiration.
Inductively-coupled plasma....... \2\ 200.7 ................... 3120 B ..................
Chromium:
Inductively Coupled Plasma....... \2\ 200.7 ................... 3120 B ..................
ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; Platform...... \2\ 200.9 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; Furnace....... ........... ................... 3113 B ..................
Copper:
Atomic absorption; furnace....... ........... D1688-95C 3113 B ..................
Atomic absorption; direct ........... D1688-95A 3111 B ..................
aspiration.
ICP.............................. \2\ 200.7 ................... 3120 B ..................
ICP--Mass spectrometry........... \2\ 200.8 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic absorption; platform...... \2\ 200.9 ................... ................... ..................
Conductivity Conductance............. ........... D1125-95A 2510 B ..................
Cyanide:
Manual Distillation followed by.. ........... D2036-91A 4500-CN- C
Spectrophotometric, Amenable. ........... D2036-91B 4500-CN- G
Spectrophotometric...........
Manual................... ........... D2036-91A 4500-CN- E I-3300-85 \5\
Semi-automated........... \6\ 335.4
Selective Electrode.............. ........... ................... 4500-CN- F
Fluoride:
Ion Chromatography............... \6\ 300.0 D4327-91 4110 B
Manual Distill.; Color. SPADNS... ........... ................... 4500-F- B, D
Manual Electrode................. ........... D1179-93B 4500-F- C
Automated Electrode.............. ........... ................... ................... 380-75WE \11\
Automated Alizarin............... ........... ................... 4500-F- E 129-71W \11\
Lead:
Atomic absorption; furnace....... ........... D3559-95D 3113 B
ICP-Mass spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8
Atomic absorption; platform...... \2\ 200.9
Differential Pulse Anodic ........... ................... ................... Method 1001 \15\
Stripping Voltammetry.
Magnesium:
Atomic Absorption................ ........... D 511-93 B 3111 B

[[Page 359]]

ICP.............................. \2\ 200.7 ................... 3120 B
Complexation Titrimetric Methods. ........... D 511-93 A 3500-Mg E
Mercury:
Manual, Cold Vapor............... \2\ 245.1 D3223-91 3112 B
Automated, Cold Vapor............ \1\ 245.2
ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8
Nickel:
Inductively Coupled Plasma....... \2\ 200.7 ................... 3120 B
ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8
Atomic Absorption; Platform...... \2\ 200.9
Atomic Absorption; Direct........ ........... ................... 3111 B
Atomic Absorption; Furnace....... ........... ................... 3113 B
Nitrate:
Ion Chromatography............... \6\ 300.0 D4327-91 4110 B B-1011 \8\
Automated Cadmium Reduction...... \6\ 353.2 D3867-90A 4500-NO<INF>3-</INF> F
Ion Selective Electrode.......... ........... ................... 4500-NO<INF>3-</INF> D 601 \7\
Manual Cadmium Reduction......... ........... D3867-90B 4500-NO<INF>3-</INF> E
Nitrite:
Ion Chromatography............... \6\ 300.0 D4327-91 4110 B B-1011 \8\
Automated Cadmium Reduction...... \6\ 353.2 D3867-90A 4500-NO<INF>3-</INF> F
Manual Cadmium Reduction......... ........... D3867-90B 4500-NO<INF>3-</INF> E
Spectrophotometric............... ........... ................... 4500-NO<INF>2-</INF> B
Orthophosphate: \12\
Colorimetric, automated, ascorbic \6\ 365.1 ................... 4500-P F
acid.
Colorimetric, ascorbic acid, ........... D515-88A 4500-P E
single reagent.
Colorimetric, phosphomolybdate;.. ........... ................... ................... I-1602-85 \5\
automated-segmented flow;.... ........... ................... ................... I-2601-90 \5\
automated discrete........... ........... ................... ................... I-2598-85 \5\
Ion Chromatography............... \6\ 300.0 D4327-91 4110 B
pH: Electrometric.................... \1\ 150.1 D1293-95 4500-H+ B
\1\ 150.2 ................... ................... ..................
Selenium:
Hydride-Atomic Absorption........ ........... D3859-93A 3114 B ..................
ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; Platform...... \2\ 200.9 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; Furance....... ........... D3859-93B 3113 B ..................
Silica:
Colorimetric, molybdate blue;.... ........... ................... ................... I-1700-85 \5\
automated-segmented flow..... ........... ................... ................... I-2700-85 \5\
Colorimetric..................... ........... D859-95 ................... ..................
Molybdosilicate.................. ........... ................... 4500-Si D ..................
Heteropoly blue...................... ........... ................... 4500-Si E ..................
Automated method for molybdate- ........... ................... 4500-Si F ..................
reactive silica.
Inductively-coupled plasma....... \3\ 200.7 ................... 3120 B ..................
Sodium:
Inductively-coupled plasma....... \2\ 200.7 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; direct ........... ................... 3111 B ..................
aspiration.
Temperature: Thermometric ........... ................... 2550 ..................
Thallium:
ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8 ................... ................... ..................
Atomic Absorption; Platform...... \2\ 200.9 ................... ................... ..................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The procedures shall be done in accordance with the documents listed below. The incorporation by reference of
the following documents listed in footnotes 1-11 and 15 was approved by the Director of the Federal Register
in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies of the documents may be obtained from the sources
listed below. Information regarding obtaining these documents can be obtained from the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 800-426-4791. Documents may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave.,
NW., Washington, DC 20460 (Telephone: 202-260-3027); or at the Office of Federal Register, 800 North Capitol
Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC.

[[Page 360]]

\1\ "Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes", EPA/600/4-79/020, March 1983. Available at NTIS, PB84-
128677.
\2\ "Methods for the Determination of Metals in Environmental Samples--Supplement I", EPA/600/R-94/111, May
1994. Available at NTIS, PB95-125472.
\3\ Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1994 and 1996, Vols. 11.01 and 11.02, American Society for Testing and
Materials. The previous versions of D1688-95A, D1688-95C (copper), D3559-95D (lead), D1293-95 (pH), D1125-91A
(conductivity) and D859-94 (silica) are also approved. These previous versions D1688-90A, C; D3559-90D, D1293-
84, D1125-91A and D859-88, respectively are located in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1994, Vols. 11.01.
Copies may be obtained from the American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West
Conshohocken, PA 19428.
\4\ 18th and 19th editions of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992 and 1995,
respectively, American Public Health Association; either edition may be used. Copies may be obtained from the
American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW, Washington, DC 20005.
\5\ Method I-2601-90, Methods for Analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory--
Determination of Inorganic and Organic Constituents in Water and Fluvial Sediments, Open File Report 93-125,
1993; For Methods I-1030-85; I-1601-85; I-1700-85; I-2598-85; I-2700-85; and I-3300-85 See Techniques of Water
Resources Investigation of the U.S. Geological Survey, Book 5, Chapter A-1, 3rd ed., 1989; Available from
Information Services, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25286, Denver, CO 80225-0425.
\6\ "Methods for the Determination of Inorganic Substances in Environmental Samples", EPA/600/R-93/100, August
1993. Available at NTIS, PB94-120821.
\7\ The procedure shall be done in accordance with the Technical Bulletin 601 "Standard Method of Test for
Nitrate in Drinking Water", July 1994, PN 221890-001, Analytical Technology, Inc. Copies may be obtained from
ATI Orion, 529 Main Street, Boston, MA 02129.
\8\ Method B-1011, "Waters Test Method for Determination of Nitrite/Nitrate in Water Using Single Column Ion
Chromatography," August 1987. Copies may be obtained from Waters Corporation, Technical Services Division, 34
Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757.
\9\ Method 100.1, "Analytical Method For Determination of Asbestos Fibers in Water", EPA/600/4-83/043, EPA,
September 1983. Available at NTIS, PB83-260471.
\10\ 10 Method 100.2, "Determination of Asbestos Structure Over 10-<greek-m>m In Length In Drinking Water",
EPA/600/R-94/134, June 1994. Available at NTIS, PB94-201902.
\11\ Industrial Method No. 129-71W, "Fluoride in Water and Wastewater", December 1972, and Method No. 380-
75WE, "Fluoride in Water and Wastewater", February 1976, Technicon Industrial Systems. Copies may be
obtained from Bran & Luebbe, 1025 Busch Parkway, Buffalo Grove, IL 60089.
\12\ Unfiltered, no digestion or hydrolysis.
\13\ Because MDLs reported in EPA Methods 200.7 and 200.9 were determined using a 2X preconcentration step
during sample digestion, MDLs determined when samples are analyzed by direct analysis (i.e., no sample
digestion) will be higher. For direct analysis of cadmium and arsenic by Method 200.7, and arsenic by Method
3120 B sample preconcentration using pneumatic nebulization may be required to achieve lower detection limits.
Preconcentration may also be required for direct analysis of antimony, lead, and thallium by Method 200.9;
antimony and lead by Method 3113 B; and lead by Method D3559-90D unless multiple in-furnace depositions are
made.
\14\ If ultrasonic nebulization is used in the determination of arsenic by Methods 200.7, 200.8, or SM 3120 B,
the arsenic must be in the pentavalent state to provide uniform signal response. For methods 200.7 and 3120 B,
both samples and standards must be diluted in the same mixed acid matrix concentration of nitric and
hydrochloric acid with the addition of 100 <greek-m>L of 30% hydrogen peroxide per 100ml of solution. For
direct analysis of arsenic with method 200.8 using ultrasonic nebulization, samples and standards must contain
one mg/L of sodium hypochlorite.
\15\ The description for Method Number 1001 for lead is available from Palintest, LTD, 21 Kenton Lands Road,
P.O. Box 18395, Erlanger, KY 41018. Or from the Hach Company, P.O. Box 389, Loveland, CO 8053.

(2) Sample collection for antimony, asbestos, barium, beryllium,
cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, nitrate, nitrite,
selenium, and thallium under this section shall be conducted using the
sample preservation, container, and maximum holding time procedures
specified in the following table:

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant Preservative \1\ Container \2\ Time \3\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Antimony.............................. HNO\3\.................... P or G................ 6 months
Asbestos.............................. 4 deg.C.................. P or G................ 48 hours \4\
Barium................................ HNO\3\.................... P or G................ 6 months
Beryllium............................. HNO\3\.................... P or G................ 6 months
Cadmium............................... HNO\3\.................... P or G................ 6 months
Chromium.............................. HNO\3\.................... P or G................ 6 months
Cyanide............................... 4 deg.C, NaOH............ P or G................ 14 days
Fluoride.............................. None...................... P or G................ 1 month
Mercury............................... HNO\3\.................... P or G................ 28 days
Nickel................................ HNO\3\.................... P or G................ 6 months
Nitrate............................... 4 deg.C.................. P or G................ 48 hours \5\
Nitrate-Nitrite \6\................... H\2\SO\4\................. P or G................ 28 days
Nitrite............................... 4 deg.C................... P or G................ 48 hours
Selenium.............................. HNO\3\.................... P or G................ 6 months
Thallium.............................. HNO\3\.................... P or G................ 6 months
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ When indicated, samples must be acidified at the time of collection to pH 2 with concentrated acid or
adjusted with sodium hydroxide to pH > 12. When chilling is indicated the sample must be shipped and stored at
4 deg.C or less.
\2\ P=plastic, hard or soft; G=glass, hard or soft.
\3\ In all cases samples should be analyzed as soon after collection as possible. Follow additional (if any)
information on preservation, containers or holding times that is specified in method.
\4\ Instructions for containers, preservation procedures and holding times as specified in Method 100.2 must be
adhered to for all compliance analyses including those conducted with Method 100.1.
\5\ If the sample is chlorinated, the holding time for an unacidified sample kept at 4 deg.C is extended to 14
days.
\6\ Nitrate-Nitrite refers to a measurement of total nitrate.

(3) Analysis under this section shall only be conducted by
laboratories that have been certified by EPA or the State. Laboratories
may conduct sample analysis under provisional certification until
January 1, 1996. To receive certification to conduct analyses for
antimony, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide,
fluoride, mercury, nickel, nitrate, nitrite and

[[Page 361]]

selenium and thallium, the laboratory must:
(i) Analyze Performance Evaluation (PE) samples provided by EPA, the
State or by a third party (with the approval of the State or EPA) at
least once a year.
(ii) For each contaminant that has been included in the PE sample
and for each method for which the laboratory desires certification
achieve quantitative results on the analyses that are within the
following acceptance limits:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant Acceptance limit
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Antimony............................ <plus-minus>30 at ;0.006 mg/1
Asbestos............................ 2 standard deviations based on
study statistics.
Barium.............................. <plus-minus>15% at ;0.15 mg/1
Beryllium........................... <plus-minus>15% at ;0.001 mg/1
Cadmium............................. <plus-minus>20% at ;0.002 mg/1
Chromium............................ <plus-minus>15% at ;0.01 mg/1
Cyanide............................. <plus-minus>25% at ;0.1 mg/1
Fluoride............................ <plus-minus>10% at ;1 to 10 mg/1
Mercury............................. <plus-minus>30% at ;0.0005 mg/1
Nickel.............................. <plus-minus>15% at ;0.01 mg/1
Nitrate............................. <plus-minus>10% at ;0.4 mg/1
Nitrite............................. <plus-minus>15% at ;0.4 mg/1
Selenium............................ <plus-minus>20% at ;0.01 mg/1
Thallium............................ <plus-minus>30% at ;0.002 mg/1
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(l) Analyses for the purpose of determining compliance with
Sec. 141.11 shall be conducted using the requirements specified in
paragraphs (l) through (q) of this section.
(1) Analyses for all community water systems utilizing surface water
sources shall be completed by June 24, 1978. These analyses shall be
repeated at yearly intervals.
(2) Analyses for all community water systems utilizing only ground
water sources shall be completed by June 24, 1979. These analyses shall
be repeated at three-year intervals.
(3) For non-community water systems, whether supplied by surface or
ground sources, analyses for nitrate shall be completed by December 24,
1980. These analyses shall be repeated at intervals determined by the
State.
(4) The State has the authority to determine compliance or initiate
enforcement action based upon analytical results and other information
compiled by their sanctioned representatives and agencies.
(m) If the result of an analysis made under paragraph (l) of this
section indicates that the level of any contaminant listed in
Sec. 141.11 exceeds the maximum contaminant level, the supplier of the
water shall report to the State within 7 days and initiate three
additional analyses at the same sampling point within one month.
(n) When the average of four analyses made pursuant to paragraph (m)
of this section, rounded to the same number of significant figures as
the maximum contaminant level for the substance in question, exceeds the
maximum contaminant level, the supplier of water shall notify the State
pursuant to Sec. 141.31 and give notice to the public pursuant to
subpart Q. Monitoring after public notification shall be at a frequency
designated by the State and shall continue until the maximum contaminant
level has not been exceeded in two successive samples or until a
monitoring schedule as a condition to a variance, exemption or
enforcement action shall become effective.
(o) The provisions of paragraphs (m) and (n) of this section
notwithstanding, compliance with the maximum contaminant level for
nitrate shall be determined on the basis of the mean of two analyses.
When a level exceeding the maximum contaminant level for nitrate is
found, a second analysis shall be initiated within 24 hours, and if the
mean of the two analyses exceeds the maximum contaminant level, the
supplier of water shall report his findings to the State pursuant to
Sec. 141.31 and shall notify the public pursuant to subpart Q.
(p) For the initial analyses required by paragraph (l) (1), (2) or
(3) of this section, data for surface waters acquired within one year
prior to the effective date and data for ground waters acquired within 3
years prior to the effective date of this part may be substituted at the
discretion of the State.
(q) [Reserved]

[56 FR 3579, Jan. 30, 1991, as amended at 56 FR 30274, July 1, 1991; 57
FR 31838, July 17, 1992; 59 FR 34322, July 1, 1994; 59 FR 62466, Dec. 5,
1994; 60 FR 33932, 34085, June 29, 1995; 64 FR 67461, Dec. 1, 1999; 65
FR 26022, May 4, 2000]

Effective Date Note: At 66 FR 7061, Jan. 22, 2001, Sec. 141.23 was
amended by adding a new entry for "Arsenic" in alphabetical order to
the table in paragraph (a)(4)(i) and adding

[[Page 362]]

endnotes 6, 7 and 8; revising paragraphs (a)(5) and (c) introductory
text; adding paragraph (c)(9); revising paragraphs (f)(1), (i)(1), and
(i)(2); adding paragraph (i)(4); revising the entries for arsenic in the
table in paragraph (k)(1); revising paragraph (k)(2) introductory text;
adding a new entry for "Arsenic" in alphabetical order to the table in
paragraph (k)(2) and revising footnote 1; revising the last sentence in
paragraph (k)(3) introductory text; and adding a new entry for
"Arsenic" in alphabetical order to the table in paragraph (k)(3)(ii),
effective Mar. 23, 2001, except for the amendments to paragraphs (i)(1)
and (i)(2) which are effective Jan. 22, 2004. At 66 FR 16134, Mar. 23,
2001, the effective date was delayed until May 22, 2001. At 66 FR 28350,
May 22, 2001, the effective date was further delayed until Feb. 22,
2002. For the convenience of the user, the revised and added text is set
forth as follows:

Sec. 141.23 Inorganic chemical sampling and analytical requirements.

(a) * * *
(4) * * *
(i) * * *

[[Page 363]]

Detection Limits for Inforganic Contaminants
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant MCL (mg/l) Methodology Detection Limit (mg/l)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
Arsenic................................ \6\ 0.01 Atomic Absorption; Furnace.. 0.001
Atomic Absorption; Platform-- \7\ 0.0005
Stabilized Temperature.
Atomic Absorption; Gaseous 0.001
Hydride.
ICP-Mass Spectrometry....... \8\ 0.0014
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * *
\6\ The value for arsenic is effective January 23, 2006. Unit then, the MCL is 0.05 mg/L.
\7\ The MDL reported for EPA method 200.9 (Atomic Absorption; Platform--Stablized Temperature) was determined using a 2x concentration step during
sample digestion. The MDL determined for samples analyzed using direct analyses (i.e., no sample digestion) will be higher. Using multiple
depositions, EPA 200.9 is capable of obtaining MDL of 0.0001 mg/L.
\8\ Using selective ion monitoring, EPA Method 200.8 (ICP-MS) is capable of obtaining a MDL of 0.0001 mg/L.

[[Page 364]]

* * * * *

(5) The frequency of monitoring for asbestos shall be in accordance
with paragraph (b) of this section: the frequency of monitoring for
antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide,
fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium and thallium shall be in accordance
with paragraph (c) of this section; the frequency of monitoring for
nitrate shall be in accordance with paragraph (d) of this section; and
the frequency of monitoring for nitrite shall be in accordance with
paragraph (e) of this section.

* * * * *

(c) The frequency of monitoring conducted to determine compliance
with the maximum contaminant levels in Sec. 141.62 for antimony,
arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride,
mercury, nickel, selenium and thallium shall be as follows:

* * * * *

(9) All new systems or systems that use a new source of water that
begin operation after January 22, 2004 must demonstrate compliance with
the MCL within a period of time specified by the State. The system must
also comply with the initial sampling frequencies specified by the State
to ensure a system can demonstrate compliance with the MCL. Routine and
increased monitoring frequencies shall be conducted in accordance with
the requirements in this section.

* * * * *

(f) * * *
(1) Where the results of sampling for antimony, arsenic, asbestos,
barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury,
nickel, selenium or thallium indicate an exceedance of the maximum
contaminant level, the State may require that one additional sample be
collected as soon as possible after the initial sample was taken (but
not to exceed two weeks) at the same sampling point.

* * * * *

(i) * * *
(1) For systems which are conducting monitoring at a frequency
greater than annual, compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for
antimony, arsenic, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium,
cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium or thallium is determined
by a running annual average at any sampling point. If the average at any
sampling point is greater than the MCL, then the system is out of
compliance. If any one sample would cause the annual average to be
exceeded, then the system is out of compliance immediately. Any sample
below the method detection limit shall be calculated at zero for the
purpose of determining the annual average. If a system fails to collect
the required number of samples, compliance (average concentration) will
be based on the total number of samples collected.
(2) For systems which are monitoring annually, or less frequently,
the system is out of compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for
antimony, arsenic, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium,
cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium or thallium if the level of
a contaminant is greater than the MCL. If confirmation samples are
required by the State, the determination of compliance will be based on
the annual average of the initial MCL exceedance and any State-required
confirmation samples. If a system fails to collect the required number
of samples, compliance (average concentration) will be based on the
total number of samples collected.

* * * * *

(4) Arsenic sampling results will be reported to the nearest 0.001
mg/L.

* * * * *

(k) * * *
(1) * * *

[[Page 365]]

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant and methodology \13\ EPA ASTM \3\ SM \4\ Other
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
Arsenic \14\:
Inductively Coupled Plasma \15\.... \2\ 200.7 .................................. \15\ 3120B ..........................
ICP-Mass Spectrometry.............. \2\ 200.8 .................................. .................................. ..........................
Atomic Absorption; Platform........ \2\ 200.9 .................................. .................................. ..........................
Atomic Absorption; Furnace......... ........... D-2972-93C 3113B ..........................
Hydride Atomic Absorption.......... ........... D-2972-93B 3114B ..........................
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * *
\2\ "Methods for the Determination of Metals in Environmental Samples-Supplement I", EPA-600/R-94-111, May 1994. Available at NTIS, PB 95-125472.
\3\ Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1994 and 1996, Vols. 11.01 and 11.02, American Society for Testing and Materials. The previous versions of D1688-95A,
D1688-95C (copper), D3559-95D (lead), D1293-95 (pH), D1125-91A (conductivity) and D859-94 (silica) are also approved. These previous versions D1688-
90A, C; D3559-90D, D1293-84, D1125-91A and D859-88, respectively are located in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1994, Vols. 11.01. Copies may be
obtained from the American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.
\4\ 18th and 19th editions of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992 and 1995, respectively, American Public Health
Association; either edition may be used. Copies may be obtained from the American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW., Washington, DC
20005.
* * * * *
\13\ Because MDLs reported in EPA Methods 200.7 and 200.9 were determined using a 2X preconcentration step during sample digestion, MDLs determined when
samples are analyzed by direct analysis (i.e., no sample digestion) will be higher. For direct analysis of cadmium and arsenic by Method 200.7, and
arsenic by Method 3120 B sample preconcentration using pneumatic nebulization may be required to achieve lower detection limits. Preconcentration may
also be required for direct analysis of antimony, lead, and thallium by Method 200.9; antimony and lead by Method 3113 B; and lead by Method D3559-90D
unless multiple in-furnace depositions are made.
\14\ If ultrasonic nebulization is used in the determination of arsenic by Methods 200.7, 200.8, or SM 3120 B, the arsenic must be in the pentavalent
state to provide uniform signal response. For methods 200.7 and 3120 B, both samples and standards must be diluted in the same mixed acid matrix
concentration of nitric and hydrochloric acid with the addition of 100 <greek-m>L of 30% hydrogen peroxide per 100ml of solution. For direct analysis
of arsenic with method 200.8 using ultrasonic nebulization, samples and standards must contain one mg/L of sodium hypochlorite.
\15\ After January 23, 2006 analytical methods using the ICP-AES technology, may not be used because the detection limits for these methods are 0.008 mg/
L or higher. This restriction means that the two ICP-AES methods (EPA Method 200.7 and SM 3120 B) approved for use for the MCL of 0.05 mg/L may not be
used for compliance determinations for the revised MCL of 0.01 mg/L. However, prior to 2005 systems may have compliance samples analyzed with these
less sensitive methods.

[[Page 366]]

* * * * *

(2) Sample collection for antimony, arsenic, asbestos, barium,
beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel,
nitrate, nitrite, selenium, and thallium under this section shall be
conducted using the sample preservation, container, and maximum holding
time procedures specified in the table below:

* * * * *

(3) * * * To receive certification to conduct analyses for antimony,
arsenic, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide,
fluoride, mercury, nickel, nitrate, nitrite and selenium and thallium,
the laboratory must:

* * * * *

(ii) * * *

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant Acceptance limit
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * *
Arsenic................................. <plus-minus>30 at <gr-thn-
eq>0.003 mg/L
* * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------

* * * * *

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.24]

[Page 366-375]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart C--Monitoring and Analytical Requirements

Sec. 141.24 Organic chemicals, sampling and analytical requirements.

(a)-(d) [Reserved]
(e) Analyses for the contaminants in this section shall be conducted
using the following EPA methods or their equivalent as approved by EPA.
(1) The following documents are incorporated by reference. This
incorporation by reference was approved by the Director of the Federal
Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR Part 51. Copies
may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M St., SW.,
Washington, DC 20460; or at the Office of the Federal Register, 800
North Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC. Method 508A and
515.1 are in Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in
Drinking Water, EPA/600/4-88-039, December 1988, Revised, July 1991.
Methods 547, 550 and 550.1 are in Methods for the Determination of
Organic Compounds in Drinking Water--Supplement I, EPA/600-4-90-020,
July 1990. Methods 548.1, 549.1, 552.1 and 555 are in Methods for the
Determination of Organic Compounds in Drinking Water--Supplement II,
EPA/600/R-92-129, August 1992. Methods 502.2, 504.1, 505, 506, 507, 508,
508.1, 515.2, 524.2 525.2, 531.1, 551.1 and 552.2 are in Methods for the
Determination of Organic Compounds in Drinking Water--Supplement III,
EPA/600/R-95-131, August 1995. Method 1613 is titled "Tetra-through
Octa-Chlorinated Dioxins and Furans by Isotope-Dilution HRGC/HRMS",
EPA/821-B-94-005, October 1994. These documents are available from the
National Technical Information Service, NTIS PB91-231480, PB91-146027,
PB92-207703, PB95-261616 and PB95-104774, U.S. Department of Commerce,
5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161. The toll-free number
is 800-553-6847. Method 6651 shall be followed in accordance with
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th
edition, 1992 and 19th edition, 1995, American Public Health Association
(APHA); either edition may be used. Method 6610 shall be followed in
accordance with the Supplement to the 18th edition of Standard Methods
for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1994 or with the 19th
edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,
1995, APHA; either publication may be used. The APHA documents are
available from APHA, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW., Washington, D.C. 20005.
Other required analytical test procedures germane to the conduct of
these analyses are contained in Technical Notes on Drinking Water
Methods, EPA/600/R-94-173, October 1994, NTIS PB95-104766. EPA Methods
515.3 and 549.2 are available from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL)-Cincinnati, 26 West Martin
Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268. ASTM Method D 5317-93 is

[[Page 367]]

available in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1996, Vol. 11.02,
American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West
Conshohocken, PA 19428, or in any edition published after 1993.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant Method \1\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Benzene................................... 502.2, 524.2

Carbon tetrachloride 502.2, 524.2, 551.1

Chlorobenzene 502.2, 524.2
1,2-Dichlorobenzene....................... 502.2, 524.2
1,4-Dichlorobenzene....................... 502.2, 524.2
1,2-Dichloroethane........................ 502.2, 524.2
cis-Dichloroethylene...................... 502.2, 524.2
trans-Dichloroethylene.................... 502.2, 524.2
Dichloromethane........................... 502.2, 524.2
1,2-Dichloropropane....................... 502.2, 524.2
Ethylbenzene.............................. 502.2, 524.2
Styrene................................... 502.2, 524.2
Tetrachloroethylene....................... 502.2, 524.2, 551.1
1,1,1-Trichloroethane..................... 502.2, 524.2, 551.1
Trichloroethylene......................... 502.2, 524.2, 551.1
Toluene................................... 502.2, 524.2
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene.................... 502.2, 524.2
1,1-Dichloroethylene...................... 502.2, 524.2
1,1,2-Trichloroethane..................... 502.2, 524.2, 551.1
Vinyl chloride............................ 502.2, 524.2
Xylenes (total)........................... 502.2, 524.2
2,3,7,8-TCDD (dioxin)..................... 1613
2,4-D\4\ (as acid, salts and esters)...... 515.2, 555, 515.1, 515.3,
D5317-93
2,4,5-TP \4\ (Silvex)..................... 515.2, 555, 515.1, 515.3,
D5317-93
Alachlor \2\.............................. 507, 525.2, 508.1, 505,
551.1
Atrazine \2\.............................. 507, 525.2, 508.1, 505,
551.1
Benzo(a)pyrene............................ 525.2, 550, 550.1
Carbofuran................................ 531.1, 6610
Chlordane................................. 508, 525.2, 508.1, 505
Dalapon................................... 552.1, 515.1, 552.2, 515.3
Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate................... 506, 525.2
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate................. 506, 525.2
Dibromochloropropane (DBCP)............... 504.1, 551.1
Dinoseb \4\............................... 515.2, 555, 515.1, 515.3
Diquat.................................... 549.2
Endothall................................. 548.1
Endrin.................................... 508, 525.2, 508.1, 505,
551.1
Ethylene dibromide (EDB).................. 504.1, 551.1
Glyphosate................................ 547, 6651
Heptachlor................................ 508, 525.2, 508.1, 505,
551.1
Heptachlor Epoxide........................ 508, 525.2, 508.1, 505,
551.1
Hexachlorobenzene......................... 508, 525.2, 508.1, 505,
551.1
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene................. 508, 525.2, 508.1, 505,
551.1
Lindane................................... 508, 525.2, 508.1, 505,
551.1
Methoxychlor.............................. 508, 525.2, 508.1, 505,
551.1
Oxamyl.................................... 531.1, 6610
PCBs \3\ (as decachlorobiphenyl).......... 508A
(as Aroclors)......................... 508.1, 508, 525.2, 505
Pentachlorophenol......................... 515.2, 525.2, 555, 515.1,
515.3, D5317-93
Picloram \4\.............................. 515.2, 555, 515.1, 515.3,
D5317-93
Simazine \2\.............................. 507, 525.2, 508.1, 505,
551.1
Toxaphene................................. 508, 508.1, 525.2, 505
Total Trihalomethanes..................... 502.2, 524.2, 551.1
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ For previously approved EPA methods which remain available for
compliance monitoring until June 1, 2001, see paragraph (e)(2) of this
section.
\2\ Substitution of the detector specified in Method 505, 507, 508 or
508.1 for the purpose of achieving lower detection limits is allowed
as follows. Either an electron capture or nitrogen phosphorous
detector may be used provided all regulatory requirements and quality
control criteria are met.
\3\ PCBs are qualitatively identified as Aroclors and measured for
compliance purposes as decachlorobiphenyl. Users of Method 505 may
have more difficulty in achieving the required detection limits than
users of Methods 508.1, 525.2 or 508.
\4\ Accurate determination of the chlorinated esters requires hydrolysis
of the sample as described in EPA Methods 515.1, 515.2, 515.3 and 555,
and ASTM Method D 5317-93.

(2) The following EPA methods will remain available for compliance
monitoring until June 1, 2001. The following documents are incorporated
by reference. This incorporation by reference was approved by the
Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and
1 CFR Part 51. Copies may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket,
401 M St., SW., Washington, DC 20460; or at the Office of the Federal
Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC. EPA
methods 502.2 Rev. 2.0, 505 Rev. 2.0, 507 Rev. 2.0, 508 Rev. 3.0, 531.1
Rev. 3.0 are in "Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in
Drinking Water", December 1988, revised July 1991; methods 506 and 551
are in "Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Drinking
Water--Supplement I", July 1990; methods 515.2 Rev. 1.0 and 524.2 Rev.
4.0 are in "Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in
Drinking Water--Supplement II," August 1992; and methods 504.1 Rev.
1.0, 508.1 Rev. 1.0, 525.2 Rev.1.0 are available from US EPA NERL,
Cincinnati, OH 45268
(f) Beginning with the initial compliance period, analysis of the
contaminants listed in Sec. 141.61(a) (1) through (21) for the purpose
of determining compliance with the maximum contaminant level shall be
conducted as follows:
(1) Groundwater systems shall take a minimum of one sample at every
entry point to the distribution system which is representative of each
well after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point). Each sample
must be taken at the same sampling point unless conditions make another
sampling point more representative of each source, treatment plant, or
within the distribution system.
(2) Surface water systems (or combined surface/ground) shall take a
minimum of one sample at points in the

[[Page 368]]

distribution system that are representative of each source or at each
entry point to the distribution system after treatment (hereafter called
a sampling point). Each sample must be taken at the same sampling point
unless conditions make another sampling point more representative of
each source, treatment plant, or within the distribution system.
(3) If the system draws water from more than one source and the
sources are combined before distribution, the system must sample at an
entry point to the distribution system during periods of normal
operating conditions (i.e., when water representative of all sources is
being used).
(4) Each community and non-transient non-community water system
shall take four consecutive quarterly samples for each contaminant
listed in Sec. 141.61(a) (2) through (21) during each compliance period,
beginning in the initial compliance period.
(5) If the initial monitoring for contaminants listed in
Sec. 141.61(a) (1) through (8) and the monitoring for the contaminants
listed in Sec. 141.61(a) (9) through (21) as allowed in paragraph
(f)(18) has been completed by December 31, 1992, and the system did not
detect any contaminant listed in Sec. 141.61(a) (1) through (21), then
each ground and surface water system shall take one sample annually
beginning with the initial compliance period.
(6) After a minimum of three years of annual sampling, the State may
allow groundwater systems with no previous detection of any contaiminant
listed in Sec. 141.61(a) to take one sample during each compliance
period.
(7) Each community and non-transient non-community ground water
system which does not detect a contaminant listed in Sec. 141.61(a) (1)
through (21) may apply to the State for a waiver from the requirements
of paragraphs (f)(5) and (f)(6) of this section after completing the
initial monitoring. (For purposes of this section, detection is defined
as 0.0005 mg/l.) A waiver shall be effective for no more than six years
(two compliance periods). States may also issue waivers to small systems
for the initial round of monitoring for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene.
(8) A State may grant a waiver after evaluating the following
factor(s):
(i) Knowledge of previous use (including transport, storage, or
disposal) of the contaminant within the watershed or zone of influence
of the system. If a determination by the State reveals no previous use
of the contaminant within the watershed or zone of influence, a waiver
may be granted.
(ii) If previous use of the contaminant is unknown or it has been
used previously, then the following factors shall be used to determine
whether a waiver is granted.
(A) Previous analytical results.
(B) The proximity of the system to a potential point or non-point
source of contamination. Point sources include spills and leaks of
chemicals at or near a water treatment facility or at manufacturing,
distribution, or storage facilities, or from hazardous and municipal
waste landfills and other waste handling or treatment facilities.
(C) The environmental persistence and transport of the contaminants.
(D) The number of persons served by the public water system and the
proximity of a smaller system to a larger system.
(E) How well the water source is protected against contamination,
such as whether it is a surface or groundwater system. Groundwater
systems must consider factors such as depth of the well, the type of
soil, and wellhead protection. Surface water systems must consider
watershed protection.
(9) As a condition of the waiver a groundwater system must take one
sample at each sampling point during the time the waiver is effective
(i.e., one sample during two compliance periods or six years) and update
its vulnerability assessment considering the factors listed in paragraph
(f)(8) of this section. Based on this vulnerability assessment the State
must reconfirm that the system is non-vulnerable. If the State does not
make this reconfirmation within three years of the initial
determination, then the waiver is invalidated and the system is required
to sample annually as specified in paragraph (5) of this section.
(10) Each community and non-transient non-community surface water

[[Page 369]]

system which does not detect a contaminant listed in Sec. 141.61(a) (1)
through (21) may apply to the State for a waiver from the requirements
of (f)(5) of this section after completing the initial monitoring.
Composite samples from a maximum of five sampling points are allowed,
provided that the detection limit of the method used for analysis is
less than one-fifth of the MCL. Systems meeting this criterion must be
determined by the State to be non-vulnerable based on a vulnerability
assessment during each compliance period. Each system receiving a waiver
shall sample at the frequency specified by the State (if any).
(11) If a contaminant listed in Sec. 141.61(a) (2) through (21) is
detected at a level exceeding 0.0005 mg/l in any sample, then:
(i) The system must monitor quarterly at each sampling point which
resulted in a detection.
(ii) The State may decrease the quarterly monitoring requirement
speci fied in paragraph (f)(11)(i) of this section provided it has
determined that the system is reliably and consistently below the
maximum contaminant level. In no case shall the State make this
determination unless a groundwater system takes a minimum of two
quarterly samples and a surface water system takes a minimum of four
quarterly samples.
(iii) If the State determines that the system is reliably and
consistently below the MCL, the State may allow the system to monitor
annually. Systems which monitor annually must monitor during the
quarter(s) which previously yielded the highest analytical result.
(iv) Systems which have three consecutive annual samples with no
detection of a contaminant may apply to the State for a waiver as
specified in paragraph (f)(7) of this section.
(v) Groundwater systems which have detected one or more of the
following two-carbon organic compounds: trichloroethylene,
tetrachloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, cis-1,2-
dichloroethylene, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, or 1,1-dichloroethylene
shall monitor quarterly for vinyl chloride. A vinyl chloride sample
shall be taken at each sampling point at which one or more of the two-
carbon organic compounds was detected. If the results of the first
analysis do not detect vinyl chloride, the State may reduce the
quarterly monitoring frequency of vinyl chloride monitoring to one
sample during each compliance period. Surface water systems are required
to monitor for vinyl chloride as specified by the State.
(12) Systems which violate the requirements of Sec. 141.61(a) (1)
through (21), as determined by paragraph (f)(15) of this section, must
monitor quarterly. After a minimum of four consecutive quarterly samples
which show the system is in compliance as specified in paragraph (f)(15)
of this section the system and the State determines that the system is
reliably and consistently below the maximum contaminant level, the
system may monitor at the frequency and times specified in paragraph
(f)(11)(iii) of this section.
(13) The State may require a confirmation sample for positive or
negative results. If a confirmation sample is required by the State, the
result must be averaged with the first sampling result and the average
is used for the compliance determination as specified by paragraph
(f)(15). States have discretion to delete results of obvious sampling
errors from this calculation.
(14) The State may reduce the total number of samples a system must
analyze by allowing the use of compositing. Composite samples from a
maximum of five sampling points are allowed, provided that the detection
limit of the method used for analysis is less than one-fifth of the MCL.
Compositing of samples must be done in the laboratory and analyzed
within 14 days of sample collection.
(i) If the concentration in the composite sample is greater than or
equal to 0.0005 mg/l for any contaminant listed in Sec. 141.61(a), then
a follow-up sample must be taken within 14 days at each sampling point
included in the composite, and be analyzed for that contaminant.
(ii) If duplicates of the original sample taken from each sampling
point used in the composite sample are available, the system may use
these instead of resampling. The duplicates must be analyzed and the
results reported to

[[Page 370]]

the State within 14 days after completing analysis of the composite
sample, provided the holding time of the sample is not exceeded.
(iii) If the population served by the system is > 3,300 persons,
then compositing may only be permitted by the State at sampling points
within a single system. In systems serving <ls-thn-eq> 3,300 persons,
the State may permit compositing among different systems provided the 5-
sample limit is maintained.
(iv) Compositing samples prior to GC analysis.
(A) Add 5 ml or equal larger amounts of each sample (up to 5 samples
are allowed) to a 25 ml glass syringe. Special precautions must be made
to maintain zero headspace in the syringe.
(B) The samples must be cooled at 4 deg.C during this step to
minimize volatilization losses.
(C) Mix well and draw out a 5-ml aliquot for analysis.
(D) Follow sample introduction, purging, and desorption steps
described in the method.
(E) If less than five samples are used for compositing, a
proportionately small syringe may be used.
(v) Compositing samples prior to GC/MS analysis.
(A) Inject 5-ml or equal larger amounts of each aqueous sample (up
to 5 samples are allowed) into a 25-ml purging device using the sample
introduction technique described in the method.
(B) The total volume of the sample in the purging device must be 25
ml.
(C) Purge and desorb as described in the method.
(15) Compliance with Sec. 141.61(a) (1) through (21) shall be
determined based on the analytical results obtained at each sampling
point.
(i) For systems which are conducting monitoring at a frequency
greater than annual, compliance is determined by a running annual
average of all samples taken at each sampling point. If the annual
average of any sampling point is greater than the MCL, then the system
is out of compliance. If the initial sample or a subsequent sample would
cause the annual average to be exceeded, then the system is out of
compliance immediately.
(ii) If monitoring is conducted annually, or less frequently, the
system is out of compliance if the level of a contaminant at any
sampling point is greater than the MCL. If a confirmation sample is
required by the State, the determination of compliance will be based on
the average of two samples.
(16) [Reserved]
(17) Analysis under this section shall only be conducted by
laboratories that are certified by EPA or the State according to the
following conditions (laboratories may conduct sample analysis under
provisional certification until January 1, 1996):
(i) To receive certification to conduct analyses for the
contaminants in Sec. 141.61(a) (2) through (21) the laboratory must:
(A) Analyze Performance Evaluation (PE) samples provided by EPA, the
State, or by a third party (with the approval of the State or EPA) at
least once a year by each method for which the laboratory desires
certification.
(B) Achieve the quantitative acceptance limits under paragraphs
(f)(17)(i)(C) and (D) of this section for at least 80 percent of the
regulated organic contaminants included in the PE sample.
(C) Achieve quantitative results on the analyses performed under
paragraph (f)(17)(i)(A) of this section that are within <plus-minus>20%
of the actual amount of the substances in the Performance Evaluation
sample when the actual amount is greater than or equal to 0.010 mg/l.
(D) Achieve quantitative results on the analyses performed under
paragraph (f)(17)(i)(A) of this section that are within <plus-minus>40
percent of the actual amount of the substances in the Performance
Evaluation sample when the actual amount is less than 0.010 mg/l.
(E) Achieve a method detection limit of 0.0005 mg/l, according to
the procedures in appendix B of part 136.
(ii) To receive certification to conduct analyses for vinyl
chloride, the laboratory must:
(A) Analyze Performance Evaluation (PE) samples provided by EPA, the
State, or by a third party (with the approval of the State or EPA) at
least once a year by each method for which the laboratory desires
certification.

[[Page 371]]

(B) Achieve quantitative results on the analyses performed under
paragraph (f)(17)(ii)(A) of this section that are within <plus-minus>40
percent of the actual amount of vinyl chloride in the Performance
Evaluation sample.
(C) Achieve a method detection limit of 0.0005 mg/l, according to
the procedures in appendix B of part 136.
(D) Obtain certification for the contaminants listed in
Sec. 141.61(a)(2) through (21).
(18) States may allow the use of monitoring data collected after
January 1, 1988, required under section 1445 of the Act for purposes of
initial monitoring compliance. If the data are generally consistent with
the other requirements of this section, the State may use these data
(i.e., a single sample rather than four quarterly samples) to satisfy
the initial monitoring requirement of paragraph (f)(4) of this section.
Systems which use grandfathered samples and did not detect any
contaminant listed Sec. 141.61(a)(2) through (21) shall begin monitoring
annually in accordance with paragraph (f)(5) of this section beginning
with the initial compliance period.
(19) States may increase required monitoring where necessary to
detect variations within the system.
(20) Each certified laboratory must determine the method detection
limit (MDL), as defined in appendix B to part 136, at which it is
capable of detecting VOCs. The acceptable MDL is 0.0005 mg/l. This
concentration is the detection concentration for purposes of this
section.
(21) Each public water system shall monitor at the time designated
by the State within each compliance period.
(g) [Reserved]
(h) Analysis of the contaminants listed in Sec. 141.61(c) for the
purposes of determining compliance with the maximum contaminant level
shall be conducted as follows: \7\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\7\ Monitoring for the contaminants aldicarb, aldicarb sulfoxide,
and aldicarb sulfone shall be conducted in accordance with Sec. 141.40.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

(1) Groundwater systems shall take a minimum of one sample at every
entry point to the distribution system which is representative of each
well after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point). Each sample
must be taken at the same sampling point unless conditions make another
sampling point more representative of each source or treatment plant.
(2) Surface water systems shall take a minimum of one sample at
points in the distribution system that are representative of each source
or at each entry point to the distribution system after treatment
(hereafter called a sampling point). Each sample must be taken at the
same sampling point unless conditions make another sampling point more
representative of each source or treatment plant.
Note: For purposes of this paragraph, surface water systems include
systems with a combination of surface and ground sources.
(3) If the system draws water from more than one source and the
sources are combined before distribution, the system must sample at an
entry point to the distribution system during periods of normal
operating conditions (i.e., when water representative of all sources is
being used).
(4) Monitoring frequency:
(i) Each community and non-transient non-community water system
shall take four consecutive quarterly samples for each contaminant
listed in Sec. 141.61(c) during each compliance period beginning with
the initial compliance period.
(ii) Systems serving more than 3,300 persons which do not detect a
contaminant in the initial compliance period may reduce the sampling
frequency to a minimum of two quarterly samples in one year during each
repeat compliance period.
(iii) Systems serving less than or equal to 3,300 persons which do
not detect a contaminant in the initial compliance period may reduce the
sampling frequency to a minimum of one sample during each repeat
compliance period.
(5) Each community and non-transient water system may apply to the
State for a waiver from the requirement of paragraph (h)(4) of this
section. A system must reapply for a waiver for each compliance period.
(6) A State may grant a waiver after evaluating the following
factor(s): Knowledge of previous use (including transport, storage, or
disposal) of the

[[Page 372]]

contaminant within the watershed or zone of influence of the system. If
a determination by the State reveals no previous use of the contaminant
within the watershed or zone of influence, a waiver may be granted. If
previous use of the contaminant is unknown or it has been used
previously, then the following factors shall be used to determine
whether a waiver is granted.
(i) Previous analytical results.
(ii) The proximity of the system to a potential point or non-point
source of contamination. Point sources include spills and leaks of
chemicals at or near a water treatment facility or at manufacturing,
distribution, or storage facilities, or from hazardous and municipal
waste landfills and other waste handling or treatment facilities. Non-
point sources include the use of pesticides to control insect and weed
pests on agricultural areas, forest lands, home and gardens, and other
land application uses.
(iii) The environmental persistence and transport of the pesticide
or PCBs.
(iv) How well the water source is protected against contamination
due to such factors as depth of the well and the type of soil and the
integrity of the well casing.
(v) Elevated nitrate levels at the water supply source.
(vi) Use of PCBs in equipment used in the production, storage, or
distribution of water (i.e., PCBs used in pumps, transformers, etc.).
(7) If an organic contaminant listed in Sec. 141.61(c) is detected
(as defined by paragraph (h)(18) of this section) in any sample, then:
(i) Each system must monitor quarterly at each sampling point which
resulted in a detection.
(ii) The State may decrease the quarterly monitoring requirement
specified in paragraph (h)(7)(i) of this section provided it has
determined that the system is reliably and consistently below the
maximum contaminant level. In no case shall the State make this
determination unless a groundwater system takes a minimum of two
quarterly samples and a surface water system takes a minimum of four
quarterly samples.
(iii) After the State determines the system is reliably and
consistently below the maximum contaminant level the State may allow the
system to monitor annually. Systems which monitor annually must monitor
during the quarter that previously yielded the highest analytical
result.
(iv) Systems which have 3 consecutive annual samples with no
detection of a contaminant may apply to the State for a waiver as
specified in paragraph (h)(6) of this section.
(v) If monitoring results in detection of one or more of certain
related contaminants (aldicarb, aldicarb sulfone, aldicarb sulfoxide and
heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide), then subsequent monitoring shall
analyze for all related contaminants.
(8) Systems which violate the requirements of Sec. 141.61(c) as
determined by paragraph (h)(11) of this section must monitor quarterly.
After a minimum of four quarterly samples show the system is in
compliance and the State determines the system is reliably and
consistently below the MCL, as specified in paragraph (h)(11) of this
section, the system shall monitor at the frequency specified in
paragraph (h)(7)(iii) of this section.
(9) The State may require a confirmation sample for positive or
negative results. If a confirmation sample is required by the State, the
result must be averaged with the first sampling result and the average
used for the compliance determination as specified by paragraph (h)(11)
of this section. States have discretion to delete results of obvious
sampling errors from this calculation.
(10) The State may reduce the total number of samples a system must
analyze by allowing the use of compositing. Composite samples from a
maximum of five sampling points are allowed, provided that the detection
limit of the method used for analysis is less than one-fifth of the MCL.
Compositing of samples must be done in the laboratory and analyzed
within 14 days of sample collection.
(i) If the concentration in the composite sample detects one or more
contaminants listed in Sec. 141.61(c), then a follow-up sample must be
taken within 14 days at each sampling point included in the composite,
and be analyzed for that contaminant.

[[Page 373]]

(ii) If duplicates of the original sample taken from each sampling
point used in the composite sample are available, the system may use
these instead of resampling. The duplicates must be analyzed and the
results reported to the State within 14 days after completion of the
composite analysis or before the holding time for the initial sample is
exceeded whichever is sooner.
(iii) If the population served by the system is >3,300 persons, then
compositing may only be permitted by the State at sampling points within
a single system. In systems serving <ls-thn-eq> 3,300 persons, the State
may permit compositing among different systems provided the 5-sample
limit is maintained.
(11) Compliance with Sec. 141.61(c) shall be determined based on the
analytical results obtained at each sampling point.
(i) For systems which are conducting monitoring at a frequency
greater than annual, compliance is determined by a running annual
average of all samples taken at each sampling point. If the annual
average of any sampling point is greater than the MCL, then the system
is out of compliance. If the initial sample or a subsequent sample would
cause the annual average to be exceeded, then the system is out of
compliance immediately. Any samples below the detection limit shall be
calculated as zero for purposes of determining the annual average.
(ii) If monitoring is conducted annually, or less frequently, the
system is out of compliance if the level of a contaminant at any
sampling point is greater than the MCL. If a confirmation sample is
required by the State, the determination of compliance will be based on
the average of two samples.
(12) [Reserved]
(13) Analysis for PCBs shall be conducted as follows using the
methods in paragraph (e) of this section:
(i) Each system which monitors for PCBs shall analyze each sample
using either Method 508.1, 525.2, 508 or 505. Users of Method 505 may
have more difficulty in achieving the required Aroclor detection limits
than users of Methods 508.1, 525.2 or 508.
(ii) If PCBs (as one of seven Aroclors) are detected (as designated
in this paragraph) in any sample analyzed using Method 505 or 508, the
system shall reanalyze the sample using Method 508A to quantitate PCBs
(as decachlorobiphenyl).

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Detection limit
Aroclor (mg/l)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1016................................................. 0.00008
1221................................................. 0.02
1232................................................. 0.0005
1242................................................. 0.0003
1248................................................. 0.0001
1254................................................. 0.0001
1260................................................. 0.0002
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(iii) Compliance with the PCB MCL shall be determined based upon the
quantitative results of analyses using Method 508A.
(14) If monitoring data collected after January 1, 1990, are
generally consistent with the requirements of Sec. 141.24(h), then the
State may allow systems to use that data to satisfy the monitoring
requirement for the initial compliance period beginning January 1, 1993.
(15) The State may increase the required monitoring frequency, where
necessary, to detect variations within the system (e.g., fluctuations in
concentration due to seasonal use, changes in water source).
(16) The State has the authority to determine compliance or initiate
enforcement action based upon analytical results and other information
compiled by their sanctioned representatives and agencies.
(17) Each public water system shall monitor at the time designated
by the State within each compliance period.
(18) Detection as used in this paragraph shall be defined as greater
than or equal to the following concentrations for each contaminant.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Detection
Contaminant limit (mg/
l)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alachlor................................................... .0002
Aldicarb................................................... .0005
Aldicarb sulfoxide......................................... .0005
Aldicarb sulfone........................................... .0008
Atrazine................................................... .0001
Benzo[a]pyrene............................................. .00002
Carbofuran................................................. .0009
Chlordane.................................................. .0002
Dalapon.................................................... .001
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP)......................... .00002
Di (2-ethylhexyl) adipate.................................. .0006
Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate................................ .0006
Dinoseb.................................................... .0002
Diquat..................................................... .0004

[[Page 374]]

2,4-D...................................................... .0001
Endothall.................................................. .009
Endrin..................................................... .00001
Ethylene dibromide (EDB)................................... .00001
Glyphosate................................................. .006
Heptachlor................................................. .00004
Heptachlor epoxide......................................... .00002
Hexachlorobenzene.......................................... .0001
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene.................................. .0001
Lindane.................................................... .00002
Methoxychlor............................................... .0001
Oxamyl..................................................... .002
Picloram................................................... .0001
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (as decachlorobiphenyl)... .0001
Pentachlorophenol.......................................... .00004
Simazine................................................... .00007
Toxaphene.................................................. .001
2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin)...................................... .000000005
2,4,5-TP (Silvex).......................................... .0002
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(19) Anaylsis under this section shall only be conducted by
laboratories that have received certification by EPA or the State and
have met the following conditions:
(i) To receive certification to conduct analyses for the
contaminants in Sec. 141.61(c) the laboratory must:
(A) Analyze Performance Evaluation (PE) samples provided by EPA, the
State, or by a third party (with the approval of the State or EPA) at
least once a year by each method for which the laboratory desires
certification.
(B) For each contaminant that has been included in the PE sample
achieve quantitative results on the analyses that are within the
following acceptance limits:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant Acceptance limits (percent)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBCP...................................... <plus-minus>40
EDB....................................... <plus-minus>40.
Alachlor.................................. <plus-minus>45.
Atrazine.................................. <plus-minus>45.
Benzo[a]pyrene............................ 2 standard deviations.
Carbofuran................................ <plus-minus>45.
Chlordane................................. <plus-minus>45.
Dalapon................................... 2 standard deviations.
Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate................... 2 standard deviations.
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate................. 2 standard deviations.
Dinoseb................................... 2 standard deviations.
Diquat.................................... 2 standard deviations.
Endothall................................. 2 standard deviations.
Endrin.................................... <plus-minus>30.
Glyphosate................................ 2 standard deviations.
Heptachlor................................ <plus-minus>45.
Heptachlor epoxide........................ <plus-minus>45.
Hexachlorobenzene......................... 2 standard deviations.
Hexachloro- cyclopentadiene 2 standard deviations.
Lindane................................... <plus-minus>45.
Methoxychlor.............................. <plus-minus>45.
Oxamyl.................................... 2 standard deviations.
PCBs (as Decachlorobiphenyl) 0-200.
Picloram.................................. 2 standard deviations.
Simazine.................................. 2 standard deviations.
Toxaphene................................. <plus-minus>45.
Aldicarb.................................. 2 standard deviations.
Aldicarb sulfoxide........................ 2 standard deviations.
Aldicarb sulfone.......................... 2 standard deviations.
Pentachlorophenol......................... <plus-minus>50.
2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin)..................... 2 standard deviations.
2,4-D..................................... <plus-minus>50.
2,4,5-TP (Silvex)......................... <plus-minus>50.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(ii) [Reserved]

(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number
2040-0090)

[40 FR 59570, Dec. 24, 1975, as amended at 44 FR 68641, Nov. 29, 1979;
45 FR 57345, Aug. 27, 1980; 47 FR 10998, Mar. 12, 1982; 52 FR 25712,
July 8, 1987; 53 FR 5147, Feb. 19, 1988; 53 FR 25110, July 1, 1988; 56
FR 3583, Jan. 30, 1991; 56 FR 30277, July 1, 1991; 57 FR 22178, May 27,
1992; 57 FR 31841, July 17, 1992; 59 FR 34323, July 1, 1994; 59 FR
62468, Dec. 5, 1994; 60 FR 34085, June 29, 1995; 64 FR 67464, Dec. 1,
1999; 65 FR 26022, May 4, 2000]

Effective Date Note: At 66 FR 7063, Jan. 22, 2001, Sec. 141.24 was
amended by adding a new sentence to the end of paragraph (f)(15)
introductory text; revising paragraphs (f)(15)(i) and (f)(15)(ii) and
adding new paragraphs (f)(15)(iii) through (f)(15)(v); adding paragraph
(f)(22); adding a new sentence to the end of paragraph (h)(11)
introductory text; revising paragraphs (h)(11)(i) and (h)(11)(ii) and
adding new paragraphs (h)(11)(iii) through (h)(11)(v); and adding
paragraph (h)(20), effective Mar. 23, 2001, except for the amendments to
(f)(15), (h)(11), and (h)(20), which are effective Jan. 22, 2004. At 66
FR 16134, Mar. 23, 2001, the effective date was delayed until May 22,
2001. At 66 FR 28350, May 22, 2001, the effective date was further
delayed until Feb. 22, 2002. For the convenience of the user, the
revised and added text is set forth as follows:

Sec. 141.24 Organic chemicals other than total trihalomethanes,
sampling and analytical methods.

* * * * *

(f) * * *
(15) * * * If one sampling point is in violation of an MCL, the
system is in violation of the MCL.
(i) For systems monitoring more than once per year, compliance with
the MCL is determined by a running annual average at each sampling
point.
(ii) Systems monitoring annually or less frequently whose sample
result exceeds the MCL must begin quarterly sampling. The system will
not be considered in violation of the MCL until it has completed one
year of quarterly sampling.
(iii) If any sample result will cause the running annual average to
exceed the MCL

[[Page 375]]

at any sampling point, the system is out of compliance with the MCL
immediately.
(iv) If a system fails to collect the required number of samples,
compliance will be based on the total number of samples collected.
(v) If a sample result is less than the detection limit, zero will
be used to calculate the annual average.

* * * * *

(22) All new systems or systems that use a new source of water that
begin operation after January 22, 2004 must demonstrate compliance with
the MCL within a period of time specified by the State. The system must
also comply with the initial sampling frequencies specified by the State
to ensure a system can demonstrate compliance with the MCL. Routine and
increased monitoring frequencies shall be conducted in accordance with
the requirements in this section.

* * * * *

(h) * * *
(11)* * * If one sampling point is in violation of an MCL, the
system is in violation of the MCL.
(i) For systems monitoring more than once per year, compliance with
the MCL is determined by a running annual average at each sampling
point.
(ii) Systems monitoring annually or less frequently whose sample
result exceeds the regulatory detection level as defined by paragraph
(h)(18) of this section must begin quarterly sampling. The system will
not be considered in violation of the MCL until it has completed one
year of quarterly sampling.
(iii) If any sample result will cause the running annual average to
exceed the MCL at any sampling point, the system is out of compliance
with the MCL immediately.
(iv) If a system fails to collect the required number of samples,
compliance will be based on the total number of samples collected.
(v) If a sample result is less than the detection limit, zero will
be used to calculate the annual average.

* * * * *

(20) All new systems or systems that use a new source of water that
begin operation after January 22, 2004 must demonstrate compliance with
the MCL within a period of time specified by the State. The system must
also comply with the initial sampling frequencies specified by the State
to ensure a system can demonstrate compliance with the MCL. Routine and
increased monitoring frequencies shall be conducted in accordance with
the requirements in this section.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.25]

[Page 375-378]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart C--Monitoring and Analytical Requirements

Sec. 141.25 Analytical methods for radioactivity.

(a) Analysis for the following contaminants shall be conducted to
determine compliance with Secs. 141.15 and 141.16 (radioactivity) in
accordance with the methods in the following table, or their equivalent
determined by EPA in accordance with Sec. 141.27.

[[Page 376]]

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reference (method or page number)
Contaminant Methodology ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EPA\1\ EPA\2\ EPA\3\ EPA\4\ SM\5\ ASTM\6\ USGS\7\ DOE\8\ Other
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Naturally occurring:
Gross alpha \11\ and beta..... Evaporation........ 900.0 p 1 00-01 p 1 302, 7110 B....... ................ R-1120-76 ............. .............
Gross alpha \11\.............. Co-precipitation... ...... ............. 00-02 ............. 7110 C............ ................ ................ .............
Radium 226.................. Radon emanation,... 903.1 p 16 Ra-04 p 19 7500-Ra C......... D 3454-91 R-1141-76 Ra-05 N.Y.\9\
Radio chemical..... 903.0 p 13 Ra-03 ............. 304, 305,......... D 2460-90 R-1140-76 ............. .............
7500-Ra B.........
Radium 228.................. Radio chemical..... 904.0 p 24 Ra-05 p 19 304, 7500-Ra D.... ................ R-1142-76 ............. N.Y.\9\
N.J.\10\
Uranium\12\................. Radio chemical..... 908.0 ............. ............. ............. 7500-U B.......... ................ ................ ............. .............
Fluorometric....... 908.1 ............. ............. ............. 7500-U C (17th D2907-91 R-1180-76 U-04 .............
Ed.). R-1181-76
Alpha spectro metry ...... ............. 00-07 p33 7500-U C (18th or D 3972-90 R-1182-76 U-02 .............
19th Ed.).
Laser Phospho ...... ............. ............. ............. .................. D 5174-91 ................ ............. .............
rimetry.
Man-made:
Radioactive cesium.......... Radio chemical..... 901.0 p 4 ............. ............. 7500-Cs B......... D 2459-72 R-1111-76 ............. .............
Gamma ray 901.1 ............. ............. p 92 7120 (19th Ed.)... D 3649-91 R-1110-76 4.5.2.3 .............
spectrometry.
Radioactive iodine.......... Radio chemical..... 902.0 p 6 ............. ............. 7500-I B.......... D3649-91 ................ ............. .............
p 9 7500-I C..........
7500-I D..........
Gamma ray 901.1 ............. ............. p 92 7120 (19th Ed.)... D 4785-88 ................ 4.5.2.3
spectrometry.
Radioactive Strontium 89, 90 Radio chemical..... 905.0 p 29 Sr-04 p. 65 303, 7500-Sr B.... ................ R-1160-76 Sr-01 .............
Sr-02
Tritium..................... Liquid 906.0 p 34 H-02 p. 87 306, 7500-3H B.... D 4107-91 R-1171-76 ............. .............
scintillation.
Gamma emitters................ Gamma ray.......... 901.1 ............. ............. p92 7120 (19th Ed.)... D 3649-91 R-1110-76 4.5.2.3 .............
Spectrometry....... 902.0 ............. ............. ............. 7500-Cs B......... D 4785-88 ................ ............. .............
................. 901.0 ............. ............. ............. 7500-I B.......... ................ ................ ............. .............
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The procedures shall be done in accordance with the documents listed below. The incorporation by reference of documents 1 through 10 was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in
accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies of the documents may be obtained from the sources listed below. Information regarding obtaining these documents can be obtained from
the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at 800-426-4791. Documents may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M St., SW., Washington, DC 20460 (Telephone: 202-260-3027); or at the Office
of Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC.
\1\ "Prescribed Procedures for Measurement of Radioactivity in Drinking Water", EPA 600/4-80-032 , August 1980. Available at U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information
Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161 (Telephone 800-553-6847), PB 80-224744.
\2\ "Interim Radiochemical Methodology for Drinking Water", EPA 600/4-75-008(revised), March 1976. Available at NTIS, ibid. PB 253258.
\3\ "Radiochemistry Procedures Manual", EPA 520/5-84-006, December 1987. Available at NTIS, ibid. PB 84-215581.
\4\ "Radiochemical Analytical Procedures for Analysis of Environmental Samples", March 1979. Available at NTIS, ibid. EMSL LV 053917.
\5\ "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater", 13th, 17th, 18th, 19th Editions, 1971, 1989, 1992, 1995. Available at American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth
Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. All methods are in the 17th, 18th and 19th editions except 7500-U C Fluorometric Uranium was discontinued after the 17th Edition, 7120 Gamma Emitters is
only in the 19th Edition, and 302, 303, 304, 305 and 306 are only in the 13th Edition.
\6\ Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 11.02, 1994. Available at American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.
\7\ "Methods for Determination of Radioactive Substances in Water and Fluvial Sediments", Chapter A5 in Book 5 of Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the United States Geological
Survey, 1977. Available at U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Information Services, Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225-0425.
\8\ "EML Procedures Manual", 27th Edition, Volume 1, 1990. Available at the Environmental Measurements Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), 376 Hudson Street, New York, NY 10014-
3621.

[[Page 377]]

\9\ "Determination of Ra-226 and Ra-228 (Ra-02)", January 1980, Revised June 1982. Available at Radiological Sciences Institute Center for Laboratories and Research, New York State
Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201.
\10\ "Determination of Radium 228 in Drinking Water", August 1980. Available at State of New Jersey, Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Environmental Quality, Bureau of
Radiation and Inorganic Analytical Services, 9 Ewing Street, Trenton, NJ 08625.
\11\ Natural uranium and thorium-230 are approved as gross alpha calibration standards for gross alpha with co-precipitation and evaporation methods; americium-241 is approved with co-
precipitation methods.
\12\ If uranium (U) is determined by mass, a 0.67 pCi/<greek-m>g of uranium conversion factor must be used. This conservative factor is based on the 1:1 activity ratio of U-234 to U-238 that
is characteristic of naturally occurring uranium.

[[Page 378]]

(b) When the identification and measurement of radionuclides other
than those listed in paragraph (a) of this section is required, the
following references are to be used, except in cases where alternative
methods have been approved in accordance with Sec. 141.27.
(1) Procedures for Radiochemical Analysis of Nuclear Reactor Aqueous
Solutions, H. L. Krieger and S. Gold, EPA-R4-73-014. USEPA, Cincinnati,
Ohio, May 1973.
(2) HASL Procedure Manual, Edited by John H. Harley. HASL 300, ERDA
Health and Safety Laboratory, New York, NY., 1973.
(c) For the purpose of monitoring radioactivity concentrations in
drinking water, the required sensitivity of the radioanalysis is defined
in terms of a detection limit. The detection limit shall be that
concentration which can be counted with a precision of plus or minus 100
percent at the 95 percent confidence level (1.96<greek-s> where
<greek-s> is the standard deviation of the net counting rate of the
sample).
(1) To determine compliance with Sec. 141.15(a) the detection limit
shall not exceed 1 pCi/1. To determine compliance with Sec. 141.15(b)
the detection limit shall not exceed 3 pCi/1.
(2) To determine compliance with Sec. 141.16 the detection limits
shall not exceed the concentrations listed in Table B.

Table B--Detection Limits for Man-made Beta Particle and Photon Emitters
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Radionuclide Detection limit
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tritium................................... 1,000 pCi/1.
Strontium-89.............................. 10 pCi/1.
Strontium-90.............................. 2 pCi/1.
Iodine-131................................ 1 pCi/1.
Cesium-134................................ 10 pCi/1.
Gross beta................................ 4 pCi/1.
Other radionuclides....................... \1/10\ of the applicable
limit.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(d) To judge compliance with the maximum contaminant levels listed
in Secs. 141.15 and 141.16, averages of data shall be used and shall be
rounded to the same number of significant figures as the maximum
contaminant level for the substance in question.
(e) The State has the authority to determine compliance or initiate
enforcement action based upon analytical results or other information
compiled by their sanctioned representatives and agencies.

[41 FR 28404, July 9, 1976, as amended at 45 FR 57345, Aug. 27, 1980; 62
FR 10173, Mar. 5, 1997]

Effective Date Note: At 65 FR 76745, Dec. 7, 2000, Sec. 141.25 was
amended by revising paragraphs (a) introductory text, (c)(1), (c)(2)
introductory text, and (d), and by redesignating Table B in paragragh
(c)(2) as Table C, effective Dec. 8, 2003. For the convenience of the
user, the revised text is set forth as follows:

Sec. 141.25 Analytical methods for radioactivity.

(a) Analysis for the following contaminants shall be conducted to
determine compliance with Sec. 141.66 (radioactivity) in accordance with
the methods in the following table, or their equivalent determined by
EPA in accordance with Sec. 141.27.

* * * * *

(c) * * *
(1) To determine compliance with Sec. 141.66(b), (c), and (e) the
detection limit shall not exceed the concentrations in Table B to this
paragraph.

Table B.--Detection Limits for Gross Alpha Particle Activity, Radium
226, Radium 228, and Uranium
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant Detection limit
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gross alpha particle activity.............. 3 pCi/L.
Radium 226................................. 1 pCi/L.
Radium 228................................. 1 pCi/L.
Uranium.................................... Reserve
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(2) To determine compliance with Sec. 141.66(d) the detection limits
shall not exceed the concentrations listed in Table C to this paragraph.

* * * * *

(d) To judge compliance with the maximum contaminant levels listed
in Sec. 141.66, averages of data shall be used and shall be rounded to
the same number of significant figures as the maximum contaminant level
for the substance in question.

* * * * *

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.26]

[Page 378-383]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart C--Monitoring and Analytical Requirements

Sec. 141.26 Monitoring frequency for radioactivity in community water systems.

(a) Monitoring requirements for gross alpha particle activity,
radium-226 and radium-228.

[[Page 379]]

(1) Initial sampling to determine compliance with Sec. 141.15 shall
begin within two years of the effective date of these regulations and
the analysis shall be completed within three years of the effective date
of these regulations. Compliance shall be based on the analysis of an
annual composite of four consecutive quarterly samples or the average of
the analyses of four samples obtained at quarterly intervals.
(i) A gross alpha particle activity measurement may be substituted
for the required radium-226 and radium-228 analysis Provided, That the
measured gross alpha particle activity does not exceed 5 pCi/1 at a
confidence level of 95 percent (1.65<greek-s> where <greek-s> is the
standard deviation of the net counting rate of the sample). In
localities where radium-228 may be present in drinking water, it is
recommended that the State require radium-226 and/or radium-228 analyses
when the gross alpha particle activity exceeds 2 pCi/1.
(ii) When the gross alpha particle activity exceeds 5 pCi/1, the
same or an equivalent sample shall be analyzed for radium-226. If the
concentration of radium-226 exceeds 3 pCi/1 the same or an equivalent
sample shall be analyzed for radium-228.
(2) For the initial analysis required by paragraph (a)(1) of this
section, data acquired within one year prior to the effective date of
this part may be substituted at the discretion of the State.
(3) Suppliers of water shall monitor at least once every four years
following the procedure required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section. At
the discretion of the State, when an annual record taken in conformance
with paragraph (a)(1) of this section has established that the average
annual concentration is less than half the maximum contaminant levels
established by Sec. 141.15, analysis of a single sample may be
substituted for the quarterly sampling procedure required by paragraph
(a)(1) of this section.
(i) More frequent monitoring shall be conducted when ordered by the
State in the vicinity of mining or other operations which may contribute
alpha particle radioactivity to either surface or ground water sources
of drinking water.
(ii) A supplier of water shall monitor in conformance with paragraph
(a)(1) of this section within one year of the introduction of a new
water source for a community water system. More frequent monitoring
shall be conducted when ordered by the State in the event of possible
contamination or when changes in the distribution system or treatment
processing occur which may increase the concentration of radioactivity
in finished water.
(iii) A community water system using two or more sources having
different concentrations of radioactivity shall monitor source water, in
addition to water from a free-flowing tap, when ordered by the State.
(iv) Monitoring for compliance with Sec. 141.15 after the initial
period need not include radium-228 except when required by the State,
Provided, That the average annual concentration of radium-228 has been
assayed at least once using the quarterly sampling procedure required by
paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
(v) Suppliers of water shall conduct annual monitoring of any
community water system in which the radium-226 concentration exceeds 3
pCi/1, when ordered by the State.
(4) If the average annual maximum contaminant level for gross alpha
particle activity or total radium as set forth in Sec. 141.15 is
exceeded, the supplier of a community water system shall give notice to
the State pursuant to Sec. 141.31 and notify the public as required by
subpart Q. Monitoring at quarterly intervals shall be continued until
the annual average concentration no longer exceeds the maximum
contaminant level or until a monitoring schedule as a condition to a
variance, exemption or enforcement action shall become effective.
(b) Monitoring requirements for manmade radioactivity in community
water systems.
(1) Within two years of the effective date of this part, systems
using surface water sources and serving more than 100,000 persons and
such other community water systems as are designated by the State shall
be monitored for compliance with Sec. 141.16 by analysis of

[[Page 380]]

a composite of four consecutive quarterly samples or analysis of four
quarterly samples. Compliance with Sec. 141.16 may be assumed without
further analysis if the average annual concentration of gross beta
particle activity is less than 50 pCi/1 and if the average annual
concentrations of tritium and strontium-90 are less than those listed in
table A, Provided, That if both radionuclides are present the sum of
their annual dose equivalents to bone marrow shall not exceed 4
millirem/year.
(i) If the gross beta particle activity exceeds 50 pCi/1, an
analysis of the sample must be performed to identify the major
radioactive constituents present and the appropriate organ and total
body doses shall be calculated to determine compliance with Sec. 141.16.
(ii) Suppliers of water shall conduct additional monitoring, as
ordered by the State, to determine the concentration of man-made
radioactivity in principal watersheds designated by the State.
(iii) At the discretion of the State, suppliers of water utilizing
only ground waters may be required to monitor for man-made
radioactivity.
(2) For the initial analysis required by paragraph (b)(1) of this
section data acquired within one year prior to the effective date of
this part may be substituted at the discretion of the State.
(3) After the initial analysis required by paragraph (b)(1) of this
section suppliers of water shall monitor at least every four years
following the procedure given in paragraph (b)(1) of this section.
(4) Within two years of the effective date of these regulations the
supplier of any community water system designated by the State as
utilizing waters contaminated by effluents from nuclear facilities shall
initiate quarterly monitoring for gross beta particle and iodine-131
radioactivity and annual monitoring for strontium-90 and tritium.
(i) Quarterly monitoring for gross beta particle activity shall be
based on the analysis of monthly samples or the analysis of a composite
of three monthly samples. The former is recommended. If the gross beta
particle activity in a sample exceeds 15 pCi/1, the same or an
equivalent sample shall be analyzed for strontium-89 and cesium-134. If
the gross beta particle activity exceeds 50 pCi/1, an analysis of the
sample must be performed to identify the major radioactive constituents
present and the appropriate organ and total body doses shall be
calculated to determine compliance with Sec. 141.16.
(ii) For iodine-131, a composite of five consecutive daily samples
shall be analyzed once each quarter. As ordered by the State, more
frequent monitoring shall be conducted when iodine-131 is identified in
the finished water.
(iii) Annual monitoring for strontium-90 and tritium shall be
conducted by means of the analysis of a composite of four consecutive
quarterly samples or analysis of four quarterly samples. The latter
procedure is recommended.
(iv) The State may allow the substitution of environmental
surveillance data taken in conjunction with a nuclear facility for
direct monitoring of manmade radioactivity by the supplier of water
where the State determines such data is applicable to a particular
community water system.
(5) If the average annual maximum contaminant level for man-made
radioactivity set forth in Sec. 141.16 is exceeded, the operator of a
community water system shall give notice to the State pursuant to
Sec. 141.31 and to the public as required by subpart Q. Monitoring at
monthly intervals shall be continued until the concentration no longer
exceeds the maximum contaminant level or until a monitoring schedule as
a condition to a variance, exemption or enforcement action shall become
effective.

[41 FR 28404, July 9, 1976, as amended at 65 FR 26022, May 4, 2000]

Effective Date Note: At 65 FR 76745, Dec. 7, 2000, Sec. 141.26 was
revised, effective Dec. 8, 2003. For the convenience of the user, the
revised text is set forth as follows:

Sec. 141.26 Monitoring frequency and compliance requirements for
radionuclides in community water systems

(a) Monitoring and compliance requirements for gross alpha particle
activity, radium-226, radium-228, and uranium.
(1) Community water systems (CWSs) must conduct initial monitoring
to determine

[[Page 381]]

compliance with Sec. 141.66(b), (c), and (e) by December 31, 2007. For
the purposes of monitoring for gross alpha particle activity, radium-
226, radium-228, uranium, and beta particle and photon radioactivity in
drinking water, "detection limit" is defined as in Sec. 141.25(c).
(i) Applicability and sampling location for existing community water
systems or sources. All existing CWSs using ground water, surface water
or systems using both ground and surface water (for the purpose of this
section hereafter referred to as systems) must sample at every entry
point to the distribution system that is representative of all sources
being used (hereafter called a sampling point) under normal operating
conditions. The system must take each sample at the same sampling point
unless conditions make another sampling point more representative of
each source or the State has designated a distribution system location,
in accordance with paragraph (a)(2)(ii)(C) of this section.
(ii) Applicability and sampling location for new community water
systems or sources. All new CWSs or CWSs that use a new source of water
must begin to conduct initial monitoring for the new source within the
first quarter after initiating use of the source. CWSs must conduct more
frequent monitoring when ordered by the State in the event of possible
contamination or when changes in the distribution system or treatment
processes occur which may increase the concentration of radioactivity in
finished water.
(2) Initial monitoring: Systems must conduct initial monitoring for
gross alpha particle activity, radium-226, radium-228, and uranium as
follows:
(i) Systems without acceptable historical data, as defined below,
must collect four consecutive quarterly samples at all sampling points
before December 31, 2007.
(ii) Grandfathering of data: States may allow historical monitoring
data collected at a sampling point to satisfy the initial monitoring
requirements for that sampling point, for the following situations.
(A) To satisfy initial monitoring requirements, a community water
system having only one entry point to the distribution system may use
the monitoring data from the last compliance monitoring period that
began between June 2000 and December 8, 2003.
(B) To satisfy initial monitoring requirements, a community water
system with multiple entry points and having appropriate historical
monitoring data for each entry point to the distribution system may use
the monitoring data from the last compliance monitoring period that
began between June 2000 and December 8, 2003.
(C) To satisfy initial monitoring requirements, a community water
system with appropriate historical data for a representative point in
the distribution system may use the monitoring data from the last
compliance monitoring period that began between June 2000 and December
8, 2003, provided that the State finds that the historical data
satisfactorily demonstrate that each entry point to the distribution
system is expected to be in compliance based upon the historical data
and reasonable assumptions about the variability of contaminant levels
between entry points. The State must make a written finding indicating
how the data conforms to the these requirements.
(iii) For gross alpha particle activity, uranium, radium-226, and
radium-228 monitoring, the State may waive the final two quarters of
initial monitoring for a sampling point if the results of the samples
from the previous two quarters are below the detection limit.
(iv) If the average of the initial monitoring results for a sampling
point is above the MCL, the system must collect and analyze quarterly
samples at that sampling point until the system has results from four
consecutive quarters that are at or below the MCL, unless the system
enters into another schedule as part of a formal compliance agreement
with the State.
(3) Reduced monitoring: States may allow community water systems to
reduce the future frequency of monitoring from once every three years to
once every six or nine years at each sampling point, based on the
following criteria.
(i) If the average of the initial monitoring results for each
contaminant (i.e., gross alpha particle activity, uranium, radium-226,
or radium-228) is below the detection limit specified in Table B, in
Sec. 141.25(c)(1), the system must collect and analyze for that
contaminant using at least one sample at that sampling point every nine
years.
(ii) For gross alpha particle activity and uranium, if the average
of the initial monitoring results for each contaminant is at or above
the detection limit but at or below \1/2\ the MCL, the system must
collect and analyze for that contaminant using at least one sample at
that sampling point every six years. For combined radium-226 and radium-
228, the analytical results must be combined. If the average of the
combined initial monitoring results for radium-226 and radium-228 is at
or above the detection limit but at or below \1/2\ the MCL, the system
must collect and analyze for that contaminant using at least one sample
at that sampling point every six years.
(iii) For gross alpha particle activity and uranium, if the average
of the initial monitoring results for each contaminant is above \1/2\
the MCL but at or below the MCL, the system must collect and analyze at
least one sample at that sampling point every three years. For combined
radium-226 and radium-

[[Page 382]]

228, the analytical results must be combined. If the average of the
combined initial monitoring results for radium-226 and radium-228 is
above \1/2\ the MCL but at or below the MCL, the system must collect and
analyze at least one sample at that sampling point every three years.
(iv) Systems must use the samples collected during the reduced
monitoring period to determine the monitoring frequency for subsequent
monitoring periods (e.g., if a system's sampling point is on a nine year
monitoring period, and the sample result is above \1/2\ MCL, then the
next monitoring period for that sampling point is three years).
(v) If a system has a monitoring result that exceeds the MCL while
on reduced monitoring, the system must collect and analyze quarterly
samples at that sampling point until the system has results from four
consecutive quarters that are below the MCL, unless the system enters
into another schedule as part of a formal compliance agreement with the
State.
(4) Compositing: To fulfill quarterly monitoring requirements for
gross alpha particle activity, radium-226, radium-228, or uranium, a
system may composite up to four consecutive quarterly samples from a
single entry point if analysis is done within a year of the first
sample. States will treat analytical results from the composited as the
average analytical result to determine compliance with the MCLs and the
future monitoring frequency. If the analytical result from the
composited sample is greater than \1/2\ MCL, the State may direct the
system to take additional quarterly samples before allowing the system
to sample under a reduced monitoring schedule.
(5) A gross alpha particle activity measurement may be substituted
for the required radium-226 measurement provided that the measured gross
alpha particle activity does not exceed 5 pCi/l. A gross alpha particle
activity measurement may be substituted for the required uranium
measurement provided that the measured gross alpha particle activity
does not exceed 15 pCi/l. The gross alpha measurement shall have a
confidence interval of 95% (1.65<greek-s>, where <greek-s> is the
standard deviation of the net counting rate of the sample) for radium-
226 and uranium. When a system uses a gross alpha particle activity
measurement in lieu of a radium-226 and/or uranium measurement, the
gross alpha particle activity analytical result will be used to
determine the future monitoring frequency for radium-226 and/or uranium.
If the gross alpha particle activity result is less than detection, \1/
2\ the detection limit will be used to determine compliance and the
future monitoring frequency.
(b) Monitoring and compliance requirements for beta particle and
photon radioactivity.To determine compliance with the maximum
contaminant levels in Sec. 141.66(d) for beta particle and photon
radioactivity, a system must monitor at a frequency as follows:
(1) Community water systems (both surface and ground water)
designated by the State as vulnerable must sample for beta particle and
photon radioactivity. Systems must collect quarterly samples for beta
emitters and annual samples for tritium and strontium-90 at each entry
point to the distribution system (hereafter called a sampling point),
beginning within one quarter after being notified by the State. Systems
already designated by the State must continue to sample until the State
reviews and either reaffirms or removes the designation.
(i) If the gross beta particle activity minus the naturally
occurring potassium-40 beta particle activity at a sampling point has a
running annual average (computed quarterly) less than or equal to 50
pCi/L (screening level), the State may reduce the frequency of
monitoring at that sampling point to once every 3 years. Systems must
collect all samples required in paragraph (b)(1) of this section during
the reduced monitoring period.
(ii) For systems in the vicinity of a nuclear facility, the State
may allow the CWS to utilize environmental surveillance data collected
by the nuclear facility in lieu of monitoring at the system's entry
point(s), where the State determines if such data is applicable to a
particular water system. In the event that there is a release from a
nuclear facility, systems which are using surveillance data must begin
monitoring at the community water system's entry point(s) in accordance
with paragraph (b)(1) of this section.
(2) Community water systems (both surface and ground water)
designated by the State as utilizing waters contaminated by effluents
from nuclear facilities must sample for beta particle and photon
radioactivity. Systems must collect quarterly samples for beta emitters
and iodine-131 and annual samples for tritium and strontium-90 at each
entry point to the distribution system (hereafter called a sampling
point), beginning within one quarter after being notified by the State.
Systems already designated by the State as systems using waters
contaminated by effluents from nuclear facilities must continue to
sample until the State reviews and either reaffirms or removes the

designation.
(i) Quarterly monitoring for gross beta particle activity shall be
based on the analysis of monthly samples or the analysis of a composite
of three monthly samples. The former is recommended.
(ii) For iodine-131, a composite of five consecutive daily samples
shall be analyzed once each quarter. As ordered by the State, more
frequent monitoring shall be conducted when iodine-131 is identified in
the finished water.

[[Page 383]]

(iii) Annual monitoring for strontium-90 and tritium shall be
conducted by means of the analysis of a composite of four consecutive
quarterly samples or analysis of four quarterly samples. The latter
procedure is recommended.
(iv) If the gross beta particle activity beta minus the naturally
occurring potassium-40 beta particle activity at a sampling point has a
running annual average (computed quarterly) less than or equal to 15
pCi/L, the State may reduce the frequency of monitoring at that sampling
point to every 3 years. Systems must collect all samples required in
paragraph (b)(2) of this section during the reduced monitoring period.
(v) For systems in the vicinity of a nuclear facility, the State may
allow the CWS to utilize environmental surveillance data collected by
the nuclear facility in lieu of monitoring at the system's entry
point(s), where the State determines if such data is applicable to a
particular water system. In the event that there is a release from a
nuclear facility, systems which are using surveillance data must begin
monitoring at the community water system's entry point(s) in accordance
with paragraph (b)(2) of this section.
(3) Community water systems designated by the State to monitor for
beta particle and photon radioactivity can not apply to the State for a
waiver from the monitoring frequencies specified in paragraph (b)(1) or
(b)(2) of this section.
(4) Community water systems may analyze for naturally occurring
potassium-40 beta particle activity from the same or equivalent sample
used for the gross beta particle activity analysis. Systems are allowed
to subtract the potassium-40 beta particle activity value from the total
gross beta particle activity value to determine if the screening level
is exceeded. The potassium-40 beta particle activity must be calculated
by multiplying elemental potassium concentrations (in mg/L) by a factor
of 0.82.
(5) If the gross beta particle activity minus the naturally
occurring potassium-40 beta particle activity exceeds the screening
level, an analysis of the sample must be performed to identify the major
radioactive constituents present in the sample and the appropriate doses
must be calculated and summed to determine compliance with
Sec. 141.66(d)(1), using the formula in Sec. 141.66(d)(2). Doses must
also be calculated and combined for measured levels of tritium and
strontium to determine compliance.
(6) Systems must monitor monthly at the sampling point(s) which
exceed the maximum contaminant level in Sec. 141.66(d) beginning the
month after the exceedance occurs. Systems must continue monthly
monitoring until the system has established, by a rolling average of 3
monthly samples, that the MCL is being met. Systems who establish that
the MCL is being met must return to quarterly monitoring until they meet
the requirements set forth in paragraph (b)(1)(ii) or (b)(2)(i) of this
section.
(c) General monitoring and compliance requirements for
radionuclides.
(1) The State may require more frequent monitoring than specified in
paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, or may require confirmation
samples at its discretion. The results of the initial and confirmation
samples will be averaged for use in compliance determinations.
(2) Each public water systems shall monitor at the time designated
by the State during each compliance period.
(3) Compliance: Compliance with Sec. 141.66 (b) through (e) will be
determined based on the analytical result(s) obtained at each sampling
point. If one sampling point is in violation of an MCL, the system is in
violation of the MCL.
(i) For systems monitoring more than once per year, compliance with
the MCL is determined by a running annual average at each sampling
point. If the average of any sampling point is greater than the MCL,
then the system is out of compliance with the MCL.
(ii) For systems monitoring more than once per year, if any sample
result will cause the running average to exceed the MCL at any sample
point, the system is out of compliance with the MCL immediately.
(iii) Systems must include all samples taken and analyzed under the
provisions of this section in determining compliance, even if that
number is greater than the minimum required.
(iv) If a system does not collect all required samples when
compliance is based on a running annual average of quarterly samples,
compliance will be based on the running average of the samples
collected.
(v) If a sample result is less than the detection limit, zero will
be used to calculate the annual average, unless a gross alpha particle
activity is being used in lieu of radium-226 and/or uranium. If the
gross alpha particle activity result is less than detection, \1/2\ the
detection limit will be used to calculate the annual average.
(4) States have the discretion to delete results of obvious sampling
or analytic errors.
(5) If the MCL for radioactivity set forth in Sec. 141.66 (b)
through (e) is exceeded, the operator of a community water system must
give notice to the State pursuant to Sec. 141.31 and to the public as
required by subpart Q of this part.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.27]

[Page 383-384]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart C--Monitoring and Analytical Requirements

Sec. 141.27 Alternate analytical techniques.

(a) With the written permission of the State, concurred in by the
Administrator of the U.S. EPA, an alternate

[[Page 384]]

analytical technique may be employed. An alternate technique shall be
accepted only if it is substantially equivalent to the prescribed test
in both precision and accuracy as it relates to the determination of
compliance with any MCL. The use of the alternate analytical technique
shall not decrease the frequency of monitoring required by this part.

[45 FR 57345, Aug. 27, 1980]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.28]

[Page 384]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart C--Monitoring and Analytical Requirements

Sec. 141.28 Certified laboratories.

(a) For the purpose of determining compliance with Secs. 141.21
through 141.27, 141.30, 141.40, 141.74 and 141.89, samples may be
considered only if they have been analyzed by a laboratory certified by
the State except that measurements for alkalinity, calcium,
conductivity, disinfectant residual, orthophosphate, pH, silica,
temperature and turbidity may be performed by any person acceptable to
the State.
(b) Nothing in this part shall be construed to preclude the State or
any duly designated representative of the State from taking samples or
from using the results from such samples to determine compliance by a
supplier of water with the applicable requirements of this part.

[45 FR 57345, Aug. 27, 1980; 47 FR 10999, Mar. 12, 1982, as amended at
59 FR 34323, July 1, 1994; 64 FR 67465, Dec. 1, 1999]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.29]

[Page 384]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart C--Monitoring and Analytical Requirements

Sec. 141.29 Monitoring of consecutive public water systems.

When a public water system supplies water to one or more other
public water systems, the State may modify the monitoring requirements
imposed by this part to the extent that the interconnection of the
systems justifies treating them as a single system for monitoring
purposes. Any modified monitoring shall be conducted pursuant to a
schedule specified by the State and concurred in by the Administrator of
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.30]

[Page 384-387]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart C--Monitoring and Analytical Requirements

Sec. 141.30 Total trihalomethanes sampling, analytical and other requirements.

(a) Community water system which serve a population of 10,000 or
more individuals and which add a disinfectant (oxidant) to the water in
any part of the drinking water treatment process shall analyze for total
trihalomethanes in accordance with this section. For systems serving
75,000 or more individuals, sampling and analyses shall begin not later
than 1 year after the date of promulgation of this regulation. For
systems serving 10,000 to 74,999 individuals, sampling and analyses
shall begin not later than 3 years after the date of promulgation of
this regulation. For the purpose of this section, the minimum number of
samples required to be taken by the system shall be based on the number
of treatment plants used by the system, except that multiple wells
drawing raw water from a single aquifer may, with the State approval, be
considered one treatment plant for determining the minimum number of
samples. All samples taken within an established frequency shall be
collected within a 24-hour period.
(b)(1) For all community water systems utilizing surface water
sources in whole or in part, and for all community water systems
utilizing only ground water sources that have not been determined by the
State to qualify for the monitoring requirements of paragraph (c) of
this section, analyses for total trihalomethanes shall be performed at
quarterly intervals on at least four water samples for each treatment
plant used by the system. At least 25 percent of the samples shall be
taken at locations within the distribution system reflecting the maximum
residence time of the water in the system. The remaining 75 percent
shall be taken at representative locations in the distribution system,
taking into account number of persons served, different sources of water
and different treatment methods employed. The results of all analyses
per quarter shall be arithmetically averaged and reported to the State
within 30 days of the system's receipt of such results. Results shall
also be reported to EPA until such monitoring requirements have been
adopted by the State. All samples collected shall be used in the
computation of the average, unless the analytical results are
invalidated for technical reasons. Sampling and analyses shall be
conducted in accordance with the methods listed in paragraph (e) of this
section.

[[Page 385]]

(2) Upon the written request of a community water system, the
monitoring frequency required by paragraph (b)(1) of this section may be
reduced by the State to a minimum of one sample analyzed for TTHMs per
quarter taken at a point in the distribution system reflecting the
maximum residence time of the water in the system, upon a written
determination by the State that the data from at least 1 year of
monitoring in accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of this section and local
conditions demonstrate that total trihalomethane concentrations will be
consistently below the maximum contaminant level.
(3) If at any time during which the reduced monitoring frequency
prescribed under this paragraph applies, the results from any analysis
exceed 0.10 mg/l of TTHMs and such results are confirmed by at least one
check sample taken promptly after such results are received, or if the
system makes any significant change to its source of water or treatment
program, the system shall immediately begin monitoring in accordance
with the requirements of paragraph (b)(1) of this section, which
monitoring shall continue for at least 1 year before the frequency may
be reduced again. At the option of the State, a system's monitoring
frequency may and should be increased above the minimum in those cases
where it is necessary to detect variations of TTHM levels within the
distribution system.
(c)(1) Upon written request to the State, a community water system
utilizing only ground water sources may seek to have the monitoring
frequency required by paragraph (b)(1) of this section reduced to a
minimum of one sample for maximum TTHM potential per year for each
treatment plant used by the system taken at a point in the distribution
system reflecting maximum residence time of the water in the system. The
system shall submit the results of at least one sample for maximum TTHM
potential using the procedure specified in paragraph (g) of this
section. A sample must be analyzed from each treatment plant used by the
system and be taken at a point in the distribution system reflecting the
maximum residence time of the water in the system. The system's
monitoring frequency may only be reduced upon a written determination by
the State that, based upon the data submitted by the system, the system
has a maximum TTHM potential of less than 0.10 mg/l and that, based upon
an assessment of the local conditions of the system, the system is not
likely to approach or exceed the maximum contaminant level for total
TTHMs. The results of all analyses shall be reported to the State within
30 days of the system's receipt of such results. Results shall also be
reported to EPA until such monitoring requirements have been adopted by
the State. All samples collected shall be used for determining whether
the system must comply with the monitoring requirements of paragraph (b)
of this section, unless the analytical results are invalidated for
technical reasons. Sampling and analyses shall be conducted in
accordance with the methods listed in paragraph (e) of this section.
(2) If at any time during which the reduced monitoring frequency
prescribed under paragraph (c)(1) of this section applies, the results
from any analysis taken by the system for maximum TTHM potential are
equal to or greater than 0.10 mg/l, and such results are confirmed by at
least one check sample taken promptly after such results are received,
the system shall immediately begin monitoring in accordance with the
requirements of paragraph (b) of this section and such monitoring shall
continue for at least one year before the frequency may be reduced
again. In the event of any significant change to the system's raw water
or treatment program, the system shall immediately analyze an additional
sample for maximum TTHM potential taken at a point in the distribution
system reflecting maximum residence time of the water in the system for
the purpose of determining whether the system must comply with the
monitoring requirements of paragraph (b) of this section. At the option
of the State, monitoring frequencies may and should be increased above
the minimum in those cases where this is necessary to detect variation
of TTHM levels within the distribution system.
(d) Compliance with Sec. 141.12 shall be determined based on a
running annual

[[Page 386]]

average of quarterly samples collected by the system as prescribed in
paragraph (b)(1) or (2) of this section. If the average of samples
covering any 12 month period exceeds the Maximum Contaminant Level, the
supplier of water shall report to the State pursuant to Sec. 141.31 and
notify the public pursuant to subpart Q. Monitoring after public
notification shall be at a frequency designated by the State and shall
continue until a monitoring schedule as a condition to a variance,
exemption or enforcement action shall become effective.
(e) Sampling and analyses made pursuant to this section shall be
conducted by one of the total trihalomethanes methods as directed in
Sec. 141.24(e), and the Technical Notes on Drinking Water Methods, EPA-
600/R-94-173, October 1994, which is available from NTIS, PB-104766, or
in Sec. 141.131(b). Samples for TTHM shall be dechlorinated upon
collection to prevent further production of trihalomethanes, according
to the procedures described in the methods, except acidification is not
required if only THMs or TTHMs are to be determined. Samples for maximum
TTHM potential should not be dechlorinated or acidified, and should be
held for seven days at 25 deg.C (or above) prior to analysis.
(f) Before a community water system makes any significant
modifications to its existing treatment process for the purposes of
achieving compliance with Sec. 141.12, such system must submit and
obtain State approval of a detailed plan setting forth its proposed
modification and those safeguards that it will implement to ensure that
the bacteriological quality of the drinking water served by such system
will not be adversely affected by such modification. Each system shall
comply with the provisions set forth in the State-approved plan. At a
minimum, a State approved plan shall require the system modifying its
disinfection practice to:
(1) Evaluate the water system for sanitary defects and evaluate the
source water for biological quality;
(2) Evaluate its existing treatment practices and consider
improvements that will minimize disinfectant demand and optimize
finished water quality throughout the distribution system;
(3) Provide baseline water quality survey data of the distribution
system. Such data should include the results from monitoring for
coliform and fecal coliform bacteria, fecal streptococci, standard plate
counts at 35 deg.C and 20 deg.C, phosphate, ammonia nitrogen and total
organic carbon. Virus studies should be required where source waters are
heavily contaminated with sewage effluent;
(4) Conduct additional monitoring to assure continued maintenance of
optimal biological quality in finished water, for example, when
chloramines are introduced as disinfectants or when pre-chlorination is
being discontinued. Additional monitoring should also be required by the
State for chlorate, chlorite and chlorine dioxide when chlorine dioxide
is used. Standard plate count analyses should also be required by the
State as appropriate before and after any modifications;
(5) Consider inclusion in the plan of provisions to maintain an
active disinfectant residual throughout the distribution system at all
times during and after the modification.
(g) The water sample for determination of maximum total
trihalomethane potential is taken from a point in the distribution
system that reflects maximum residence time. Procedures for sample
collection and handling are given in the methods. No reducing agent is
added to "quench" the chemical reaction producing THMs at the time of
sample collection. The intent is to permit the level of THM precursors
to be depleted and the concentration of THMs to be maximized for the
supply being tested. Four experimental parameters affecting maximum THM
production are pH, temperature, reaction time and the presence of a
disinfectant residual. These parameters are dealt with as follows:
Measure the disinfectant residual at the selected sampling point.
Proceed only if a measurable disinfectant residual is present. Collect
triplicate 40 ml water samples at the pH prevailing at the time of
sampling, and prepare a method blank according to the methods. Seal and
store these samples together for seven days at 25 deg.C or above. After
this time period,

[[Page 387]]

open one of the sample containers and check for disinfectant residual.
Absence of a disinfectant residual invalidates the sample for further
analysis. Once a disinfectant residual has been demonstrated, open
another of the sealed samples and determine total THM concentration

using an approved analytical method.
(h) The requirements in paragraphs (a) through (g) of this section
apply to subpart H community water systems which serve a population of
10,000 or more until December 31, 2001. The requirements in paragraphs
(a) through (g) of this section apply to community water systems which
use only ground water not under the direct influence of surface water
that add a disinfectant (oxidant) in any part of the treatment process
and serve a population of 10,000 or more until December 31, 2003. After
December 31, 2003, this section is no longer applicable.

[44 FR 68641, Nov. 29, 1979, as amended at 45 FR 15545, 15547, Mar. 11,
1980; 58 FR 41345, Aug. 3, 1993; 59 FR 62469, Dec. 5, 1994; 60 FR 34085,
June 29, 1995; 63 FR 69464, Dec. 16, 1998; 65 FR 26022, May 4, 2000; 66
FR 3776, Jan. 16, 2001]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.31]

[Page 387]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart D--Reporting and Recordkeeping

Sec. 141.31 Reporting requirements.

(a) Except where a shorter period is specified in this part, the
supplier of water shall report to the State the results of any test
measurement or analysis required by this part within (1) The first ten
days following the month in which the result is received, or (2) the
first ten days following the end of the required monitoring period as
stipulated by the State, whichever of these is shortest.
(b) Except where a different reporting period is specified in this
part, the supplier of water must report to the State within 48 hours the
failure to comply with any national primary drinking water regulation
(including failure to comply with monitoring requirements) set forth in
this part.
(c) The supplier of water is not required to report analytical
results to the State in cases where a State laboratory performs the
analysis and reports the results to the State office which would
normally receive such notification from the supplier.
(d) The public water system, within 10 days of completing the public
notification requirements under Subpart Q of this part for the initial
public notice and any repeat notices, must submit to the primacy agency
a certification that it has fully complied with the public notification
regulations. The public water system must include with this
certification a representative copy of each type of notice distributed,
published, posted, and made available to the persons served by the
system and to the media.
(e) The water supply system shall submit to the State within the
time stated in the request copies of any records required to be
maintained under Sec. 141.33 hereof or copies of any documents then in
existence which the State or the Administrator is entitled to inspect
pursuant to the authority of section 1445 of the Safe Drinking Water Act
or the equivalent provisions of State law.

[40 FR 59570, Dec. 24, 1975, as amended at 45 FR 57345, Aug. 27, 1980;
65 FR 26022, May 4, 2000]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.32]

[Page 387-409]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart D--Reporting and Recordkeeping

Sec. 141.32 Public notification.

The requirements in this section apply until the requirements of
Subpart Q of this part are applicable. Public water systems where EPA
directly implements the public water system supervision program must
comply with the requirements in Subpart Q of this part on October 31,
2000. All other public water systems must comply with the requirements
in Subpart Q of this part on May 6, 2002 or on the date the State-
adopted rule becomes effective, whichever comes first.
(a) Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), maximum residual disinfectant
levels (MRDLs). The owner or operator of a public water system which
fails to comply with an applicable MCL or treatment technique
established by this part or which fails to comply with the requirements
of any schedule prescribed pursuant to a variance or exemption, shall
notify persons served by the system as follows:

[[Page 388]]

(1) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, the
owner or operator of a public water system must give notice:
(i) By publication in a daily newspaper of general circulation in
the area served by the system as soon as possible, but in no case later
than 14 days after the violation or failure. If the area served by a
public water system is not served by a daily newspaper of general
circulation, notice shall instead be given by publication in a weekly
newspaper of general circulation serving the area; and
(ii) By mail delivery (by direct mail or with the water bill), or by
hand delivery, not later than 45 days after the violation or failure.
The State may waive mail or hand delivery if it determines that the
owner or operator of the public water system in violation has corrected
the violation or failure within the 45-day period. The State must make
the waiver in writing and within the 45-day period; and
(iii) For violations of the MCLs of contaminants or MRDLs of
disinfectants that may pose an acute risk to human health, by furnishing
a copy of the notice to the radio and television stations serving the
area served by the public water system as soon as possible but in no
case later than 72 hours after the violation. The following violations
are acute violations:
(A) Any violations specified by the State as posing an acute risk to
human health.
(B) Violation of the MCL for nitrate or nitrite as defined in
Sec. 141.62 and determined according to Sec. 141.23(i)(3).
(C) Violation of the MCL for total coliforms, when fecal coliforms
or E. coli are present in the water distribution system, as specified in
Sec. 141.63(b).
(D) Occurrence of a waterborne disease outbreak, as defined in
Sec. 141.2, in an unfiltered system subject to the requirements of
subpart H of this part, after December 30, 1991 (see Sec. 141.71(b)(4)).
(E) Violation of the MRDL for chlorine dioxide as defined in
Sec. 141.65 and determined according to Sec. 141.133(c)(2).
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(3) of this section,
following the initial notice given under paragraph (a)(1) of this
section, the owner or operator of the public water system must give
notice at least once every three months by mail delivery (by direct mail
or with the water bill) or by hand delivery, for as long as the
violation or failure exists.
(3)(i) In lieu of the requirements of paragraphs (a) (1) and (2) of
this section, the owner or operator of a community water system in an
area that is not served by a daily or weekly newspaper of general
circulation must give notice by hand delivery or by continuous posting
in conspicuous places within the area served by the system. Notice by
hand delivery or posting must begin as soon as possible, but no later
than 72 hours after the violation or failure for acute violations (as
defined in paragraph (a)(1)(iii) of this section), or 14 days after the
violation or failure (for any other violation). Posting must continue
for as long as the violation or failure exists. Notice by hand delivery
must be repeated at least every three months for as long as the
violation or failure exists.
(ii) In lieu of the requirements of paragraphs (a) (1) and (2) of
this section, the owner or operator of a non-community water system may
give notice by hand delivery or by continuous posting in conspicuous
places within the area served by the system. Notice by hand delivery or
posting must begin as soon as possible, but no later than 72 hours after
the violation or failure for acute violations (as defined in paragraph
(a)(1)(iii) of this section), or 14 days after the violation or failure
(for any other violation). Posting must continue for as long as the
violation or failure exists. Notice by hand delivery must be repeated at
least every three months for as long as the violation or failure exists.
(b) Other violations, variances, exemptions. The owner or operator
of a public water system which fails to perform monitoring required by
section 1445(a) of the Act (including monitoring required by the
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs) of this part),
fails to comply with a testing procedure established by this part, is
subject to a variance granted under section 1415(a)(1)(A) or 1415(a)(2)
of the Act, or is subject to an exemption

[[Page 389]]

under section 1416 of the Act, shall notify persons served by the system
as follows:
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(3) or (b)(4) of this
section, the owner or operator of a public water system must give notice
within three months of the violation or granting of a variance or
exemption by publication in a daily newspaper of general circulation in
the area served by the system. If the area served by a public water
system is not served by a daily newspaper of general circulation, notice
shall instead be given by publication in a weekly newspaper of general
circulation serving the area.
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(3) or (b)(4) of this
section, following the initial notice given under paragraph (b)(1) of
this section, the owner or operator of the public water system must give
notice at least once every three months by mail delivery (by direct mail
or with the water bill) or by hand delivery, for as long as the
violation exists. Repeat notice of the existence of a variance or
exemption must be given every three months for as long as the variance
or exemption remains in effect.
(3)(i) In lieu of the requirements of paragraphs (b)(1) and (b)(2)
of this section, the owner or operator of a community water system in an
area that is not served by a daily or weekly newspaper of general
circulation must give notice, within three months of the violation or
granting of the variance or exemption, by hand delivery or by continuous
posting in conspicuous places with the area served by the system.
Posting must continue for as long as the violation exists or a variance
or exemption remains in effect. Notice by hand delivery must be repeated
at least every three months for as long as the violation exists or a
variance or exemption remains in effect.
(ii) In lieu of the requirements of paragraphs (b)(1) and (b)(2) of
this section, the owner or operator of a non-community water system may
give notice, within three months of the violation or the granting of the
variance or exemption, by hand delivery or by continuous posting in
conspicuous places within the area served by the system. Posting must
continue for as long as the violation exists, or a variance or exemption
remains in effect. Notice by hand delivery must be repeated at least
every three months for as long as the violation exists or a variance or
exemption remains in effect.
(4) In lieu of the requirements of paragraphs (b)(1), (b)(2), and
(b)(3) of this section, the owner or operator of a public water system,
at the discretion of the State, may provide less frequent notice for
minor monitoring violations as defined by the State, if EPA has approved
the State's application for a program revision under Sec. 142.16. Notice
of such violations must be given no less frequently than annually.
(c) Notice to new billing units. The owner or operator of a
community water system must give a copy of the most recent public notice
for any outstanding violation of any maximum contaminant level, or any
maximum residual disinfectant level, or any treatment technique
requirement, or any variance or exemption schedule to all new billing
units or new hookups prior to or at the time service begins.
(d) General content of public notice. Each notice required by this
section must provide a clear and readily understandable explanation of
the violation, any potential adverse health effects, the population at
risk, the steps that the public water system is taking to correct such
violation, the necessity for seeking alternative water supplies, if any,
and any preventive measures the consumer should take until the violation
is corrected. Each notice shall be conspicuous and shall not contain
unduly technical language, unduly small print, or similar problems that
frustrate the purpose of the notice. Each notice shall include the
telephone number of the owner, operator, or designee of the public water
system as a source of additional information concerning the notice.
Where appropriate, the notice shall be multi-lingual.
(e) Mandatory health effects language. When providing the
information on potential adverse health effects required by paragraph
(d) of this section in notices of violations of maximum contaminant
levels or treatment technique requirements, or notices of the granting
or the continued existence of exemptions or variances, or notices of

[[Page 390]]

failure to comply with a variance or exemption schedule, the owner or
operator of a public water system shall include the language specified
below for each contaminant. (If language for a particular contaminant is
not specified below at the time notice is required, this paragraph does
not apply.)
(1) Trichloroethylene. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
trichloroethylene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
This chemical is a common metal cleaning and dry cleaning fluid. It
generally gets into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This
chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as
rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their
lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may
increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed at lower levels
over long periods of time. EPA has set forth the enforceable drinking
water standard for trichloroethylene at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to
reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have
been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this
standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be
considered safe.
(2) Carbon tetrachloride. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
carbon tetrachloride is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
This chemical was once a popular household cleaning fluid. It generally
gets into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has
been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice
when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes.
Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the
risk of cancer in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long
periods of of time. EPA has set the enforceable drinking water standard
for carbon tetrachloride at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the
risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed
in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered
safe.
(3) 1,2-Dichloroethane. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 1,2-
dichloroethane is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
chemical is used as a cleaning fluid for fats, oils, waxes, and resins.
It generally gets into drinking water from improper waste disposal. This
chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as
rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their
lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may
increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed at lower levels
over long periods of time. EPA has set the enforceable drinking water
standard for 1,2-dichloroethane at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to
reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have
been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this
standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be
considered safe.
(4) Vinyl chloride. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that vinyl
chloride is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
chemical is used in industry and is found in drinking water as a result
of the breakdown of related solvents. The solvents are used as cleaners
and degreasers of metals and generally get into drinking water by
improper waste disposal. This chemical has been associated with
significantly increased risks of cancer among certain industrial workers
who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during
their working careers. This chemical has also been shown to cause cancer
in laboratory animals when the animals are exposed at high levels over
their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause increased risk of cancer among
exposed industrial workers and in laboratory animals also may increase
the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long
periods of time. EPA has set the enforceable drinking water standard

[[Page 391]]

for vinyl chloride at 0.002 part per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of
cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in
humans and laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard
is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered
safe.
(5) Benzene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
sets drinking water standards and has determined that benzene is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical is used as a
solvent and degreaser of metals. It is also a major component of
gasoline. Drinking water contamination generally results from leaking
undergound gasoline and petroleum tanks or improper waste disposal. This
chemical has been associated with significantly increased risks of
leukemia among certain industrial workers who were exposed to relatively
large amounts of this chemical during their working careers. This
chemical has also been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals when
the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals
that cause increased risk of cancer among exposed industrial workers and
in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who
are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. EPA has set the
enforceable drinking water standard for benzene at 0.005 parts per
million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health
effects which have been observed in humans and laboratory animals.
Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to
none of this risk and should be considered safe.
(6) 1,1-Dichloroethylene. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 1,1-
dichloroethylene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
chemical is used in industry and is found in drinking water as a result
of the breakdown of related solvents. The solvents are used as cleaners
and degreasers of metals and generally get into drinking water by
improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause liver and
kidney damage in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the
animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals which
cause adverse effects in laboratory animals also may cause adverse
health effects in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long
periods of time. EPA has set the enforceable drinking water standard for
1,1-dichloroethylene at 0.007 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk
of these adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory
animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with
little to none of this risk and should be considered safe.
(7) Para-dichlorobenzene. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that para-
dichlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
chemical is a component of deodorizers, moth balls, and pesticides. It
generally gets into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This
chemical has been shown to cause liver and kidney damage in laboratory
animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed to high
levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals which cause adverse effects in
laboratory animals also may cause adverse health effects in humans who
are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. EPA has set the
enforceable drinking water standard for para-dichlorobenzene at 0.075
parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of these adverse health
effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water
which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk
and should be considered safe.
(8) 1,1,1-Trichloroethane. The United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined
that the 1,1,1-trichloroethane is a health concern at certain levels of
exposure. This chemical is used as a cleaner and degreaser of metals. It
generally gets into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This
chemical has been shown to damage the liver, nervous system, and
circulatory system of laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the
animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Some industrial
workers who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical
during

[[Page 392]]

their working careers also suffered damage to the liver, nervous system,
and circulatory system. Chemicals which cause adverse effects among
exposed industrial workers and in laboratory animals also may cause
adverse health effects in humans who are exposed at lower levels over
long periods of time. EPA has set the enforceable drinking water
standard for 1,1,1-trichloroethane at 0.2 parts per million (ppm) to
protect against the risk of these adverse health effects which have been
observed in humans and laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets
this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should
be considered safe.
(9) Fluoride.
[Note: EPA is not specifying language that must be included in a
public notice for a violation of the fluoride maximum contaminant level
in this section because Sec. 143.5 of this part includes the necessary
information. See paragraph (f) of this section.]
(10) Microbiological contaminants (for use when there is a violation
of the treatment technique requirements for filtration and disinfection
in subpart H or subpart P of this part). The United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined
that the presence of microbiological contaminants are a health concern
at certain levels of exposure. If water is inadequately treated,
microbiological contaminants in that water may cause disease. Disease
symptoms may include diarrhea, cramps, nausea, and possibly jaundice,
and any associated headaches and fatigue. These symptoms, however, are
not just associated with disease-causing organisms in drinking water,
but also may be caused by a number of factors other than your drinking
water. EPA has set enforceable requirements for treating drinking water
to reduce the risk of these adverse health effects. Treatment such as
filtering and disinfecting the water removes or destroys microbiological
contaminants. Drinking water which is treated to meet EPA requirements
is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered
safe.
(11) Total coliforms (To be used when there is a violation of
Sec. 141.63(a), and not a violation of Sec. 141.63(b)). The United
States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water
standards and has determined that the presence of total coliforms is a
possible health concern. Total coliforms are common in the environment
and are generally not harmful themselves. The presence of these bacteria
in drinking water, however, generally is a result of a problem with
water treatment or the pipes which distribute the water, and indicates
that the water may be contaminated with organisms that can cause
disease. Disease symptoms may include diarrhea, cramps, nausea, and
possibly jaundice, and any associated headaches and fatigue. These
symptoms, however, are not just associated with disease-causing
organisms in drinking water, but also may be caused by a number of
factors other than your drinking water. EPA has set an enforceable
drinking water standard for total coliforms to reduce the risk of these
adverse health effects. Under this standard, no more than 5.0 percent of
the samples collected during a month can contain these bacteria, except
that systems collecting fewer than 40 samples/month that have one total
coliform-positive sample per month are not violating the standard.
Drinking water which meets this standard is usually not associated with
a health risk from disease-causing bacteria and should be considered
safe.
(12) Fecal Coliforms/E. coli (To be used when there is a violation
of Sec. 141.63(b) or both Sec. 141.63 (a) and (b)). The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and
has determined that the presence of fecal coliforms or E. coli is a
serious health concern. Fecal coliforms and E. coli are generally not
harmful themselves, but their presence in drinking water is serious
because they usually are associated with sewage or animal wastes. The
presence of these bacteria in drinking water is generally a result of a
problem with water treatment or the pipes which distribute the water,
and indicates that the water may be contaminated with organisms that can
cause disease. Disease symptoms may include diarrhea, cramps, nausea,
and possibly jaundice, and associated headaches and fatigue. These
symptoms, however, are not just associated with disease-causing
organisms

[[Page 393]]

in drinking water, but also may be caused by a number of factors other
than your drinking water. EPA has set an enforceable drinking water
standard for fecal coliforms and E. coli to reduce the risk of these
adverse health effects. Under this standard all drinking water samples
must be free of these bacteria. Drinking water which meets this standard
is associated with little or none of this risk and should be considered
safe. State and local health authorities recommend that consumers take
the following precautions: [To be inserted by the public water system,
according to instructions from State or local authorities].
(13) Lead. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
sets drinking water standards and has determined that lead is a health
concern at certain exposure levels. Materials that contain lead have
frequently been used in the construction of water supply distribution
systems, and plumbing systems in private homes and other buildings. The
most commonly found materials include service lines, pipes, brass and
bronze fixtures, and solders and fluxes. Lead in these materials can
contaminate drinking water as a result of the corrosion that takes place
when water comes into contact with those materials. Lead can cause a
variety of adverse health effects in humans. At relatively low levels of
exposure, these effects may include interference with red blood cell
chemistry, delays in normal physical and mental development in babies
and young children, slight deficits in the attention span, hearing, and
learning abilities of children, and slight increases in the blood
pressure of some adults. EPA's national primary drinking water
regulation requires all public water systems to optimize corrosion
control to minimize lead contamination resulting from the corrosion of
plumbing materials. Public water systems serving 50,000 people or fewer
that have lead concentrations below 15 parts per billion (ppb) in more
than 90% of tap water samples (the EPA "action level") have optimized
their corrosion control treatment. Any water system that exceeds the
action level must also monitor their source water to determine whether
treatment to remove lead in source water is needed. Any water system
that continues to exceed the action level after installation of
corrosion control and/or source water treatment must eventually replace
all lead service lines contributing in excess of 15 (ppb) of lead to
drinking water. Any water system that exceeds the action level must also
undertake a public education program to inform consumers of ways they
can reduce their exposure to potentially high levels of lead in drinking
water.
(14) Copper. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
sets drinking water standards and has determined that copper is a health
concern at certain exposure levels. Copper, a reddish-brown metal, is
often used to plumb residential and commercial structures that are
connected to water distribution systems. Copper contaminating drinking
water as a corrosion byproduct occurs as the result of the corrosion of
copper pipes that remain in contact with water for a prolonged period of
time. Copper is an essential nutrient, but at high doses it has been
shown to cause stomach and intestinal distress, liver and kidney damage,
and anemia. Persons with Wilson's disease may be at a higher risk of
health effects due to copper than the general public. EPA's national
primary drinking water regulation requires all public water systems to
install optimal corrosion control to minimize copper contamination
resulting from the corrosion of plumbing materials. Public water systems
serving 50,000 people or fewer that have copper concentrations below 1.3
parts per million (ppm) in more than 90% of tap water samples (the EPA
"action level") are not required to install or improve their
treatment. Any water system that exceeds the action level must also
monitor their source water to determine whether treatment to remove
copper in source water is needed.
(15) Asbestos. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that asbestos
fibers greater than 10 micrometers in length are a health concern at
certain levels of exposure. Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral.
Most asbestos fibers in

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drinking water are less than 10 micrometers in length and occur in
drinking water from natural sources and from corroded asbestos-cement
pipes in the distribution system. The major uses of asbestos were in the
production of cements, floor tiles, paper products, paint, and caulking;
in transportation-related applications; and in the production of
textiles and plastics. Asbestos was once a popular insulating and fire
retardent material. Inhalation studies have shown that various forms of
asbestos have produced lung tumors in laboratory animals. The available
information on the risk of developing gastrointestinal tract cancer
associated with the ingestion of asbestos from drinking water is
limited. Ingestion of intermediate-range chrysotile asbestos fibers
greater than 10 micrometers in length is associated with causing benign
tumors in male rats. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals
also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long
periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for asbestos at
7 million long fibers per liter to reduce the potential risk of cancer
or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory
animals. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with
little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect
to asbestos.
(16) Barium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
sets drinking water standards and has determined that barium is a health
concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic chemical occurs
naturally in some aquifers that serve as sources of ground water. It is
also used in oil and gas drilling muds, automotive paints, bricks, tiles
and jet fuels. It generally gets into drinking water after dissolving
from naturally occurring minerals in the ground. This chemical may
damage the heart and cardiovascular system, and is associated with high
blood pressure in laboratory animals such as rats exposed to high levels
during their lifetimes. In humans, EPA believes that effects from barium
on blood pressure should not occur below 2 parts per million (ppm) in
drinking water. EPA has set the drinking water standard for barium at 2
parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse
health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated
with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
barium.
(17) Cadmium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that cadmium is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. Food and the smoking of
tobacco are common sources of general exposure. This inorganic metal is
a contaminant in the metals used to galvanize pipe. It generally gets
into water by corrosion of galvanized pipes or by improper waste
disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidney in animals
such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over
their lifetimes. Some industrial workers who were exposed to relatively
large amounts of this chemical during working careers also suffered
damage to the kidney. EPA has set the drinking water standard for
cadmium at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of
these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard
is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe
with respect to cadmium.
(18) Chromium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that chromium is
a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic metal
occurs naturally in the ground and is often used in the electroplating
of metals. It generally gets into water from runoff from old mining
operations and improper waste disposal from plating operations. This
chemical has been shown to damage the kidney, nervous system, and the
circulatory system of laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the
animals are exposed at high levels. Some humans who were exposed to high
levels of this chemical suffered liver and kidney damage, dermatitis and
respiratory problems. EPA has set the drinking water standard for
chromium at 0.1 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of
these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard
is associated with little to none of this risk and

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is considered safe with respect to chromium.
(19) Mercury. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that mercury is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic metal is
used in electrical equipment and some water pumps. It usually gets into
water as a result of improper waste disposal. This chemical has been
shown to damage the kidney of laboratory animals such as rats when the
animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the
drinking water standard for mercury at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to
protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water
that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this
risk and is considered safe with respect to mercury.
(20) Nitrate. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that nitrate
poses an acute health concern at certain levels of exposure. Nitrate is
used in fertilizer and is found in sewage and wastes from human and/or
farm animals and generally gets into drinking water from those
activities. Excessive levels of nitrate in drinking water have caused
serious illness and sometimes death in infants under six months of age.
The serious illness in infants is caused because nitrate is converted to
nitrite in the body. Nitrite interferes with the oxygen carrying
capacity of the child's blood. This is an acute disease in that symptoms
can develop rapidly in infants. In most cases, health deteriorates over
a period of days. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blueness of
the skin. Clearly, expert medical advice should be sought immediately if
these symptoms occur. The purpose of this notice is to encourage parents
and other responsible parties to provide infants with an alternate
source of drinking water. Local and State health authorities are the
best source for information concerning alternate sources of drinking
water for infants. EPA has set the drinking water standard at 10 parts
per million (ppm) for nitrate to protect against the risk of these
adverse effects. EPA has also set a drinking water standard for nitrite
at 1 ppm. To allow for the fact that the toxicity of nitrate and nitrite
are additive, EPA has also established a standard for the sum of nitrate
and nitrite at 10 ppm. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with
respect to nitrate.
(21) Nitrite. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that nitrite
poses an acute health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
inorganic chemical is used in fertilizers and is found in sewage and
wastes from humans and/or farm animals and generally gets into drinking
water as a result of those activities. While excessive levels of nitrite
in drinking water have not been observed, other sources of nitrite have
caused serious illness and sometimes death in infants under six months
of age. The serious illness in infants is caused because nitrite
interferes with the oxygen carrying capacity of the child's blood. This
is an acute disease in that symptoms can develop rapidly. However, in
most cases, health deteriorates over a period of days. Symptoms include
shortness of breath and blueness of the skin. Clearly, expert medical
advice should be sought immediately if these symptoms occur. The purpose
of this notice is to encourage parents and other responsible parties to
provide infants with an alternate source of drinking water. Local and
State health authorities are the best source for information concerning
alternate sources of drinking water for infants. EPA has set the
drinking water standard at 1 part per million (ppm) for nitrite to
protect against the risk of these adverse effects. EPA has also set a
drinking water standard for nitrate (converted to nitrite in humans) at
10 ppm and for the sum of nitrate and nitrite at 10 ppm. Drinking water
that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this
risk and is considered safe with respect to nitrite.
(22) Selenium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that selenium is
a health

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concern at certain high levels of exposure. Selenium is also an
essential nutrient at low levels of exposure. This inorganic chemical is
found naturally in food and soils and is used in electronics, photocopy
operations, the manufacture of glass, chemicals, drugs, and as a
fungicide and a feed additive. In humans, exposure to high levels of
selenium over a long period of time has resulted in a number of adverse
health effects, including a loss of feeling and control in the arms and
legs. EPA has set the drinking water standard for selenium at 0.05 parts
per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health
effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with
little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
selenium.
(23) Acrylamide. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that acrylamide
is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Polymers made from
acrylamide are sometimes used to treat water supplies to remove
particulate contaminants. Acrylamide has been shown to cause cancer in
laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at
high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in
laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who
are exposed over long periods of time. Sufficiently large doses of
acrylamide are known to cause neurological injury. EPA has set the
drinking water standard for acrylamide using a treatment technique to
reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have
been observed in laboratory animals. This treatment technique limits the
amount of acrylamide in the polymer and the amount of the polymer which
may be added to drinking water to remove particulates. Drinking water
systems which comply with this treatment technique have little to no
risk and are considered safe with respect to acrylamide.
(24) Alachlor. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that alachlor is
a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is
a widely used pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are
favorable, alachlor may get into drinking water by runoff into surface
water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to
cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the
animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that
cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer
in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the
drinking water standard for alachlor at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to
reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have
been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this
standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is
considered safe with respect to alachlor.
(25) Aldicarb. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that aldicarb is
a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Aldicarb is a widely
used pesticide. Under certain soil and climatic conditions (e.g., sandy
soil and high rainfall), aldicarb may leach into ground water after
normal agricultural applications to crops such as potatoes or peanuts or
may enter drinking water supplies as a result of surface runoff. This
chemical has been shown to damage the nervous system in laboratory
animals such as rats and dogs exposed to high levels. EPA has set the
drinking water standard for aldicarb at 0.003 parts per million (ppm) to
protect against the risk of adverse health effects. Drinking water that
meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk
and is considered safe with respect to aldicarb.
(26) Aldicarb sulfoxide. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
aldicarb sulfoxide is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
Aldicarb is a widely used pesticide. Aldicarb sulfoxide in ground water
is primarily a breakdown product of aldicarb. Under certain soil and
climatic conditions (e.g., sandy soil and high rainfall), aldicarb
sulfoxide may leach into ground water after normal agricultural

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applications to crops such as potatoes or peanuts or may enter drinking
water supplies as a result of surface runoff. This chemical has been
shown to damage the nervous system in laboratory animals such as rats
and dogs exposed to high levels. EPA has set the drinking water standard
for aldicarb sulfoxide at 0.004 parts per million (ppm) to protect
against the risk of adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets
the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is
considered safe with respect to aldicarb sulfoxide.
(27) Aldicarb sulfone. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
aldicarb sulfone is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
Aldicarb is a widely used pesticide. Aldicarb sulfone is formed from the
breakdown of aldicarb and is considered for registration as a pesticide
under the name aldoxycarb. Under certain soil and climatic conditions
(e.g., sandy soil and high rainfall), aldicarb sulfone may leach into
ground water after normal agricultural applications to crops such as
potatoes or peanuts or may enter drinking water supplies as a result of
surface runoff. This chemical has been shown to damage the nervous
system in laboratory animals such as rats and dogs exposed to high
levels. EPA has set the drinking water standard for aldicarb sulfone at
0.002 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of adverse
health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated
with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
aldicarb sulfone.
(28) Atrazine. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that atrazine is
a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is
a herbicide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, atrazine
may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching
into ground water. This chemical has been shown to affect offspring of
rats and the heart of dogs. EPA has set the drinking water standard for
atrazine at 0.003 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of
these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard
is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe
with respect to atrazine.
(29) Carbofuran. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that carbofuran
is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical
is a pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable,
carbofuran may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or
by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to damage
the nervous and reproductive systems of laboratory animals such as rats
and mice exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Some humans who
were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during their
working careers also suffered damage to the nervous system. Effects on
the nervous system are generally rapidly reversible. EPA has set the
drinking water standard for carbofuran at 0.04 parts per million (ppm)
to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking
water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of
this risk and is considered safe with respect to carbofuran.
(30) Chlordane. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA sets drinking water standards and has determined that chlordane is
a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is
a pesticide used to control termites. Chlordane is not very mobile in
soils. It usually gets into drinking water after application near water
supply intakes or wells. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in
laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at
high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in
laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who
are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water
standard for chlordane at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the
risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed
in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to

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none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to chlordane.
(31) Dibromochloropropane (DBCP). The United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined
that DBCP is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
organic chemical was once a popular pesticide. When soil and climatic
conditions are favorable, dibromochloropropane may get into drinking
water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground water.
This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such
as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their
lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may
increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods
of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for DBCP at 0.0002
parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse
health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking
water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of
this risk and is considered safe with respect to DBCP.
(32) o-Dichlorobenzene. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that o-
dichlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
organic chemical is used as a solvent in the production of pesticides
and dyes. It generally gets into water by improper waste disposal. This
chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidney and the blood cells
of laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed to high levels
during their lifetimes. Some industrial workers who were exposed to
relatively large amounts of this chemical during working careers also
suffered damage to the liver, nervous system, and circulatory system.
EPA has set the drinking water standard for o-dichlorobenzene at 0.6
parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse
health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated
with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
o-dichlorobenzene.
(33) cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene. The United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) establishes drinking water standards and has
determined that cis-1,2-dichloroethylene is a health concern at certain
levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a solvent and
intermediate in chemical production. It generally gets into water by
improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the
liver, nervous system, and circulatory system of laboratory animals such
as rats and mice when exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Some
humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical
also suffered damage to the nervous system. EPA has set the drinking
water standard for cis-1,2-dichloroethylene at 0.07 parts per million
(ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects.
Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to
none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to cis-1,2-
dichloroethylene.
(34) trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene. The United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) establishes drinking water standards and has
determined that trans-1,2-dichloroethylene is a health concern at
certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a solvent
and intermediate in chemical production. It generally gets into water by
improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the
liver, nervous system, and the circulatory system of laboratory animals
such as rats and mice when exposed at high levels over their lifetimes.
Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this
chemical also suffered damage to the nervous system. EPA has set
drinking water standard for trans-1,2-dichloroethylene at 0.1 parts per
million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health
effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with
little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
trans-1,2-dichloroethylene.
(35) 1,2-Dichloropropane. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 1,2-
dichloropropane is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
organic

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chemical is used as a solvent and pesticide. When soil and climatic
conditions are favorable, 1,2-dichloropropane may get into drinking
water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground water. It
may also get into drinking water through improper waste disposal. This
chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as
rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their
lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may
increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods
of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for 1,2-dichloropropane
at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other
adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals.
Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to
none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to 1,2-
dichloropropane.
(36) 2,4-D. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
sets drinking water standards and has determined that 2,4-D is a health
concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as
a herbicide and to control algae in reservoirs. When soil and climatic
conditions are favorable, 2,4-D may get into drinking water by runoff
into surface water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has
been shown to damage the liver and kidney of laboratory animals such as
rats exposed at high levels during their lifetimes. Some humans who were
exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical also suffered
damage to the nervous system. EPA has set the drinking water standard
for 2,4-D at 0.07 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of
these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard
is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe
with respect to 2,4-D.
(37) Epichlorohydrin. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
epichlorohydrin is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
Polymers made from epichlorohydrin are sometimes used in the treatment
of water supplies as a flocculent to remove particulates.
Epichlorohydrin generally gets into drinking water by improper use of
these polymers. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in
laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at
high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in
laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who
are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water
standard for epichlorohydrin using a treatment technique to reduce the
risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed
in laboratory animals. This treatment technique limits the amount of
epichlorohydrin in the polymer and the amount of the polymer which may
be added to drinking water as a flocculent to remove particulates.
Drinking water systems which comply with this treatment technique have
little to no risk and are considered safe with respect to
epichlorohydrin.
(38) Ethylbenzene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined ethylbenzene is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a
major component of gasoline. It generally gets into water by improper
waste disposal or leaking gasoline tanks. This chemical has been shown
to damage the kidney, liver, and nervous system of laboratory animals
such as rats exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. EPA has set
the drinking water standard for ethylbenzene at 0.7 part per million
(ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects.
Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to
none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to ethylbenzene.
(39) Ethylene dibromide (EDB). The United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined
that EDB is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic
chemical was once a popular pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions
are favorable, EDB may get into drinking water by runoff into surface
water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical

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has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and
mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes.
Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the
risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA
has set the drinking water standard for EDB at 0.00005 part per million
(ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which
have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this
standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is
considered safe with respect to EDB.
(40) Heptachlor. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that heptachlor
is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical
was once a popular pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are
favorable, heptachlor may get into drinking water by runoff into surface
water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to
cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the
animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that
cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer
in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the
drinking water standards for heptachlor at 0.0004 part per million (ppm)
to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have
been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this
standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is
considered safe with respect to heptachlor.
(41) Heptachlor epoxide. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
heptachlor epoxide is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
This organic chemical was once a popular pesticide. When soil and
climatic conditions are favorable, heptachlor expoxide may get into
drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground
water. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory
animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high
levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory
animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed
over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standards for
heptachlor epoxide at 0.0002 part per million (ppm) to reduce the risk
of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in
laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with
respect to heptachlor epoxide.
(42) Lindane. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that lindane is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is
used as a pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable,
lindane may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by
leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to damage the
liver, kidney, nervous system, and immune system of laboratory animals
such as rats, mice and dogs exposed at high levels during their
lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of
this chemical also suffered damage to the nervous system and circulatory
system. EPA has established the drinking water standard for lindane at
0.0002 part per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these
adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with
respect to lindane.
(43) Methoxychlor. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that methoxychlor
is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical
is used as a pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable,
methoxychlor may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or
by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to damage
the liver, kidney, nervous system, and reproductive system of laboratory
animals such as rats exposed at high levels during their lifetimes. It
has also been shown to produce growth retardation in rats.

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EPA has set the drinking water standard for methoxychlor at 0.04 part
per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health
effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with
little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
methoxychlor.
(44) Monochlorobenzene. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
monochlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
This organic chemical is used as a solvent. It generally gets into water
by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the
liver, kidney and nervous system of laboratory animals such as rats and
mice exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. EPA has set the
drinking water standard for monochlorobenzene at 0.1 part per million
(ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects.
Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to
none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
monochlorobenzene.
(45) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and
has determined that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a health
concern at certain levels of exposure. These organic chemicals were once
widely used in electrical transformers and other industrial equipment.
They generally get into drinking water by improper waste disposal or
leaking electrical industrial equipment. This chemical has been shown to
cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the
animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that
cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer
in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the
drinking water standard for PCBs at 0.0005 part per million (ppm) to
reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have
been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this
standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is
considered safe with respect to PCBs.
(46) Pentachlorophenol. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
pentachlorophenol is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
This organic chemical is used as a wood preservative, herbicide,
disinfectant, and defoliant. It generally gets into drinking water by
runoff into surface water or leaching into ground water. This chemical
has been shown to produce adverse reproductive effects and to damage the
liver and kidneys of laboratory animals such as rats exposed to high
levels during their lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to
relatively large amounts of this chemical also suffered damage to the
liver and kidneys. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in
laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed to
high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in
laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who
are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water
standard for pentachlorophenol at 0.001 parts per million (ppm) to
protect against the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects.
Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to
none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
pentachlorophenol.
(47) Styrene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that styrene is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is
commonly used to make plastics and is sometimes a component of resins
used for drinking water treatment. Styrene may get into drinking water
from improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the
liver and nervous system in laboratory animals when exposed at high
levels during their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard
for styrene at 0.1 part per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of
these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard
is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe
with respect to styrene.

[[Page 402]]

(48) Tetrachloroethylene. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
tetrachloroethylene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
This organic chemical has been a popular solvent, particularly for dry
cleaning. It generally gets into drinking water by improper waste
disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory
animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high
levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory
animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed
over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for
tetrachloroethylene at 0.005 part per million (ppm) to reduce the risk
of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in
laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with
respect to tetrachloroethylene.
(49) Toluene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that toluene is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is
used as a solvent and in the manufacture of gasoline for airplanes. It
generally gets into water by improper waste disposal or leaking
underground storage tanks. This chemical has been shown to damage the
kidney, nervous system, and circulatory system of laboratory animals
such as rats and mice exposed to high levels during their lifetimes.
Some industrial workers who were exposed to relatively large amounts of
this chemical during working careers also suffered damage to the liver,
kidney and nervous system. EPA has set the drinking water standard for
toluene at 1 part per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of
adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with
respect to toluene.
(50) Toxaphene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that toxaphene is
a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical
was once a pesticide widely used on cotton, corn, soybeans, pineapples
and other crops. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable,
toxaphene may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by
leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer
in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed
at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in
laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who
are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water
standard for toxaphene at 0.003 part per million (ppm) to reduce the
risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed
in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with
respect to toxaphene.
(51) 2,4,5-TP. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 2,4,5-TP is
a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is
used as a herbicide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable,
2,4,5-TP may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by
leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to damage the
liver and kidney of laboratory animals such as rats and dogs exposed to
high levels during their lifetimes. Some industrial workers who were
exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during working
careers also suffered damage to the nervous system. EPA has set the
drinking water standard for 2,4,5-TP at 0.05 part per million (ppm) to
protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water
that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this
risk and is considered safe with respect to 2,4,5-TP.
(52) Xylenes. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that xylene is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is
used in the manufacture of gasoline for airplanes and as

[[Page 403]]

a solvent for pesticides, and as a cleaner and degreaser of metals. It
usually gets into water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has
been shown to damage the liver, kidney and nervous system of laboratory
animals such as rats and dogs exposed to high levels during their
lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of
this chemical also suffered damage to the nervous system. EPA has set
the drinking water standard for xylene at 10 parts per million (ppm) to
protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water
that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this
risk and is considered safe with respect to xylene.
(53) Antimony. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that antimony is
a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic chemical
occurs naturally in soils, ground water and surface waters and is often
used in the flame retardant industry. It is also used in ceramics,
glass, batteries, fireworks and explosives. It may get into drinking
water through natural weathering of rock, industrial production,
municipal waste disposal or manufacturing processes. This chemical has
been shown to decrease longevity, and altered blood levels of
cholesterol and glucose in laboratory animals such as rats exposed to
high levels during their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water
standard for antimony at 0.006 parts per million (ppm) to protect
against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which
meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk
and should be considered safe with respect to antimony.
(54) Beryllium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that beryllium is
a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic metal
occurs naturally in soils, ground water and surface waters and is often
used in electrical equipment and electrical components. It generally
gets into water from runoff from mining operations, discharge from
processing plants and improper waste disposal. Beryllium compounds have
been associated with damage to the bones and lungs and induction of
cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are
exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. There is limited evidence
to suggest that beryllium may pose a cancer risk via drinking water
exposure. Therefore, EPA based the health assessment on noncancer
effects with an extra uncertainty factor to account for possible
carcinogenicity. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also
may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long
periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for beryllium
at 0.004 part per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these
adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered
safe with respect to beryllium.
(55) Cyanide. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that cyanide is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic chemical is
used in electroplating, steel processing, plastics, synthetic fabrics
and fertilizer products. It usually gets into water as a result of
improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the
spleen, brain and liver of humans fatally poisoned with cyanide. EPA has
set the drinking water standard for cyanide at 0.2 parts per million
(ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects.
Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to
none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to cyanide.
(56) [Reserved]
(57) Thallium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that thallium is
a health concern at certain high levels of exposure. This inorganic
metal is found naturally in soils and is used in electronics,
pharmaceuticals, and the manufacture of glass and alloys. This chemical
has been shown to damage the kidney, liver, brain and intestines

[[Page 404]]

of laboratory animals when the animals are exposed at high levels over
their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for thallium at
0.002 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these
adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered
safe with respect to thallium.
(58) Benzo[a]pyrene. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
benzo[a]pyrene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
Cigarette smoke and charbroiled meats are common source of general
exposure. The major source of benzo[a]pyrene in drinking water is the
leaching from coal tar lining and sealants in water storage tanks. This
chemical has been shown to cause cancer in animals such as rats and mice
when the animals are exposed at high levels. EPA has set the drinking
water standard for benzo[a]pyrene at 0.0002 parts per million (ppm) to
protect against the risk of cancer. Drinking water which meets the EPA
standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be
considered safe with respect to benzo[a]pyrene.
(59) Dalapon. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that dalapon is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a
widely used herbicide. It may get into drinking water after application
to control grasses in crops, drainage ditches and along railroads. This
chemical has been shown to cause damage to the kidney and liver in
laboratory animals when the animals are exposed to high levels over
their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for dalapon at
0.2 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse
health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered
safe with respect to dalapon.
(60) Dichloromethane. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
dichloromethane (methylene chloride) is a health concern at certain
levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a widely used solvent. It
is used in the manufacture of paint remover, as a metal degreaser and as
an aerosol propellant. It generally gets into drinking water after
improper discharge of waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to
cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the
animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that
cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer
in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the
drinking water standard for dichloromethane at 0.005 parts per million
(ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which
have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets
this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should
be considered safe with respect to dichloromethane.
(61) Di (2-ethylhexyl)adipate. The United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined
that di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate is a health concern at certain levels of
exposure. Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate is a widely used plasticizer in a
variety of products, including synthetic rubber, food packaging
materials and cosmetics. It may get into drinking water after improper
waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage liver and testes
in laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed to high levels. EPA
has set the drinking water standard for di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate at 0.4
parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of adverse health
effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standards is associated with
little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect
to di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate.
(62) Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. The United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined
that di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate is a health concern at certain levels of
exposure. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate is a widely used plasticizer, which
is primarily used in the production of polyvinyl

[[Page 405]]

chloride (PVC) resins. It may get into drinking water after improper
waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in
laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed to high levels over
their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for di(2-
ethylhexyl)phthalate at 0.006 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk
of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in
laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered
safe with respect to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate.
(63) Dinoseb. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that dinoseb is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. Dinoseb is a widely used
pesticide and generally gets into drinking water after application on
orchards, vineyards and other crops. This chemical has been shown to
damage the thyroid and reproductive organs in laboratory animals such as
rats exposed to high levels. EPA has set the drinking water standard for
dinoseb at 0.007 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of
adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered
safe with respect to dinoseb.
(64) Diquat. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
sets drinking water standards and has determined that diquat is a health
concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a
herbicide used to control terrestrial and aquatic weeds. It may get into
drinking water by runoff into surface water. This chemical has been
shown to damage the liver, kidney and gastrointestinal tract and causes
cataract formation in laboratory animals such as dogs and rats exposed
at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water
standard for diquat at 0.02 parts per million (ppm) to protect against
the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the
EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should
be considered safe with respect to diquat.
(65) Endothall. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) has determined that endothall is a health concern at certain
levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a herbicide used to control
terrestrial and aquatic weeds. It may get into water by runoff into
surface water. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidney,
gastrointestinal tract and reproductive system of laboratory animals
such as rats and mice exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA
has set the drinking water standard for endothall at 0.1 parts per
million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health
effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with
little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect
to endothall.
(66) Endrin. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
sets drinking water standards and has determined that endrin is a health
concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a
pesticide no longer registered for use in the United States. However,
this chemical is persistent in treated soils and accumulates in
sediments and aquatic and terrestrial biota. This chemical has been
shown to cause damage to the liver, kidney and heart in laboratory
animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high
levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for
endrin at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of
these adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory
animals. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with
little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect
to endrin.
(67) Glyphosate. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that glyphosate
is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical
is a herbicide used to control grasses and weeds. It may get into
drinking water by runoff into surface water. This chemical has been
shown to cause damage to the liver and kidneys in laboratory animals
such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high

[[Page 406]]

levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for
glyphosate at 0.7 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of
these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA
standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be
considered safe with respect to glyphosate.
(68) Hexachlorobenzene. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
hexachlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
This organic chemical is produced as an impurity in the manufacture of
certain solvents and pesticides. This chemical has been shown to cause
cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are
exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause
cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in
humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the
drinking water standard for hexachlorobenzene at 0.001 parts per million
(ppm) to protect against the risk of cancer and other adverse health
effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with
little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect
to hexachlorobenzene.
(69) Hexachlorocyclopentadiene. The United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) establishes drinking water standards and has
determined that hexachlorocyclopentadiene is a health concern at certain
levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as an intermediate in
the manufacture of pesticides and flame retardants. It may get into
water by discharge from production facilities. This chemical has been
shown to damage the kidney and the stomach of laboratory animals when
exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking
water standard for hexachlorocyclopentadiene at 0.05 parts per million
(ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects.
Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to
none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to
hexachlorocyclopentadiene.
(70) Oxamyl. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
establishes drinking water standards and has determined that oxamyl is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is
used as a pesticide for the control of insects and other pests. It may
get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or leaching into
ground water. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidneys of
laboratory animals such as rats when exposed at high levels over their
lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for oxamyl at 0.2
parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse
health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered
safe with respect to oxamyl.
(71) Picloram. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that picloram is
a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is
used as a pesticide for broadleaf weed control. It may get into drinking
water by runoff into surface water or leaching into ground water as a
result of pesticide application and improper waste disposal. This
chemical has been shown to cause damage to the kidneys and liver in
laboratory animals such as rats when the animals are exposed at high
levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for
picloram at 0.5 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of
these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA
standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be
considered safe with respect to picloram.
(72) Simazine. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that simazine is
a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is
a herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. It may
leach into ground water or runs off into surface water after
application. This chemical may cause cancer in laboratory animals such
as rats and mice exposed at high levels during their lifetimes.

[[Page 407]]

Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the
risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA
has set the drinking water standard for simazine at 0.004 parts per
million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health
effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with
little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect
to simazine.
(73) 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene. The United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined
that 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels of
exposure. This organic chemical is used as a dye carrier and as a
precursor in herbicide manufacture. It generally gets into drinking
water by discharges from industrial activities. This chemical has been
shown to cause damage to several organs, including the adrenal glands.
EPA has set the drinking water standard for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene at
0.07 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these
adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered
safe with respect to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene.
(74) 1,1,2-Trichloroethane. The United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined
1,1,2-trichloroethane is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
This organic chemical is an intermediate in the production of 1,1-
dichloroethylene. It generally gets into water by industrial discharge
of wastes. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidney and liver
of laboratory animals such as rats exposed to high levels during their
lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for 1,1,2-
trichloroethane at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the
risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA
standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be
considered safe with respect to 1,1,2-trichloroethane.
(75) 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin). The United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined
that dioxin is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
organic chemical is an impurity in the production of some pesticides. It
may get into drinking water by industrial discharge of wastes. This
chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as
rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their
lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may
increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods
of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for dioxin at
0.00000003 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other
adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals.
Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to
none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to dioxin.
(76) Chlorine. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that chlorine is
a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Chlorine is added to
drinking water as a disinfectant to kill bacteria and other disease-
causing microorganisms and is also added to provide continuous
disinfection throughout the distribution system. Disinfection is
required for surface water systems. However, at high doses for extended
periods of time, chlorine has been shown to affect blood and the liver
in laboratory animals. EPA has set a drinking water standard for
chlorine to protect against the risk of these adverse effects. Drinking
water which meets this EPA standard is associated with little to none of
this risk and should be considered safe with respect to chlorine.
(77) Chloramines. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that chloramines
are a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Chloramines are
added to drinking water as a disinfectant to kill bacteria and other
disease-causing microorganisms and are also added to provide continuous
disinfection throughout the distribution system. Disinfection is
required for surface water systems. However, at high doses for extended
periods of time,

[[Page 408]]

chloramines have been shown to affect blood and the liver in laboratory
animals. EPA has set a drinking water standard for chloramines to
protect against the risk of these adverse effects. Drinking water which
meets this EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk
and should be considered safe with respect to chloramines.
(78) Chlorine dioxide. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
chlorine dioxide is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
Chlorine dioxide is used in water treatment to kill bacteria and other
disease-causing microorganisms and can be used to control tastes and
odors. Disinfection is required for surface water systems. However, at
high doses, chlorine dioxide-treated drinking water has been shown to
affect blood in laboratory animals. Also, high levels of chlorine
dioxide given to laboratory animals in drinking water have been shown to
cause neurological effects on the developing nervous system. These
neurodevelopmental effects may occur as a result of a short-term
excessive chlorine dioxide exposure. To protect against such potentially
harmful exposures, EPA requires chlorine dioxide monitoring at the
treatment plant, where disinfection occurs, and at representative points
in the distribution system serving water users. EPA has set a drinking
water standard for chlorine dioxide to protect against the risk of these
adverse effects.

Note: In addition to the language in this introductory text of
paragraph (e)(78), systems must include either the language in paragraph
(e)(78)(i) or (e)(78)(ii) of this section. Systems with a violation at
the treatment plant, but not in the distribution system, are required to
use the language in paragraph (e)(78)(i) of this section and treat the
violation as a nonacute violation. Systems with a violation in the
distribution system are required to use the language in paragraph
(e)(78)(ii) of this section and treat the violation as an acute
violation.

(i) The chlorine dioxide violations reported today are the result of
exceedances at the treatment facility only, and do not include
violations within the distribution system serving users of this water
supply. Continued compliance with chlorine dioxide levels within the
distribution system minimizes the potential risk of these violations to
present consumers.
(ii) The chlorine dioxide violations reported today include
exceedances of the EPA standard within the distribution system serving
water users. Violations of the chlorine dioxide standard within the
distribution system may harm human health based on short-term exposures.
Certain groups, including pregnant women, infants, and young children,
may be especially susceptible to adverse effects of excessive exposure
to chlorine dioxide-treated water. The purpose of this notice is to
advise that such persons should consider reducing their risk of adverse
effects from these chlorine dioxide violations by seeking alternate
sources of water for human consumption until such exceedances are
rectified. Local and State health authorities are the best sources for
information concerning alternate drinking water.
(79) Disinfection byproducts and treatment technique for DBPs. The
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water
standards and requires the disinfection of drinking water. However, when
used in the treatment of drinking water, disinfectants react with
naturally-occurring organic and inorganic matter present in water to
form chemicals called disinfection byproducts (DBPs). EPA has determined
that a number of DBPs are a health concern at certain levels of
exposure. Certain DBPs, including some trihalomethanes (THMs) and some
haloacetic acids (HAAs), have been shown to cause cancer in laboratory
animals. Other DBPs have been shown to affect the liver and the nervous
system, and cause reproductive or developmental effects in laboratory
animals. Exposure to certain DBPs may produce similar effects in people.
EPA has set standards to limit exposure to THMs, HAAs, and other DBPs.
(80) Bromate. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that bromate is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. Bromate is formed as a
byproduct of ozone disinfection of drinking water. Ozone reacts with
naturally occurring

[[Page 409]]

bromide in the water to form bromate. Bromate has been shown to produce
cancer in rats. EPA has set a drinking water standard to limit exposure
to bromate.
(81) Chlorite. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that chlorite is
a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Chlorite is formed from
the breakdown of chlorine dioxide, a drinking water disinfectant.
Chlorite in drinking water has been shown to affect blood and the
developing nervous system. EPA has set a drinking water standard for
chlorite to protect against these effects. Drinking water which meets
this standard is associated with little to none of these risks and
should be considered safe with respect to chlorite.
(f) Public notices for fluoride. Notice of violations of the maximum
contaminant level for fluoride, notices of variances and exemptions from
the maximum contaminant level for fluoride, and notices of failure to
comply with variance and exemption schedules for the maximum contaminant
level for fluoride shall consist of the public notice prescribed in
Sec. 143.5(b), plus a description of any steps which the system is
taking to come into compliance.
(g) Public notification by the State. The State may give notice to
the public required by this section on behalf of the owner or operator
of the public water system if the State complies with the requirements
of this section. However, the owner or operator of the public water
system remains legally responsible for ensuring that the requirements of
this section are met.

[52 FR 41546, Oct. 28, 1987, as amended at 54 FR 15188, Apr. 17, 1989;
54 FR 27527, 27566, June 29, 1989; 55 FR 25064, June 19, 1990; 56 FR
3587, Jan. 30, 1991; 56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 56 FR 30279, July 1,
1991; 57 FR 31843, July 17, 1992; 59 FR 34323, July 1, 1994; 60 FR
33932, June 29, 1995; 63 FR 69464, 69515, Dec. 16, 1998; 65 FR 26022,
May 4, 2000]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.33]

[Page 409]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart D--Reporting and Recordkeeping

Sec. 141.33 Record maintenance.

Any owner or operator of a public water system subject to the
provisions of this part shall retain on its premises or at a convenient
location near its premises the following records:
(a) Records of bacteriological analyses made pursuant to this part
shall be kept for not less than 5 years. Records of chemical analyses
made pursuant to this part shall be kept for not less than 10 years.
Actual laboratory reports may be kept, or data may be transferred to
tabular summaries, provided that the following information is included:
(1) The date, place, and time of sampling, and the name of the
person who collected the sample;
(2) Identification of the sample as to whether it was a routine
distribution system sample, check sample, raw or process water sample or
other special purpose sample;
(3) Date of analysis;
(4) Laboratory and person responsible for performing analysis;
(5) The analytical technique/method used; and
(6) The results of the analysis.
(b) Records of action taken by the system to correct violations of
primary drinking water regulations shall be kept for a period not less
than 3 years after the last action taken with respect to the particular
violation involved.
(c) Copies of any written reports, summaries or communications
relating to sanitary surveys of the system conducted by the system
itself, by a private consultant, or by any local, State or Federal
agency, shall be kept for a period not less than 10 years after
completion of the sanitary survey involved.
(d) Records concerning a variance or exemption granted to the system
shall be kept for a period ending not less than 5 years following the
expiration of such variance or exemption.
(e) Copies of public notices issued pursuant to Subpart Q of this
part and certifications made to the primacy agency pursuant to
Sec. 141.31 must be kept for three years after issuance.

[40 FR 59570, Dec. 24, 1975, as amended at 65 FR 26022, May 4, 2000]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.35]

[Page 409-412]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart D--Reporting and Recordkeeping

Sec. 141.35 Reporting of unregulated contaminant monitoring results.

(a) Does this reporting apply to me? (1) This section applies to any
owner or

[[Page 410]]

operator of a public water system required to monitor for unregulated
contaminants under Sec. 141.40. This section requires you to report the
results of this monitoring.
(2) Exception. You do not need to report results if you are a system
serving a population of 10,000 or less, since EPA will arrange for
testing and reporting of the results. However, you will still need to
comply with consumer confidence reporting and public notification
requirements for these results.
(b) To whom must I report? You must report the results of
unregulated contaminant monitoring to EPA and provide a copy to the
State. You must also notify the public of the monitoring results as
provided in Subpart O (Consumer Confidence Reports) and Subpart Q
(Public Notification) of this part.
(c) When must I report monitoring results? You must report the
results of unregulated contaminant monitoring within thirty (30) days
following the month in which you received the results from the
laboratory. EPA will conduct its quality control review of the data for
sixty (60) days after you report the data, which will also allow for
quality control review by systems and States. After the quality control
review, EPA will place the data in the national drinking water
contaminant occurrence database at the time of the next database update.
Exception: Reporting of monitoring results to EPA received by public
water systems prior to June 30, 2001, must occur between July 1 and
September 30, 2001.
(d) What information must I report? (1) You must provide the
following "point of contact" information: name, mailing address, phone
number, and e-mail address for:
(i) PWS Technical Contact, the person at your PWS that is
responsible for the technical aspects of your unregulated contaminant
monitoring regulation (UCMR) activities, such as details concerning
sampling and reporting;
(ii) PWS Official, the person at your PWS that is able to function
as the official spokesperson for your UCMR activities; and
(iii) Laboratory Contact Person, the person at your laboratory that
is able to address questions concerning the analysis that they provided
for you.
(2) You must update this information if it changes during the course
of UCMR implementation.
(3) You must report the information specified for data elements 1
through 16 in the following table for each sample.

Table 1.--Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Reporting Requirements
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Data Element Definition
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Public Water System (PWS) The code used to identify each PWS. The
Identification Number. code begins with the standard two-
character postal State abbreviation; the
remaining seven characters are unique to
each PWS.
2. Public Water System The Sampling point identification number
Facility Identification and sampling point type identification
Number--Sampling Point must either be static or traceable to
Identification Number and previous numbers and type
Sampling Point Type identifications throughout the period of
Identification. unregulated contaminant monitoring. The
Sampling point identification number is
a three-part alphanumeric designation,
made up of:
a. The Public Water System Facility
Identification Number is an
identification number established by the
State, or at the State's discretion the
PWS, that is unique to the PWS for an
intake for each source of water, a
treatment plant, a distribution system,
or any other facility associated with
water treatment or delivery and provides
for the relationship of facilities to
each other to be maintained;
b. The Sampling Point Identification
Number is an identification number
established by the State, or at the
State's discretion the PWS, that is
unique to each PWS facility that
identifies the specific sampling point
and allows the relationship of the
sampling point to other facilities to be
maintained; and
c. Sampling Point Type Identification is
one of following:
SR--Untreated water collected at the
source of the water system facility.
EP--Entry point to the distribution
system.
MD--midpoint in the distribution system
where the disinfectant residual would be
expected to be typical for the system
such as the location for sampling
coliform indicator bacteria as described
in 40 CFR 141.21.
MR--point of maximum retention is the
point located the furthest from the
entry point to the distribution system
which is approved by the State for
trihalomethane (THM) (disinfectant
byproducts (DBP)) and/or total coliform
sampling.
LD--location in the distribution system
where the disinfectant residual is the
lowest which is approved by the State
for THM (DBP) and/or total coliform
sampling.
3. Sample Collection Date.... The date the sample is collected reported
as 4-digit year, 2-digit month, and 2-
digit day.

[[Page 411]]

4. Sample Identification An alphanumeric value of up to 15
Number. characters assigned by the laboratory to
uniquely identify containers or groups
of containers containing water samples
collected at the same time and sampling
point.
5. Contaminant/Parameter..... The unregulated contaminant or water
quality parameter for which the sample
is being analyzed.
6. Analytical Results--Sign.. An alphanumeric value indicating whether
the sample analysis result was:
a. () "less than" means the contaminant
was not detected or was detected at a
level "less than" the MRL.
b. (=) "equal to" means the contaminant
was detected at a level "equal to" the
value reported in "Analytical Result--
Value."
7. Analytical Result--Value.. The actual numeric value of the analysis
for chemical and microbiological
results, or the minimum reporting level
(MRL) if the analytical result is less
than the contaminant's MRL.
8. Analytical Result--Unit of The unit of measurement for the
Measure. analytical results reported. [e.g.,
micrograms per liter, (<greek-m>g/L);
colony-forming units per 100
milliliters, (CFU/100 mL), etc.]
9. Analytical Method Number.. The identification number of the
analytical method used.
10. Sample Analysis Type..... The type of sample collected. Permitted
values include:
a. RFS--Raw field sample--untreated
sample collected and submitted for
analysis under this rule.
b. RDS--Raw duplicate field sample--
untreated field sample duplicate
collected at the same time and place as
the raw field sample and submitted for
analysis under this rule.
c. TFS--Treated field sample--treated
sample collected and submitted for
analysis under this rule.
d. TDS--Treated duplicate field sample--
treated field sample duplicate collected
at the same time and place as the
treated field sample and submitted for
analysis under this rule.
11. Sample Batch The sample batch identification number
Identification Number. consists of three parts:
a. Up to a 10-character laboratory
identification code assigned by EPA.
b. Up to a 15-character code assigned by
the laboratory to uniquely identify each
extraction or analysis batch.
c. The date that the samples contained in
each extraction batch extracted or in an
analysis batch were analyzed, reported
as an 8-digit number in the form 4-digit
year, 2-digit month, and 2-digit day.
12. Minimum Reporting Level.. Minimum Reporting Level (MRL) refers to
the lowest concentration of an analyte
that may be reported. Unregulated
contaminant monitoring (UCM) MRLs are
established in Sec. 141.40 monitoring
requirements for unregulated
contaminants.
13. Minimum Reporting Level The unit of measure to express the
Unit of Measure. concentration, count, or other value of
a contaminant level for the Minimum
Reporting Level reported. (e.g., <greek-
m>g/L, colony forming units/100 mL (CFU/
100 mL), etc.).
14. Analytical Precision..... Precision is the degree of agreement
between two repeated measurements and is
monitored through the use of duplicate
spiked samples. For purposes of the
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Regulation (UCMR), Analytical Precision
is defined as the relative percent
difference (RPD) between spiked matrix
duplicates. The RPD for the spiked
matrix duplicates analyzed in the same
batch of samples as the analytical
result being reported is to be entered
in this field. Precision is calculated
as Relative Percent Difference (RPD) of
spiked matrix duplicates from the mean
using:
RPD = absolute value of [(X<INF>1</INF>--X<INF>2</INF>) /(X<INF>1</INF>
+X<INF>2</INF>)/2 ] x 100%.
where:
X<INF>1</INF> is the concentration observed in
spiked field sample minus the
concentration observed in unspiked field
sample.
X<INF>2</INF> is the concentration observed in
duplicate spiked field sample minus the
concentration observed in unspiked field
sample.
15. Analytical Accuracy...... Accuracy describes how close a result is
to the true value measured through the
use of spiked field samples. For
purposes of unregulated contaminant
monitoring, accuracy is defined as the
percent recovery of the contaminant in
the spiked matrix sample analyzed in the
same analytical batch as the sample
result being reported and calculated
using:
% recovery = [(amt. found in spiked
sample--amt. found in sample)/amt.
spiked] x 100%.
16. Spiking Concentration.... The concentration of method analyte(s)
added to a sample to be analyzed for
calculating analytical precision and
accuracy where the value reported use
the same unit of measure reported for
Analytical Results.
17. Presence/Absence......... Reserved.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(e) How must I report this information? (1) You must report results
from monitoring under this rule using EPA's

[[Page 412]]

electronic reporting system. For quality control purposes, you must
instruct the organization(s) responsible for the analysis of unregulated
contaminant samples taken under Sec. 141.40 to enter the results into
the reporting system, in the format specified by EPA. You are
responsible for reviewing those results and approving the reporting (via
the electronic system) of the results to EPA. You must also provide a
copy of the results to the State, as directed by the State.

(2) If you report more than one set of valid results for the same
sampling point and the same sampling event (for example, because you
have had more than one organization (e.g., a laboratory) analyze
replicate samples collected under Sec. 141.40, or because you have
collected multiple samples during a single monitoring event at the same
sampling point), EPA will use the highest of the reported values as the
official result.
(f) Does the laboratory to which I send samples report the results
for me? While you must instruct the organization conducting unregulated
contaminant analysis (e.g., a laboratory) to enter the results into
EPA's electronic reporting system, you are responsible for reviewing and
approving the submission of the results to EPA. If the analytical
organization or laboratory cannot enter these data for you using EPA's
electronic reporting system, then you may explain to EPA in writing the
reasons why alternate reporting is necessary and must receive EPA's
approval to use an alternate reporting procedure.
(g) Can I report previously collected data to meet the testing and
reporting requirements for the contaminants listed in Sec. 141.40(a)(3)?
Yes, as long as the data meet the specific requirements of
Sec. 141.40(a)(3), (4), (5), and Appendix A of Sec. 141.40 and you
report the data with the information specified in paragraph (d) of this
section.

[64 FR 50611, Sept. 17, 1999, as amended at 66 FR 2300, Jan. 11, 2001;
66 FR 27215, May 16, 2001]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.40]

[Page 412-427]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart E--Special Regulations, Including Monitoring Regulations and
Prohibition on Lead Use

Sec. 141.40 Monitoring requirements for unregulated contaminants.

(a) Requirements for owners and operators of public water systems.
(1) Do I have to monitor for unregulated contaminants?
(i) Transient systems. If you own or operate a transient non-
community water system, you do not have to monitor for unregulated
contaminants.
(ii) Large systems not purchasing their entire water supply from
another system. If you own or operate a wholesale or retail public water
system (other than a transient system) that serves more than 10,000
persons, as determined by the State, and do not purchase your entire
water supply from another public water system, you must monitor as
follows:
(A) You must monitor for the unregulated contaminants on List 1 of
Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in
paragraph (a)(3) of this section.
(B) You must monitor for the unregulated contaminants on List 2 of
Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in
paragraph (a)(3) of this section, if notified by your State or EPA that
you are part of the Screening Surveys.
(C) You must monitor for the unregulated contaminants on List 3 of
Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in
paragraph (a)(3) of this section, if notified by your State or EPA that
you are part of the Pre-Screen Testing.
(iii) Large systems purchasing their entire water supply from
another system. If you own or operate a public water system (other than
a transient system) that serves more than 10,000 persons and purchase
your entire water supply from a wholesale or retail public water system,
you must monitor as follows:
(A) You must monitor for the unregulated contaminants on List 1 of
Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in
paragraph (a)(3) of this section, that

[[Page 413]]

have a "sampling location" indicated as "distribution system".
(B) You must monitor for the unregulated contaminants on List 2 of
Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in
paragraph (a)(3) of this section, that have a "sampling location"
indicated as "distribution system" if notified by your State or EPA
that you are part of the Screening Surveys.
(C) You must monitor for the unregulated contaminants on List 3 of
Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in
paragraph (a)(3) of this section, that have a "sampling location"
indicated as "distribution system" if notified by your State or EPA
that you are part of the Pre-Screen Testing.
(iv) Small systems not purchasing their entire water supply from
another system. If you own or operate a public water system (other than
a transient system) that serves 10,000 or fewer persons and do not
purchase your entire water supply from another public water system, you
must monitor as follows:
(A) You must monitor for the unregulated contaminants on List 1 of
Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in
paragraph (a)(3) of this section, if you are notified by your State or
EPA that you are part of the State Monitoring Plan for small systems.
(B) You must monitor for the unregulated contaminants on List 2 of
Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in
paragraph (a)(3) of this section, if you are notified by your State or
EPA that you are part of the Screening Surveys.
(C) You must monitor for the unregulated contaminants on List 3 of
Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in
paragraph (a)(3) of this section, if you are notified by your State or
EPA that you are part of the Pre-Screen Testing.
(v) Small systems purchasing their entire water supply from another
system. If you own or operate a public water system (other than a
transient system) that serves 10,000 or fewer persons and purchase your
entire water supply from another public water system, you must monitor
as follows:
(A) You must monitor for the unregulated contaminants on List 1 of
Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in
paragraph (a)(3) of this section, that have a "sampling location"
indicated as "distribution system" if you are notified by your State
or EPA that you are part of the State Monitoring Plan for small systems.
(B) You must monitor for the unregulated contaminants on List 2 of
Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in
paragraph (a)(3) of this section, that have a "sampling location"
indicated as "distribution system" if you are notified by your State
or EPA that you are part of the Screening Surveys.
(C) You must monitor for the unregulated contaminants on List 3 of
Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in
paragraph (a)(3) of this section, that have a "sampling location"
indicated as "distribution system" if you are notified by your State
or EPA that you are part of the Pre-Screen Testing.
(2) How would I be selected for the monitoring under the State
Monitoring Plan, the Screening Surveys, or the Pre-Screen Testing? (i)
State Monitoring Plan. Only a representative sample of small systems
must monitor for unregulated contaminants. EPA will select a national
representative sample of small public water systems in each State
through the use of a random number generator. Selection will be weighted
by population served within each system water source type (surface or
ground water) and system size category (systems serving 25-500, 501-
3,300, and 3,301-10,000 persons). EPA may allocate additional systems to
water source types or system size categories to increase the statistical
inferential ability for those categories. EPA will also select a small
group of systems to be "Index systems." Systems selected as Index
systems are required to provide information about their site and
operation that will serve to allow extrapolation of their results to
other systems of similar size, rather than collecting detailed
information at every small system. Each State will have the opportunity
to make some modifications to the list of small systems that EPA

[[Page 414]]

selects. You will be notified by the State or EPA if your system is part
of the final State Monitoring Plan.
(ii) Screening Surveys. The purpose of the Screening Surveys is to
determine the occurrence of contaminants in drinking water or sources of
drinking water for which analytical methods have recently been developed
for unregulated contaminant monitoring. EPA will select up to 300
systems to participate in each survey by using a random number
generator. You will be notified by the State or EPA if your system is
selected for monitoring under the Screening Surveys.
(iii) Pre-screen Testing. The purpose of Pre-Screen Testing is to
determine the occurrence of contaminants for which EPA needs to evaluate
new analytical methods in locations where the contaminants are most
likely to be found. EPA will select up to 200 systems to participate in
this testing after considering the characteristics of the contaminants,
precipitation, system operation, and environmental conditions. You will
be notified by the State or EPA that your system has been selected for
monitoring under the Pre-Screen Testing program.
(3) For which contaminants must I monitor? Lists 1, 2 and 3 of
unregulated contaminants are listed in the following table:

Table 1.--Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
List 1--assessment monitoring chemical contaminants
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6-period
during
2-CAS registry 3-analytical 4-minimum 5-sampling which
1-contaminant number methods reporting location monitoring
level to be
completed
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2, 4-dinitrotoluene.................... 121-14-2 EPA Method 525.2 2 <greek- EPTDS f 2001-2003
a m>g/L e
2, 6 dinitrotoluene.................... 606-20-2 EPA Method 525.2 2 <greek- EPTDS f 2001-2003
a m>g/L e
Acetochlor............................. 34256-82-1 EPA Method 525.2 2 <greek- EPTDS f 2001-2003
a m>g/L o
DCPA mono-acid degradate h............. 887-54-7 EPA Method 515.1 1 <greek- EPTDS f 2001-2003
a, EPA Method m>g/L e
515.2 a, EPA
Method 515.3
i,j, EPA Method
515.4 k, D5317-
93 b, AOAC
992.32 c
DCPA di-acid degradate h............... 2136-79-0 EPA Method 515.1 1 <greek- EPTDS f 2001-2003
a, EPA Method m>g/L e
515.2 a, EPA
Method 515.3
i,j, EPA Method
515.4 k, D5317-
93 b, AOAC
992.32 c
4,4'-DDE............................... 72-55-9 EPA Method 508 0.8 <greek- EPTDS f 2001-2003
a, EPA Method m>g/L e
508.1 a, EPA
Method 525.2 a,
D5812-96 b, AOAC
990.06 c
EPTC................................... 759-94-4 EPA Method 507 1 <greek- EPTDS f 2001-2003
a, EPA Method m>g/L e
525.2 a, D5475-
93 b, AOAC
991.07 c
Molinate............................... 2212-67-1 EPA Method 507 0.9 <greek- EPTDS f 2001-2003
a, EPA Method m>g/L e
525.2 a, D5475-
93 b, AOAC
991.07 c

[[Page 415]]

MTBE................................... 1634-04-4 EPA Method 502.2 5 <greek- EPTDS f 2001-2003
a,n, SM 6200C m>g/L g
d,n, EPA Method
524.2 a, D5790-
95 b, SM 6210D
d, SM 6200B d
Nitrobenzene........................... 98-95-3 EPA Method 524.2 10 <greek- EPTDS f 2001-2003
a, D5790-95 b, m>g/L g
SM6210D d,
SM6200B d
Perchlorate............................ 14797-73-0 EPA Method 314.0 4 <greek- EPTDS f 2001-2003
l m>g/L m
Terbacil............................... 5902-51-2 EPA Method 507 2 <greek- EPTDS f 2001-2003
a, EPA Method m>g/L e
525.2 a, D5475-
93 b, AOAC
991.07 c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Column headings are:
\1\--Chemical or microbiological contaminant: the name of the contaminants to be analyzed.
\2\--CAS (Chemical Abstract Service Number) Registry No. or Identification Number: a unique number identifying
the chemical contaminants.
\3\--Analytical Methods: method numbers identifying the methods that must be used to test the contaminants.
\4\--Minimum Reporting Level: the value and unit of measure at or above which the concentration or density of
the contaminant must be measured using the Approved Analytical Methods.
\5\--Sampling Location: the locations within a PWS at which samples must be collected.
\6\--Years During Which Monitoring to be Completed: The years during which the sampling and testing are to occur
for the indicated contaminant.
The procedures shall be done in accordance with the documents listed next in these footnotes. The incorporation
by reference of the following documents listed in footnotes b-d, i, k and l was approved by the Director of
the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies of the documents may be
obtained from the following sources. Information regarding obtaining these documents can be obtained from the
Safe Drinking Water Hotline at 800-426-4791. Documents may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M
Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460 (Telephone: 202-260-3027); or at the Office of Federal Register, 800 North
Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC.
a The version of the EPA methods which you must follow for this Rule are listed at Sec. 141.24 (e).
b Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1996, 1998 and 1999, Vol. 11.02, American Society for Testing and Materials.
Method D5812-96, "Standard Test Method for Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides in Water by Capillary
Column Gas Chromatography", is located in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1998 and 1999, Vol. 11.02.
Methods D5790-95, "Standard Test Method for Measurement of Purgeable Organic Compounds in Water by Capillary
Column Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry"; D5475-93, "Standard Test Method for Nitrogen- and Phosphorus-
Containing Pesticides in Water by Gas Chromatography with a Nitrogen-Phosphorus Detector"; and D5317-93,
"Standard Test Method for Determination of Chlorinated Organic Acid Compounds in Water by Gas Chromatography
with an Electron Capture Detector" are located in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1996 and 1998, Vol
11.02. Copies may be obtained from the American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West
Conshohocken, PA 19428.
c Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemist) International, Sixteenth
Edition, 4th Revision, 1998, Volume I, AOAC International, First Union National Bank Lockbox, PO Box 75198,
Baltimore, MD 21275-5198. 800-379-2622.
d SM 6210 D is only found in the 18th and 19th editions of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater, 1992 and 1995, American Public Health Association; either edition may be used. SM 6200 B and 6200
C are only found in the 20th edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1998.
Copies may be obtained from the American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW, Washington, DC
20005.
e Minimum Reporting Level determined by multiplying by 10 the least sensitive method's detection limit
(detection limit =standard deviation times the Student's t value for 99% confidence level with n-1 degrees of
freedom), or when available, multiplying by 5 the least sensitive method's estimated detection limit (where
the estimated detection limit equals the concentration of compound yielding approximately a 5 to 1 signal to
noise ratio or the calculated detection limit, whichever is greater).
f Entry Points to the Distribution System (EPTDS), after treatment, representing each non-emergency water source
in use over the twelve-month period of monitoring: this only includes entry points for sources in operation
during the months in which sampling is to occur. Sampling must occur at the EPTDS, unless the State has
specified other sampling points that are used for compliance monitoring under 40 CFR 141.24 (f)(1), (2), and
(3). See 40 CFR 141.40(a)(5)(ii)(C) for a complete explanation of requirements, including the use of source
(raw) water sampling points.
g Minimum Reporting Levels (MRL) for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) determined by multiplying either the
published detection limit or 0.5 <greek-m>g/L times 10, whichever is greater. The detection limit of 0.5
<greek-m>g/L (0.0005 mg/L) was selected to conform to VOC detection limit requirements of 40 CFR
141.24(f)(17)(E).
h The approved methods do not allow for the identification and quantitation of the individual acids. The single
analytical result obtained should be reported as total DCPA mono- and di-acid degradates.
i EPA Method 515.3, "Determination of Chlorinated Acids in Drinking Water by Liquid-Liquid Extraction,
Derivatization and Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture Detection," Revision 1.0 July 1996. EPA 815-R-00-
014, "Methods for the Determination of Organic and Inorganic compounds in Drinking Water, Volume 1," August
2000. Available from the National Technical Information Service, NTIS PB2000-106981, U.S. Department of
Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161. The toll free number is 800-553-6847.
Alternatively, the method can be assessed and downloaded directly on-line at www.epa.gov/safewater/methods/
sourcalt.html.

[[Page 416]]

J Since EPA Method 515.3 does not include a solvent wash step following hydrolysis, the parent DCPA is not
removed prior to analysis, therefore, only non-detect data may be reported using EPA Method 515.3. All samples
with results above the MRL must be analyzed by one of the other approved methods.
k EPA Method 515.4, "Determination of Chlorinated Acids in Drinking Water by Liquid-Liquid Microextraction,
Derivatization and Fast Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture Detection," Revision 1.0, April 2000, EPA
.815/B-00/001. Available by requesting a copy from the EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline within the United
States at 800-426-4791 (Hours are Monday through Friday, excluding federal holidays, from 9 a.m. to 5:30 p.m.
Eastern Time). Alternatively, the method can be assessed and downloaded directly on-line at www.epa.gov/
safewater/methods/sourcalt.html.
l EPA Method 314.0, "Determination of Perchlorate in Drinking Water Using Ion Chromatography," Revision 1.0,
EPA 815-B-99-003, November 1999. EPA 815-R-00-014, "Methods for the Determination of Organic and Inorganic
Compounds in Drinking Water, Volume 1," August 2000. Available from the National Technical Information
Service, NTIS PB2000-106981, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
The toll free number is 800-553-6847. Alternatively, the method can be assessed and downloaded directly on-
line at www.epa.gov/safewater/methods/sourcalt.html.
m MRL was established at a concentration, which is at least \1/4\th the lowest known adverse health
concentration, at which acceptable precision and accuracy has been demonstrated in spiked matrix samples.
n Sample preservation techniques and holding times specified in EPA Method 524.2 must be used by laboratories
using either EPA Method 502.2 or Standard Methods 6200C.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
List 2--screening survey chemical contaminants
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6-Period during which
1-contaminant 2-CAS registry number 3-Analytical methods 4-Minimum reporting 5-sampling location monitoring to be
level completed
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1,2-diphenylhydrazine.............. 122-66-7.............. EPA Method 526 a...... 0.5 <greek-m>g/L..... EPTDS e.............. 2001--Selected
Systems serving <ls-
thn-eq>10,000
persons;
2002--Selected
systems serving >
10,000 persons.
2-methyl-phenol.................... 95-48-7............... EPA Method 528 b...... 1 <greek-m>g/L f..... EPTDS e.............. Same as above.
2,4-dichlorophenol................. 120-83-2.............. EPA Method 528 b...... 1 <greek-m>g/L f..... EPTDS e.............. Same as above.
2,4-dinitrophenol.................. 51-28-5............... EPA Method 528 b...... 5 <greek-m>g/L f..... EPTDS e.............. Same as above.
2,4,6-trichlorophenol.............. 88-06-2............... EPA Method 528 b...... 1 <greek-m>g/L f..... EPTDS e.............. Same as above.
Alachlor ESA....................... Reserved d............ Reserved d............ Reserved d........... Reserved d........... Reserved d
Diazinon........................... 333-41-5.............. EPA Method 526 a...... 0.5 <greek-m>g/L f... EPTDS e.............. 2001--Seleected
Systems serving <ls-
thn-eq>10,000
persons;
2002--Selected
systems serving >
10,000 persons.
Disulfoton......................... 298-04-4.............. EPA Method 526 a...... 0.5 <greek-m>g/L f... EPTDS e.............. Same as above.
Diuron............................. 330-54-1.............. EPA Method 532 c...... 1 <greek-m>g/L f..... EPTDS e.............. Same as above.
Fonofos............................ 944-22-9.............. EPA Method 526 a...... 0.5 <greek-m>g/L f... EPTDS e.............. Same as above.
Linuron............................ 330-55-2.............. EPA Method 532 c...... 1 <greek-m>g/L f..... EPTDS e.............. Same as above.
Nitrobenzene....................... 98-95-3............... EPA Method 526 a...... 0.5 <greek-m>g/L f... EPTDS e.............. Same as above.
Prometon........................... 1610-18-0............. EPA Method 526 a...... 0.5 <greek-m>g/L f... EPTDS e.............. Same as above.
RDX................................ 121-82-4.............. Reserved d............ Reserved d........... Reserved d........... Reserved d.
Terbufos........................... 13071-79-9............ EPA Method 526 a...... 0.5 <greek-m>g/L f... EPTDS e.............. 2001--Selected
Systems serving <ls-
thn-eq>10,000
persons;
2002-Selected systems
serving > 10,000
persons.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
List 2--screening survey microbiological contaminants to be sampled after notice of analytical methods availability
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6-period during which
1-contaminant 2-identification 3-analytical methods 4-minimum reporting 5-sampling location monitoring to be
number level completed
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aeromonas.......................... NA.................... Reserved d............ Reserved d........... Distribution System g 2003 h
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Column headings are:
1 --Chemical or microbiological contaminant: the name of the contaminants to be analyzed.
2 --CAS (Chemical Abstract Service Number) Registry No. or Identification Number: a unique number identifying the chemical contaminants.
3 --Analytical Methods: method numbers identifying the methods that must be used to test the contaminants.
4 --Minimum Reporting Level: the value and unit of measure at or above which the concentration or density of the contaminant must be measured using the
Approved Analytical Methods.
5 --Sampling Location: the locations within a PWS at which samples must be collected.
6 --Years During Which Monitoring to be Completed: the years during which the sampling and testing are to occur for the indicated contaminant.

[[Page 417]]

The procedures shall be done in accordance with the documents listed next in these footnotes. The incorporation by reference of the following documents
listed in footnotes a-c, was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies of the
documents may be obtained from the following sources. Information regarding obtaining these documents can be obtained from the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 800-426-4791. Copies of the documents may be obtained from the sources listed in these footnotes. Information regarding obtaining these
documents can be obtained from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at 800-426-4791. Documents may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M
Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460 (Telephone: 202-260-3027); or at the Office of Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700,
Washington, DC.
a EPA Method 526, "Determination of Selected Semivolatile Organic Compounds in Drinking Water by Solid Phase Extraction and Capillary Column Gas
Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)," Revision 1.0, June 2000. EPA 815-R-00-014, "Methods for the Determination of Organic and Inorganic
Compounds in Drinking Water, Volume 1," August 2000. Available from the National Technical Information Service, NTIS PB2000-106981, U.S. Department
of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161. The toll free number is 800-553-6847. Alternatively, the method can be assessed and
downloaded directly on-line at www.epa.gov/safewater/methods/sourcalt.html.
b EPA Method 528, "Determination of Phenols in Drinking Water by Solid Phase Extraction and Capillary Column Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/
MS)," Revision 1.0, April 2000. EPA 815-R-00-014, "Methods for the Determination of Organic and Inorganic Compounds in Drinking Water, Volume 1,"
August 2000. Available from the National Technical Information Service, NTIS PB2000-106981, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road,
Springfield, Virginia 22161. The toll free number is 800-553-6847. Alternatively, the method can be assessed and downloaded directly on-line at
www.epa.gov/nerlcwww/ordmeth.htm.
c EPA Method 532, "Determination of Phenylurea Compounds in Drinking Water by Solid Phase Extraction and High Performance Liquid Chromatography with UV
Detection," Revision 1.0, June 2000. EPA 815-R-00-014, "Methods for the Determination of Organic and Inorganic Compounds in Drinking Water, Volume
1," August 2000. Available from the National Technical Information Service, NTIS PB2000-106981, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road,
Springfield, Virginia 22161. The toll free number is 800-553-6847. Alternatively, the method can be assessed and downloaded directly on-line at
www.epa.gov/safewater/methods/sourcalt.html.
d To be specified at a later time.
e Entry Points to the Distribution System (EPTDS), after treatment, representing each non-emergency water source in use over the twelve-month period of
monitoring: this only includes entry points for sources in operation during the months in which sampling is to occur. Sampling must occur at the
EPTDS, source water sampling points are not permitted for List 2 contaminant monitoring.
f Minimum Reporting Level represents the value of the lowest concentration precision and accuracy determination made during methods development and
documented in the method. If method options are permitted, the concentration used was for the least sensitive option.
g Three samples must be taken from the distribution system, which is owned or controlled by the selected PWS. The sample locations must include one
sample from a point (MD from Sec. 141.35(d)(3), Table 1) where the disinfectant residual is representative of the distribution system. This sample
location may be selected from sample locations which have been previously identified for samples to be analyzed for coliform indicator bacteria.
Coliform sample locations encompass a variety of sites including midpoint samples which may contain a disinfectant residual that is typical of the
system. Coliform sample locations are described in 40 CFR 141.21. This same approach must be used for the Aeromonas midpoint sample where the
disinfectant residual would not have declined and would be typical for the distribution system. Additionally, two samples must be taken from two
different locations: the distal or dead-end location in the distribution system (MR from Sec. 141.35(d)(3), Table 1), avoiding disinfectant booster
stations, and from a location where previous determinations have indicated the lowest disinfectant residual in the distribution system (LD from Sec.
141.35(d)(3), Table 1). If these two locations of distal and low disinfectant residual sites coincide, then the second sample must be taken at a
location between the MD and MR sites. Locations in the distribution system where the disinfectant residual is expected to be low are similar to TTHM
sampling points. Sampling locations for TTHMs are described in 63 FR 69468.
h This monitoring period is contingent upon promulgation of the analytical method and minimum reporting level.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
List 3--Pre-screen testing radionuclides to be sampled after notice of analytical methods availability
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6-Period during which
1-contaminant 2-CAS registry number 3-Analytical methods 4-Minimum reporting 5-Sampling location monitoring to be
level completed
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lead-210........................... 14255-04-0............ Reserved a............ Reserved a........... Reserved a........... Reserved.a
Polonium-210....................... 13981-52-7............ Reserved a............ Reserved a........... Reserved a........... Reserved.a
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 418]]

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
List 3--Pre-screen testing microorganisms to be sampled after notice of analytical methods availability
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- 6-Period during which
1-contaminant identification 3-Analytical methods 4-Minimum reporting level 5-Sampling location monitoring to be
number completed
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanobacteria (blue-green Reserved a Reserved a............... Reserved a............... Reserved a.............. Reserved.a
algae, other freshwater algae
and their toxins).
Echoviruses................... Reserved a Reserved a............... Reserved a............... Reserved a.............. Reserved.a
Coxsackieviruses.............. Reserved a Reserved a............... Reserved a............... Reserved a.............. Reserved.a
Helicobacter pylori........... Reserved a Reserved a............... Reserved a............... Reserved a.............. Reserved.a
Microsporidia................. Reserved a Reserved a............... Reserved a............... Reserved a.............. Reserved.a
Calciviruses.................. Reserved a Reserved a............... Reserved a............... Reserved a.............. Reserved.a
Adenoviruses.................. Reserved a Reserved a............... Reserved a............... Reserved a.............. Reserved.a
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Column headings are:
1-Chemical or microbiological contaminant: the name of the contaminants to be analyzed.
2-CAS (Chemical Abstract Service Number) Registry No. or Identification Number: a unique number identifying the chemical contaminants.
3-Analytical Methods: method numbers identifying the methods that must be used to test the contaminants.
4-Minimum Reporting Level: the value and unit of measure at or above which the concentration or density of the contaminant must be measured using the
Approved Analytical Methods.
5-Sampling Location: the locations within a PWS at which samples must be collected.
6-Years During Which Monitoring to be Completed: the years during which the sampling and testing are to occur for the indicated contaminant.
a To be determined at a later time.

[[Page 419]]

(4) What general requirements must I follow for monitoring List 1
contaminants? (i) All systems. You must:
(A) Collect samples of the listed contaminants in accordance with
paragraph (a)(5) of this section and Appendix A of this section and any
other specific instructions provided to you by the State or EPA,
(B) Analyze the additional parameters specified below in Table 2.
"Water Quality Parameters to be Monitored with UCMR Contaminants" for
each relevant contaminant type. You must analyze the parameters for each
sampling event of each sampling point, using the method indicated, and
report using the data elements 1 through 10 in Table 1, Sec. 141.35(d),
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Reporting Requirements;
(C) Review the laboratory testing results to ensure reliability; and
(D) Report the results as specified in Sec. 141.35.

Table 2.--Water Quality Parameters To Be Monitored with UCMR Contaminants
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Analytical methods
-----------------------------------------------------------
Parameter Contaminant type Standard methods
EPA method \1\ Other
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
pH.............................. Microbiological... EPA Method 4500-H+ B......... ASTM D1293-84\3\,
150.1\2\, EPA ASTM D1293-95\3\.
Method 150.2\2\.
Turbidity....................... Microbiological... EPA Method 180.1 2130 B \4\........ GLI Method 24,6.
4,5.
Temperature..................... Microbiological... .................. 2550..............
Free Disinfectant Residual...... Microbiological... .................. 4500-Cl D, 4500-Cl ASTM 1253-86\3\
F, 4500-Cl G,
4500-Cl H, 4500-
ClO<INF>2</INF> D, 4500-ClO<INF>2</INF>
E, 4500-O<INF>3</INF> B.
Total Disinfectant Residual..... Microbiological... .................. 4500-Cl D, 4500-Cl ASTM D 1253-86 \3\
E,\4\ 4500-Cl F,
4500-Cl G\4\,
4500-Cl I.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The procedures shall be done in accordance with the documents listed in these footnotes. The incorporation by
reference of the following documents was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5
U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies of the documents may be obtained from the sources listed in these
footnotes. Information regarding obtaining these documents can be obtained from the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 800-426-4791. Documents may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M Street, SW.,
Washington, DC 20460 (Telephone: 202-260-3027); or at the Office of Federal Register, 800 North Capitol
Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC.
\1\ The 18th and 19th Editions of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992 and 1995.
Methods 2130 B; 2550; 4500-Cl D, E, F, G, H, I; 4500-ClO<INF>2</INF> D, E; 4500-H+ B; and 4500-O<INF>3</INF> B in the 20th edition
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1998, American Public Health Association, 1015
Fifteenth St. NW, Washington D.C., 20005.
\2\ EPA Methods 150.1 and 150.2 are available from US EPA, NERL, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, Ohio
45268. The identical methods are also in "Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes," EPA-600/4-79-
020, March 1983, available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), U.S. Department of
Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, Virginia 22161, PB84-128677. (Note: NTIS toll-free number is 800-
553-6847.)
\3\ Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Editions 1994, 1996, 1998 and 1999, Volumes 11.01, American Society for
Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Version D1293-84, "Standard Test
Methods for pH of Water" is located in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1994, Volumes 11.01. Version D1293-
95, "Standard Test Methods for pH of Water" is located in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1996, 1998 and
1999, Volumes 11.01.
\4\ "Technical Notes on Drinking Water," EPA-600/R-94-173, October 1994, Available at NTIS, PB95-104766.
\5\ "Methods for the Determination of Inorganic Substances in Environmental Samples," EPA-600/R-93-100, August
1993. Available at NTIS, PB94-121811
\6\ GLI Method 2, "Turbidity," November 2, 1992, Great Lakes Instruments Inc., 8855 North 55th St., Milwaukee,
Wisconsin 53223.

(ii) Large systems. In addition to paragraph (a)(4)(i) of this
section, you must arrange for testing of the samples according to the
methods specified for each contaminant in Table 1, Unregulated
Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of
this section, and in Appendix A of this section.
(iii) Small systems. Unless directed otherwise by the State or EPA,
in addition to paragraph (a)(4)(i) of this section , you must:
(A) Properly receive, store, maintain and use the sampling equipment
sent to you from the laboratory designated by EPA;
(B) Sample at the times specified by the State or the EPA;
(C) Collect and pack samples in accordance with the instructions
sent to you by the laboratory designated by EPA; and
(D) Send the samples to the laboratory designated by EPA.

[[Page 420]]

(5) What specific sampling and quality control requirements must I
follow for monitoring of List 1 contaminants? (i) All systems. Unless
the State or EPA informs you of other sampling arrangements, you must
comply with the following requirements:
(A) Sample collection and shipping time. If you must ship the
samples for testing, you must collect the samples early enough in the
day to allow adequate time to send the samples for overnight delivery to
the laboratory since some samples must be processed at the laboratory
within 30 hours of collection. You must not collect samples on Friday,
Saturday or Sunday because sampling on these days would not allow
samples to be shipped and received at the laboratory within 30 hours.
(B) No compositing of samples. You must not composite (that is,
combine, mix or blend) the samples. You must collect, preserve and test
each sample separately.
(C) Review and reporting of results. After you have received the
laboratory results, you must review and confirm the system information
and data regarding sample collection and test results. You must report
the results as provided in Sec. 141.35.
(ii) Large systems. In addition to paragraph (a)(5)(i) of this
section, you must comply with the following:
(A) Timeframe. You must collect the samples in one twelve-month
period during the years indicated in column 6 of Table 1, Unregulated
Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List.
(B) Frequency. You must collect the samples within the timeframe and
according to the following frequency specified by contaminant type and
water source type:

Table 3.--Monitoring Frequency by Contaminant and Water Source Types
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant type Water source type Timeframe Frequency
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chemical........................... Surface water......... Twelve (12) months.... Four quarterly samples
taken as follows: Select
either the first, second,
or third month of a
quarter and sample in that
same month of each of four
(4) consecutive quarters a
to ensure that one of
those sampling events
occurs during the
vulnerable time.b
Ground water.......... Twelve (12) months.... Two (2) times in a year
taken as follows: Sample
during one (1) month of
the vulnerable time b and
during one (1) month five
(5) to seven (7) months
earlier or later.c
Microbiological.................... Surface and ground Twelve (12) months.... Six (6) times in a year
water. taken as follows: Select
either the first, second,
or third month of a
quarter and sample in that
same month of each of four
(4) consecutive quarters,
and sample an additional 2
months during the warmest
(vulnerable) quarter of
the year.d
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a "Select either the first, second, or third month of a quarter and sample in that same month of each of four
(4) consecutive quarters" means that you must monitor during each of the four (4) months of either: January,
April, July, October; or February, May, August, November; or March, June, September, December.
b "Vulnerable time" means May 1 through July 31, unless the State or EPA informs you that it has selected a
different time period for sampling as your system's vulnerable time.
c "Sample during one (1) month of the vulnerable time and during one (1) month five (5) to seven (7) months
earlier or later" means, for example, that if you select May as your "vulnerable time" month to sample,
then one (1) month five (5) to seven (7) months earlier would be either October, November or December of the
preceding year, and one (1) month five (5) to seven (7) months later would be either, October, November, or
December of the same year.
d This means that you must monitor during each of the six (6) months of either: January, April, July, August,
September, October; or February, May, July, August, September, November; or March, June, July, August,
September, December; unless the State or EPA informs you that a different vulnerable quarter has been selected
for your system.

(C) Location. You must collect samples at the location specified for
each listed contaminant in column 5 of the Table 1, UCMR (1999) List, in
paragraph (a)(3) of this section. The sampling location for chemical
contaminants must be the entry point to the distribution system or the
compliance monitoring point specified by the State or EPA under 40 CFR
141.24 (f)(1), (2), and (3). Except as provided in this paragraph
(a)(5)(ii)(C), if the compliance monitoring point as specified by the
State is for source (raw) water and any of the contaminants in paragraph
(a)(3) of this section are detected, then you must complete the source
water monitoring for the indicated timeframe and

[[Page 421]]

also sample at the entry point to the distribution system representative
of the affected source water only for the contaminant(s) found in the
source water over the next twelve month timeframe, beginning in the next
required monitoring period as indicated in paragraph (a)(5)(ii)(B),
Table 3 of this section, even though monitoring might extend beyond the
last year indicated in column 6, Period during which monitoring to be
completed, in Table 1 of paragraph (a)(3). Exception: If the State or
EPA determines that sampling at the entry point to the distribution
system is unnecessary because no treatment was instituted between the
source water and the distribution system that would affect measurement
of the contaminants listed in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, then you
do not have to sample at the entry point to the distribution system.
Note: The sampling for List 2 chemical contaminants must be at the entry
point to the distribution system, as specified in Table 1, List 2.
(D) Sampling instructions. You must follow the sampling procedure
for the method specified in column 3 of List 1 of Table 1, Unregulated
Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of
this section, for each contaminant.
(E) Testing and analytical methods. For each listed contaminant, you
must use the analytical method specified in column 3 of List 1 of Table
1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in
paragraph (a)(3) of this section, the minimum reporting levels in column
4 of List 1 of Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation
(1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, and the quality
control procedures specified in Appendix A of this section.
(F) Sampling deviations. If you do not collect a sample according to
the procedures specified for a listed contaminant, you must resample
within 14 days of observing the occurrence of the error (which may
include notification from the laboratory that you must resample)
following the procedures specified for the method. (This resampling is
not for confirmation sampling but to correct the sampling error.)
(G) Testing. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(5)(ii)(G)(2)
and (3) of this section, you must arrange for the testing of the
contaminants identified in List 1 of Table 1 by a laboratory certified
under Sec. 141.28 for compliance analysis using any of the analytical
methods listed in column 3 for each contaminant in List 1 of Table 1,
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph
(a)(3) of this section, whether you use the EPA analytical methods or
non-EPA methods listed in List 1 of Table 1. Laboratories are
automatically certified for the analysis of UCMR contaminants in List 1
of Table 1 if they are already certified to conduct compliance
monitoring for a contaminant included in the same method being approved
for UCMR analysis.
(2) You must arrange for the testing of Perchlorate as identified in
List 1 of Table 1 by a laboratory certified under Sec. 141.28 for
compliance analysis using an approved ion chromatographic method as
listed in Sec. 141.28 and that has analyzed and successfully passed the
Performance Testing (PT) Program administered by EPA.
(3) You must arrange for the testing of the chemical contaminants
identified in List 2 of Table 1 by a laboratory certified under
Sec. 141.28 for compliance analysis using EPA Method 525.2 if performing
UCMR analysis using EPA Methods 526 or 528, or a laboratory certified
under Sec. 141.28 for compliance analysis using EPA Methods 549.1 or
549.2 if performing UCMR analysis using EPA Method 532. You must arrange
for the testing for Aeromonas using the approved method as identified in
List 2 of Table 1 by a laboratory which is both certified under
Sec. 141.28 for compliance analysis for coliform indicator bacteria
using an EPA approved membrane filtration procedure and which also has
been granted approval for UCMR monitoring of Aeromonas by successfully
passing the Aeromonas Performance Testing (PT) Program administered by
EPA.
(iii) Small systems that are part of the State Monitoring Plan.
Unless directed otherwise by the State or EPA, in addition to paragraph
(a)(5)(i) of this section, you must comply with the following:

[[Page 422]]

(A) Timeframe and frequency. You must collect samples at the times
specified for you by the State or EPA, within the timeframe specified in
paragraph (a)(5)(ii)(A) of this section and according to the frequency
specified in paragraph (a)(5)(ii)(B) of this section for the contaminant
type and water source type.
(B) Location. You must collect samples at the locations specified
for you by the State or EPA.
(C) Sampling deviations. If you do not collect a sample according to
the instructions provided to you for a listed contaminant, then you must
report the deviation on the sample reporting form that you send to the
laboratory with the samples. You must resample following instructions
that you will be sent from EPA's designated laboratory or the State.
(D) Sample kits. You must store and maintain the sample collection
kits sent to you by EPA's designated laboratory in a secure place until
used for sampling. You should read the instructions for each kit when
you receive it. If indicated in the kit's instructions, you must freeze
the cold packs. The sample kit will include all necessary containers,
packing materials and cold packs, instructions for collecting the sample
and sample treatment (such as dechlorination or preservation), report
forms for each sample, contact name and telephone number for the
laboratory, and a prepaid return shipping docket and return address
label. If any of the materials listed in the kit's instructions are not
included or arrive damaged, you must notify EPA's designated laboratory
which sent you the sample collection kits.
(E) Sampling instructions. You must comply with the instructions
sent to you by the State or EPA concerning the use of containers,
collection (how to fill the sample bottle), dechlorination and/or
preservation, and sealing and preparing the sample and shipping
containers for shipment. You must also comply with the instructions sent
to you by EPA's designated laboratory concerning the handling of sample
containers for specific contaminants.
(F) Duplicate samples. EPA will select systems in the State
Monitoring Plan that must collect duplicate samples for quality control.
If your system is selected, you will receive two sample kits that you
must use. You must use the same sampling protocols for both sets of
samples, following the instructions in the duplicate sample kit.
(G) Sampling forms. You must completely fill out the sampling forms
sent to you by the laboratory, including the data elements 1 through 4
listed in Sec. 141.35(d) for each sample. If EPA requests that you
conduct field analysis of water quality parameters specified in
paragraph (a)(4)(i)(B) of this section, you must also complete the
sampling form to include the information for data elements 5 through 10
listed in Sec. 141.35(d) for each sample. You must sign and date the
sampling forms.
(H) Sample submission. Once you have collected the samples and
completely filled in the sampling forms, you must send the samples and
the sampling forms to the laboratory designated in your instructions.
(6) What additional requirements must I follow if my system is
selected as an Index system? If your system is selected as an Index
system in the State Monitoring Plan, you must assist the State or EPA in
identifying appropriate sampling locations and provide information on
which wells and intakes are in use at the time of sampling, well casing
and screen depths (if known) for those wells, and the pumping rate of
each well or intake at the time of sampling.
(7) What must I do if my system is selected for the Screening
Surveys or Pre-Screen Testing? (i) All systems. You must:
(A) Analyze the additional parameters specified in paragraph
Sec. 141.40(a)(4)(i), Table 2, "Water Quality Parameters to be
Monitored with UCMR Contaminants" for each relevant contaminant type.
You must analyze the parameters for each sampling event of each sampling
point, using the method indicated, and report the results using the data
elements 1 through 10 in Table 1, Sec. 141.35(d), Unregulated
Contaminant Monitoring Reporting requirements;
(B) Review the laboratory results to ensure reliability; and
(C) Report the results as specified in Sec. 141.35.

[[Page 423]]

(ii) Large systems. If your system serves over 10,000 persons, you
must collect and arrange for testing of the contaminants in List 2 and
List 3 of Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999)
List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, in accordance with the
requirements set out in paragraphs (a)(4) and (5) of this section, with
one exception: you must sample only at sampling locations specified in
Table 1. You must send the samples to one of the laboratories approved
under paragraph (G), this section. You are also responsible for
reporting these results as required in Sec. 141.35.
(iii) Small systems. If your system serves 10,000 or fewer persons,
you must collect samples in accordance with the instructions sent to you
by the EPA or State, or, if informed by the EPA or State that the EPA or
State will collect the sample, you must assist the State or EPA in
identifying the appropriate sampling locations and in taking the
samples. EPA will report the results to you and the State.
(8) What is a violation of this Rule? (i) Any failure to monitor in
accordance with Sec. 141.40(a)(3) through (7) and Appendix A is a
monitoring violation. (ii) Any failure to report in accordance with
Sec. 141.35 is a reporting violation.
(b) Requirements for State and Tribal Participation. (1) How can I,
as the director of a State or Tribal drinking water program, participate
in unregulated contaminant monitoring, including Assessment Monitoring
(which includes the State Monitoring Plan for small systems), the
Screening Surveys, and Pre-Screen Testing of all systems? You can enter
into a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) with the EPA that describes your
State's or Tribe's activities to:
(i) Accept or modify the initial plan. EPA will first specify the
systems serving 10,000 or fewer persons by water source and size in an
initial State Monitoring Plan for each State using a random number
generator. EPA will also generate a replacement list of systems for
systems that may not have been correctly specified on the initial plan.
This initial State Monitoring Plan will also indicate the year and day,
plus or minus two (2) weeks from the day, that each system must monitor
for the contaminants in List 1 of Table 1 of this section, Unregulated
Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List. EPA will provide you with
the initial monitoring plan for your State or Tribe, including systems
to be Index systems and those systems to be part of the Screening
Surveys. Within sixty (60) days of receiving your State's initial plan,
you may notify EPA that you either accept it as your State Monitoring
Plan or request to modify the initial plan by removing systems that have
closed, merged or are purchasing water from another system and replacing
them with other systems. Any purchased water system associated with a
non-purchased water system must be added to the State Monitoring Plan if
the State determines that its distribution system is the location of the
maximum residence time or lowest disinfectant residual of the combined
distribution system. In this case, the purchased water system must
monitor for the contaminants for which the "distribution system" is
identified as the point of "maximum residence time" or "lowest
disinfectant residual," depending on the contaminant, and not the
community water system selling water to it. You must replace any systems
you removed from the initial plan with systems from the replacement list
in the order they are listed. Your request to modify the initial plan
must include the modified plan and the reasons for the removal and
replacement of systems. If you believe that there are reasons other than
those previously listed for removing and replacing one or more other
systems from the initial plan, you may include those systems and their
replacement systems in your request to modify the initial plan. EPA will
review your request to modify your State's initial plan. Please note
that information about the actual or potential occurrence or non-
occurrence of contaminants at a system or a system's vulnerability to
contamination is not a basis for removal from or addition to the plan.
(ii) Determine an alternate vulnerable time. Within 60 days of
receiving the initial State Monitoring Plan, you may also determine that
the most vulnerable time of the year for any or all of

[[Page 424]]

the systems in the plan, and for any of the large systems that must
monitor, is some period other than May 1 through July 31. If you make
this determination, you must modify the initial plan to indicate the
alternate vulnerable time and to which systems the alternate vulnerable
time applies. EPA will review these determinations when you submit your
request to modify your State's initial monitoring plan to the EPA. You
must notify the small system(s) in your final State Monitoring Plan and
the large system(s) of the most vulnerable time(s) of the year that you
have specified for them to sample for one of their sampling events. You
must notify them at least 90 days before their first unregulated
contaminant sampling is to occur. You may need to consider the timing of
monitoring in paragraph (b)(1)(iii) of this section.
(iii) Modify the timing of monitoring. Within sixty (60) days of
receiving the initial plan, you may also modify the plan by selecting an
alternative year and day, plus or minus two (2) weeks, within the years
specified in column 6, List 1 of Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant
Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section,
for monitoring for each system in the initial plan as long as
approximately one-third of the systems in the State Plan monitor in each
of the three (3) years listed. This monitoring may be coordinated with
regulated contaminant compliance monitoring at your discretion. You must
send the modified plan to EPA.
(iv) Identify alternate sampling points for small systems in the
State Monitoring Plan. All systems are required to monitor for the
contaminants at the sampling locations specified in column 5, List 1 of
Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in
paragraph (a)(3) of this section, unless the State specifies an
alternate compliance sampling point as the sampling location. If the
compliance sampling points for the small systems in the State Monitoring
Plan are different than those specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this
section, then you must indicate these sampling points in the plan. These
alternative sampling points must allow proper sampling and testing for
the unregulated contaminants.
(v) Notify small and large systems of their monitoring
responsibilities. You must provide notification to systems in the plan
and, where appropriate, the large systems, at least ninety (90) days
before sampling must occur.
(vi) Provide instructions to systems that are part of the final
State Monitoring Plan. You must send a monitoring schedule to each
system listed in the State Monitoring Plan and instructions on location,
frequency, timing of sampling, use of sampling equipment, and handling
and shipment of samples based on these regulations. EPA will provide you
with guidance for these instructions. If you perform the sampling or
make alternative arrangements for the sampling at the systems in the
plan, you must inform EPA at least six (6) months before the first
monitoring is to occur and address the alternative monitoring
arrangements in the MOA.
(vii) Participate in monitoring for the Screening Surveys for small
and large systems. Within 120 days prior to sampling, EPA will notify
you which systems have been selected to participate in the Screening
Surveys, the sampling dates, the designated laboratory for testing, and
instructions for sampling. You must review the small systems that EPA
selected for the State Monitoring Plan to ensure that the systems are
not closed, merged or purchasing water from another system (unless the
system is to conduct monitoring for a contaminant with the sampling
location specified as "distribution system"), and then make any
replacements in the plan, as described in paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this
section. You must notify the selected systems in your State of these
Screening Surveys requirements. You must provide the necessary Screening
Surveys information to the selected systems at least ninety (90) days
prior to the sampling date.
(viii) Participate in monitoring for Pre-Screen Testing for small
and large systems. You can participate in Pre-Screen Testing in two
ways.
(A) First, within ninety (90) days of EPA's letter to you concerning
initiation of Pre-Screen Testing for specific contaminants, you can
identify from five (5) up to twenty-five (25) systems

[[Page 425]]

in your State that you determine to be representative of the most
vulnerable systems to these contaminants, modify your State Monitoring
Plan to include these most vulnerable systems if any serve 10,000 or
fewer persons, and notify EPA of the addition of these systems to the
State Plan. These systems must be selected from all community and non-
transient noncommunity water systems. EPA will use the State-identified
vulnerable systems to select up to 200 systems nationally to be
monitored considering the characteristics of the contaminants,
precipitation, system operation, and environmental conditions.
(B) Second, within 120 days prior to sampling, EPA will notify you
which systems have been selected, sampling dates, the designated
laboratory for testing of samples for systems serving 10,000 or fewer
persons and approved laboratories for systems serving more than 10,000
persons, and instructions for sampling. You must notify the owners or
operators of the selected systems in your State of these Pre-Screen
Testing requirements. At least ninety (90) days prior to the sampling
date, you must provide the necessary Pre-Screen Testing information to
the owners or operators of the selected systems and then inform EPA that
you took this action to allow sufficient time for EPA to ensure
laboratory readiness.
(ix) Revise system's treatment plant location(s) to include latitude
and longitude. For reporting to the Safe Drinking Water Information
System, EPA already requires reporting of either the latitude and
longitude or the street address for the treatment plant location. If the
State enters into an MOA, the State must report each system's treatment
plant location(s) as latitude and longitude (in addition to street
address, if previously reported) by the time of the system's reporting
of Assessment Monitoring results to the National Drinking Water
Contaminant Occurrence Database. The State may use the latitude and
longitude of facilities related to the public water system on the same
site, or closely adjacent to the same site as the treatment plant, such
as the latitude and longitude of the intake or wellhead/field or the
entry point to the distribution system, if such measurements are
available.
(2) What if I decide not to participate in an MOA? If you decide not
to enter into an MOA with EPA to develop the State Monitoring Plan for
small systems, the initial monitoring plan that EPA sent you will become
the final State Monitoring Plan for your State or Tribe. In that case,
you may still notify each public water system of its selection for the
plan and instructions for monitoring as long as you notify EPA that you
will be undertaking this responsibility at least six (6) months prior to
the first unregulated contaminant monitoring.
(3) Can I add contaminants to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
List? Yes, the SDWA allows Governors of seven (7) or more States to
petition the EPA Administrator to add one or more contaminants to the
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph
(a)(3) of this section. The petition must clearly identify the reason(s)
for adding the contaminant(s) to the monitoring list in paragraph (a)(3)
of this section, including the potential risk to public health,
particularly any information that might be available regarding
disproportional risks to the health and safety of children, the expected
occurrence documented by any available data, any analytical methods
known or proposed to be used to test for the contaminant(s), and any
other information that could assist the Administrator in determining
which contaminants present the greatest public health concern and
should, therefore, be included on the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section.
(4) Can I waive monitoring requirements? Only with EPA approval and
under very limited conditions. Conditions and procedures for obtaining
the only type of waiver available under these regulations are as
follows:
(i) Application. You may apply to EPA for a State-wide waiver from
the unregulated contaminant monitoring requirements for public water
systems serving more than 10,000 persons. To apply for such a waiver,
you must submit an application to EPA that includes the following
information:

[[Page 426]]

(A) the list of contaminants on the Unregulated Contaminant
Monitoring List for which you request a waiver, and
(B) documentation for each contaminant in your request demonstrating
that the contaminants have not been used, applied, stored, disposed of,
released, naturally present or detected in the source waters or
distribution systems in your State during the past 15 years, and that it
does not occur naturally in your State.
(ii) Approval. EPA will notify you if EPA agrees to waive monitoring
requirements.

Appendix A to Sec. 141.40--Quality Control Requirements for Testing All
Samples Collected

Your system must ensure that the quality control requirements listed
below for testing of samples collected and submitted under Sec. 141.40
are followed:
(1) Sample Collection/Preservation. Follow the sample collection and
preservation requirements for the specified method for each of the
contaminants in Table 1, UCMR (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this
section. These requirements specify sample containers, collection,
dechlorination, preservation, storage, sample holding time, and extract
storage and/or holding time that the laboratory must follow.
(2) Detection Limit. Calculate the laboratory detection limit for
each contaminant in Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Regulation (1999) List, of paragraph (a)(3) of this section using the
appropriate procedure in the specified method with the exception that
the contaminant concentration used to fortify reagent water must be less
than or equal to the minimum reporting level (MRL) for the contaminants
as specified in column 4, Table 1, UCMR (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3)
of this section. The calculated detection limit is equal to the standard
deviation times the Student's t value for 99% confidence level with n-1
degrees of freedom. (The detection limit must be less than or equal to
one-half of the MRL.)
(3) Calibration. Follow the initial calibration requirements as
specified in the method utilized. Calibration must be verified initially
with a low-level standard at a concentration at or below the MRL for
each contaminant. Perform a continuing calibration verification
following every 10th sample. The calibration verification must be
performed by alternating low-level and mid-level calibration standards.
The low-level standard is defined as a concentration at or below the MRL
with an acceptance range of <plus-minus>40%. The mid-level standard is
in the middle of the calibration range with an acceptance range of
<plus-minus>20%.
(4) Reagent Blank Analysis. Analyze one laboratory reagent (method)
blank per sample set/batch that is treated exactly as a sample. The
maximum allowable background concentration is one-half of the MRL for
all contaminants. A field reagent blank is required only for EPA Method
524.2 (or equivalent listed methods, D5790.95, SM6210D, and SM6200B).
(5) Quality Control Sample. Obtain a quality control sample from an
external source to check laboratory performance at least once each
quarter.
(6) Matrix Spike and Duplicate. Prepare and analyze the sample
matrix spike (SMS) for accuracy and matrix spike duplicate (MSD) samples
for precision to determine method accuracy and precision for all
contaminants in Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation
(1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section. SMS/MSD samples must
be prepared and analyzed at a frequency of 5% (or one SMS/MSD set per
every 20 samples) or with each sample batch whichever is more frequent.
In addition, the SMS/MSD spike concentrations must be alternated between
a low-level spike and mid-level spike approximately 50% of the time.
(For example: a set of 40 samples will require preparation and analysis
of two SMS/MSD sets. The first set must be spiked at either the low-
level or mid level, and the second set must be spiked with the other
standard, either the low-level or mid-level, whichever was not used for
the initial SMS/MSD set). The low-level SMS/MSD spike concentration must
be within <plus-minus>20% of the MRL for each contaminant. The mid-level
SMS/MSD spike concentration must be within <plus-minus>20% of the mid-
level calibration standard for each contaminant, and should represent,
where possible, an approximate average concentration observed in
previous analyses of that analyte. The spiking concentrations must be
reported in the same units of measure as the analytical results.
(7) Internal Standard Calibration. As appropriate to a method's
requirements to be used, test and obtain an internal standard for the
methods for each chemical contaminant in Table 1, Unregulated
Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of
this section, a pure contaminant of known concentration, for calibration
and quantitation purposes. The methods specify the percent recovery or
response that you must obtain for acceptance.
(8) Method Performance Test. As appropriate to a method's
requirements, test for surrogate compounds, a pure contaminant unlikely
to be found in any sample, to be used to monitor method performance. The
methods specify the percent recovery that you must obtain for
acceptance.

[[Page 427]]

(9) Detection Confirmation. Confirm any chemical contaminant
analyzed using a gas chromatographic method and detected above the MRL,
by gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) methods. If testing
resulted in first analyzing the sample extracts via specified gas
chromatographic methods, an initial confirmation by a second column
dissimilar to the primary column may be performed. If the contaminant
detection is confirmed by the secondary column, then the contaminant
must be reconfirmed by GC/MS using three (3) specified ion peaks for
contaminant identification. Use one of the following confirming
techniques: perform single point calibration of the GC/MS system for
confirmation purposes only as long as the calibration standard is at a
concentration within <plus-minus> 50% of the concentration determined by
the initial analysis; or perform a three (3) point calibration with
single point daily calibration verification of the GC/MS system
regardless of whether that verification standard concentration is within
<plus-minus> 50% of sample response. If GC/MS analysis confirms the
initial contaminant detection, report results determined from the
initial analysis.
(10) Reporting. Report the analytical results and other data, with
the required data listed in 40 CFR 141.35, Table 1. Report this data
electronically to EPA, unless EPA specifies otherwise, and provide a
copy to the State. Systems must coordinate with their laboratories for
electronic reporting to EPA to ensure proper formatting and timely data
submission.
(11) Method Defined Quality Control. As appropriate to the method's
requirements, perform analysis of Laboratory Fortified Blanks and
Laboratory Performance Checks as specified in the method. Each method
specifies acceptance criteria for these quality control checks.

[64 FR 50612, Sept. 17, 1999, as amended at 65 FR 11382, Mar. 2, 2000;
66 FR 2302, Jan. 11, 2001; 66 FR 27215, May 16, 2001]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.41]

[Page 427]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart E--Special Regulations, Including Monitoring Regulations and
Prohibition on Lead Use

Sec. 141.41 Special monitoring for sodium.

(a) Suppliers of water for community public water systems shall
collect and analyze one sample per plant at the entry point of the
distribution system for the determination of sodium concentration
levels; samples must be collected and analyzed annually for systems
utilizing surface water sources in whole or in part, and at least every
three years for systems utilizing solely ground water sources. The
minimum number of samples required to be taken by the system shall be
based on the number of treatment plants used by the system, except that
multiple wells drawing raw water from a single aquifer may, with the
State approval, be considered one treatment plant for determining the
minimum number of samples. The supplier of water may be required by the
State to collect and analyze water samples for sodium more frequently in
locations where the sodium content is variable.
(b) The supplier of water shall report to EPA and/or the State the
results of the analyses for sodium within the first 10 days of the month
following the month in which the sample results were received or within
the first 10 days following the end of the required monitoring period as
stipulated by the State, whichever of these is first. If more than
annual sampling is required the supplier shall report the average sodium
concentration within 10 days of the month following the month in which
the analytical results of the last sample used for the annual average
was received. The supplier of water shall not be required to report the
results to EPA where the State has adopted this regulation and results
are reported to the State. The supplier shall report the results to EPA
where the State has not adopted this regulation.
(c) The supplier of water shall notify appropriate local and State
public health officials of the sodium levels by written notice by direct
mail within three months. A copy of each notice required to be provided
by this paragraph shall be sent to EPA and/or the State within 10 days
of its issuance. The supplier of water is not required to notify
appropriate local and State public health officials of the sodium levels
where the State provides such notices in lieu of the supplier.
(d) Analyses for sodium shall be conducted as directed in
Sec. 141.23(k)(1).

[45 FR 57345, Aug. 27, 1980, as amended at 59 FR 62470, Dec. 5, 1994]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.42]

[Page 427-428]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart E--Special Regulations, Including Monitoring Regulations and
Prohibition on Lead Use

Sec. 141.42 Special monitoring for corrosivity characteristics.

(a)-(c) [Reserved]
(d) Community water supply systems shall identify whether the
following construction materials are present in their distribution
system and report to the State:

[[Page 428]]

Lead from piping, solder, caulking, interior lining of distribution
mains, alloys and home plumbing.
Copper from piping and alloys, service lines, and home plumbing.
Galvanized piping, service lines, and home plumbing.
Ferrous piping materials such as cast iron and steel.
Asbestos cement pipe.

In addition, States may require identification and reporting of other
materials of construction present in distribution systems that may
contribute contaminants to the drinking water, such as:

Vinyl lined asbestos cement pipe.
Coal tar lined pipes and tanks.

[45 FR 57346, Aug. 27, 1980; 47 FR 10999, Mar. 12, 1982, as amended at
59 FR 62470, Dec. 5, 1994]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.43]

[Page 428]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart E--Special Regulations, Including Monitoring Regulations and
Prohibition on Lead Use

Sec. 141.43 Prohibition on use of lead pipes, solder, and flux.

(a) In general--(1) Prohibition. Any pipe, solder, or flux, which is
used after June 19, 1986, in the installation or repair of--
(i) Any public water system, or
(ii) Any plumbing in a residential or nonresidential facility
providing water for human consumption which is connected to a public
water system shall be lead free as defined by paragraph (d) of this
section. This paragraph (a)(1) shall not apply to leaded joints
necessary for the repair of cast iron pipes.
(2) [Reserved]
(b) State enforcement--(1) Enforcement of prohibition. The
requirements of paragraph (a)(1) of this section shall be enforced in
all States effective June 19, 1988. States shall enforce such
requirements through State or local plumbing codes, or such other means
of enforcement as the State may determine to be appropriate.
(2) [Reserved]
(c) Penalties. If the Administrator determines that a State is not
enforcing the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section, as required
pursuant to paragraph (b) of this section, the Administrator may
withhold up to 5 percent of Federal funds available to that State for
State program grants under section 1443(a) of the Act.
(d) Definition of lead free. For purposes of this section, the term
lead free:
(1) When used with respect to solders and flux refers to solders and
flux containing not more than 0.2 percent lead;
(2) When used with respect to pipes and pipe fittings refers to
pipes and pipe fittings containing not more than 8.0 percent lead; and
(3) When used with respect to plumbing fittings and fixtures
intended by the manufacturer to dispense water for human ingestion
refers to fittings and fixtures that are in compliance with standards
established in accordance with 42 U.S.C. 300g-6(e).

[52 FR 20674, June 2, 1987, as amended at 65 FR 2003, Jan. 12, 2000]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.50]

[Page 428-429]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart F--Maximum Contaminant Level Goals and Maximum Residual
Disinfectant Level Goals

Sec. 141.50 Maximum contaminant level goals for organic contaminants.

(a) MCLGs are zero for the following contaminants:

(1) Benzene
(2) Vinyl chloride
(3) Carbon tetrachloride
(4) 1,2-dichloroethane
(5) Trichloroethylene
(6) Acrylamide
(7) Alachlor
(8) Chlordane
(9) Dibromochloropropane
(10) 1,2-Dichloropropane
(11) Epichlorohydrin
(12) Ethylene dibromide
(13) Heptachlor
(14) Heptachlor epoxide
(15) Pentachlorophenol
(16) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
(17) Tetrachloroethylene
(18) Toxaphene
(19) Benzo[a]pyrene
(20) Dichloromethane (methylene chloride)
(21) Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
(22) Hexachlorobenzene
(23) 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin)
(b) MCLGs for the following contaminants are as indicated:

[[Page 429]]

------------------------------------------------------------------------
MCLG in
Contaminant mg/l
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) 1,1-Dichloroethylene..................................... 0.007
(2) 1,1,1-Trichloroethane.................................... 0.20
(3) para-Dichlorobenzene..................................... 0.075
(4) Aldicarb................................................. 0.001
(5) Aldicarb sulfoxide....................................... 0.001
(6) Aldicarb sulfone......................................... 0.001
(7) Atrazine................................................. 0.003
(8) Carbofuran............................................... 0.04
(9) o-Dichlorobenzene........................................ 0.6
(10) cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene................................ 0.07
(11) trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene.............................. 0.1
(12) 2,4-D................................................... 0.07
(13) Ethylbenzene............................................ 0.7
(14) Lindane................................................. 0.0002
(15) Methoxychlor............................................ 0.04
(16) Monochlorobenzene....................................... 0.1
(17) Styrene................................................. 0.1
(18) Toluene................................................. 1
(19) 2,4,5-TP................................................ 0.05
(20) Xylenes (total)......................................... 10
(21) Dalapon................................................. 0.2
(22) Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate................................. .4
(23) Dinoseb................................................. .007
(24) Diquat.................................................. .02
(25) Endothall............................................... .1
(26) Endrin.................................................. .002
(27) Glyphosate.............................................. .7
(28) Hexachlorocyclopentadiene............................... .05
(29) Oxamyl (Vydate)......................................... .2
(30) Picloram................................................ .5
(31) Simazine................................................ .004
(32) 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene.................................. .07
(33) 1,1,2-Trichloroethane................................... .003
------------------------------------------------------------------------

[50 FR 46901, Nov. 13, 1985, as amended at 52 FR 20674, June 2, 1987; 52
FR 25716, July 8, 1987; 56 FR 3592, Jan. 30, 1991; 56 FR 30280, July 1,
1991; 57 FR 31846, July 17, 1992]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.51]

[Page 429]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart F--Maximum Contaminant Level Goals and Maximum Residual
Disinfectant Level Goals

Sec. 141.51 Maximum contaminant level goals for inorganic contaminants.

(a) [Reserved]
(b) MCLGs for the following contaminants are as indicated:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant MCLG (mg/l)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Antimony...................................... 0.006
Asbestos...................................... 7 Million fibers/liter
(longer than 10 <greek-
m>m).
Barium........................................ 2
Beryllium..................................... .004
Cadmium....................................... 0.005
Chromium...................................... 0.1
Copper........................................ 1.3
Cyanide (as free Cyanide)..................... .2
Fluoride...................................... 4.0
Lead.......................................... zero
Mercury....................................... 0.002
Nitrate....................................... 10 (as Nitrogen).
Nitrite....................................... 1 (as Nitrogen).
Total Nitrate+Nitrite......................... 10 (as Nitrogen).
Selenium...................................... 0.05
Thallium...................................... .0005
------------------------------------------------------------------------

[50 FR 47155, Nov. 14, 1985, as amended at 52 FR 20674, June 2, 1987; 56
FR 3593, Jan. 30, 1991; 56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 56 FR 30280, July 1,
1991; 57 FR 31846, July 17, 1992; 60 FR 33932, June 29, 1995]

Effective Date Note: At 66 FR 7063, Jan. 22, 2001, Sec. 141.51 was
amended in paragraph (b) in the table by adding a new entry for
"Arsenic" in alphabetical order and adding a new endnote, effective
Mar. 23, 2001. At 66 FR 16134, Mar. 23, 2001, the effective date was
delayed until May 22, 2001. At 66 FR 28350, May 22, 2001, the effective
date was further delayed until Feb. 22, 2002. For the convenience of the
user, the added text is set forth as follows:

Sec. 141.51 Maximum contaminant level goals for inorganic contaminants.

* * * * *

(b) * * *

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant MCLG (mg/L)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * *
Arsenic................................... zero \1\
* * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ This value for arsenic is effective January 23, 2006. Until then,
there is no MCLG.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.52]

[Page 429]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart F--Maximum Contaminant Level Goals and Maximum Residual
Disinfectant Level Goals

Sec. 141.52 Maximum contaminant level goals for microbiological contaminants.

MCLGs for the following contaminants are as indicated:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant MCLG
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Giardia lamblia....................... zero
(2) Viruses............................... zero
(3) Legionella............................ zero
(4) Total coliforms (including fecal zero.
coliforms and Escherichia coli).
(5) Cryptosporidium....................... zero.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

[54 FR 27527, 27566, June 29, 1989; 55 FR 25064, June 19, 1990; 63 FR
69515, Dec. 16, 1998]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.53]

[Page 429]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart F--Maximum Contaminant Level Goals and Maximum Residual
Disinfectant Level Goals

Sec. 141.53 Maximum contaminant level goals for disinfection byproducts.

MCLGs for the following disinfection byproducts are as indicated:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
MCLG
Disinfection byproduct (mg/L)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bromodichloromethane.......................................... Zero
Bromoform..................................................... Zero
Bromate....................................................... Zero
Dichloroacetic acid........................................... Zero
Trichloroacetic acid.......................................... 0.3
Chlorite...................................................... 0.8
Dibromochloromethane.......................................... 0.06
------------------------------------------------------------------------

[63 FR 69465, Dec. 16, 1998, as amended at 65 FR 34405, May 30, 2000]

[[Page 430]]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.54]

[Page 430]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart F--Maximum Contaminant Level Goals and Maximum Residual
Disinfectant Level Goals

Sec. 141.54 Maximum residual disinfectant level goals for disinfectants.

MRDLGs for disinfectants are as follows:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Disinfectant residual MRDLG(mg/L)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chlorine................................ 4 (as Cl <INF>2</INF>).
Chloramines............................. 4 (as Cl <INF>2</INF>).
Chlorine dioxide........................ 0.8 (as ClO<INF>2</INF>)
------------------------------------------------------------------------

[63 FR 69465, Dec. 16, 1998]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.55]

[Page 430]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart F--Maximum Contaminant Level Goals and Maximum Residual
Disinfectant Level Goals

Sec. 141.55 Maximum contaminant level goals for radionuclides.

MCLGs for radionuclides are as indicated in the following table:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant MCLG
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Combined radium-226 and radium-228........ Zero.
2. Gross alpha particle activity (excluding Zero.
radon and uranium).
3. Beta particle and photon radioactivity.... Zero.
4. Uranium................................... Zero.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

[65 FR 76748, Dec. 7, 2000]

Effective Date Note: At 65 FR 76748, Dec. 7, 2000, Sec. 141.55 was
added, effective Dec. 8, 2003.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.60]

[Page 430]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart G--National Revised Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Maximum
Contaminant Levels and Maximum Residual Disinfectant Levels

Sec. 141.60 Effective dates.

Effective Date Note: At 65 FR 76748, Dec. 7, 2000, the heading of
subpart G was revised to read "National Primary Drinking Water
Regulations: Maximum Contaminant Levels and Maximum Residual
Disinfectant Levels", effective Dec. 8, 2003.

(a) The effective dates for Sec. 141.61 are as follows:
(1) The effective date for paragraphs (a)(1) through (a)(8) of
Sec. 141.61 is January 9, 1989.
(2) The effective date for paragraphs (a)(9) through (a)(18) and
(c)(1) through (c)(18) of Sec. 141.61 is July 30, 1992.
(3) The effective date for paragraphs (a)(19) through (a)(21),
(c)(19) through (c)(25), and (c)(27) through (c)(33) of Sec. 141.61 is
January 17, 1994. The effective date of Sec. 141.61(c)(26) is August 17,
1992.

(b) The effective dates for Sec. 141.62 are as follows:
(1) The effective date of paragraph (b)(1) of Sec. 141.62 is October
2, 1987.
(2) The effective date for paragraphs (b)(2) and (b)(4) through
(b)(10) of Sec. 141.62 is July 30, 1992.
(3) The effective date for paragraphs (b)(11) through (b)(15) of
Sec. 141.62 is January 17, 1994.

[56 FR 3593, Jan. 30, 1991, as amended at 57 FR 31846, July 17, 1992; 59
FR 34324, July 1, 1994]

Effective Date Note: At 66 FR 7063, Jan. 22, 2001, Sec. 141.60 was
amended by adding paragraph (b)(4), effective March 23, 2001. At 66 FR
16134, Mar. 23, 2001, the effective date was delayed until May 22, 2001.
At 66 FR 28350, May 22, 2001, the effective date was further delayed
until Feb. 22, 2002. For the convenience of the user, the added text is
set forth as follows:

Sec. 141.60 Effective dates.

* * * * *

(b) * * *
(4) The effective date for Sec. 141.62(b)(16) is January 23, 2006.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.61]

[Page 430-432]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart G--National Revised Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Maximum
Contaminant Levels and Maximum Residual Disinfectant Levels

Sec. 141.61 Maximum contaminant levels for organic contaminants.

(a) The following maximum contaminant levels for organic
contaminants apply to community and non-transient, non-community water
systems.

[[Page 431]]

(14) 100-42-5................ Styrene.............. 0.1
(15) 127-18-4................ Tetrachloroethylene.. 0.005
(16) 108-88-3................ Toluene.............. 1
(17) 156-60-5................ trans-1,2- 0.1
Dichloroethylene.
(18) 1330-20-7............... Xylenes (total)...... 10
(19) 75-09-2................. Dichloromethane...... 0.005
(20) 120-82-1................ 1,2,4-Trichloro- .07
benzene.
(21) 79-00-5................. 1,1,2-Trichloro- .005
ethane.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(b) The Administrator, pursuant to section 1412 of the Act, hereby
identifies as indicated in the Table below granular activated carbon
(GAC), packed tower aeration (PTA), or oxidation (OX) as the best
technology treatment technique, or other means available for achieving
compliance with the maximum contaminant level for organic contaminants
identified in paragraphs (a) and (c) of this section:

BAT for Organic Contaminants Listed in Sec. 141.61 (a) and (c)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CAS No. Contaminant GAC PTA OX
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15972-60-8.................................. Alachlor............................ X ........ ........
116-06-3.................................... Aldicarb............................ X ........ ........
1646-88-4................................... Aldicarb sulfone.................... X ........ ........
1646-87-3................................... Aldicarb sulfoxide.................. X ........ ........
1912-24-9................................... Atrazine............................ X ........ ........
71-43-2..................................... Benzene............................. X X ........
50-32-8..................................... Benzo[a]pyrene...................... X ........ ........
1563-66-2................................... Carbofuran.......................... X ........ ........
56-23-5..................................... Carbon tetrachloride................ X X ........
57-74-9..................................... Chlordane........................... X ........ ........
75-99-0..................................... Dalapon............................. X ........ ........
94-75-7..................................... 2,4-D............................... X ........ ........
103-23-1.................................... Di (2-ethylhexyl) adipate........... X X ........
117-81-7.................................... Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate......... X ........ ........
96-12-8..................................... Dibromochloropropane (DBCP)......... X X ........
95-50-1..................................... o-Dichlorobenzene................... X X ........
106-46-7.................................... para-Dichlorobenzene................ X X ........
107-06-2.................................... 1,2-Dichloroethane.................. X X ........
75-35-4..................................... 1,1-Dichloroethylene................ X X ........
156-59-2.................................... cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene............ X X ........
156-60-5.................................... trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene.......... X X ........
75-09-2..................................... Dichloromethane..................... ........ X ........
78-87-5..................................... 1,2-Dichloropropane................. X X ........
88-85-7..................................... Dinoseb............................. X ........ ........
85-00-7..................................... Diquat.............................. X ........ ........
145-73-3.................................... Endothall........................... X ........ ........
72-20-8..................................... Endrin.............................. X ........ ........
100-41-4.................................... Ethylbenzene........................ X X ........
106-93-4.................................... Ethylene Dibromide (EDB)............ X X ........
1071-83-6................................... Gylphosate.......................... ........ ........ X
76-44-8..................................... Heptachlor.......................... X ........ ........
1024-57-3................................... Heptachlor epoxide.................. X ........ ........
118-74-1.................................... Hexachlorobenzene................... X ........ ........
77-47-3..................................... Hexachlorocyclopentadiene........... X X ........
58-89-9..................................... Lindane............................. X ........ ........
72-43-5..................................... Methoxychlor........................ X ........ ........
108-90-7.................................... Monochlorobenzene................... X X ........
23135-22-0.................................. Oxamyl (Vydate)..................... X ........ ........
87-86-5..................................... Pentachlorophenol................... X ........ ........
1918-02-1................................... Picloram............................ X ........ ........
1336-36-3................................... Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)..... X ........ ........
122-34-9.................................... Simazine............................ X ........ ........
100-42-5.................................... Styrene............................. X X ........
1746-01-6................................... 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin)............... X ........ ........
127-18-4.................................... Tetrachloroethylene................. X X ........
108-88-3.................................... Toluene............................. X X ........
8001-35-2................................... Toxaphene........................... X ........ ........
93-72-1..................................... 2,4,5-TP (Silvex)................... X ........ ........
120-82-1.................................... 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene.............. X X ........
71-55-6..................................... 1,1,1-Trichloroethane............... X X ........

[[Page 432]]

79-00-5..................................... 1,1,2-Trichloroethane............... X X ........
79-01-6..................................... Trichloroethylene................... X X ........
75-01-4..................................... Vinyl chloride...................... ........ X ........
1330-20-7................................... Xylene.............................. X X ........
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(c) The following maximum contaminant levels for synthetic organic
contaminants apply to community water systems and non-transient, non-
community water systems:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
CAS No. Contaminant MCL (mg/l)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) 15972-60-8............... Alachlor............. 0.002
(2) 116-06-3................. Aldicarb............. 0.003
(3) 1646-87-3................ Aldicarb sulfoxide... 0.004
(4) 1646-87-4................ Aldicarb sulfone..... 0.002
(5) 1912-24-9................ Atrazine............. 0.003
(6) 1563-66-2................ Carbofuran........... 0.04
(7) 57-74-9.................. Chlordane............ 0.002
(8) 96-12-8.................. Dibromochloropropane. 0.0002
(9) 94-75-7.................. 2,4-D................ 0.07
(10) 106-93-4................. Ethylene dibromide... 0.00005
(11) 76-44-8.................. Heptachlor........... 0.0004
(12) 1024-57-3................ Heptachlor epoxide... 0.0002
(13) 58-89-9.................. Lindane.............. 0.0002
(14) 72-43-5.................. Methoxychlor......... 0.04
(15) 1336-36-3................ Polychlorinated 0.0005
biphenyls.
(16) 87-86-5.................. Pentachlorophenol.... 0.001
(17) 8001-35-2................ Toxaphene............ 0.003
(18) 93-72-1.................. 2,4,5-TP............. 0.05
(19) 50-32-8.................. Benzo[a]pyrene....... 0.0002
(20) 75-99-0.................. Dalapon.............. 0.2
(21) 103-23-1................. Di(2-ethylhexyl) 0.4
adipate.
(22) 117-81-7................. Di(2-ethylhexyl) 0.006
phthalate.
(23) 88-85-7.................. Dinoseb.............. 0.007
(24) 85-00-7.................. Diquat............... 0.02
(25) 145-73-3................. Endothall............ 0.1
(26) 72-20-8.................. Endrin............... 0.002
(27) 1071-53-6................ Glyphosate........... 0.7
(28) 118-74-1................. Hexacholorbenzene.... 0.001
(29) 77-47-4.................. Hexachlorocyclopentad 0.05
iene.
(30) 23135-22-0............... Oxamyl (Vydate)...... 0.2
(31) 1918-02-1................ Picloram............. 0.5
(32) 122-34-9................. Simazine............. 0.004
(33) 1746-01-6................ 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin) 3 x 10-8
------------------------------------------------------------------------

[56 FR 3593, Jan. 30, 1991, as amended at 56 FR 30280, July 1, 1991; 57
FR 31846, July 17, 1992; 59 FR 34324, July 1, 1994]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.62]

[Page 432-434]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart G--National Revised Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Maximum
Contaminant Levels and Maximum Residual Disinfectant Levels

Sec. 141.62 Maximum contaminant levels for inorganic contaminants.

(a) [Reserved]
(b) The maximum contaminant levels for inorganic contaminants
specified in paragraphs (b) (2)-(6), (b)(10), and (b) (11)-(15) of this
section apply to community water systems and non-transient, non-
community water systems. The maximum contaminant level specified in
paragraph (b)(1) of this section only applies to community water
systems. The maximum contaminant levels specified in (b)(7), (b)(8), and
(b)(9) of this section apply to community water systems; non-transient,
non-community water systems; and transient non-community water systems.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant MCL (mg/l)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Fluoride.............................. 4.0
(2) Asbestos.............................. 7 Million Fibers/liter
(longer than 10 <greek-
m>m).
(3) Barium................................ 2
(4) Cadmium............................... 0.005
(5) Chromium.............................. 0.1
(6) Mercury............................... 0.002
(7) Nitrate............................... 10 (as Nitrogen)
(8) Nitrite............................... 1 (as Nitrogen)
(9) Total Nitrate and Nitrite............. 10 (as Nitrogen)

[[Page 433]]

(10) Selenium............................. 0.05
(11) Antimony............................. 0.006
(12) Beryllium............................ 0.004
(13) Cyanide (as free Cyanide)............ 0.2
(14) [Reserved]........................... ............................
(15) Thallium............................. 0.002
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(c) The Administrator, pursuant to section 1412 of the Act, hereby
identifies the following as the best technology, treatment technique, or
other means available for achieving compliance with the maximum
contaminant levels for inorganic contaminants identified in paragraph
(b) of this section, except fluoride:

BAT for Inorganic Compounds Listed in Section 141.62(B)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chemical Name BAT(s)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Antimony................................................ 2,7
Asbestos................................................ 2,3,8
Barium.................................................. 5,6,7,9
Beryllium............................................... 1,2,5,6,7
Cadmium................................................. 2,5,6,7
Chromium................................................ 2,5,6 \2\,7
Cyanide................................................. 5,7,10
Mercury................................................. 2 \1\,4,6 \1\,
7 \1\
Nickel.................................................. 5,6,7
Nitrate................................................. 5,7,9
Nitrite................................................. 5,7
Selenium................................................ 1,2 \3\,6,7,9
Thallium................................................ 1,5
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ BAT only if influent Hg concentrations <ls-thn-eq>10<greek-m>g/1.
\2\ BAT for Chromium III only.
\3\ BAT for Selenium IV only.

Key to BATS in Table

1=Activated Alumina
2=Coagulation/Filtration
3=Direct and Diatomite Filtration
4=Granular Activated Carbon
5=Ion Exchange
6=Lime Softening
7=Reverse Osmosis
8=Corrosion Control
9=Electrodialysis
10=Chlorine
11=Ultraviolet

[56 FR 3594, Jan. 30, 1991, as amended at 56 FR 30280, July 1, 1991; 57
FR 31847, July 17, 1992; 59 FR 34325, July 1, 1994; 60 FR 33932, June
29, 1995]

Effective Date Note: At 66 FR 7063, Jan. 22, 2001, Sec. 141.62 was
amended by revising the first sentence of paragraph (b) introductory
text; adding a new entry "(16)" for arsenic to the table in paragraph
(b); adding a new entry for "Arsenic" in alphabetical order, adding
new endnotes 4 and 5, adding a new item 12 and revising items 2 and 6 to
list of "Key to BATs in Table" and revising the heading to the table
in paragraph (c); and adding paragraph (d), effective Mar. 23, 2001. At
66 FR 16134, Mar. 23, 2001, the effective date was delayed until May 22,
2001. At 66 FR 28350, May 22, 2001, the effective date was further
delayed until Feb. 22, 2002. For the convenience of the user, the
revised and added text is set forth as follows:

Sec. 141.62 Maximum Contaminant Levels for inorganic contaminants.

* * * * *

(b) The maximum contaminant levels for inorganic contaminants
specified in paragraphs (b) (2)-(6), (b)(10), and (b) (11)-(16) of this
section apply to community water systems and non-transient, non-
community water systems. * * *

* * * * *

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant MCL (mg/L)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * *
(16) Arsenic.............................. 0.01
------------------------------------------------------------------------

BAT FOR INORGANIC COMPOUNDS LISTED IN SECTION 141.62(b)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chemical Name BAT(s)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * *
Arsenic \4\............................... 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12 \5\
* * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * *
\4\ BATs for Arsenic V. Pre-oxidation may be required to convert Arsenic
III to Arsenic V.
\5\ To obtain high removals, iron to arsenic ratio must be at least
20:1.

Key to BATs in Table

1 = Activated Alumina
2 = Coagulation/Filtration (not BAT for systems 500 service
connections)

* * * * *

5 = Ion Exchange
6 = Lime Softening (not BAT for systems 500 service connections)
7 = Reverse Osmosis

* * * * *

9 = Electrodialysis

* * * * *

12 = Oxidation/Filtration

* * * * *

[[Page 434]]

(d) The Administrator, pursuant to section 1412 of the Act, hereby
identifies in the following table the affordable technology, treatment
technique, or other means available to systems serving 10,000 persons or
fewer for achieving compliance with the maximum contaminant level for
arsenic:

Small System Compliance Technologies (SSCTs) \1\ for Arsenic \2\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Affordable for listed small
Small system compliance technology system categories \3\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Activated Alumina (centralized)........ All size categories.
Activated Alumina (Point-of-Use) \4\... All size categories.
Coagulation/Filtration \5\............. 501-3,300, 3,301-10,000.
Coagulation-assisted Microfiltration... 501-3,300, 3,301-10,000.
Electrodialysis reversal \6\........... 501-3,300, 3,301-10,000.
Enhanced coagulation/filtration........ All size categories
Enhanced lime softening (pH> 10.5)..... All size categories.
Ion Exchange........................... All size categories.
Lime Softening \5\..................... 501-3,300, 3,301-10,000.
Oxidation/Filtration \7\............... All size categories.
Reverse Osmosis (centralized) \6\...... 501-3,300, 3,301-10,000.
Reverse Osmosis (Point-of-Use) \4\..... All size categories.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Section 1412(b)(4)(E)(ii) of SDWA specifies that SSCTs must be
affordable and technically feasible for small systems.
\2\ SSCTs for Arsenic V. Pre-oxidation may be required to convert
Arsenic III to Arsenic V.
\3\ The Act (ibid.) specifies three categories of small systems: (i)
those serving 25 or more, but fewer than 501, (ii) those serving more
than 500, but fewer than 3,301, and (iii) those serving more than
3,300, but fewer than 10,001.
\4\ When POU or POE devices are used for compliance, programs to ensure
proper long-term operation, maintenance, and monitoring must be
provided by the water system to ensure adequate performance.
\5\ Unlikely to be installed solely for arsenic removal. May require pH
adjustment to optimal range if high removals are needed.
\6\ Technologies reject a large volume of water--may not be appropriate
for areas where water quantity may be an issue.
\7\ To obtain high removals, iron to arsenic ratio must be at least
20:1.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.63]

[Page 434-435]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart G--National Revised Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Maximum
Contaminant Levels and Maximum Residual Disinfectant Levels

Sec. 141.63 Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for microbiological contaminants.

(a) The MCL is based on the presence or absence of total coliforms
in a sample, rather than coliform density.
(1) For a system which collects at least 40 samples per month, if no
more than 5.0 percent of the samples collected during a month are total
coliform-positive, the system is in compliance with the MCL for total
coliforms.
(2) For a system which collects fewer than 40 samples/month, if no
more than one sample collected during a month is total coliform-
positive, the system is in compliance with the MCL for total coliforms.
(b) Any fecal coliform-positive repeat sample or E. coli-positive
repeat sample, or any total coliform-positive repeat sample following a
fecal coliform-positive or E. coli-positive routine sample constitutes a
violation of the MCL for total coliforms. For purposes of the public
notification requirements in subpart Q, this is a violation that may
pose an acute risk to health.
(c) A public water system must determine compliance with the MCL for
total coliforms in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section for each month
in which it is required to monitor for total coliforms.
(d) The Administrator, pursuant to section 1412 of the Act, hereby
identifies the following as the best technology, treatment techniques,
or other means available for achieving compliance with the maximum
contaminant level for total coliforms in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this
section:
(1) Protection of wells from contamination by coliforms by
appropriate placement and construction;
(2) Maintenance of a disinfectant residual throughout the
distribution system;
(3) Proper maintenance of the distribution system including
appropriate pipe replacement and repair procedures, main flushing
programs, proper operation and maintenance of storage tanks and
reservoirs, and continual maintenance of positive water pressure in all
parts of the distribution system;
(4) Filtration and/or disinfection of surface water, as described in
subpart H, or disinfection of ground water using strong oxidants such as
chlorine, chlorine dioxide, or ozone; and
(5) For systems using ground water, compliance with the requirements
of

[[Page 435]]

an EPA-approved State Wellhead Protection Program developed and
implemented under section 1428 of the SDWA.

[54 FR 27566, June 29, 1989; 55 FR 25064, June 19, 1990, as amended at
65 FR 26022, May 4, 2000]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.64]

[Page 435]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart G--National Revised Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Maximum
Contaminant Levels and Maximum Residual Disinfectant Levels

Sec. 141.64 Maximum contaminant levels for disinfection byproducts.

(a) The maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for disinfection
byproducts are as follows:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
MCL (mg/
Disinfection byproduct L)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total trihalomethanes (TTHM).................................. 0.080
Haloacetic acids (five) (HAA5)................................ 0.060
Bromate....................................................... 0.010
Chlorite...................................................... 1.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(b) Compliance dates. (1) CWSs and NTNCWSs. Subpart H systems
serving 10,000 or more persons must comply with this section beginning
January 1, 2002. Subpart H systems serving fewer than 10,000 persons and
systems using only ground water not under the direct influence of
surface water must comply with this section beginning January 1, 2004.
(2) A system that is installing GAC or membrane technology to comply
with this section may apply to the State for an extension of up to 24
months past the dates in paragraphs (b)(1) of this section, but not
beyond December 31, 2003. In granting the extension, States must set a
schedule for compliance and may specify any interim measures that the
system must take. Failure to meet the schedule or interim treatment
requirements constitutes a violation of a National Primary Drinking
Water Regulation.
(c) The Administrator, pursuant to Section 1412 of the Act, hereby
identifies the following as the best technology, treatment techniques,
or other means available for achieving compliance with the maximum
contaminant levels for disinfection byproducts identified in paragraph
(a) of this section:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Disinfection byproduct Best available technology
------------------------------------------------------------------------
TTHM................................... Enhanced coagulation or
enhanced softening or GAC10,
with chlorine as the primary
and residual disinfectant
HAA5................................... Enhanced coagulation or
enhanced softening or GAC10,
with chlorine as the primary
and residual disinfectant.
Bromate................................ Control of ozone treatment
process to reduce production
of bromate.
Chlorite............................... Control of treatment processes
to reduce disinfectant demand
and control of disinfection
treatment processes to reduce
disinfectant levels.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

[63 FR 69465, Dec. 16, 1998, as amended at 66 FR 3776, Jan. 16, 2001]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.65]

[Page 435-436]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart G--National Revised Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Maximum
Contaminant Levels and Maximum Residual Disinfectant Levels

Sec. 141.65 Maximum residual disinfectant levels.

(a) Maximum residual disinfectant levels (MRDLs) are as follows:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Disinfectant residual MRDL (mg/L)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chlorine................................ 4.0 (as Cl<INF>2</INF>).
Chloramines............................. 4.0 (as Cl<INF>2</INF>).
Chlorine dioxide........................ 0.8 (as ClO<INF>2</INF>).
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(b) Compliance dates. (1) CWSs and NTNCWSs. Subpart H systems
serving 10,000 or more persons must comply with this section beginning
January 1, 2002. Subpart H systems serving fewer than 10,000 persons and
systems using only ground water not under the direct influence of
surface water must comply with this subpart beginning January 1, 2004.
(2) Transient NCWSs. Subpart H systems serving 10,000 or more
persons and using chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant must
comply with the chlorine dioxide MRDL beginning January 1, 2002. Subpart
H systems serving fewer than 10,000 persons and using chlorine dioxide
as a disinfectant or oxidant and systems using only ground water not
under the direct influence of surface water and using chlorine dioxide
as a disinfectant or oxidant must comply with the chlorine dioxide MRDL
beginning January 1, 2004.
(c) The Administrator, pursuant to Section 1412 of the Act, hereby
identifies the following as the best technology, treatment techniques,
or other means available for achieving compliance with the maximum
residual disinfectant levels identified in paragraph (a) of this
section: control of treatment

[[Page 436]]

processes to reduce disinfectant demand and control of disinfection
treatment processes to reduce disinfectant levels.

[63 FR 69465, Dec. 16, 1998, as amended at 66 FR 3776, Jan. 16, 2001]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.66]

[Page 436-438]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart G--National Revised Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Maximum
Contaminant Levels and Maximum Residual Disinfectant Levels

Sec. 141.66 Maximum contaminant levels for radionuclides.

(a) [Reserved]
(b) MCL for combined radium-226 and -228. The maximum contaminant
level for combined radium-226 and radium-228 is 5 pCi/L. The combined
radium-226 and radium-228 value is determined by the addition of the
results of the analysis for radium-226 and the analysis for radium-228.
(c) MCL for gross alpha particle activity (excluding radon and
uranium). The maximum contaminant level for gross alpha particle
activity (including radium-226 but excluding radon and uranium) is 15
pCi/L.
(d) MCL for beta particle and photon radioactivity. (1) The average
annual concentration of beta particle and photon radioactivity from man-
made radionuclides in drinking water must not produce an annual dose
equivalent to the total body or any internal organ greater than 4
millirem/year (mrem/year).
(2) Except for the radionuclides listed in table A, the
concentration of man-made radionuclides causing 4 mrem total body or
organ dose equivalents must be calculated on the basis of 2 liter per
day drinking water intake using the 168 hour data list in "Maximum
Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concentrations of
Radionuclides in Air and in Water for Occupational Exposure," NBS
(National Bureau of Standards) Handbook 69 as amended August 1963, U.S.
Department of Commerce. This incorporation by reference was approved by
the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a)
and 1 CFR part 51. Copies of this document are available from the
National Technical Information Service, NTIS ADA 280 282, U.S.
Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia
22161. The toll-free number is 800-553-6847. Copies may be inspected at
EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460; or
at the Office of the Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW.,
Suite 700, Washington, DC. If two or more radionuclides are present, the
sum of their annual dose equivalent to the total body or to any organ
shall not exceed 4 mrem/year.

Table A.--Average Annual Concentrations Assumed To Produce: a Total Body
or Organ Dose of 4 mrem/yr
------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Radionuclide................. Critical organ.... pCi per liter
2. Tritium...................... Total body........ 20,000
3. Strontium-90................. Bone Marrow....... 8
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(e) MCL for uranium. The maximum contaminant level for uranium is 30
<greek-m>g/L.
(f) Compliance dates. (1) Compliance dates for combined radium-226
and -228, gross alpha particle activity, gross beta particle and photon
radioactivity, and uranium: Community water systems must comply with the
MCLs listed in paragraphs (b), (c), (d), and (e) of this section
beginning December 8, 2003 and compliance shall be determined in
accordance with the requirements of Secs. 141.25 and 141.26. Compliance
with reporting requirements for the radionuclides under appendix A to
subpart O and appendices A and B to subpart Q is required on December 8,
2003.
(g) Best available technologies (BATs) for radionuclides. The
Administrator, pursuant to section 1412 of the Act, hereby identifies as
indicated in the following table the best technology available for
achieving compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for combined
radium-226 and -228, uranium, gross alpha particle activity, and beta
particle and photon radioactivity.

[[Page 437]]

Table B.--BAT for Combined Radium-226 and Radium-228, Uranium, Gross
Alpha Particle Activity, and Beta Particle and Photon Radioactivity
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant BAT
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Combined radium-226 and radium-228.. Ion exchange, reverse osmosis,
lime softening.
2. Uranium............................. Ion exchange, reverse osmosis,
lime softening, coagulation/
filtration.
3. Gross alpha particle activity Reverse osmosis.
(excluding Radon and Uranium).
4. Beta particle and photon Ion exchange, reverse osmosis.
radioactivity.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(h) Small systems compliance technologies list for radionuclides.

Table C.--List of Small Systems Compliance Technologies for Radionuclides and Limitations to Use
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Limitations
Unit technologies (see Operator skill level Raw water quality range and
footnotes) required \1\ considerations.\1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Ion exchange (IE)................... (a) Intermediate.............. All ground waters.
2. Point of use (POU \2\) IE........... (b) Basic..................... All ground waters.
3. Reverse osmosis (RO)................ (c) Advanced.................. Surface waters usually
require pre-filtration.
4. POU\2\ RO........................... (b) Basic..................... Surface waters usually
require pre-filtration.
5. Lime softening...................... (d) Advanced.................. All waters.
6. Green sand filtration............... (e) Basic. .............................
7. Co-precipitation with Barium sulfate (f) Intermediate to Advanced.. Ground waters with suitable
water quality.
8. Electrodialysis/electrodialysis ............ Basic to Intermediate..... All ground waters.
reversal.
9. Pre-formed hydrous Manganese oxide (g) Intermediate.............. All ground waters.
filtration.
10. Activated alumina.................. (a), (h) Advanced.................. All ground waters; competing
anion concentrations may
affect regeneration
frequency.
11. Enhanced coagulation/filtration.... (i) Advanced.................. Can treat a wide range of
water qualities.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ National Research Council (NRC). Safe Water from Every Tap: Improving Water Service to Small Communities.
National Academy Press. Washington, D.C. 1997.
\2\ A POU, or "point-of-use" technology is a treatment device installed at a single tap used for the purpose
of reducing contaminants in drinking water at that one tap. POU devices are typically installed at the kitchen
tap. See the April 21, 2000 NODA for more details.

Limitations Footnotes: Technologies for Radionuclides:
a The regeneration solution contains high concentrations of the contaminant ions. Disposal options should be
carefully considered before choosing this technology.
b When POU devices are used for compliance, programs for long-term operation, maintenance, and monitoring must
be provided by water utility to ensure proper performance.
c Reject water disposal options should be carefully considered before choosing this technology. See other RO
limitations described in the SWTR Compliance Technologies Table.
d The combination of variable source water quality and the complexity of the water chemistry involved may make
this technology too complex for small surface water systems.
e Removal efficiencies can vary depending on water quality.
f This technology may be very limited in application to small systems. Since the process requires static mixing,
detention basins, and filtration, it is most applicable to systems with sufficiently high sulfate levels that
already have a suitable filtration treatment train in place.
g This technology is most applicable to small systems that already have filtration in place.
h Handling of chemicals required during regeneration and pH adjustment may be too difficult for small systems
without an adequately trained operator.
i Assumes modification to a coagulation/filtration process already in place.

Table D.--Compliance Technologies by System Size Category for Radionuclide NPDWR's
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Compliance technologies \1\ for system size
categories (population served)
Contaminant -------------------------------------------------- 3,300-10,000
25-500 501-3,300
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Combined radium-226 and radium-228 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 8,
9. 9. 9.
2. Gross alpha particle activity..... 3, 4................... 3, 4................... 3, 4.
3. Beta particle activity and photon 1, 2, 3, 4............. 1, 2, 3, 4............. 1, 2, 3, 4.
activity.
4. Uranium........................... 1, 2, 4, 10, 11........ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11.. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: 1 Numbers correspond to those tegies found listed in the table C of 141.66(h).

[[Page 438]]

[65 FR 76748, Dec. 7, 2000]

Effective Date Note: At 65 FR 76748, Dec. 7, 2000, Sec. 141.66 was
added, effective Dec. 8, 2003.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.70]

[Page 438]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart H--Filtration and Disinfection

Sec. 141.70 General requirements.

Source: 54 FR 27527, June 29, 1989, unless otherwise noted.

(a) The requirements of this subpart H constitute national primary
drinking water regulations. These regulations establish criteria under
which filtration is required as a treatment technique for public water
systems supplied by a surface water source and public water systems
supplied by a ground water source under the direct influence of surface
water. In addition, these regulations establish treatment technique
requirements in lieu of maximum contaminant levels for the following
contaminants: Giardia lamblia, viruses, heterotrophic plate count
bacteria, Legionella, and turbidity. Each public water system with a
surface water source or a ground water source under the direct influence
of surface water must provide treatment of that source water that
complies with these treatment technique requirements. The treatment
technique requirements consist of installing and properly operating
water treatment processes which reliably achieve:
(1) At least 99.9 percent (3-log) removal and/or inactivation of
Giardia lamblia cysts between a point where the raw water is not subject
to recontamination by surface water runoff and a point downstream before
or at the first customer; and
(2) At least 99.99 percent (4-log) removal and/or inactivation of
viruses between a point where the raw water is not subject to
recontamination by surface water runoff and a point downstream before or
at the first customer.
(b) A public water system using a surface water source or a ground
water source under the direct influence of surface water is considered
to be in compliance with the requirements of paragraph (a) of this
section if:
(1) It meets the requirements for avoiding filtration in Sec. 141.71
and the disinfection requirements in Sec. 141.72(a); or
(2) It meets the filtration requirements in Sec. 141.73 and the
disinfection requirements in Sec. 141.72(b).
(c) Each public water system using a surface water source or a
ground water source under the direct influence of surface water must be
operated by qualified personnel who meet the requirements specified by
the State.
(d) Additional requirements for systems serving at least 10,000
people. In addition to complying with requirements in this subpart,
systems serving at least 10,000 people must also comply with the
requirements in subpart P of this part.

[54 FR 27527, June 29, 1989, as amended at 63 FR 69516, Dec. 16, 1998]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.71]

[Page 438-440]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart H--Filtration and Disinfection

Sec. 141.71 Criteria for avoiding filtration.

A public water system that uses a surface water source must meet all
of the conditions of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, and is
subject to paragraph (c) of this section, beginning December 30, 1991,
unless the State has determined, in writing pursuant to
Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), that filtration is required. A public water
system that uses a ground water source under the direct influence of
surface water must meet all of the conditions of paragraphs (a) and (b)
of this section and is subject to paragraph (c) of this section,
beginning 18 months after the State determines that it is under the
direct influence of surface water, or December 30, 1991, whichever is
later, unless the State has determined, in writing pursuant to
Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), that filtration is required. If the State
determines in writing pursuant to Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii) before
December 30, 1991, that filtration is required, the system must have
installed filtration and meet the criteria for filtered systems
specified in Secs. 141.72(b) and 141.73 by June 29, 1993. Within 18
months of the failure of a system using surface water or a ground water
source under the direct influence of surface water to meet any one of
the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section or after June
29, 1993,

[[Page 439]]

whichever is later, the system must have installed filtration and meet
the criteria for filtered systems specified in Secs. 141.72(b) and
141.73.
(a) Source water quality conditions. (1) The fecal coliform
concentration must be equal to or less than 20/100 ml, or the total
coliform concentration must be equal to or less than 100/100 ml
(measured as specified in Sec. 141.74 (a) (1) and (2) and (b)(1)), in
representative samples of the source water immediately prior to the
first or only point of disinfectant application in at least 90 percent
of the measurements made for the 6 previous months that the system
served water to the public on an ongoing basis. If a system measures
both fecal and total coliforms, the fecal coliform criterion, but not
the total coliform criterion, in this paragraph must be met.
(2) The turbidity level cannot exceed 5 NTU (measured as specified
in Sec. 141.74 (a)(4) and (b)(2)) in representative samples of the
source water immediately prior to the first or only point of
disinfectant application unless: (i) the State determines that any such
event was caused by circumstances that were unusual and unpredictable;
and (ii) as a result of any such event, there have not been more than
two events in the past 12 months the system served water to the public,
or more than five events in the past 120 months the system served water
to the public, in which the turbidity level exceeded 5 NTU. An "event"
is a series of consecutive days during which at least one turbidity
measurement each day exceeds 5 NTU.
(b) Site-specific conditions. (1)(i) The public water system must
meet the requirements of Sec. 141.72(a)(1) at least 11 of the 12
previous months that the system served water to the public, on an
ongoing basis, unless the system fails to meet the requirements during 2
of the 12 previous months that the system served water to the public,
and the State determines that at least one of these failures was caused
by circumstances that were unusual and unpredictable.
(ii) The public water system must meet the requirements of
Sec. 141.72(a)(2) at all times the system serves water to the public.
(iii) The public water system must meet the requirements of
Sec. 141.72(a)(3) at all times the system serves water to the public
unless the State determines that any such failure was caused by
circumstances that were unusual and unpredictable.
(iv) The public water system must meet the requirements of
Sec. 141.72(a)(4) on an ongoing basis unless the State determines that
failure to meet these requirements was not caused by a deficiency in
treatment of the source water.
(2) The public water system must maintain a watershed control
program which minimizes the potential for contamination by Giardia
lamblia cysts and viruses in the source water. The State must determine
whether the watershed control program is adequate to meet this goal. The
adequacy of a program to limit potential contamination by Giardia
lamblia cysts and viruses must be based on: the comprehensiveness of the
watershed review; the effectiveness of the system's program to monitor
and control detrimental activities occurring in the watershed; and the
extent to which the water system has maximized land ownership and/or
controlled land use within the watershed. At a minimum, the watershed
control program must:
(i) Characterize the watershed hydrology and land ownership;
(ii) Identify watershed characteristics and activities which may
have an adverse effect on source water quality; and
(iii) Monitor the occurrence of activities which may have an adverse
effect on source water quality.
The public water system must demonstrate through ownership and/or
written agreements with landowners within the watershed that it can
control all human activities which may have an adverse impact on the
microbiological quality of the source water. The public water system
must submit an annual report to the State that identifies any special
concerns about the watershed and how they are being handled; describes
activities in the watershed that affect water quality; and projects what
adverse activities are expected to occur in the future and describes how
the public water system

[[Page 440]]

expects to address them. For systems using a ground water source under
the direct influence of surface water, an approved wellhead protection
program developed under section 1428 of the Safe Drinking Water Act may
be used, if the State deems it appropriate, to meet these requirements.
(3) The public water system must be subject to an annual on-site
inspection to assess the watershed control program and disinfection
treatment process. Either the State or a party approved by the State
must conduct the on-site inspection. The inspection must be conducted by
competent individuals such as sanitary and civil engineers, sanitarians,
or technicians who have experience and knowledge about the operation and
maintenance of a public water system, and who have a sound understanding
of public health principles and waterborne diseases. A report of the on-
site inspection summarizing all findings must be prepared every year.
The on-site inspection must indicate to the State's satisfaction that
the watershed control program and disinfection treatment process are
adequately designed and maintained. The on-site inspection must include:
(i) A review of the effectiveness of the watershed control program;
(ii) A review of the physical condition of the source intake and how
well it is protected;
(iii) A review of the system's equipment maintenance program to
ensure there is low probability for failure of the disinfection process;
(iv) An inspection of the disinfection equipment for physical
deterioration;
(v) A review of operating procedures;
(vi) A review of data records to ensure that all required tests are
being conducted and recorded and disinfection is effectively practiced;
and
(vii) Identification of any improvements which are needed in the
equipment, system maintenance and operation, or data collection.
(4) The public water system must not have been identified as a
source of a waterborne disease outbreak, or if it has been so
identified, the system must have been modified sufficiently to prevent
another such occurrence, as determined by the State.
(5) The public water system must comply with the maximum contaminant
level (MCL) for total coliforms in Sec. 141.63 at least 11 months of the
12 previous months that the system served water to the public, on an
ongoing basis, unless the State determines that failure to meet this
requirement was not caused by a deficiency in treatment of the source
water.
(6) The public water system must comply with the requirements for
trihalomethanes in Secs. 141.12 and 141.30 until December 31, 2001.
After December 31, 2001, the system must comply with the requirements
for total trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids (five), bromate, chlorite,
chlorine, chloramines, and chlorine dioxide in subpart L of this part.
(c) Treatment technique violations. (1) A system that (i) fails to
meet any one of the criteria in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section
and/or which the State has determined that filtration is required, in
writing pursuant to Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), and (ii) fails to install
filtration by the date specified in the introductory paragraph of this
section is in violation of a treatment technique requirement.
(2) A system that has not installed filtration is in violation of a
treatment technique requirement if:
(i) The turbidity level (measured as specified in Sec. 141.74(a)(4)
and (b)(2)) in a representative sample of the source water immediately
prior to the first or only point of disinfection application exceeds 5
NTU; or
(ii) The system is identified as a source of a waterborne disease
outbreak.

[54 FR 27527, June 29, 1989, as amended at 63 FR 69516, Dec. 16, 1998;
66 FR 3776, Jan. 16, 2001]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.72]

[Page 440-442]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart H--Filtration and Disinfection

Sec. 141.72 Disinfection.

A public water system that uses a surface water source and does not
provide filtration treatment must provide the disinfection treatment
specified in paragraph (a) of this section beginning December 30, 1991,
unless the State determines that filtration is required in writing
pursuant to Sec. 1412 (b)(7)(C)(iii). A public water system that uses a
ground water source under the direct influence of surface water and does
not

[[Page 441]]

provide filtration treatment must provide disinfection treatment
specified in paragraph (a) of this section beginning December 30, 1991,
or 18 months after the State determines that the ground water source is
under the influence of surface water, whichever is later, unless the
State has determined that filtration is required in writing pursuant to
Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii). If the State has determined that filtration is
required, the system must comply with any interim disinfection
requirements the State deems necessary before filtration is installed. A
system that uses a surface water source that provides filtration
treatment must provide the disinfection treatment specified in paragraph
(b) of this section beginnng June 29, 1993, or beginning when filtration
is installed, whichever is later. A system that uses a ground water
source under the direct influence of surface water and provides
filtration treatment must provide disinfection treatment as specified in
paragraph (b) of this section by June 29, 1993, or beginning when
filtration is installed, whichever is later. Failure to meet any
requirement of this section after the applicable date specified in this
introductory paragraph is a treatment technique violation.
(a) Disinfection requirements for public water systems that do not
provide filtration. Each public water system that does not provide
filtration treatment must provide disinfection treatment as follows:
(1) The disinfection treatment must be sufficient to ensure at least
99.9 percent (3-log) inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts and 99.99
percent (4-log) inactivation of viruses, every day the system serves
water to the public, except any one day each month. Each day a system
serves water to the public, the public water system must calculate the
CT value(s) from the system's treatment parameters, using the procedure
specified in Sec. 141.74(b)(3), and determine whether this value(s) is
sufficient to achieve the specified inactivation rates for Giardia
lamblia cysts and viruses. If a system uses a disinfectant other than
chlorine, the system may demonstrate to the State, through the use of a
State-approved protocol for on-site disinfection challenge studies or
other information satisfactory to the State, that CT<INF>99.9</INF>
values other than those specified in tables 2.1 and 3.1 in
Sec. 141.74(b)(3) or other operational parameters are adequate to
demonstrate that the system is achieving minimum inactivation rates
required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
(2) The disinfection system must have either (i) redundant
components, including an auxiliary power supply with automatic start-up
and alarm to ensure that disinfectant application is maintained
continuously while water is being delivered to the distribution system,
or (ii) automatic shut-off of delivery of water to the distribution
system whenever there is less than 0.2 mg/l of residual disinfectant
concentration in the water. If the State determines that automatic shut-
off would cause unreasonable risk to health or interfere with fire
protection, the system must comply with paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this
section.
(3) The residual disinfectant concentration in the water entering
the distribution system, measured as specified in Sec. 141.74 (a)(5) and
(b)(5), cannot be less than 0.2 mg/l for more than 4 hours.
(4)(i) The residual disinfectant concentration in the distribution
system, measured as total chlorine, combined chlorine, or chlorine
dioxide, as specified in Sec. 141.74 (a)(5) and (b)(6), cannot be
undetectable in more than 5 percent of the samples each month, for any
two consecutive months that the system serves water to the public. Water
in the distribution system with a heterotrophic bacteria concentration
less than or equal to 500/ml, measured as heterotrophic plate count
(HPC) as specified in Sec. 141.74(a)(3), is deemed to have a detectable
disinfectant residual for purposes of determining compliance with this
requirement. Thus, the value "V" in the following formula cannot
exceed 5 percent in one month, for any two consecutive months.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC15NO91.131

where:
a=number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is
measured;
b=number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is
not measured

[[Page 442]]

but heterotrophic bacteria plate count (HPC) is measured;
c=number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is
measured but not detected and no HPC is measured;
d=number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is
measured but not detected and where the HPC is >500/ml; and
e=number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is
not measured and HPC is >500/ml.

(ii) If the State determines, based on site-specific considerations,
that a system has no means for having a sample transported and analyzed
for HPC by a certified laboratory under the requisite time and
temperature conditions specified by Sec. 141.74(a)(3) and that the
system is providing adequate disinfection in the distribution system,
the requirements of paragraph (a)(4)(i) of this section do not apply to
that system.
(b) Disinfection requirements for public water systems which provide
filtration. Each public water system that provides filtration treatment
must provide disinfection treatment as follows.
(1) The disinfection treatment must be sufficient to ensure that the
total treatment processes of that system achieve at least 99.9 percent
(3-log) inactivation and/or removal of Giardia lamblia cysts and at
least 99.99 percent (4-log) inactivation and/or removal of viruses, as
determined by the State.
(2) The residual disinfectant concentration in the water entering
the distribution system, measured as specified in Sec. 141.74 (a)(5) and
(c)(2), cannot be less than 0.2 mg/l for more than 4 hours.
(3)(i) The residual disinfectant concentration in the distribution
system, measured as total chlorine, combined chlorine, or chlorine
dioxide, as specified in Sec. 141.74 (a)(5) and (c)(3), cannot be
undetectable in more than 5 percent of the samples each month, for any
two consecutive months that the system serves water to the public. Water
in the distribution system with a heterotrophic bacteria concentration
less than or equal to 500/ml, measured as heterotrophic plate count
(HPC) as specified in Sec. 141.74(a)(3), is deemed to have a detectable
disinfectant residual for purposes of determining compliance with this
requirement. Thus, the value "V" in the following formula cannot
exceed 5 percent in one month, for any two consecutive months.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC15NO91.132

where:
a=number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is
measured;
b=number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is
not measured but heterotrophic bacteria plate count (HPC) is measured;
c=number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is
measured but not detected and no HPC is measured;
d=number of instances where no residual disinfectant concentration is
detected and where the HPC is >500/ml; and
e=number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is
not measured and HPC is >500/ml.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.73]

[Page 442-443]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart H--Filtration and Disinfection

Sec. 141.73 Filtration.

A public water system that uses a surface water source or a ground
water source under the direct influence of surface water, and does not
meet all of the criteria in Sec. 141.71 (a) and (b) for avoiding
filtration, must provide treatment consisting of both disinfection, as
specified in Sec. 141.72(b), and filtration treatment which complies
with the requirements of paragraph (a), (b), (c), (d), or (e) of this
section by June 29, 1993, or within 18 months of the failure to meet any
one of the criteria for avoiding filtration in Sec. 141.71 (a) and (b),
whichever is later. Failure to meet any requirement of this section
after the date specified in this introductory paragraph is a treatment
technique violation.
(a) Conventional filtration treatment or direct filtration. (1) For
systems using conventional filtration or direct filtration, the
turbidity level of representative samples of a system's filtered water
must be less than or equal to 0.5

[[Page 443]]

NTU in at least 95 percent of the measurements taken each month,
measured as specified in Sec. 141.74 (a)(4) and (c)(1), except that if
the State determines that the system is capable of achieving at least
99.9 percent removal and/or inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts at
some turbidity level higher than 0.5 NTU in at least 95 percent of the
measurements taken each month, the State may substitute this higher
turbidity limit for that system. However, in no case may the State
approve a turbidity limit that allows more than 1 NTU in more than 5
percent of the samples taken each month, measured as specified in
Sec. 141.74 (a)(4) and (c)(1).
(2) The turbidity level of representative samples of a system's
filtered water must at no time exceed 5 NTU, measured as specified in
Sec. 141.74 (a)(4) and (c)(1).
(3) Beginning January 1, 2002, systems serving at least 10,000
people must meet the turbidity requirements in Sec. 141.173(a).
(b) Slow sand filtration. (1) For systems using slow sand
filtration, the turbidity level of representative samples of a system's
filtered water must be less than or equal to 1 NTU in at least 95
percent of the measurements taken each month, measured as specified in
Sec. 141.74 (a)(4) and (c)(1), except that if the State determines there
is no significant interference with disinfection at a higher turbidity
level, the State may substitute this higher turbidity limit for that
system.
(2) The turbidity level of representative samples of a system's
filtered water must at no time exceed 5 NTU, measured as specified in
Sec. 141.74 (a)(4) and (c)(1).
(c) Diatomaceous earth filtration. (1) For systems using
diatomaceous earth filtration, the turbidity level of representative
samples of a system's filtered water must be less than or equal to 1 NTU
in at least 95 percent of the measurements taken each month, measured as
specified in Sec. 141.74 (a)(4) and (c)(1).
(2) The turbidity level of representative samples of a system's
filtered water must at no time exceed 5 NTU, measured as specified in
Sec. 141.74 (a)(4) and (c)(1).
(d) Other filtration technologies. A public water system may use a
filtration technology not listed in paragraphs (a) through (c) of this
section if it demonstrates to the State, using pilot plant studies or
other means, that the alternative filtration technology, in combination
with disinfection treatment that meets the requirements of
Sec. 141.72(b), consistently achieves 99.9 percent removal and/or
inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts and 99.99 percent removal and/or
inactivation of viruses. For a system that makes this demonstration, the
requirements of paragraph (b) of this section apply. Beginning January
1, 2002, systems serving at least 10,000 people must meet the
requirements for other filtration technologies in Sec. 141.173(b).

[54 FR 27527, June 29, 1989, as amended at 63 FR 69516, Dec. 16, 1998;
66 FR 3776, Jan. 16, 2001]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.74]

[Page 443-450]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart H--Filtration and Disinfection

Sec. 141.74 Analytical and monitoring requirements.

(a) Analytical requirements. Only the analytical method(s) specified
in this paragraph, or otherwise approved by EPA, may be used to
demonstrate compliance with Secs. 141.71, 141.72 and 141.73.
Measurements for pH, turbidity, temperature and residual disinfectant
concentrations must be conducted by a person approved by the State.
Measurement for total coliforms, fecal coliforms and HPC must be
conducted by a laboratory certified by the State or EPA to do such
analysis. Until laboratory certification criteria are developed for the
analysis of fecal coliforms and HPC, any laboratory certified for total
coliforms analysis by the State or EPA is deemed certified for fecal
coliforms and HPC analysis. The following procedures shall be conducted
in accordance with the publications listed in the following section.
This incorporation by reference was approved by the Director of the
Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51.
Copies of the methods published in Standard Methods for the Examination
of Water and Wastewater may be obtained from the American Public Health
Association et al., 1015 Fifteenth Street, NW., Washington, DC 20005;
copies of the Minimal Medium ONPG-MUG Method as set forth in the

[[Page 444]]

article "National Field Evaluation of a Defined Substrate Method for
the Simultaneous Enumeration of Total Coliforms and Esherichia coli from
Drinking Water: Comparison with the Standard Multiple Tube Fermentation
Method" (Edberg et al.), Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Volume
54, pp. 1595-1601, June 1988 (as amended under Erratum, Applied and
Environmental Microbiology, Volume 54, p. 3197, December, 1988), may be
obtained from the American Water Works Association Research Foundation,
6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, Colorado, 80235; and copies of the
Indigo Method as set forth in the article "Determination of Ozone in
Water by the Indigo Method" (Bader and Hoigne), may be obtained from
Ozone Science & Engineering, Pergamon Press Ltd., Fairview Park,
Elmsford, New York 10523. Copies may be inspected at the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Room EB15, 401 M St., SW., Washington,
DC 20460 or at the Office of the Federal Register, 800 North Capitol
Street, NW., suite 700, Washington, DC.
(1) Public water systems must conduct analysis of pH and temperature
in accordance with one of the methods listed at Sec. 141.23(k)(1).
Public water systems must conduct analysis of total coliforms, fecal
coliforms, heterotrophic bacteria, and turbidity in accordance with one
of the following analytical methods and by using analytical test
procedures contained in Technical Notes on Drinking Water Methods, EPA-
600/R-94-173, October 1994, which is available at NTIS PB95-104766.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Organism Methodology Citation \1\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Coliform \2\............. Total Coliform 9221 A, B, C
Fermentation
Technique \3,4,5\.
Total Coliform 9222 A, B, C
Membrane Filter
Technique \6\.
ONPG-MUG Test \7\. 9223
Fecal Coliforms \2\............ Fecal Coliform 9221 E
Procedure \8\.
Fecal Coliform 9222 D
Filter Procedure.
Heterotrophic bacteria \2\..... Pour Plate Method. 9215 B
Turbidity...................... Nephelometric 2130 B
Method.
Nephelometric 180.1 \9\
Method.
Great Lakes Method 2 \10\
Instruments.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The procedures shall be done in accordance with the documents listed
below. The incorporation by reference of the following documents
listed in footnotes 1, 6, 7, 9 and 10 was approved by the Director of
the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part
51. Copies of the documents may be obtained from the sources listed
below. Information regarding obtaining these documents can be obtained
from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at 800-426-4791. Documents may be
inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW.,
Washington, DC 20460 (Telephone: 202-260-3027); or at the Office of
the Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW, Suite 700,
Washington, D.C. 20408.
\1\ Except where noted, all methods refer to Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th edition, 1992 and 19th
edition, 1995, American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth
Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20005; either edition may be used.
\2\ The time from sample collection to initiation of analysis may not
exceed 8 hours. Systems must hold samples below 10 deg.C during
transit.
\3\ Lactose broth, as commercially available, may be used in lieu of
lauryl tryptose broth, if the system conducts at least 25 parallel
tests between this medium and lauryl tryptose broth using the water
normally tested, and this comparison demonstrates that the false-
positive rate and false-negative rate for total coliform, using
lactose broth, is less than 10 percent.
\4\ Media should cover inverted tubes at least one-half to two-thirds
after the sample is added.
\5\ No requirement exists to run the completed phase on 10 percent of
all total coliform-positive confirmed tubes.
\6\ MI agar also may be used. Preparation and use of MI agar is set
forth in the article, "New medium for the simultaneous detection of
total coliform and Escherichia coli in water" by Brenner, K.P., et
al., 1993, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:3534-3544. Also available from
the Office of Water Resource Center (RC-4100), 1200 Pennsylvania Ave.,
NW., Washington, DC 20460, EPA 600/J-99/225.
\7\ The ONPG-MUG Test is also known as the Autoanalysis Colilert System.
\8\ A-1 Broth may be held up to three months in a tightly closed screw
cap tube at 4 deg.C.
\9\ "Methods for the Determination of Inorganic Substances in
Environmental Samples", EPA/600/R-93/100, August 1993. Available at
NTIS, PB94-121811.
\10\ GLI Method 2, "Turbidity", November 2, 1992, Great Lakes
Instruments, Inc., 8855 North 55th Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53223.

(2) Public water systems must measure residual disinfectant
concentrations with one of the analytical methods in the following
table. The methods are contained in both the 18th and 19th editions of
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992 and
1995; either edition may be used. Other analytical test procedures are
contained in Technical Notes on Drinking Water Methods, EPA-600/R-94-
173, October 1994, which is available at NTIS PB95-104766. If approved
by the State, residual disinfectant concentrations for free chlorine and
combined chlorine also may be measured by using DPD colorimetric test
kits. Free and total chlorine residuals may be measured continuously by
adapting a specified chlorine residual method for

[[Page 445]]

use with a continuous monitoring instrument provided the chemistry,
accuracy, and precision remain same. Instruments used for continuous
monitoring must be calibrated with a grab sample measurement at least
every five days, or with a protocol approved by the State.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Residual Methodology Methods
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Free Chlorine................. Amperometric 4500-Cl D
Titration.
DPD Ferrous 4500-Cl F
Titrimetric.
DPD Colorimetric. 4500-Cl G
Syringaldazine 4500-Cl H
(FACTS).
Total Chlorine................ Amperometric 4500-Cl D
Titration.
Amperometric 4500-Cl E
Titration (low
level
measurement).
DPD Ferrous 4500-Cl F
Titrimetric.
DPD Colorimetric. 4500-Cl G
Iodometric 4500-Cl I
Electrode.
Chlorine Dioxide.............. Amperometric 4500-ClO<INF>2</INF> C
Titration.
DPD Method....... 4500-ClO<INF>2</INF> D
Amperometric 4500-ClO<INF>2</INF> E
Titration.
Ozone......................... Indigo Method.... 4500-O<INF>3</INF> B
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(b) Monitoring requirements for systems that do not provide
filtration. A public water system that uses a surface water source and
does not provide filtration treatment must begin monitoring, as
specified in this paragraph (b), beginning December 31, 1990, unless the
State has determined that filtration is required in writing pursuant to
Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), in which case the State may specify alternative
monitoring requirements, as appropriate, until filtration is in place. A
public water system that uses a ground water source under the direct
influence of surface water and does not provide filtration treatment
must begin monitoring as specified in this paragraph (b) beginning
December 31, 1990, or 6 months after the State determines that the
ground water source is under the direct influence of surface water,
whichever is later, unless the State has determined that filtration is
required in writing pursuant to Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), in which case
the State may specify alternative monitoring requirements, as
appropriate, until filtration is in place.
(1) Fecal coliform or total coliform density measurements as
required by Sec. 141.71(a)(1) must be performed on representative source
water samples immediately prior to the first or only point of
disinfectant application. The system must sample for fecal or total
coliforms at the following minimum frequency each week the system serves
water to the public:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Samples/
System size (persons served) week\1\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
:500......................................................... 1
501 to 3,300................................................. 2
3,301 to 10,000.............................................. 3
10,001 to 25,000............................................. 4
>25,000...................................................... 5
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Must be taken on separate days.

Also, one fecal or total coliform density measurement must be made
every day the system serves water to the public and the turbidity of the
source water exceeds 1 NTU (these samples count towards the weekly
coliform sampling requirement) unless the State determines that the
system, for logistical reasons outside the system's control, cannot have
the sample analyzed within 30 hours of collection.
(2) Turbidity measurements as required by Sec. 141.71(a)(2) must be
performed on representative grab samples of source water immediately
prior to the first or only point of disinfectant application every four
hours (or more frequently) that the system serves water to the public. A
public water system may substitute continuous turbidity monitoring for
grab sample monitoring if it validates the continuous measurement for
accuracy on a regular basis using a protocol approved by the State.
(3) The total inactivation ratio for each day that the system is in
operation must be determined based on the CT<INF>99.9</INF> values in
tables 1.1-1.6, 2.1, and 3.1 of this section, as appropriate. The
parameters necessary to determine the total inactivation ratio must be
monitored as follows:
(i) The temperature of the disinfected water must be measured at
least once per day at each residual disinfectant concentration sampling
point.
(ii) If the system uses chlorine, the pH of the disinfected water
must be measured at least once per day at each chlorine residual
disinfectant concentration sampling point.

[[Page 446]]

(iii) The disinfectant contact time(s) ("T") must be determined
for each day during peak hourly flow.
(iv) The residual disinfectant concentration(s) ("C") of the water
before or at the first customer must be measured each day during peak
hourly flow.
(v) If a system uses a disinfectant other than chlorine, the system
may demonstrate to the State, through the use of a State-approved
protocol for on-site disinfection challenge studies or other information
satisfactory to the State, that CT<INF>99.9</INF> values other than
those specified in tables 2.1 and 3.1 in this section other operational
parameters are adequate to demonstrate that the system is achieving the
minimum inactivation rates required by Sec. 141.72(a)(1).

Table 1.1--CT Values (CT<INF>99.9</INF>) for 99.9 Percent Inactivation of Giardia Lamblia Cysts by Free Chlorine at 0.5
deg.C or Lower \1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
pH
Residual (mg/l) --------------------------------------------------
:6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 :9.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:0.4......................................................... 137 163 195 237 277 329 390
0.6.......................................................... 141 168 200 239 286 342 407
0.8.......................................................... 145 172 205 246 295 354 422
1.0.......................................................... 148 176 210 253 304 365 437
1.2.......................................................... 152 180 215 259 313 376 451
1.4.......................................................... 155 184 221 266 321 387 464
1.6.......................................................... 157 189 226 273 329 397 477
1.8.......................................................... 162 193 231 279 338 407 489
2.0.......................................................... 165 197 236 286 346 417 500
2.2.......................................................... 169 201 242 297 353 426 511
2.4.......................................................... 172 205 247 298 361 435 522
2.6.......................................................... 175 209 252 304 368 444 533
2.8.......................................................... 178 213 257 310 375 452 543
3.0.......................................................... 181 217 261 316 382 460 552
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ These CT values achieve greater than a 99.99 percent inactivation of viruses. CT values between the
indicated pH values may be determined by linear interpolation. CT values between the indicated temperatures of
different tables may be determined by linear interpolation. If no interpolation is used, use the CT<INF>99.9</INF> value
at the lower temperature and at the higher pH.

Table 1.2--CT Values (CT <INF>99.9</INF>) for 99.9 Percent Inactivation of Giardia Lamblia Cysts by Free Chlorine at 5.0
deg.C\1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
pH
Free residual (mg/l) --------------------------------------------------
:6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 :9.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:0.4......................................................... 97 117 139 166 198 236 279
0.6........................................................ 100 120 143 171 204 244 291
0.8........................................................ 103 122 146 175 210 252 301
1.0........................................................ 105 125 149 179 216 260 312
1.2........................................................ 107 127 152 183 221 267 320
1.4........................................................ 109 130 155 187 227 274 329
1.6........................................................ 111 132 158 192 232 281 337
1.8........................................................ 114 135 162 196 238 287 345
2.0........................................................ 116 138 165 200 243 294 353
2.2........................................................ 118 140 169 204 248 300 361
2.4........................................................ 120 143 172 209 253 306 368
2.6........................................................ 122 146 175 213 258 312 375
2.8........................................................ 124 148 178 217 263 318 382
3.0........................................................ 126 151 182 221 268 324 389
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ These CT values achieve greater than a 99.99 percent inactivation of viruses. CT values between the
indicated pH values may be determined by linear interpolation. CT values between the indicated temperatures of
different tables may be determined by linear interpolation. If no interpolation is used, use the CT<INF>99.9</INF> value
at the lower temperature, and at the higher pH.

Table 1.3--CT Values (CT <INF>99.9</INF>) for 99.9 Percent Inactivation of Giardia Lamblia Cysts by Free Chlorine at 10.0
deg.C\1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
pH
Free residual (mg/l) --------------------------------------------------
:6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 :9.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:0.4......................................................... 73 88 104 125 149 177 209
0.6........................................................ 75 90 107 128 153 183 218
0.8........................................................ 78 92 110 131 158 189 226
1.0........................................................ 79 94 112 134 162 195 234
1.2........................................................ 80 95 114 137 166 200 240
1.4........................................................ 82 98 116 140 170 206 247
1.6........................................................ 83 99 119 144 174 211 253
1.8........................................................ 86 101 122 147 179 215 259
2.0........................................................ 87 104 124 150 182 221 265
2.2........................................................ 89 105 127 153 186 225 271
2.4........................................................ 90 107 129 157 190 230 276
2.6........................................................ 92 110 131 160 194 234 281
2.8........................................................ 93 111 134 163 197 239 287
3.0........................................................ 95 113 137 166 201 243 292
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ These CT values achieve greater than a 99.99 percent inactivation of viruses. CT values between the
indicated pH values may be determined by linear interpolation. CT values between the indicated temperatures of
different tables may be determined by linear interpolation. If no interpolation is used, use the CT<INF>99.9</INF> value
at the lower temperature, and at the higher pH.

Table 1.4--CT Values (CT <INF>99.9</INF>) for 99.9 Percent Inactivation of Giardia Lamblia Cysts by Free Chlorine at 15.0
deg.C\1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
pH
Free residual (mg/l) --------------------------------------------------
:6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 :9.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:0.4......................................................... 49 59 70 83 99 118 140
0.6........................................................ 50 60 72 86 102 122 146
0.8........................................................ 52 61 73 88 105 126 151
1.0........................................................ 53 63 75 90 108 130 156
1.2........................................................ 54 64 76 92 111 134 160
1.4........................................................ 55 65 78 94 114 137 165
1.6........................................................ 56 66 79 96 116 141 169
1.8........................................................ 57 68 81 98 119 144 173
2.0........................................................ 58 69 83 100 122 147 177
2.2........................................................ 59 70 85 102 124 150 181
2.4........................................................ 60 72 86 105 127 153 184
2.6........................................................ 61 73 88 107 129 156 188

[[Page 447]]

2.8........................................................ 62 74 89 109 132 159 191
3.0........................................................ 63 76 91 111 134 162 195
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ These CT values achieve greater than a 99.99 percent inactivation of viruses. CT values between the
indicated pH values may be determined by linear interpolation. CT values between the indicated temperatures of
different tables may be determined by linear interpolation. If no interpolation is used, use the CT<INF>99.9</INF> value
at the lower temperature, and at the higher pH.

Table 1.5--CT Values (CT<INF>99.9</INF>) for 99.9 Percent Inactivation of Giardia Lamblia Cysts by Free Chlorine at 20
deg.C\1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
pH
Free residual (mg/l) --------------------------------------------------
: 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 : 9.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: 0.4........................................................ 36 44 52 62 74 89 105
0.6.......................................................... 38 45 54 64 77 92 109
0.8.......................................................... 39 46 55 66 79 95 113
1.0.......................................................... 39 47 56 67 81 98 117
1.2.......................................................... 40 48 57 69 83 100 120
1.4.......................................................... 41 49 58 70 85 103 123
1.6.......................................................... 42 50 59 72 87 105 126
1.8.......................................................... 43 51 61 74 89 108 129
2.0.......................................................... 44 52 62 75 91 110 132
2.2.......................................................... 44 53 63 77 93 113 135
2.4.......................................................... 45 54 65 78 95 115 138
2.6.......................................................... 46 55 66 80 97 117 141
2.8.......................................................... 47 56 67 81 99 119 143
3.0.......................................................... 47 57 68 83 101 122 146
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ These CT values achieve greater than a 99.99 percent inactivation of viruses. CT values between the
indicated pH values may be determined by linear interpolation. CT values between the indicated temperatures of
different tables may be determined by linear interpolation. If no interpolation is used, use the CT<INF>99.9</INF> value
at the lower temperature, and at the higher pH.

Table 1.6--CT Values (CT<INF>99.9</INF>) for 99.9 Percent Inactivation of Giardia Lamblia Cysts by Free Chlorine at 25
deg.C\1\ and Higher
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
pH
Free residual (mg/l) --------------------------------------------------
: 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 : 9.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: 0.4........................................................ 24 29 35 42 50 59 70
0.6.......................................................... 25 30 36 43 51 61 73
0.8.......................................................... 26 31 37 44 53 63 75
1.0.......................................................... 26 31 37 45 54 65 78
1.2.......................................................... 27 32 38 46 55 67 80
1.4.......................................................... 27 33 39 47 57 69 82
1.6.......................................................... 28 33 40 48 58 70 84
1.8.......................................................... 29 34 41 49 60 72 86
2.0.......................................................... 29 35 41 50 61 74 88
2.2.......................................................... 30 35 42 51 62 75 90
2.4.......................................................... 30 36 43 52 63 77 92
2.6.......................................................... 31 37 44 53 65 78 94
2.8.......................................................... 31 37 45 54 66 80 96
3.0.......................................................... 32 38 46 55 67 81 97
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ These CT values achieve greater than a 99.99 percent inactivation of viruses. CT values between the
indicated pH values may be determined by linear interpolation. CT values between the indicated temperatures of
different tables may be determined by linear interpolation. If no interpolation is used, use the CT<INF>99.9</INF> value
at the lower temperature, and at the higher pH.

Table 2.1--CT Values (CT<INF>99.9</INF>) for 99.9 Percent Inactivation of Giardia Lamblia Cysts by Chlorine Dioxide and
Ozone\1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Temperature
---------------------------------------------------------------
1 ; 25
deg.C 5 deg.C 10 deg.C 15 deg.C 20 deg.C deg.C
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chlorine dioxide................................ 63 26 23 19 15 11
Ozone........................................... 2.9 1.9 1.4 0.95 0.72 0.48
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ These CT values achieve greater than 99.99 percent inactivation of viruses. CT values between the indicated
temperatures may be determined by linear interpolation. If no interpolation is used, use the CT<INF>99.9</INF> value at
the lower temperature for determining CT<INF>99.9</INF> values between indicated temperatures.

[[Page 448]]

Table 3.1--CT Values (CT <INF>99.9</INF>) for 99.9 Percent Inactivation of Giardia
Lamblia Cysts By Chloramines\1\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Temperature
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 deg.C 5 deg.C 10 deg.C 15 deg.C 20 deg.C 25 deg.C
------------------------------------------------------------------------
3,800 2,200 1,850 1,500 1,100 750
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ These values are for pH values of 6 to 9. These CT values may be
assumed to achieve greater than 99.99 percent inactivation of viruses
only if chlorine is added and mixed in the water prior to the addition
of ammonia. If this condition is not met, the system must demonstrate,
based on on-site studies or other information, as approved by the
State, that the system is achieving at least 99.99 percent
inactivation of viruses. CT values between the indicated temperatures
may be determined by linear interpolation. If no interpolation is
used, use the CT<INF>99.9</INF> value at the lower temperature for determining
CT<INF>99.9</INF> values between indicated temperatures.

(4) The total inactivation ratio must be calculated as follows:
(i) If the system uses only one point of disinfectant application,
the system may determine the total inactivation ratio based on either of
the following two methods:
(A) One inactivation ratio (CTcalc/CT<INF>99.9</INF>) is determined
before or at the first customer during peak hourly flow and if the
CTcalc/CT<INF>99.9</INF> ; 1.0, the 99.9 percent Giardia lamblia
inactivation requirement has been achieved; or
(B) Successive CTcalc/CT<INF>99.9</INF> values, representing
sequential inactivation ratios, are determined between the point of
disinfectant application and a point before or at the first customer
during peak hourly flow. Under this alternative, the following method
must be used to calculate the total inactivation ratio:

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC15NO91.133

lamblia inactivation requirement has been achieved.
(ii) If the system uses more than one point of disinfectant
application before or at the first customer, the system must determine
the CT value of each disinfection sequence immediately prior to the next
point of disinfectant application during peak hourly flow. The CTcalc/
CT<INF>99.9</INF> value of each sequence and
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC15NO91.134

must be calculated using the method in paragraph (b)(4)(i)(B) of
this section to determine if the system is in compliance with
Sec. 142.72(a).
(iii) Although not required, the total percent inactivation for a
system with one or more points of residual disinfectant concentration
monitoring may be calculated by solving the following equation:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC15NO91.135

(5) The residual disinfectant concentration of the water entering
the distribution system must be monitored continuously, and the lowest
value must be recorded each day, except that if there is a failure in
the continuous monitoring equipment, grab sampling every 4 hours may be
conducted in lieu of continuous monitoring, but for no more than 5
working days following the failure of the equipment, and systems serving
3,300 or fewer persons may take grab samples in lieu of providing
continuous monitoring on an ongoing

[[Page 449]]

basis at the frequencies prescribed below:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Samples/
System size by population day\1\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
500.......................................................... 1
501 to 1,000................................................. 2
1,001 to 2,500............................................... 3
2,501 to 3,300............................................... 4
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ The day's samples cannot be taken at the same time. The sampling
intervals are subject to State review and approval.

If at any time the residual disinfectant concentration falls below 0.2
mg/l in a system using grab sampling in lieu of continuous monitoring,
the system must take a grab sample every 4 hours until the residual
concentration is equal to or greater than 0.2 mg/l.
(6)(i) The residual disinfectant concentration must be measured at
least at the same points in the distribution system and at the same time
as total coliforms are sampled, as specified in Sec. 141.21, except that
the State may allow a public water system which uses both a surface
water source or a ground water source under direct influence of surface
water, and a ground water source, to take disinfectant residual samples
at points other than the total coliform sampling points if the State
determines that such points are more representative of treated
(disinfected) water quality within the distribution system.
Heterotrophic bacteria, measured as heterotrophic plate count (HPC) as
specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, may be measured in lieu
of residual disinfectant concentration.
(ii) If the State determines, based on site-specific considerations,
that a system has no means for having a sample transported and analyzed
for HPC by a certified laboratory under the requisite time and
temperature conditions specified by paragraph (a)(3) of this section and
that the system is providing adequate disinfection in the distribution
system, the requirements of paragraph (b)(6)(i) of this section do not
apply to that system.
(c) Monitoring requirements for systems using filtration treatment.
A public water system that uses a surface water source or a ground water
source under the influence of surface water and provides filtration
treatment must monitor in accordance with this paragraph (c) beginning
June 29, 1993, or when filtration is installed, whichever is later.
(1) Turbidity measurements as required by Sec. 141.73 must be
performed on representative samples of the system's filtered water every
four hours (or more frequently) that the system serves water to the
public. A public water system may substitute continuous turbidity
monitoring for grab sample monitoring if it validates the continuous
measurement for accuracy on a regular basis using a protocol approved by
the State. For any systems using slow sand filtration or filtration
treatment other than conventional treatment, direct filtration, or
diatomaceous earth filtration, the State may reduce the sampling
frequency to once per day if it determines that less frequent monitoring
is sufficient to indicate effective filtration performance. For systems
serving 500 or fewer persons, the State may reduce the turbidity
sampling frequency to once per day, regardless of the type of filtration
treatment used, if the State determines that less frequent monitoring is
sufficient to indicate effective filtration performance.
(2) The residual disinfectant concentration of the water entering
the distribution system must be monitored continuously, and the lowest
value must be recorded each day, except that if there is a failure in
the continuous monitoring equipment, grab sampling every 4 hours may be
conducted in lieu of continuous monitoring, but for no more than 5
working days following the failure of the equipment, and systems serving
3,300 or fewer persons may take grab samples in lieu of providing
continuous monitoring on an ongoing basis at the frequencies each day
prescribed below:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Samples/
System size by population day \1\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
<plus-minus>500.............................................. 1
501 to 1,000................................................. 2
1,001 to 2,500............................................... 3
2,501 to 3,300............................................... 4
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ The day's samples cannot be taken at the same time. The sampling
intervals are subject to State review and approval.

If at any time the residual disinfectant concentration falls below 0.2
mg/l in a system using grab sampling in lieu of continuous monitoring,
the system must take a grab sample every 4 hours

[[Page 450]]

until the residual disinfectant concentration is equal to or greater
than 0.2 mg/l.
(3)(i) The residual disinfectant concentration must be measured at
least at the same points in the distribution system and at the same time
as total coliforms are sampled, as specified in Sec. 141.21, except that
the State may allow a public water system which uses both a surface
water source or a ground water source under direct influence of surface
water, and a ground water source to take disinfectant residual samples
at points other than the total coliform sampling points if the State
determines that such points are more representative of treated
(disinfected) water quality within the distribution system.
Heterotrophic bacteria, measured as heterotrophic plate count (HPC) as
specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, may be measured in lieu
of residual disinfectant concentration.
(ii) If the State determines, based on site-specific considerations,
that a system has no means for having a sample transported and analyzed
for HPC by a certified laboratory under the requisite time and
temperature conditions specified by paragraph (a)(3) of this section and
that the system is providing adequate disinfection in the distribution
system, the requirements of paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section do not
apply to that system.

[54 FR 27527, June 29, 1989, as amended at 59 FR 62470, Dec. 5, 1994; 60
FR 34086, June 29, 1995; 64 FR 67465, Dec. 1, 1999]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.75]

[Page 450-453]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart H--Filtration and Disinfection

Sec. 141.75 Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

(a) A public water system that uses a surface water source and does
not provide filtration treatment must report monthly to the State the
information specified in this paragraph (a) beginning December 31, 1990,
unless the State has determined that filtration is required in writing
pursuant to section 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), in which case the State may
specify alternative reporting requirements, as appropriate, until
filtration is in place. A public water system that uses a ground water
source under the direct influence of surface water and does not provide
filtration treatment must report monthly to the State the information
specified in this paragraph (a) beginning December 31, 1990, or 6 months
after the State determines that the ground water source is under the
direct influence of surface water, whichever is later, unless the State
has determined that filtration is required in writing pursuant to
Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), in which case the State may specify alternative
reporting requirements, as appropriate, until filtration is in place.
(1) Source water quality information must be reported to the State
within 10 days after the end of each month the system serves water to
the public. Information that must be reported includes:
(i) The cumulative number of months for which results are reported.
(ii) The number of fecal and/or total coliform samples, whichever
are analyzed during the month (if a system monitors for both, only fecal
coliforms must be reported), the dates of sample collection, and the
dates when the turbidity level exceeded 1 NTU.
(iii) The number of samples during the month that had equal to or
less than 20/100 ml fecal coliforms and/or equal to or less than 100/100
ml total coliforms, whichever are analyzed.
(iv) The cumulative number of fecal or total coliform samples,
whichever are analyzed, during the previous six months the system served
water to the public.
(v) The cumulative number of samples that had equal to or less than
20/100 ml fecal coliforms or equal to or less than 100/100 ml total
coliforms, whichever are analyzed, during the previous six months the
system served water to the public.
(vi) The percentage of samples that had equal to or less than 20/100
ml fecal coliforms or equal to or less than 100/100 ml total coliforms,
whichever are analyzed, during the previous six months the system served
water to the public.
(vii) The maximum turbidity level measured during the month, the
date(s) of occurrence for any measurement(s) which exceeded 5 NTU, and
the date(s) the occurrence(s) was reported to the State.
(viii) For the first 12 months of recordkeeping, the dates and
cumulative

[[Page 451]]

number of events during which the turbidity exceeded 5 NTU, and after
one year of recordkeeping for turbidity measurements, the dates and
cumulative number of events during which the turbidity exceeded 5 NTU in
the previous 12 months the system served water to the public.
(ix) For the first 120 months of recordkeeping, the dates and
cumulative number of events during which the turbidity exceeded 5 NTU,
and after 10 years of recordkeeping for turbidity measurements, the
dates and cumulative number of events during which the turbidity
exceeded 5 NTU in the previous 120 months the system served water to the
public.
(2) Disinfection information specified in Sec. 141.74(b) must be
reported to the State within 10 days after the end of each month the
system serves water to the public. Information that must be reported
includes:
(i) For each day, the lowest measurement of residual disinfectant
concentration in mg/l in water entering the distribution system.
(ii) The date and duration of each period when the residual
disinfectant concentration in water entering the distribution system
fell below 0.2 mg/l and when the State was notified of the occurrence.
(iii) The daily residual disinfectant concentration(s) (in mg/l) and
disinfectant contact time(s) (in minutes) used for calculating the CT
value(s).
(iv) If chlorine is used, the daily measurement(s) of pH of
disinfected water following each point of chlorine disinfection.
(v) The daily measurement(s) of water temperature in deg.C
following each point of disinfection.
(vi) The daily CTcalc and CTcalc/CT<INF>99.9</INF> values for each
disinfectant measurement or sequence and the sum of all CTcalc/
CT<INF>99.9</INF> values ((CTcalc/CT<INF>99.9</INF>)) before or at the
first customer.
(vii) The daily determination of whether disinfection achieves
adequate Giardia cyst and virus inactivation, i.e., whether (CTcalc/
CT<INF>99.9</INF>) is at least 1.0 or, where disinfectants other than
chlorine are used, other indicator conditions that the State determines
are appropriate, are met.
(viii) The following information on the samples taken in the
distribution system in conjunction with total coliform monitoring
pursuant to Sec. 141.72:
(A) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant
concentration is measured;
(B) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant
concentration is not measured but heterotrophic bacteria plate count
(HPC) is measured;
(C) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant
concentration is measured but not detected and no HPC is measured;
(D) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant
concentration is detected and where HPC is >500/ml;
(E) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant
concentration is not measured and HPC is >500/ml;
(F) For the current and previous month the system served water to
the public, the value of "V" in the following formula:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC15NO91.136

where:
a=the value in paragraph (a)(2)(viii)(A) of this section,
b=the value in paragraph (a)(2)(viii)(B) of this section,
c=the value in paragraph (a)(2)(viii)(C) of this section,
d=the value in paragraph (a)(2)(viii)(D) of this section, and
e=the value in paragraph (a)(2)(viii)(E) of this section.

(G) If the State determines, based on site-specific considerations,
that a system has no means for having a sample transported and analyzed
for HPC by a certified laboratory under the requisite time and
temperature conditions specified by Sec. 141.74(a)(3) and that the
system is providing adequate disinfection in the distribution system,
the requirements of paragraph (a)(2)(viii) (A)-(F) of this section do
not apply to that system.
(ix) A system need not report the data listed in paragraphs (a)(2)
(i), and (iii)-(vi) of this section if all data listed in paragraphs
(a)(2) (i)-(viii) of this section remain on file at the system, and the
State determines that:
(A) The system has submitted to the State all the information
required by

[[Page 452]]

paragraphs (a)(2) (i)-(viii) of this section for at least 12 months; and
(B) The State has determined that the system is not required to
provide filtration treatment.
(3) No later than ten days after the end of each Federal fiscal year
(September 30), each system must provide to the State a report which
summarizes its compliance with all watershed control program
requirements specified in Sec. 141.71(b)(2).
(4) No later than ten days after the end of each Federal fiscal year
(September 30), each system must provide to the State a report on the
on-site inspection conducted during that year pursuant to
Sec. 141.71(b)(3), unless the on-site inspection was conducted by the
State. If the inspection was conducted by the State, the State must
provide a copy of its report to the public water system.
(5)(i) Each system, upon discovering that a waterborne disease
outbreak potentially attributable to that water system has occurred,
must report that occurrence to the State as soon as possible, but no
later than by the end of the next business day.
(ii) If at any time the turbidity exceeds 5 NTU, the system must
consult with the primacy agency as soon as practical, but no later than
24 hours after the exceedance is known, in accordance with the public
notification requirements under Sec. 141.203(b)(3).
(iii) If at any time the residual falls below 0.2 mg/l in the water
entering the distribution system, the system must notify the State as
soon as possible, but no later than by the end of the next business day.
The system also must notify the State by the end of the next business
day whether or not the residual was restored to at least 0.2 mg/l within
4 hours.
(b) A public water system that uses a surface water source or a
ground water source under the direct influence of surface water and
provides filtration treatment must report monthly to the State the
information specified in this paragraph (b) beginning June 29, 1993, or
when filtration is installed, whichever is later.
(1) Turbidity measurements as required by Sec. 141.74(c)(1) must be
reported within 10 days after the end of each month the system serves
water to the public. Information that must be reported includes:
(i) The total number of filtered water turbidity measurements taken
during the month.
(ii) The number and percentage of filtered water turbidity
measurements taken during the month which are less than or equal to the
turbidity limits specified in Sec. 141.73 for the filtration technology
being used.
(iii) The date and value of any turbidity measurements taken during
the month which exceed 5 NTU.
(2) Disinfection information specified in Sec. 141.74(c) must be
reported to the State within 10 days after the end of each month the
system serves water to the public. Information that must be reported
includes:
(i) For each day, the lowest measurement of residual disinfectant
concentration in mg/l in water entering the distribution system.
(ii) The date and duration of each period when the residual
disinfectant concentration in water entering the distribution system
fell below 0.2 mg/l and when the State was notified of the occurrence.
(iii) The following information on the samples taken in the
distribution system in conjunction with total coliform monitoring
pursuant to Sec. 141.72:
(A) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant
concentration is measured;
(B) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant
concentration is not measured but heterotrophic bacteria plate count
(HPC) is measured;
(C) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant
concentration is measured but not detected and no HPC is measured;
(D) Number of instances where no residual disinfectant concentration
is detected and where HPC is >500/ml;
(E) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant
concentration is not measured and HPC is >500/ml;
(F) For the current and previous month the system serves water to
the public, the value of "V" in the following formula:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC15NO91.137

[[Page 453]]

where:
a=the value in paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(A) of this section,
b=the value in paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(B) of this section,
c=the value in paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(C) of this section,
d=the value in paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(D) of this section, and
e=the value in paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(E) of this section.

(G) If the State determines, based on site-specific considerations,
that a system has no means for having a sample transported and analyzed
for HPC by a certified laboratory within the requisite time and
temperature conditions specified by Sec. 141.74(a)(3) and that the
system is providing adequate disinfection in the distribution system,
the requirements of paragraph (b)(2)(iii) (A)-(F) of this section do not
apply.
(iv) A system need not report the data listed in paragraph (b)(2)(i)
of this section if all data listed in paragraphs (b)(2) (i)-(iii) of
this section remain on file at the system and the State determines that
the system has submitted all the information required by paragraphs
(b)(2) (i)-(iii) of this section for at least 12 months.
(3)(i) Each system, upon discovering that a waterborne disease
outbreak potentially attributable to that water system has occurred,
must report that occurrence to the State as soon as possible, but no
later than by the end of the next business day.
(ii) If at any time the turbidity exceeds 5 NTU, the system must
consult with the primacy agency as soon as practical, but no later than
24 hours after the exceedance is known, in accordance with the public
notification requirements under Sec. 141.203(b)(3).
(iii) If at any time the residual falls below 0.2 mg/l in the water
entering the distribution system, the system must notify the State as
soon as possible, but no later than by the end of the next business day.
The system also must notify the State by the end of the next business
day whether or not the residual was restored to at least 0.2 mg/l within
4 hours.

[54 FR 27527, June 29, 1989, as amended at 65 FR 26022, May 4, 2000]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.76]

[Page 453-454]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart H--Filtration and Disinfection

Sec. 141.76 Recycle provisions.

(a) Applicability. All subpart H systems that employ conventional
filtration or direct filtration treatment and that recycle spent filter
backwash water, thickener supernatant, or liquids from dewatering
processes must meet the requirements in paragraphs (b) through (d) of
this section.
(b) Reporting. A system must notify the State in writing by
Decemeber 8, 2003, if the system recycles spent filter backwash water,
thickener supernatant, or liquids from dewatering processes. This
notification must include, at a minimum, the information specified in
paragraphs (b)(1) and (2) of this section.
(1) A plant schematic showing the origin of all flows which are
recycled (including, but not limited to, spent filter backwash water,
thickener supernatant, and liquids from dewatering processes), the
hydraulic conveyance used to transport them, and the location where they
are re-introduced back into the treatment plant.
(2) Typical recycle flow in gallons per minute (gpm), the highest
observed plant flow experienced in the previous year (gpm), design flow
for the treatment plant (gpm), and State-approved operating capacity for
the plant where the State has made such determinations.
(c) Treatment technique requirement. Any system that recycles spent
filter backwash water, thickener supernatant, or liquids from dewatering
processes must return these flows through the processes of a system's
existing conventional or direct filtration system as defined in
Sec. 141.2 or at an alternate location approved by the State by June 8,
2004. If capital improvements are required to modify the recycle
location to meet this requirement, all capital improvements must be
completed no later than June 8, 2006.
(d) Recordkeeping. The system must collect and retain on file
recycle flow information specified in paragraphs (d)(1) through (6) of
this section for review and evaluation by the State beginning June 8,
2004.
(1) Copy of the recycle notification and information submitted to
the State under paragraph (b) of this section.

[[Page 454]]

(2) List of all recycle flows and the frequency with which they are
returned.
(3) Average and maximum backwash flow rate through the filters and
the average and maximum duration of the filter backwash process in
minutes.
(4) Typical filter run length and a written summary of how filter
run length is determined.
(5) The type of treatment provided for the recycle flow.
(6) Data on the physical dimensions of the equalization and/or
treatment units, typical and maximum hydraulic loading rates, type of
treatment chemicals used and average dose and frequency of use, and
frequency at which solids are removed, if applicable.

[66 FR 31103, June 8, 2001]

Effective Date Note: At 66 FR 31103, June 8, 2001, Sec. 141.76 was
added to subpart H of part 141, effective Aug. 7, 2001.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.80]

[Page 454-455]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart I--Control of Lead and Copper

Sec. 141.80 General requirements.

Source: 56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991, unless otherwise noted.

(a) Applicability and effective dates. (1) The requirements of this
subpart I constitute the national primary drinking water regulations for
lead and copper. Unless otherwise indicated, each of the provisions of
this subpart applies to community water systems and non-transient, non-
community water systems (hereinafter referred to as "water systems" or
"systems").
(2) The requirements set forth in Secs. 141.86 to 141.91 shall take
effect on July 7, 1991. The requirements set forth in Secs. 141.80 to
141.85 shall take effect on December 7, 1992.
(b) Scope. These regulations establish a treatment technique that
includes requirements for corrosion control treatment, source water
treatment, lead service line replacement, and public education. These
requirements are triggered, in some cases, by lead and copper action
levels measured in samples collected at consumers' taps.
(c) Lead and copper action levels. (1) The lead action level is
exceeded if the concentration of lead in more than 10 percent of tap
water samples collected during any monitoring period conducted in
accordance with Sec. 141.86 is greater than 0.015 mg/L (i.e., if the
"90th percentile" lead level is greater than 0.015 mg/L).
(2) The copper action level is exceeded if the concentration of
copper in more than 10 percent of tap water samples collected during any
monitoring period conducted in accordance with Sec. 141.86 is greater
than 1.3 mg/L (i.e., if the "90th percentile" copper level is greater
than 1.3 mg/L).
(3) The 90th percentile lead and copper levels shall be computed as
follows:
(i) The results of all lead or copper samples taken during a
monitoring period shall be placed in ascending order from the sample
with the lowest concentration to the sample with the highest
concentration. Each sampling result shall be assigned a number,
ascending by single integers beginning with the number 1 for the sample
with the lowest contaminant level. The number assigned to the sample
with the highest contaminant level shall be equal to the total number of
samples taken.
(ii) The number of samples taken during the monitoring period shall
be multiplied by 0.9.
(iii) The contaminant concentration in the numbered sample yielded
by the calculation in paragraph (c)(3)(ii) is the 90th percentile
contaminant level.
(iv) For water systems serving fewer than 100 people that collect 5
samples per monitoring period, the 90th percentile is computed by taking
the average of the highest and second highest concentrations.
(d) Corrosion control treatment requirements. (1) All water systems
shall install and operate optimal corrosion control treatment as defined
in Sec. 141.2.
(2) Any water system that complies with the applicable corrosion
control treatment requirements specified by the State under Secs. 141.81
and 141.82 shall be deemed in compliance with the treatment requirement
contained in paragraph (d)(1) of this section.
(e) Source water treatment requirements. Any system exceeding the
lead or copper action level shall implement all applicable source water
treatment

[[Page 455]]

requirements specified by the State under Sec. 141.83.
(f) Lead service line replacement requirements. Any system exceeding
the lead action level after implementation of applicable corrosion
control and source water treatment requirements shall complete the lead
service line replacement requirements contained in Sec. 141.84.
(g) Public education requirements. Any system exceeding the lead
action level shall implement the public education requirements contained
in Sec. 141.85.
(h) Monitoring and analytical requirements. Tap water monitoring for
lead and copper, monitoring for water quality parameters, source water
monitoring for lead and copper, and analyses of the monitoring results
under this subpart shall be completed in compliance with Secs. 141.86,
141.87, 141.88, and 141.89.
(i) Reporting requirements. Systems shall report to the State any
information required by the treatment provisions of this subpart and
Sec. 141.90.
(j) Recordkeeping requirements. Systems shall maintain records in
accordance with Sec. 141.91.
(k) Violation of national primary drinking water regulations.
Failure to comply with the applicable requirements of Secs. 141.80-
141.91, including requirements established by the State pursuant to
these provisions, shall constitute a violation of the national primary
drinking water regulations for lead and/or copper.

[56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 57 FR 28788, June 29, 1992]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.81]

[Page 455-457]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart I--Control of Lead and Copper

Sec. 141.81 Applicability of corrosion control treatment steps to small, medium-size and large water systems.

(a) Systems shall complete the applicable corrosion control
treatment requirements described in Sec. 141.82 by the deadlines
established in this section.
(1) A large system (serving >50,000 persons) shall complete the
corrosion control treatment steps specified in paragraph (d) of this
section, unless it is deemed to have optimized corrosion control under
paragraph (b)(2) or (b)(3) of this section.
(2) A small system (serving <ls-thn-eq>3300 persons) and a medium-
size system (serving >3,300 and <ls-thn-eq>50,000 persons) shall
complete the corrosion control treatment steps specified in paragraph
(e) of this section, unless it is deemed to have optimized corrosion
control under paragraph (b)(1), (b)(2), or (b)(3) of this section.
(b) A system is deemed to have optimized corrosion control and is
not required to complete the applicable corrosion control treatment
steps identified in this section if the system satisfies one of the
criteria specified in paragraphs (b)(1) through (b)(3) of this section.
Any such system deemed to have optimized corrosion control under this
paragraph, and which has treatment in place, shall continue to operate
and maintain optimal corrosion control treatment and meet any
requirements that the State determines appropriate to ensure optimal
corrosion control treatment is maintained.
(1) A small or medium-size water system is deemed to have optimized
corrosion control if the system meets the lead and copper action levels
during each of two consecutive six-month monitoring periods conducted in
accordance with Sec. 141.86.
(2) Any water system may be deemed by the State to have optimized
corrosion control treatment if the system demonstrates to the
satisfaction of the State that it has conducted activities equivalent to
the corrosion control steps applicable to such system under this
section. If the State makes this determination, it shall provide the
system with written notice explaining the basis for its decision and
shall specify the water quality control parameters representing optimal
corrosion control in accordance with Sec. 141.82(f). Water systems
deemed to have optimized corrosion control under this paragraph shall
operate in compliance with the State-designated optimal water quality
control parameters in accordance with Sec. 141.82(g) and continue to
conduct lead and copper tap and water quality parameter sampling in
accordance with Sec. 141.86(d)(3) and Sec. 141.87(d), respectively. A
system shall provide the State with the following information in order
to support a determination under this paragraph:
(i) The results of all test samples collected for each of the water
quality parameters in Sec. 141.82(c)(3).

[[Page 456]]

(ii) A report explaining the test methods used by the water system
to evaluate the corrosion control treatments listed in
Sec. 141.82(c)(1), the results of all tests conducted, and the basis for
the system's selection of optimal corrosion control treatment;
(iii) A report explaining how corrosion control has been installed
and how it is being maintained to insure minimal lead and copper
concentrations at consumers' taps; and
(iv) The results of tap water samples collected in accordance with
Sec. 141.86 at least once every six months for one year after corrosion
control has been installed.
(3) Any water system is deemed to have optimized corrosion control
if it submits results of tap water monitoring conducted in accordance
with Sec. 141.86 and source water monitoring conducted in accordance
with Sec. 141.88 that demonstrates for two consecutive 6-month
monitoring periods that the difference between the 90th percentile tap
water lead level computed under Sec. 141.80(c)(3), and the highest
source water lead concentration is less than the Practical Quantitation
Level for lead specified in Sec. 141.89(a)(1)(ii).
(i) Those systems whose highest source water lead level is below the
Method Detection Limit may also be deemed to have optimized corrosion
control under this paragraph if the 90th percentile tap water lead level
is less than or equal to the Practical Quantitation Level for lead for
two consecutive 6-month monitoring periods.
(ii) Any water system deemed to have optimized corrosion control in
accordance with this paragraph shall continue monitoring for lead and
copper at the tap no less frequently than once every three calendar
years using the reduced number of sites specified in Sec. 141.86(c) and
collecting the samples at times and locations specified in
Sec. 141.86(d)(4)(iv). Any such system that has not conducted a round of
monitoring pursuant to Sec. 141.86(d) since September 30, 1997, shall
complete a round of monitoring pursuant to this paragraph no later than
September 30, 2000.
(iii) Any water system deemed to have optimized corrosion control
pursuant to this paragraph shall notify the State in writing pursuant to
Sec. 141.90(a)(3) of any change in treatment or the addition of a new
source. The State may require any such system to conduct additional
monitoring or to take other action the State deems appropriate to ensure
that such systems maintain minimal levels of corrosion in the
distribution system.
(iv) As of July 12, 2001, a system is not deemed to have optimized
corrosion control under this paragraph, and shall implement corrosion
control treatment pursuant to paragraph (b)(3)(v) of this section unless
it meets the copper action level.
(v) Any system triggered into corrosion control because it is no
longer deemed to have optimized corrosion control under this paragraph
shall implement corrosion control treatment in accordance with the
deadlines in paragraph (e) of this section. Any such large system shall
adhere to the schedule specified in that paragraph for medium-size
systems, with the time periods for completing each step being triggered
by the date the system is no longer deemed to have optimized corrosion
control under this paragraph.
(c) Any small or medium-size water system that is required to
complete the corrosion control steps due to its exceedance of the lead
or copper action level may cease completing the treatment steps whenever
the system meets both action levels during each of two consecutive
monitoring periods conducted pursuant to Sec. 141.86 and submits the
results to the State. If any such water system thereafter exceeds the
lead or copper action level during any monitoring period, the system (or
the State, as the case may be) shall recommence completion of the
applicable treatment steps, beginning with the first treatment step
which was not previously completed in its entirety. The State may
require a system to repeat treatment steps previously completed by the
system where the State determines that this is necessary to implement
properly the treatment requirements of this section. The State shall
notify the system in writing of such a determination and explain the
basis for its decision. The requirement for any small- or medium-size
system to implement corrosion control treatment steps in accordance with
paragraph (e) of

[[Page 457]]

this section (including systems deemed to have optimized corrosion
control under paragraph (b)(1) of this section) is triggered whenever
any small- or medium-size system exceeds the lead or copper action
level.
(d) Treatment steps and deadlines for large systems. Except as
provided in paragraph (b) (2) and (3) of this section, large systems
shall complete the following corrosion control treatment steps
(described in the referenced portions of Secs. 141.82, 141.86, and
141.87) by the indicated dates.
(1) Step 1: The system shall conduct initial monitoring
(Sec. 141.86(d)(1) and Sec. 141.87(b)) during two consecutive six-month
monitoring periods by January 1, 1993.
(2) Step 2: The system shall complete corrosion control studies
(Sec. 141.82(c)) by July 1, 1994.
(3) Step 3: The State shall designate optimal corrosion control
treatment (Sec. 141.82(d)) by January 1, 1995.
(4) Step 4: The system shall install optimal corrosion control
treatment (Sec. 141.82(e)) by January 1, 1997.
(5) Step 5: The system shall complete follow-up sampling
(Sec. 141.86(d)(2) and Sec. 141.87(c)) by January 1, l998.
(6) Step 6: The State shall review installation of treatment and
designate optimal water quality control parameters (Sec. 141.82(f)) by
July 1, 1998.
(7) Step 7: The system shall operate in compliance with the State-
specified optimal water quality control parameters (Sec. 141.82(g)) and
continue to conduct tap sampling (Sec. 141.86(d)(3) and Sec. 141.87(d)).
(e) Treatment Steps and deadlines for small and medium-size systems.
Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, small and medium-
size systems shall complete the following corrosion control treatment
steps (described in the referenced portions of Secs. 141.82, 141.86 and
141.87) by the indicated time periods.
(1) Step 1: The system shall conduct initial tap sampling
(Sec. 141.86(d)(1) and Sec. 141.87(b)) until the system either exceeds
the lead or copper action level or becomes eligible for reduced
monitoring under Sec. 141.86(d)(4). A system exceeding the lead or
copper action level shall recommend optimal corrosion control treatment
(Sec. 141.82(a)) within six months after it exceeds one of the action
levels.
(2) Step 2: Within 12 months after a system exceeds the lead or
copper action level, the State may require the system to perform
corrosion control studies (Sec. 141.82(b)). If the State does not
require the system to perform such studies, the State shall specify
optimal corrosion control treatment (Sec. 141.82(d)) within the
following timeframes:
(i) For medium-size systems, within 18 months after such system
exceeds the lead or copper action level,
(ii) For small systems, within 24 months after such system exceeds
the lead or copper action level.
(3) Step 3: If the State requires a system to perform corrosion
control studies under step 2, the system shall complete the studies
(Sec. 141.82(c)) within 18 months after the State requires that such
studies be conducted.
(4) Step 4: If the system has performed corrosion control studies
under step 2, the State shall designate optimal corrosion control
treatment (Sec. 141.82(d)) within 6 months after completion of step 3.
(5) Step 5: The system shall install optimal corrosion control
treatment (Sec. 141.82(e)) within 24 months after the State designates
such treatment.
(6) Step 6: The system shall complete follow-up sampling
(Sec. 141.86(d)(2) and Sec. 141.87(c)) within 36 months after the State
designates optimal corrosion control treatment.
(7) Step 7: The State shall review the system's installation of
treatment and designate optimal water quality control parameters
(Sec. 141.82(f)) within 6 months after completion of step 6.
(8) Step 8: The system shall operate in compliance with the State-
designated optimal water quality control parameters (Sec. 141.82(g)) and
continue to conduct tap sampling (Sec. 141.86(d)(3) and Sec. 141.87(d)).

[56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991, as amended at 59 FR 33862, June 30, 1994; 65
FR 2004, Jan. 12, 2000]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.82]

[Page 457-460]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart I--Control of Lead and Copper

Sec. 141.82 Description of corrosion control treatment requirements.

Each system shall complete the corrosion control treatment
requirements described below which are applicable to such system under
Sec. 141.81.

[[Page 458]]

(a) System recommendation regarding corrosion control treatment.
Based upon the results of lead and copper tap monitoring and water
quality parameter monitoring, small and medium-size water systems
exceeding the lead or copper action level shall recommend installation
of one or more of the corrosion control treatments listed in paragraph
(c)(1) of this section which the system believes constitutes optimal
corrosion control for that system. The State may require the system to
conduct additional water quality parameter monitoring in accordance with
Sec. 141.87(b) to assist the State in reviewing the system's
recommendation.
(b) State decision to require studies of corrosion control treatment
(applicable to small and medium-size systems). The State may require any
small or medium-size system that exceeds the lead or copper action level
to perform corrosion control studies under paragraph (c) of this section
to identify optimal corrosion control treatment for the system.
(c) Performance of corrosion control studies. (1) Any public water
system performing corrosion control studies shall evaluate the
effectiveness of each of the following treatments, and, if appropriate,
combinations of the following treatments to identify the optimal
corrosion control treatment for that system:
(i) Alkalinity and pH adjustment;
(ii) Calcium hardness adjustment; and
(iii) The addition of a phosphate or silicate based corrosion
inhibitor at a concentration sufficient to maintain an effective
residual concentration in all test tap samples.
(2) The water system shall evaluate each of the corrosion control
treatments using either pipe rig/loop tests, metal coupon tests,
partial-system tests, or analyses based on documented analogous
treatments with other systems of similar size, water chemistry and
distribution system configuration.
(3) The water system shall measure the following water quality
parameters in any tests conducted under this paragraph before and after
evaluating the corrosion control treatments listed above:
(i) Lead;
(ii) Copper;
(iii) pH;
(iv) Alkalinity;
(v) Calcium;
(vi) Conductivity;
(vii) Orthophosphate (when an inhibitor containing a phosphate
compound is used);
(viii) Silicate (when an inhibitor containing a silicate compound is
used);
(ix) Water temperature.
(4) The water system shall identify all chemical or physical
constraints that limit or prohibit the use of a particular corrosion
control treatment and document such constraints with at least one of the
following:
(i) Data and documentation showing that a particular corrosion
control treatment has adversely affected other water treatment processes
when used by another water system with comparable water quality
characteristics; and/or
(ii) Data and documentation demonstrating that the water system has
previously attempted to evaluate a particular corrosion control
treatment and has found that the treatment is ineffective or adversely
affects other water quality treatment processes.
(5) The water system shall evaluate the effect of the chemicals used
for corrosion control treatment on other water quality treatment
processes.
(6) On the basis of an analysis of the data generated during each
evaluation, the water system shall recommend to the State in writing the
treatment option that the corrosion control studies indicate constitutes
optimal corrosion control treatment for that system. The water system
shall provide a rationale for its recommendation along with all
supporting documentation specified in paragraphs (c) (1) through (5) of
this section.
(d) State designation of optimal corrosion control treatment. (1)
Based upon consideration of available information including, where
applicable, studies performed under paragraph (c) of this section and a
system's recommended treatment alternative, the State shall either
approve the corrosion control treatment option recommended by the
system, or designate alternative corrosion control treatment(s) from
among those listed in paragraph (c)(1) of this

[[Page 459]]

section. When designating optimal treatment the State shall consider the
effects that additional corrosion control treatment will have on water
quality parameters and on other water quality treatment processes.
(2) The State shall notify the system of its decision on optimal
corrosion control treatment in writing and explain the basis for this
determination. If the State requests additional information to aid its
review, the water system shall provide the information.
(e) Installation of optimal corrosion control. Each system shall
properly install and operate throughout its distribution system the
optimal corrosion control treatment designated by the State under
paragraph (d) of this section.
(f) State review of treatment and specification of optimal water
quality control parameters. The State shall evaluate the results of all
lead and copper tap samples and water quality parameter samples
submitted by the water system and determine whether the system has
properly installed and operated the optimal corrosion control treatment
designated by the State in paragraph (d) of this section. Upon reviewing
the results of tap water and water quality parameter monitoring by the
system, both before and after the system installs optimal corrosion
control treatment, the State shall designate:
(1) A minimum value or a range of values for pH measured at each
entry point to the distribution system;
(2) A minimum pH value, measured in all tap samples. Such value
shall be equal to or greater than 7.0, unless the State determines that
meeting a pH level of 7.0 is not technologically feasible or is not
necessary for the system to optimize corrosion control;
(3) If a corrosion inhibitor is used, a minimum concentration or a
range of concentrations for the inhibitor, measured at each entry point
to the distribution system and in all tap samples, that the State
determines is necessary to form a passivating film on the interior walls
of the pipes of the distribution system;
(4) If alkalinity is adjusted as part of optimal corrosion control
treatment, a minimum concentration or a range of concentrations for
alkalinity, measured at each entry point to the distribution system and
in all tap samples;
(5) If calcium carbonate stabilization is used as part of corrosion
control, a minimum concentration or a range of concentrations for
calcium, measured in all tap samples.

The values for the applicable water quality control parameters listed
above shall be those that the State determines to reflect optimal
corrosion control treatment for the system. The State may designate
values for additional water quality control parameters determined by the
State to reflect optimal corrosion control for the system. The State
shall notify the system in writing of these determinations and explain
the basis for its decisions.
(g) Continued operation and monitoring. All systems optimizing
corrosion control shall continue to operate and maintain optimal
corrosion control treatment, including maintaining water quality
parameters at or above minimum values or within ranges designated by the
State under paragraph (f) of this section, in accordance with this
paragraph for all samples collected under Sec. 141.87(d) through (f).
Compliance with the requirements of this paragraph shall be determined
every six months, as specified under Sec. 141.87(d). A water system is
out of compliance with the requirements of this paragraph for a six-
month period if it has excursions for any State-specified parameter on
more than nine days during the period. An excursion occurs whenever the
daily value for one or more of the water quality parameters measured at
a sampling location is below the minimum value or outside the range
designated by the State. Daily values are calculated as follows. States
have discretion to delete results of obvious sampling errors from this
calculation.
(1) On days when more than one measurement for the water quality
parameter is collected at the sampling location, the daily value shall
be the average of all results collected during the day regardless of
whether they are collected through continuous monitoring, grab sampling,
or a combination of both. If EPA has approved an alternative formula
under Sec. 142.16 of this

[[Page 460]]

chapter in the State's application for a program revision submitted
pursuant to Sec. 142.12 of this chapter, the State's formula shall be
used to aggregate multiple measurements taken at a sampling point for
the water quality parameter in lieu of the formula in this paragraph.
(2) On days when only one measurement for the water quality
parameter is collected at the sampling location, the daily value shall
be the result of that measurement.
(3) On days when no measurement is collected for the water quality
parameter at the sampling location, the daily value shall be the daily
value calculated on the most recent day on which the water quality
parameter was measured at the sample site.
(h) Modification of State treatment decisions. Upon its own
initiative or in response to a request by a water system or other
interested party, a State may modify its determination of the optimal
corrosion control treatment under paragraph (d) of this section or
optimal water quality control parameters under paragraph (f) of this
section. A request for modification by a system or other interested
party shall be in writing, explain why the modification is appropriate,
and provide supporting documentation. The State may modify its
determination where it concludes that such change is necessary to ensure
that the system continues to optimize corrosion control treatment. A
revised determination shall be made in writing, set forth the new
treatment requirements, explain the basis for the State's decision, and
provide an implementation schedule for completing the treatment
modifications.
(i) Treatment decisions by EPA in lieu of the State. Pursuant to the
procedures in Sec. 142.19, the EPA Regional Administrator may review
treatment determinations made by a State under paragraphs (d), (f), or
(h) of this section and issue federal treatment determinations
consistent with the requirements of those paragraphs where the Regional
Administrator finds that:
(1) A State has failed to issue a treatment determination by the
applicable deadlines contained in Sec. 141.81,
(2) A State has abused its discretion in a substantial number of
cases or in cases affecting a substantial population, or
(3) The technical aspects of a State's determination would be
indefensible in an expected Federal enforcement action taken against a
system.

[56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991, as amended at 65 FR 2004, Jan. 12, 2000]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.83]

[Page 460-461]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart I--Control of Lead and Copper

Sec. 141.83 Source water treatment requirements.

Systems shall complete the applicable source water monitoring and
treatment requirements (described in the referenced portions of
paragraph (b) of this section, and in Secs. 141.86, and 141.88) by the
following deadlines.
(a) Deadlines for completing source water treatment steps--(1) Step
1: A system exceeding the lead or copper action level shall complete
lead and copper source water monitoring (Sec. 141.88(b)) and make a
treatment recommendation to the State (Sec. 141.83(b)(1)) within 6
months after exceeding the lead or copper action level.
(2) Step 2: The State shall make a determination regarding source
water treatment (Sec. 141.83(b)(2)) within 6 months after submission of
monitoring results under step 1.
(3) Step 3: If the State requires installation of source water
treatment, the system shall install the treatment (Sec. 141.83(b)(3))
within 24 months after completion of step 2.
(4) Step 4: The system shall complete follow-up tap water monitoring
(Sec. 141.86(d)(2) and source water monitoring (Sec. 141.88(c)) within
36 months after completion of step 2.
(5) Step 5: The State shall review the system's installation and
operation of source water treatment and specify maximum permissible
source water levels (Sec. 141.83(b)(4)) within 6 months after completion
of step 4.
(6) Step 6: The system shall operate in compliance with the State-
specified maximum permissible lead and copper source water levels
(Sec. 141.83(b)(4)) and continue source water monitoring
(Sec. 141.88(d)).
(b) Description of source water treatment requirements--(1) System
treatment recommendation. Any system which exceeds the lead or copper
action level shall recommend in writing to the State the installation
and operation of

[[Page 461]]

one of the source water treatments listed in paragraph (b)(2) of this
section. A system may recommend that no treatment be installed based
upon a demonstration that source water treatment is not necessary to
minimize lead and copper levels at users' taps.
(2) State determination regarding source water treatment. The State
shall complete an evaluation of the results of all source water samples
submitted by the water system to determine whether source water
treatment is necessary to minimize lead or copper levels in water
delivered to users' taps. If the State determines that treatment is
needed, the State shall either require installation and operation of the
source water treatment recommended by the system (if any) or require the
installation and operation of another source water treatment from among
the following: Ion exchange, reverse osmosis, lime softening or
coagulation/filtration. If the State requests additional information to
aid in its review, the water system shall provide the information by the
date specified by the State in its request. The State shall notify the
system in writing of its determination and set forth the basis for its
decision.
(3) Installation of source water treatment. Each system shall
properly install and operate the source water treatment designated by
the State under paragraph (b)(2) of this section.
(4) State review of source water treatment and specification of
maximum permissible source water levels. The State shall review the
source water samples taken by the water system both before and after the
system installs source water treatment, and determine whether the system
has properly installed and operated the source water treatment
designated by the State. Based upon its review, the State shall
designate the maximum permissible lead and copper concentrations for
finished water entering the distribution system. Such levels shall
reflect the contaminant removal capability of the treatment properly
operated and maintained. The State shall notify the system in writing
and explain the basis for its decision.
(5) Continued operation and maintenance. Each water system shall
maintain lead and copper levels below the maximum permissible
concentrations designated by the State at each sampling point monitored
in accordance with Sec. 141.88. The system is out of compliance with
this paragraph if the level of lead or copper at any sampling point is
greater than the maximum permissible concentration designated by the
State.
(6) Modification of State treatment decisions. Upon its own
initiative or in response to a request by a water system or other
interested party, a State may modify its determination of the source
water treatment under paragraph (b)(2) of this section, or maximum
permissible lead and copper concentrations for finished water entering
the distribution system under paragraph (b)(4) of this section. A
request for modification by a system or other interested party shall be
in writing, explain why the modification is appropriate, and provide
supporting documentation. The State may modify its determination where
it concludes that such change is necessary to ensure that the system
continues to minimize lead and copper concentrations in source water. A
revised determination shall be made in writing, set forth the new
treatment requirements, explain the basis for the State's decision, and
provide an implementation schedule for completing the treatment
modifications.
(7) Treatment decisions by EPA in lieu of the State. Pursuant to the
procedures in Sec. 142.19, the EPA Regional Administrator may review
treatment determinations made by a State under paragraphs (b) (2), (4),
or (6) of this section and issue Federal treatment determinations
consistent with the requirements of those paragraphs where the
Administrator finds that:
(i) A State has failed to issue a treatment determination by the
applicable deadlines contained in Sec. 141.83(a),
(ii) A state has abused its discretion in a substantial number of
cases or in cases affecting a substantial population, or
(iii) The technical aspects of a State's determination would be
indefensible in an expected Federal enforcement action taken against a
system.

[[Page 462]]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.84]

[Page 462-463]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart I--Control of Lead and Copper

Sec. 141.84 Lead service line replacement requirements.

(a) Systems that fail to meet the lead action level in tap samples
taken pursuant to Sec. 141.86(d)(2), after installing corrosion control
and/or source water treatment (whichever sampling occurs later), shall
replace lead service lines in accordance with the requirements of this
section. If a system is in violation of Sec. 141.81 or Sec. 141.83 for
failure to install source water or corrosion control treatment, the
State may require the system to commence lead service line replacement
under this section after the date by which the system was required to
conduct monitoring under Sec. 141.86(d)(2) has passed.
(b) A water system shall replace annually at least 7 percent of the
initial number of lead service lines in its distribution system. The
initial number of lead service lines is the number of lead lines in
place at the time the replacement program begins. The system shall
identify the initial number of lead service lines in its distribution
system, including an identification of the portion(s) owned by the
system, based on a materials evaluation, including the evaluation
required under Sec. 141.86(a) and relevant legal authorities (e.g.,
contracts, local ordinances) regarding the portion owned by the system.
The first year of lead service line replacement shall begin on the date
the action level was exceeded in tap sampling referenced in paragraph
(a) of this section.
(c) A system is not required to replace an individual lead service
line if the lead concentration in all service line samples from that
line, taken pursuant to Sec. 141.86(b)(3), is less than or equal to
0.015 mg/L.
(d) A water system shall replace that portion of the lead service
line that it owns. In cases where the system does not own the entire
lead service line, the system shall notify the owner of the line, or the
owner's authorized agent, that the system will replace the portion of
the service line that it owns and shall offer to replace the owner's
portion of the line. A system is not required to bear the cost of
replacing the privately-owned portion of the line, nor is it required to
replace the privately-owned portion where the owner chooses not to pay
the cost of replacing the privately-owned portion of the line, or where
replacing the privately-owned portion would be precluded by State, local
or common law. A water system that does not replace the entire length of
the service line also shall complete the following tasks.
(1) At least 45 days prior to commencing with the partial
replacement of a lead service line, the water system shall provide
notice to the resident(s) of all buildings served by the line explaining
that they may experience a temporary increase of lead levels in their
drinking water, along with guidance on measures consumers can take to
minimize their exposure to lead. The State may allow the water system to
provide notice under the previous sentence less than 45 days prior to
commencing partial lead service line replacement where such replacement
is in conjunction with emergency repairs. In addition, the water system
shall inform the resident(s) served by the line that the system will, at
the system's expense, collect a sample from each partially-replaced lead
service line that is representative of the water in the service line for
analysis of lead content, as prescribed under Sec. 141.86(b)(3), within
72 hours after the completion of the partial replacement of the service
line. The system shall collect the sample and report the results of the
analysis to the owner and the resident(s) served by the line within
three business days of receiving the results. Mailed notices post-marked
within three business days of receiving the results shall be considered
"on time."
(2) The water system shall provide the information required by
paragraph (d)(1) of this section to the residents of individual
dwellings by mail or by other methods approved by the State. In
instances where multi-family dwellings are served by the line, the water
system shall have the option to post the information at a conspicuous
location.
(e) The State shall require a system to replace lead service lines
on a shorter schedule than that required by this section, taking into
account the number of lead service lines in the system, where such a
shorter replacement

[[Page 463]]

schedule is feasible. The State shall make this determination in writing
and notify the system of its finding within 6 months after the system is
triggered into lead service line replacement based on monitoring
referenced in paragraph (a) of this section.
(f) Any system may cease replacing lead service lines whenever first
draw samples collected pursuant to Sec. 141.86(b)(2) meet the lead
action level during each of two consecutive monitoring periods and the
system submits the results to the State. If first draw tap samples
collected in any such system thereafter exceeds the lead action level,
the system shall recommence replacing lead service lines pursuant to
paragraph (b) of this section.
(g) To demonstrate compliance with paragraphs (a) through (d) of
this section, a system shall report to the State the information
specified in Sec. 141.90(e).

[56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 57 FR 28788, June 29, 1992, as amended at 65
FR 2005, Jan. 12, 2000]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.85]

[Page 463-469]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart I--Control of Lead and Copper

Sec. 141.85 Public education and supplemental monitoring requirements.

A water system that exceeds the lead action level based on tap water
samples collected in accordance with Sec. 141.86 shall deliver the
public education materials contained in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this
section in accordance with the requirements in paragraph (c) of this
section.
(a) Content of written public education materials. (1) Community
water systems. A community water system shall include the following text
in all of the printed materials it distributes through its lead public
education program. Systems may delete information pertaining to lead
service lines, upon approval by the State, if no lead service lines
exist anywhere in the water system service area. Public education
language at paragraphs (a)(1)(iv)(B)(5) and (a)(1)(iv)(D)(2) of this
section may be modified regarding building permit record availability
and consumer access to these records, if approved by the State. Systems
may also continue to utilize pre-printed materials that meet the public
education language requirements in 40 CFR 141.85, effective November 6,
1991, and contained in the 40 CFR, parts 100 to 149, edition revised as
of July 1, 1991. Any additional information presented by a system shall
be consistent with the information below and be in plain English that
can be understood by lay people.
(i) Introduction. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) and [insert name of water supplier] are concerned about lead in
your drinking water. Although most homes have very low levels of lead in
their drinking water, some homes in the community have lead levels above
the EPA action level of 15 parts per billion (ppb), or 0.015 milligrams
of lead per liter of water (mg/L). Under Federal law we are required to
have a program in place to minimize lead in your drinking water by
[insert date when corrosion control will be completed for your system].
This program includes corrosion control treatment, source water
treatment, and public education. We are also required to replace the
portion of each lead service line that we own if the line contributes
lead concentrations of more than 15 ppb after we have completed the
comprehensive treatment program. If you have any questions about how we
are carrying out the requirements of the lead regulation please give us
a call at [insert water system's phone number]. This brochure explains
the simple steps you can take to protect you and your family by reducing
your exposure to lead in drinking water.
(ii) Health effects of lead. Lead is a common metal found throughout
the environment in lead-based paint, air, soil, household dust, food,
certain types of pottery porcelain and pewter, and water. Lead can pose
a significant risk to your health if too much of it enters your body.
Lead builds up in the body over many years and can cause damage to the
brain, red blood cells and kidneys. The greatest risk is to young
children and pregnant women. Amounts of lead that won't hurt adults can
slow down normal mental and physical development of growing bodies. In
addition, a child at play often comes into contact with sources of lead
contamination--like dirt and dust--that rarely affect an adult. It is
important to wash children's hands and toys often, and to try to make
sure they only put food in their mouths.

[[Page 464]]

(iii) Lead in drinking water. (A) Lead in drinking water, although
rarely the sole cause of lead poisoning, can significantly increase a
person's total lead exposure, particularly the exposure of infants who
drink baby formulas and concentrated juices that are mixed with water.
The EPA estimates that drinking water can make up 20 percent or more of
a person's total exposure to lead.
(B) Lead is unusual among drinking water contaminants in that it
seldom occurs naturally in water supplies like rivers and lakes. Lead
enters drinking water primarily as a result of the corrosion, or wearing
away, of materials containing lead in the water distribution system and
household plumbing. These materials include lead-based solder used to
join copper pipe, brass and chrome plated brass faucets, and in some
cases, pipes made of lead that connect your house to the water main
(service lines). In 1986, Congress banned the use of lead solder
containing greater than 0.2% lead, and restricted the lead content of
faucets, pipes and other plumbing materials to 8.0%.
(C) When water stands in lead pipes or plumbing systems containing
lead for several hours or more, the lead may dissolve into your drinking
water. This means the first water drawn from the tap in the morning, or
later in the afternoon after returning from work or school, can contain
fairly high levels of lead.
(iv) Steps you can take in the home to reduce exposure to lead in
drinking water. (A) Despite our best efforts mentioned earlier to
control water corrosivity and remove lead from the water supply, lead
levels in some homes or buildings can be high. To find out whether you
need to take action in your own home, have your drinking water tested to
determine if it contains excessive concentrations of lead. Testing the
water is essential because you cannot see, taste, or smell lead in
drinking water. Some local laboratories that can provide this service
are listed at the end of this booklet. For more information on having
your water tested, please call [insert phone number of water system].
(B) If a water test indicates that the drinking water drawn from a
tap in your home contains lead above 15 ppb, then you should take the
following precautions:
(1) Let the water run from the tap before using it for drinking or
cooking any time the water in a faucet has gone unused for more than six
hours. The longer water resides in your home's plumbing the more lead it
may contain. Flushing the tap means running the cold water faucet until
the water gets noticeably colder, usually about 15-30 seconds. If your
house has a lead service line to the water main, you may have to flush
the water for a longer time, perhaps one minute, before drinking.
Although toilet flushing or showering flushes water through a portion of
your home's plumbing system, you still need to flush the water in each
faucet before using it for drinking or cooking. Flushing tap water is a
simple and inexpensive measure you can take to protect your family's
health. It usually uses less than one or two gallons of water and costs
less than [insert a cost estimate based on flushing two times a day for
30 days] per month. To conserve water, fill a couple of bottles for
drinking water after flushing the tap, and whenever possible use the
first flush water to wash the dishes or water the plants. If you live in
a high-rise building, letting the water flow before using it may not
work to lessen your risk from lead. The plumbing systems have more, and
sometimes larger pipes than smaller buildings. Ask your landlord for
help in locating the source of the lead and for advice on reducing the
lead level.
(2) Try not to cook with, or drink water from the hot water tap. Hot
water can dissolve more lead more quickly than cold water. If you need
hot water, draw water from the cold tap and heat it on the stove.
(3) Remove loose lead solder and debris from the plumbing materials
installed in newly constructed homes, or homes in which the plumbing has
recently been replaced, by removing the faucet strainers from all taps
and running the water from 3 to 5 minutes. Thereafter, periodically
remove the strainers and flush out any debris that has accumulated over
time.
(4) If your copper pipes are joined with lead solder that has been
installed illegally since it was banned in 1986,

[[Page 465]]

notify the plumber who did the work and request that he or she replace
the lead solder with lead-free solder. Lead solder looks dull gray, and
when scratched with a key looks shiny. In addition, notify your State
[insert name of department responsible for enforcing the Safe Drinking
Water Act in your State] about the violation.
(5) Determine whether or not the service line that connects your
home or apartment to the water main is made of lead. The best way to
determine if your service line is made of lead is by either hiring a
licensed plumber to inspect the line or by contacting the plumbing
contractor who installed the line. You can identify the plumbing
contractor by checking the city's record of building permits which
should be maintained in the files of the [insert name of department that
issues building permits]. A licensed plumber can at the same time check
to see if your home's plumbing contains lead solder, lead pipes, or pipe
fittings that contain lead. The public water system that delivers water
to your home should also maintain records of the materials located in
the distribution system. If the service line that connects your dwelling
to the water main contributes more than 15 ppb to drinking water, after
our comprehensive treatment program is in place, we are required to
replace the portion of the line we own. If the line is only partially
owned by the [insert the name of the city, county, or water system that
owns the line], we are required to provide the owner of the privately-
owned portion of the line with information on how to replace the
privately-owned portion of the service line, and offer to replace that
portion of the line at the owner's expense. If we replace only the
portion of the line that we own, we also are required to notify you in
advance and provide you with information on the steps you can take to
minimize exposure to any temporary increase in lead levels that may
result from the partial replacement, to take a follow-up sample at our
expense from the line within 72 hours after the partial replacement, and
to mail or otherwise provide you with the results of that sample within
three business days of receiving the results. Acceptable replacement
alternatives include copper, steel, iron, and plastic pipes.
(6) Have an electrician check your wiring. If grounding wires from
the electrical system are attached to your pipes, corrosion may be
greater. Check with a licensed electrician or your local electrical code
to determine if your wiring can be grounded elsewhere. DO NOT attempt to
change the wiring yourself because improper grounding can cause
electrical shock and fire hazards.
(C) The steps described above will reduce the lead concentrations in
your drinking water. However, if a water test indicates that the
drinking water coming from your tap contains lead concentrations in
excess of 15 ppb after flushing, or after we have completed our actions
to minimize lead levels, then you may want to take the following
additional measures:
(1) Purchase or lease a home treatment device. Home treatment
devices are limited in that each unit treats only the water that flows
from the faucet to which it is connected, and all of the devices require
periodic maintenance and replacement. Devices such as reverse osmosis
systems or distillers can effectively remove lead from your drinking
water. Some activated carbon filters may reduce lead levels at the tap,
however all lead reduction claims should be investigated. Be sure to
check the actual performance of a specific home treatment device before
and after installing the unit.
(2) Purchase bottled water for drinking and cooking.
(D) You can consult a variety of sources for additional information.
Your family doctor or pediatrician can perform a blood test for lead and
provide you with information about the health effects of lead. State and
local government agencies that can be contacted include:
(1) [insert the name of city or county department of public
utilities] at [insert phone number] can provide you with information
about your community's water supply, and a list of local laboratories
that have been certified by EPA for testing water quality;

[[Page 466]]

(2) [insert the name of city or county department that issues
building permits] at [insert phone number] can provide you with
information about building permit records that should contain the names
of plumbing contractors that plumbed your home; and
(3) [insert the name of the State Department of Public Health] at
[insert phone number] or the [insert the name of the city or county
health department] at [insert phone number] can provide you with
information about the health effects of lead and how you can have your
child's blood tested.
(E) The following is a list of some State approved laboratories in
your area that you can call to have your water tested for lead. [Insert
names and phone numbers of at least two laboratories].
(2) Non-transient non-community water systems. A non-transient non-
community water system shall either include the text specified in
paragraph (a)(1) of this section or shall include the following text in
all of the printed materials it distributes through its lead public
education program. Water systems may delete information pertaining to
lead service lines upon approval by the State if no lead service lines
exist anywhere in the water system service area. Any additional
information presented by a system shall be consistent with the
information below and be in plain English that can be understood by lay
people.
(i) Introduction. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) and [insert name of water supplier] are concerned about lead in
your drinking water. Some drinking water samples taken from this
facility have lead levels above the EPA action level of 15 parts per
billion (ppb), or 0.015 milligrams of lead per liter of water (mg/L).
Under Federal law we are required to have a program in place to minimize
lead in your drinking water by [insert date when corrosion control will
be completed for your system]. This program includes corrosion control
treatment, source water treatment, and public education. We are also
required to replace the portion of each lead service line that we own if
the line contributes lead concentrations of more than 15 ppb after we
have completed the comprehensive treatment program. If you have any
questions about how we are carrying out the requirements of the lead
regulation please give us a call at [insert water system's phone
number]. This brochure explains the simple steps you can take to protect
yourself by reducing your exposure to lead in drinking water.
(ii) Health effects of lead. Lead is found throughout the
environment in lead-based paint, air, soil, household dust, food,
certain types of pottery porcelain and pewter, and water. Lead can pose
a significant risk to your health if too much of it enters your body.
Lead builds up in the body over many years and can cause damage to the
brain, red blood cells and kidneys. The greatest risk is to young
children and pregnant women. Amounts of lead that won't hurt adults can
slow down normal mental and physical development of growing bodies. In
addition, a child at play often comes into contact with sources of lead
contamination--like dirt and dust--that rarely affect an adult. It is
important to wash children's hands and toys often, and to try to make
sure they only put food in their mouths.
(iii) Lead in drinking water. (A) Lead in drinking water, although
rarely the sole cause of lead poisoning, can significantly increase a
person's total lead exposure, particularly the exposure of infants who
drink baby formulas and concentrated juices that are mixed with water.
The EPA estimates that drinking water can make up 20 percent or more of
a person's total exposure to lead.
(B) Lead is unusual among drinking water contaminants in that it
seldom occurs naturally in water supplies like rivers and lakes. Lead
enters drinking water primarily as a result of the corrosion, or wearing
away, of materials containing lead in the water distribution system and
household plumbing. These materials include lead-based solder used to
join copper pipe, brass and chrome-plated brass faucets, and in some
cases, pipes made of lead that connect houses and buildings to water
mains (service lines). In 1986, Congress banned the use of lead solder
containing greater than 0.2% lead, and restricted the lead content of
faucets,

[[Page 467]]

pipes and other plumbing materials to 8.0%.
(C) When water stands in lead pipes or plumbing systems containing
lead for several hours or more, the lead may dissolve into your drinking
water. This means the first water drawn from the tap in the morning, or
later in the afternoon if the water has not been used all day, can
contain fairly high levels of lead.
(iv) Steps you can take to reduce exposure to lead in drinking
water. (A) Let the water run from the tap before using it for drinking
or cooking any time the water in a faucet has gone unused for more than
six hours. The longer water resides in plumbing the more lead it may
contain. Flushing the tap means running the cold water faucet for about
15-30 seconds. Although toilet flushing or showering flushes water
through a portion of the plumbing system, you still need to flush the
water in each faucet before using it for drinking or cooking. Flushing
tap water is a simple and inexpensive measure you can take to protect
your health. It usually uses less than one gallon of water.
(B) Do not cook with, or drink water from the hot water tap. Hot
water can dissolve more lead more quickly than cold water. If you need
hot water, draw water from the cold tap and then heat it.
(C) The steps described above will reduce the lead concentrations in
your drinking water. However, if you are still concerned, you may wish
to use bottled water for drinking and cooking.
(D) You can consult a variety of sources for additional information.
Your family doctor or pediatrician can perform a blood test for lead and
provide you with information about the health effects of lead. State and
local government agencies that can be contacted include:
(1) [insert the name or title of facility official if appropriate]
at [insert phone number] can provide you with information about your
facility's water supply; and
(2) [insert the name or title of the State Department of Public
Health] at [insert phone number] or the [insert the name of the city or
county health department] at [insert phone number] can provide you with
information about the health effects of lead.
(b) Content of broadcast materials. A water system shall include the
following information in all public service announcements submitted
under its lead public education program to television and radio stations
for broadcasting:
(1) Why should everyone want to know the facts about lead and
drinking water? Because unhealthy amounts of lead can enter drinking
water through the plumbing in your home. That's why I urge you to do
what I did. I had my water tested for [insert free or $ per sample]. You
can contact the [insert the name of the city or water system] for
information on testing and on simple ways to reduce your exposure to
lead in drinking water.
(2) To have your water tested for lead, or to get more information
about this public health concern, please call [insert the phone number
of the city or water system].
(c) Delivery of a public education program. (1) In communities where
a significant proportion of the population speaks a language other than
English, public education materials shall be communicated in the
appropriate language(s).
(2) A community water system that exceeds the lead action level on
the basis of tap water samples collected in accordance with Sec. 141.86,
and that is not already repeating public education tasks pursuant to
paragraph (c)(3), (c)(7), or (c)(8), of this section, shall, within 60
days:
(i) Insert notices in each customer's water utility bill containing
the information in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, along with the
following alert on the water bill itself in large print: "SOME HOMES IN
THIS COMMUNITY HAVE ELEVATED LEAD LEVELS IN THEIR DRINKING WATER. LEAD
CAN POSE A SIGNIFICANT RISK TO YOUR HEALTH. PLEASE READ THE ENCLOSED
NOTICE FOR FURTHER INFORMATION." A community water system having a
billing cycle that does not include a billing within 60 days of
exceeding the action level, or that cannot insert information in the
water utility bill without making major changes to its billing system,
may use

[[Page 468]]

a separate mailing to deliver the information in paragraph (a)(1) of
this section as long as the information is delivered to each customer
within 60 days of exceeding the action level. Such water systems shall
also include the "alert" language specified in this paragraph.
(ii) Submit the information in paragraph (a)(1) of this section to
the editorial departments of the major daily and weekly newspapers
circulated throughout the community.
(iii) Deliver pamphlets and/or brochures that contain the public
education materials in paragraphs (a)(1)(ii) and (a)(1)(iv) of this
section to facilities and organizations, including the following:
(iv) Submit the public service announcement in paragraph (b) of this
section to at least five of the radio and television stations with the
largest audiences that broadcast to the community served by the water
system.
(3) A community water system shall repeat the tasks contained in
paragraphs (c)(2) (i), (ii) and (iii) of this section every 12 months,
and the tasks contained in paragraphs (c)(2)(iv) of this section every 6
months for as long as the system exceeds the lead action level.
(4) Within 60 days after it exceeds the lead action level (unless it
already is repeating public education tasks pursuant to paragraph (c)(5)
of this section), a non-transient non-community water system shall
deliver the public education materials specified by paragraph (a)(1) of
this section or the public education materials specified by paragraph
(a)(2) of this section as follows:
(i) Post informational posters on lead in drinking water in a public
place or common area in each of the buildings served by the system; and
(ii) Distribute informational pamphlets and/or brochures on lead in
drinking water to each person served by the non-transient non-community
water system. The State may allow the system to utilize electronic
transmission in lieu of or combined with printed materials as long as it
achieves at least the same coverage.
(5) A non-transient non-community water system shall repeat the
tasks contained in paragraph (c)(4) of this section at least once during
each calendar year in which the system exceeds the lead action level.
(6) A water system may discontinue delivery of public education
materials if the system has met the lead action level during the most
recent six-month monitoring period conducted pursuant to Sec. 141.86.
Such a system shall recommence public education in accordance with this
section if it subsequently exceeds the lead action level during any
monitoring period.
(7) A community water system may apply to the State, in writing,
(unless the State has waived the requirement for prior State approval)
to use the text specified in paragraph (a)(2) of this section in lieu of
the text in paragraph (a)(1) of this section and to perform the tasks
listed in paragraphs (c)(4) and (c)(5) of this section in lieu of the
tasks in paragraphs (c)(2) and (c)(3) of this section if:
(i) The system is a facility, such as a prison or a hospital, where
the population served is not capable of or is prevented from making
improvements to plumbing or installing point of use treatment devices;
and
(ii) The system provides water as part of the cost of services
provided and does not separately charge for water consumption.
(8)(i) A community water system serving 3,300 or fewer people may
omit the task contained in paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of this section. As long
as it distributes notices containing the information contained in
paragraph (a)(1) of this section to every household served by the
system, such systems may further limit their public education programs
as follows:
(A) Systems serving 500 or fewer people may forego the task
contained in paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section. Such a system may
limit the distribution of the public education materials required under
paragraph (c)(2)(iii) of this section to facilities and organizations
served by the system that are most likely to be visited regularly by
pregnant women and children, unless it is notified by the State in
writing that it must make a broader distribution.
(B) If approved by the State in writing, a system serving 501 to
3,300 people may omit the task in paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section
and/or limit the

[[Page 469]]

distribution of the public education materials required under paragraph
(c)(2)(iii) of this section to facilities and organizations served by
the system that are most likely to be visited regularly by pregnant
women and children.
(ii) A community water system serving 3,300 or fewer people that
delivers public education in accordance with paragraph (c)(8)(i) of this
section shall repeat the required public education tasks at least once
during each calendar year in which the system exceeds the lead action
level.
(d) Supplemental monitoring and notification of results. A water
system that fails to meet the lead action level on the basis of tap
samples collected in accordance with Sec. 141.86 shall offer to sample
the tap water of any customer who requests it. The system is not
required to pay for collecting or analyzing the sample, nor is the
system required to collect and analyze the sample itself.

[56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 57 FR 28788, June 29, 1992; 65 FR 2005, Jan.
12, 2000]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.86]

[Page 469-476]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart I--Control of Lead and Copper

Sec. 141.86 Monitoring requirements for lead and copper in tap water.

(a) Sample site location. (1) By the applicable date for
commencement of monitoring under paragraph (d)(1) of this section, each
water system shall complete a materials evaluation of its distribution
system in order to identify a pool of targeted sampling sites that meets
the requirements of this section, and which is sufficiently large to
ensure that the water system can collect the number of lead and copper
tap samples required in paragraph (c) of this section. All sites from
which first draw samples are collected shall be selected from this pool
of targeted sampling sites. Sampling sites may not include faucets that
have point-of-use or point-of-entry treatment devices designed to remove
inorganic contaminants.
(2) A water system shall use the information on lead, copper, and
galvanized steel that it is required to collect under Sec. 141.42(d) of
this part [special monitoring for corrosivity characteristics] when
conducting a materials evaluation. When an evaluation of the information
collected pursuant to Sec. 141.42(d) is insufficient to locate the
requisite number of lead and copper sampling sites that meet the
targeting criteria in paragraph (a) of this section, the water system
shall review the sources of information listed below in order to
identify a sufficient number of sampling sites. In addition, the system
shall seek to collect such information where possible in the course of
its normal operations (e.g., checking service line materials when
reading water meters or performing maintenance activities):
(i) All plumbing codes, permits, and records in the files of the
building department(s) which indicate the plumbing materials that are
installed within publicly and privately owned structures connected to
the distribution system;
(ii) All inspections and records of the distribution system that
indicate the material composition of the service connections that
connect a structure to the distribution system; and
(iii) All existing water quality information, which includes the
results of all prior analyses of the system or individual structures
connected to the system, indicating locations that may be particularly
susceptible to high lead or copper concentrations.
(3) The sampling sites selected for a community water system's
sampling pool ("tier l sampling sites") shall consist of single family
structures that:
(i) Contain copper pipes with lead solder installed after 1982 or
contain lead pipes; and/or
(ii) Are served by a lead service line. When multiple-family
residences comprise at least 20 percent of the structures served by a
water system, the system may include these types of structures in its
sampling pool.
(4) Any community water system with insufficient tier 1 sampling
sites shall complete its sampling pool with "tier 2 sampling sites",
consisting of buildings, including multiple-family residences that:
(i) Contain copper pipes with lead solder installed after 1982 or
contain lead pipes; and/or
(ii) Are served by a lead service line.
(5) Any community water system with insufficient tier 1 and tier 2
sampling sites shall complete its sampling pool with "tier 3 sampling
sites", consisting of single family structures that

[[Page 470]]

contain copper pipes with lead solder installed before 1983. A community
water system with insufficient tier 1, tier 2, and tier 3 sampling sites
shall complete its sampling pool with representative sites throughout
the distribution system. For the purpose of this paragraph, a
representative site is a site in which the plumbing materials used at
that site would be commonly found at other sites served by the water
system.
(6) The sampling sites selected for a non-transient noncommunity
water system ("tier l sampling sites") shall consist of buildings
that:
(i) Contain copper pipes with lead solder installed after 1982 or
contain lead pipes; and/or
(ii) Are served by a lead service line.
(7) A non-transient non-community water system with insufficient
tier 1 sites that meet the targeting criteria in paragraph (a)(6) of
this section shall complete its sampling pool with sampling sites that
contain copper pipes with lead solder installed before 1983. If
additional sites are needed to complete the sampling pool, the non-
transient non-community water system shall use representative sites
throughout the distribution system. For the purpose of this paragraph, a
representative site is a site in which the plumbing materials used at
that site would be commonly found at other sites served by the water
system.
(8) Any water system whose distribution system contains lead service
lines shall draw 50 percent of the samples it collects during each
monitoring period from sites that contain lead pipes, or copper pipes
with lead solder, and 50 percent of the samples from sites served by a
lead service line. A water system that cannot identify a sufficient
number of sampling sites served by a lead service line shall collect
first-draw samples from all of the sites identified as being served by
such lines.
(b) Sample collection methods. (1) All tap samples for lead and
copper collected in accordance with this subpart, with the exception of
lead service line samples collected under Sec. 141.84(c) and samples
collected under paragraph (b)(5) of this section, shall be first-draw
samples.
(2) Each first-draw tap sample for lead and copper shall be one
liter in volume and have stood motionless in the plumbing system of each
sampling site for at least six hours. First-draw samples from
residential housing shall be collected from the cold water kitchen tap
or bathroom sink tap. First-draw samples from a nonresidential building
shall be one liter in volume and shall be collected at an interior tap
from which water is typically drawn for consumption. Non-first-draw
samples collected in lieu of first-draw samples pursuant to paragraph
(b)(5) of this section shall be one liter in volume and shall be
collected at an interior tap from which water is typically drawn for
consumption. First-draw samples may be collected by the system or the
system may allow residents to collect first-draw samples after
instructing the residents of the sampling procedures specified in this
paragraph. To avoid problems of residents handling nitric acid,
acidification of first-draw samples may be done up to 14 days after the
sample is collected. After acidification to resolubilize the metals, the
sample must stand in the original container for the time specified in
the approved EPA method before the sample can be analyzed. If a system
allows residents to perform sampling, the system may not challenge,
based on alleged errors in sample collection, the accuracy of sampling
results.
(3) Each service line sample shall be one liter in volume and have
stood motionless in the lead service line for at least six hours. Lead
service line samples shall be collected in one of the following three
ways:
(i) At the tap after flushing the volume of water between the tap
and the lead service line. The volume of water shall be calculated based
on the interior diameter and length of the pipe between the tap and the
lead service line;
(ii) Tapping directly into the lead service line; or
(iii) If the sampling site is a building constructed as a single-
family residence, allowing the water to run until there is a significant
change in temperature which would be indicative of water that has been
standing in the lead service line.

[[Page 471]]

(4) A water system shall collect each first draw tap sample from the
same sampling site from which it collected a previous sample. If, for
any reason, the water system cannot gain entry to a sampling site in
order to collect a follow-up tap sample, the system may collect the
follow-up tap sample from another sampling site in its sampling pool as
long as the new site meets the same targeting criteria, and is within
reasonable proximity of the original site.
(5) A non-transient non-community water system, or a community water
system that meets the criteria of Secs. 141.85(c)(7)(i) and (ii), that
does not have enough taps that can supply first-draw samples, as defined
in Sec. 141.2, may apply to the State in writing to substitute non-
first-draw samples. Such systems must collect as many first-draw samples
from appropriate taps as possible and identify sampling times and
locations that would likely result in the longest standing time for the
remaining sites. The State has the discretion to waive the requirement
for prior State approval of non-first-draw sample sites selected by the
system, either through State regulation or written notification to the
system.
(c) Number of samples. Water systems shall collect at least one
sample during each monitoring period specified in paragraph (d) of this
section from the number of sites listed in the first column ("standard
monitoring") of the table in this paragraph. A system conducting
reduced monitoring under paragraph (d)(4) of this section shall collect
at least one sample from the number of sites specified in the second
column ("reduced monitoring") of the table in this paragraph during
each monitoring period specified in paragraph (d)(4) of this section.
Such reduced monitoring sites shall be representative of the sites
required for standard monitoring. States may specify sampling locations
when a system is conducting reduced monitoring. The table is as follows:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of Number of
sites sites
System size (number of people served) (standard (reduced
monitoring) monitoring)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
>100,000...................................... 100 50
10,001 to 100,000............................. 60 30
3,301 to 10,000............................... 40 20
501 to 3,300.................................. 20 10
101 to 500.................................... 10 5
<ls-thn-eq>100................................ 5 5
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(d) Timing of monitoring--(1) Initial tap sampling.
The first six-month monitoring period for small, medium-size and
large systems shall begin on the following dates:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
First six-month monitoring
System size (No. people served) period begins on
------------------------------------------------------------------------
>50,000............................... January 1, 1992.
3,301 to 50,000....................... July 1, 1992.
<ls-thn-eq>3,300...................... July 1, 1993.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(i) All large systems shall monitor during two consecutive six-month
periods.
(ii) All small and medium-size systems shall monitor during each
six-month monitoring period until:
(A) The system exceeds the lead or copper action level and is
therefore required to implement the corrosion control treatment
requirements under Sec. 141.81, in which case the system shall continue
monitoring in accordance with paragraph (d)(2) of this section, or
(B) The system meets the lead and copper action levels during two
consecutive six-month monitoring periods, in which case the system may
reduce monitoring in accordance with paragraph (d)(4) of this section.
(2) Monitoring after installation of corrosion control and source
water treatment. (i) Any large system which installs optimal corrosion
control treatment pursuant to Sec. 141.81(d)(4) shall monitor during two
consecutive six-month monitoring periods by the date specified in
Sec. 141.81(d)(5).
(ii) Any small or medium-size system which installs optimal
corrosion control treatment pursuant to Sec. 141.81(e)(5) shall monitor
during two consecutive six-month monitoring periods by the date
specified in Sec. 141.81(e)(6).
(iii) Any system which installs source water treatment pursuant to
Sec. 141.83(a)(3) shall monitor during two

[[Page 472]]

consecutive six-month monitoring periods by the date specified in
Sec. 141.83(a)(4).
(3) Monitoring after State specifies water quality parameter values
for optimal corrosion control. After the State specifies the values for
water quality control parameters under Sec. 141.82(f), the system shall
monitor during each subsequent six-month monitoring period, with the
first monitoring period to begin on the date the State specifies the
optimal values under Sec. 141.82(f).
(4) Reduced monitoring. (i) A small or medium-size water system that
meets the lead and copper action levels during each of two consecutive
six-month monitoring periods may reduce the number of samples in
accordance with paragraph (c) of this section, and reduce the frequency
of sampling to once per year.
(ii) Any water system that maintains the range of values for the
water quality control parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control
treatment specified by the State under Sec. 141.82(f) during each of two
consecutive six-month monitoring periods may reduce the frequency of
monitoring to once per year and reduce the number of lead and copper
samples in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section if it receives
written approval from the State. The State shall review monitoring,
treatment, and other relevant information submitted by the water system
in accordance with Sec. 141.90, and shall notify the system in writing
when it determines the system is eligible to commence reduced monitoring
pursuant to this paragraph. The State shall review, and where
appropriate, revise its determination when the system submits new
monitoring or treatment data, or when other data relevant to the number
and frequency of tap sampling becomes available.
(iii) A small or medium-size water system that meets the lead and
copper action levels during three consecutive years of monitoring may
reduce the frequency of monitoring for lead and copper from annually to
once every three years. Any water system that maintains the range of
values for the water quality control parameters reflecting optimal
corrosion control treatment specified by the State under Sec. 141.82(f)
during three consecutive years of monitoring may reduce the frequency of
monitoring from annually to once every three years if it receives
written approval from the State. The State shall review monitoring,
treatment, and other relevant information submitted by the water system
in accordance with Sec. 141.90, and shall notify the system in writing
when it determines the system is eligible to reduce the frequency of
monitoring to once every three years. The State shall review, and where
appropriate, revise its determination when the system submits new
monitoring or treatment data, or when other data relevant to the number
and frequency of tap sampling becomes available.
(iv) A water system that reduces the number and frequency of
sampling shall collect these samples from representative sites included
in the pool of targeted sampling sites identified in paragraph (a) of
this section. Systems sampling annually or less frequently shall conduct
the lead and copper tap sampling during the months of June, July,
August, or September unless the State has approved a different sampling
period in accordance with paragraph (d)(4)(iv)(A) of this section.
(A) The State, at its discretion, may approve a different period for
conducting the lead and copper tap sampling for systems collecting a
reduced number of samples. Such a period shall be no longer than four
consecutive months and must represent a time of normal operation where
the highest levels of lead are most likely to occur. For a non-transient
non-community water system that does not operate during the months of
June through September, and for which the period of normal operation
where the highest levels of lead are most likely to occur is not known,
the State shall designate a period that represents a time of normal
operation for the system.
(B) Systems monitoring annually, that have been collecting samples
during the months of June through September and that receive State
approval to alter their sample collection period under paragraph
(d)(4)(iv)(A) of this section, must collect their next round of samples
during a time period that ends no later than 21 months after the

[[Page 473]]

previous round of sampling. Systems monitoring triennially that have
been collecting samples during the months of June through September, and
receive State approval to alter the sampling collection period as per
paragraph (d)(4)(iv)(A) of this section, must collect their next round
of samples during a time period that ends no later than 45 months after
the previous round of sampling. Subsequent rounds of sampling must be
collected annually or triennially, as required by this section. Small
systems with waivers, granted pursuant to paragraph (g) of this section,
that have been collecting samples during the months of June through
September and receive State approval to alter their sample collection
period under paragraph (d)(4)(iv)(A) of this section must collect their
next round of samples before the end of the 9-year period.
(v) Any water system that demonstrates for two consecutive 6-month
monitoring periods that the tap water lead level computed under
Sec. 141.80(c)(3) is less than or equal to 0.005 mg/L and the tap water
copper level computed under Sec. 141.80(c)(3) is less than or equal to
0.65 mg/L may reduce the number of samples in accordance with paragraph
(c) of this section and reduce the frequency of sampling to once every
three calendar years.
(vi)(A) A small or medium-size water system subject to reduced
monitoring that exceeds the lead or copper action level shall resume
sampling in accordance with paragraph (d)(3) of this section and collect
the number of samples specified for standard monitoring under paragraph
(c) of this section. Such a system shall also conduct water quality
parameter monitoring in accordance with Sec. 141.87(b), (c) or (d) (as
appropriate) during the monitoring period in which it exceeded the
action level. Any such system may resume annual monitoring for lead and
copper at the tap at the reduced number of sites specified in paragraph
(c) of this section after it has completed two subsequent consecutive
six-month rounds of monitoring that meet the criteria of paragraph
(d)(4)(i) of this section and/or may resume triennial monitoring for
lead and copper at the reduced number of sites after it demonstrates
through subsequent rounds of monitoring that it meets the criteria of
either paragraph (d)(4)(iii) or (d)(4)(v) of this section.
(B) Any water system subject to the reduced monitoring frequency
that fails to operate at or above the minimum value or within the range
of values for the water quality parameters specified by the State under
Sec. 141.82(f) for more than nine days in any six-month period specified
in Sec. 141.87(d) shall conduct tap water sampling for lead and copper
at the frequency specified in paragraph (d)(3) of this section, collect
the number of samples specified for standard monitoring under paragraph
(c) of this section, and shall resume monitoring for water quality
parameters within the distribution system in accordance with
Sec. 141.87(d). Such a system may resume reduced monitoring for lead and
copper at the tap and for water quality parameters within the
distribution system under the following conditions:
(1) The system may resume annual monitoring for lead and copper at
the tap at the reduced number of sites specified in paragraph (c) of
this section after it has completed two subsequent six-month rounds of
monitoring that meet the criteria of paragraph (d)(4)(ii) of this
section and the system has received written approval from the State that
it is appropriate to resume reduced monitoring on an annual frequency.
(2) The system may resume triennial monitoring for lead and copper
at the tap at the reduced number of sites after it demonstrates through
subsequent rounds of monitoring that it meets the criteria of either
paragraph (d)(4)(iii) or (d)(4)(v) of this section and the system has
received written approval from the State that it is appropriate to
resume triennial monitoring.
(3) The system may reduce the number of water quality parameter tap
water samples required in accordance with Sec. 141.87(e)(1) and the
frequency with which it collects such samples in accordance with
Sec. 141.87(e)(2). Such a system may not resume triennial monitoring for
water quality parameters at the tap until it demonstrates, in accordance
with the requirements of

[[Page 474]]

Sec. 141.87(e)(2), that it has re-qualified for triennial monitoring.
(vii) Any water system subject to a reduced monitoring frequency
under paragraph (d)(4) of this section that either adds a new source of
water or changes any water treatment shall inform the State in writing
in accordance with Sec. 141.90(a)(3). The State may require the system
to resume sampling in accordance with paragraph (d)(3) of this section
and collect the number of samples specified for standard monitoring
under paragraph (c) of this section or take other appropriate steps such
as increased water quality parameter monitoring or re-evaluation of its
corrosion control treatment given the potentially different water
quality considerations.
(e) Additional monitoring by systems. The results of any monitoring
conducted in addition to the minimum requirements of this section shall
be considered by the system and the State in making any determinations
(i.e., calculating the 90th percentile lead or copper level) under this
subpart.
(f) Invalidation of lead or copper tap water samples. A sample
invalidated under this paragraph does not count toward determining lead
or copper 90th percentile levels under Sec. 141.80(c)(3) or toward
meeting the minimum monitoring requirements of paragraph (c) of this
section.
(1) The State may invalidate a lead or copper tap water sample at
least if one of the following conditions is met.
(i) The laboratory establishes that improper sample analysis caused
erroneous results.
(ii) The State determines that the sample was taken from a site that
did not meet the site selection criteria of this section.
(iii) The sample container was damaged in transit.
(iv) There is substantial reason to believe that the sample was
subject to tampering.
(2) The system must report the results of all samples to the State
and all supporting documentation for samples the system believes should
be invalidated.
(3) To invalidate a sample under paragraph (f)(1) of this section,
the decision and the rationale for the decision must be documented in
writing. States may not invalidate a sample solely on the grounds that a
follow-up sample result is higher or lower than that of the original
sample.
(4) The water system must collect replacement samples for any
samples invalidated under this section if, after the invalidation of one
or more samples, the system has too few samples to meet the minimum
requirements of paragraph (c) of this section. Any such replacement
samples must be taken as soon as possible, but no later than 20 days
after the date the State invalidates the sample or by the end of the
applicable monitoring period, whichever occurs later. Replacement
samples taken after the end of the applicable monitoring period shall
not also be used to meet the monitoring requirements of a subsequent
monitoring period. The replacement samples shall be taken at the same
locations as the invalidated samples or, if that is not possible, at
locations other than those already used for sampling during the
monitoring period.
(g) Monitoring waivers for small systems. Any small system that
meets the criteria of this paragraph may apply to the State to reduce
the frequency of monitoring for lead and copper under this section to
once every nine years (i.e., a "full waiver") if it meets all of the
materials criteria specified in paragraph (g)(1) of this section and all
of the monitoring criteria specified in paragraph (g)(2) of this
section. If State regulations permit, any small system that meets the
criteria in paragraphs (g)(1) and (2) of this section only for lead, or
only for copper, may apply to the State for a waiver to reduce the
frequency of tap water monitoring to once every nine years for that
contaminant only (i.e., a "partial waiver").
(1) Materials criteria. The system must demonstrate that its
distribution system and service lines and all drinking water supply
plumbing, including plumbing conveying drinking water within all
residences and buildings connected to the system, are free of lead-
containing materials and/or copper-containing materials, as those terms
are defined in this paragraph, as follows:

[[Page 475]]

(i) Lead. To qualify for a full waiver, or a waiver of the tap water
monitoring requirements for lead (i.e., a "lead waiver"), the water
system must provide certification and supporting documentation to the
State that the system is free of all lead-containing materials, as
follows:
(A) It contains no plastic pipes which contain lead plasticizers, or
plastic service lines which contain lead plasticizers; and
(B) It is free of lead service lines, lead pipes, lead soldered pipe
joints, and leaded brass or bronze alloy fittings and fixtures, unless
such fittings and fixtures meet the specifications of any standard
established pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 300g-6(e) (SDWA section 1417(e)).
(ii) Copper. To qualify for a full waiver, or a waiver of the tap
water monitoring requirements for copper (i.e., a "copper waiver"),
the water system must provide certification and supporting documentation
to the State that the system contains no copper pipes or copper service
lines.
(2) Monitoring criteria for waiver issuance. The system must have
completed at least one 6-month round of standard tap water monitoring
for lead and copper at sites approved by the State and from the number
of sites required by paragraph (c) of this section and demonstrate that
the 90th percentile levels for any and all rounds of monitoring
conducted since the system became free of all lead-containing and/or
copper-containing materials, as appropriate, meet the following
criteria.
(i) Lead levels. To qualify for a full waiver, or a lead waiver, the
system must demonstrate that the 90th percentile lead level does not
exceed 0.005 mg/L.
(ii) Copper levels. To qualify for a full waiver, or a copper
waiver, the system must demonstrate that the 90th percentile copper
level does not exceed 0.65 mg/L.
(3) State approval of waiver application. The State shall notify the
system of its waiver determination, in writing, setting forth the basis
of its decision and any condition of the waiver. As a condition of the
waiver, the State may require the system to perform specific activities
(e.g., limited monitoring, periodic outreach to customers to remind them
to avoid installation of materials that might void the waiver) to avoid
the risk of lead or copper concentration of concern in tap water. The
small system must continue monitoring for lead and copper at the tap as
required by paragraphs (d)(1) through (d)(4) of this section, as
appropriate, until it receives written notification from the State that
the waiver has been approved.
(4) Monitoring frequency for systems with waivers. (i) A system with
a full waiver must conduct tap water monitoring for lead and copper in
accordance with paragraph (d)(4)(iv) of this section at the reduced
number of sampling sites identified in paragraph (c) of this section at
least once every nine years and provide the materials certification
specified in paragraph (g)(1) of this section for both lead and copper
to the State along with the monitoring results.
(ii) A system with a partial waiver must conduct tap water
monitoring for the waived contaminant in accordance with paragraph
(d)(4)(iv) of this section at the reduced number of sampling sites
specified in paragraph (c) of this section at least once every nine
years and provide the materials certification specified in paragraph
(g)(1) of this section pertaining to the waived contaminant along with
the monitoring results. Such a system also must continue to monitor for
the non-waived contaminant in accordance with requirements of paragraph
(d)(1) through (d)(4) of this section, as appropriate.
(iii) If a system with a full or partial waiver adds a new source of
water or changes any water treatment, the system must notify the State
in writing in accordance with Sec. 141.90(a)(3). The State has the
authority to require the system to add or modify waiver conditions
(e.g., require recertification that the system is free of lead-
containing and/or copper-containing materials, require additional
round(s) of monitoring), if it deems such modifications are necessary to
address treatment or source water changes at the system.
(iv) If a system with a full or partial waiver becomes aware that it
is no

[[Page 476]]

longer free of lead-containing or copper-containing materials, as
appropriate, (e.g., as a result of new construction or repairs), the
system shall notify the State in writing no later than 60 days after
becoming aware of such a change.
(5) Continued eligibility. If the system continues to satisfy the
requirements of paragraph (g)(4) of this section, the waiver will be
renewed automatically, unless any of the conditions listed in paragraph
(g)(5)(i) through (g)(5)(iii) of this section occurs. A system whose
waiver has been revoked may re-apply for a waiver at such time as it
again meets the appropriate materials and monitoring criteria of
paragraphs (g)(1) and (g)(2) of this section.
(i) A system with a full waiver or a lead waiver no longer satisfies
the materials criteria of paragraph (g)(1)(i) of this section or has a
90th percentile lead level greater than 0.005 mg/L.
(ii) A system with a full waiver or a copper waiver no longer
satisfies the materials criteria of paragraph (g)(1)(ii) of this section
or has a 90th percentile copper level greater than 0.65 mg/L.
(iii) The State notifies the system, in writing, that the waiver has
been revoked, setting forth the basis of its decision.
(6) Requirements following waiver revocation. A system whose full or
partial waiver has been revoked by the State is subject to the corrosion
control treatment and lead and copper tap water monitoring requirements,
as follows:
(i) If the system exceeds the lead and/or copper action level, the
system must implement corrosion control treatment in accordance with the
deadlines specified in Sec. 141.81(e), and any other applicable
requirements of this subpart.
(ii) If the system meets both the lead and the copper action level,
the system must monitor for lead and copper at the tap no less
frequently than once every three years using the reduced number of
sample sites specified in paragraph (c) of this section.
(7) Pre-existing waivers. Small system waivers approved by the State
in writing prior to April 11, 2000 shall remain in effect under the
following conditions:
(i) If the system has demonstrated that it is both free of lead-
containing and copper-containing materials, as required by paragraph
(g)(1) of this section and that its 90th percentile lead levels and 90th
percentile copper levels meet the criteria of paragraph (g)(2) of this
section, the waiver remains in effect so long as the system continues to
meet the waiver eligibility criteria of paragraph (g)(5) of this
section. The first round of tap water monitoring conducted pursuant to
paragraph (g)(4) of this section shall be completed no later than nine
years after the last time the system has monitored for lead and copper
at the tap.
(ii) If the system has met the materials criteria of paragraph
(g)(1) of this section but has not met the monitoring criteria of
paragraph (g)(2) of this section, the system shall conduct a round of
monitoring for lead and copper at the tap demonstrating that it meets
the criteria of paragraph (g)(2) of this section no later than September
30, 2000. Thereafter, the waiver shall remain in effect as long as the
system meets the continued eligibility criteria of paragraph (g)(5) of
this section. The first round of tap water monitoring conducted pursuant
to paragraph (g)(4) of this section shall be completed no later than
nine years after the round of monitoring conducted pursuant to paragraph
(g)(2) of this section.

[56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 56 FR 32113, July 15, 1991; 57 FR 28788,
June 29, 1992; as amended at 65 FR 2007, Jan. 12, 2000]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.87]

[Page 476-481]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart I--Control of Lead and Copper

Sec. 141.87 Monitoring requirements for water quality parameters.

All large water systems, and all small- and medium-size systems that
exceed the lead or copper action level shall monitor water quality
parameters in addition to lead and copper in accordance with this
section. The requirements of this section are summarized in the table at
the end of this section.
(a) General requirements--(1) Sample collection methods. (i) Tap
samples shall be representative of water quality throughout the
distribution system taking into account the number of persons served,
the different sources of water, the different treatment methods employed
by the system, and seasonal

[[Page 477]]

variability. Tap sampling under this section is not required to be
conducted at taps targeted for lead and copper sampling under
Sec. 141.86(a). [Note: Systems may find it convenient to conduct tap
sampling for water quality parameters at sites used for coliform
sampling under 40 CFR 141.21.]
(ii) Samples collected at the entry point(s) to the distribution
system shall be from locations representative of each source after
treatment. If a system draws water from more than one source and the
sources are combined before distribution, the system must sample at an
entry point to the distribution system during periods of normal
operating conditions (i.e., when water is representative of all sources
being used).
(2) Number of samples. (i) Systems shall collect two tap samples for
applicable water quality parameters during each monitoring period
specified under paragraphs (b) through (e) of this section from the
following number of sites.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
No. of sites
for water
System size (No. people served) quality
parameters
------------------------------------------------------------------------
>100,000................................................ 25
10,001-100,000.......................................... 10
3,301 to 10,000......................................... 3
501 to 3,300............................................ 2
101 to 500.............................................. 1
:100.................................................... 1
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(ii) Except as provided in paragraph (c)(3) of this section, systems
shall collect two samples for each applicable water quality parameter at
each entry point to the distribution system during each monitoring
period specified in paragraph (b) of this section. During each
monitoring period specified in paragraphs (c)-(e) of this section,
systems shall collect one sample for each applicable water quality
parameter at each entry point to the distribution system.
(b) Initial sampling All large water systems shall measure the
applicable water quality parameters as specified below at taps and at
each entry point to the distribution system during each six-month
monitoring period specified in Sec. 141.86(d)(1). All small and medium-
size systems shall measure the applicable water quality parameters at
the locations specified below during each six-month monitoring period
specified in Sec. 141.86(d)(1) during which the system exceeds the lead
or copper action level.
(1) At taps:
(i) pH;
(ii) Alkalinity;
(iii) Orthophosphate, when an inhibitor containing a phosphate
compound is used;
(iv) Silica, when an inhibitor containing a silicate compound is
used;
(v) Calcium;
(vi) Conductivity; and
(vii) Water temperature.
(2) At each entry point to the distribution system: all of the
applicable parameters listed in paragraph (b)(1) of this section.
(c) Monitoring after installation of corrosion control. Any large
system which installs optimal corrosion control treatment pursuant to
Sec. 141.81(d)(4) shall measure the water quality parameters at the
locations and frequencies specified below during each six-month
monitoring period specified in Sec. 141.86(d)(2)(i). Any small or
medium-size system which installs optimal corrosion control treatment
shall conduct such monitoring during each six-month monitoring period
specified in Sec. 141.86(d)(2)(ii) in which the system exceeds the lead
or copper action level.
(1) At taps, two samples for:
(i) pH;
(ii) Alkalinity;
(iii) Orthophosphate, when an inhibitor containing a phosphate
compound is used;
(iv) Silica, when an inhibitor containing a silicate compound is
used;
(v) Calcium, when calcium carbonate stabilization is used as part of
corrosion control.
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (c)(3) of this section, at each
entry point to the distribution system, at least one sample no less
frequently than every two weeks (biweekly) for:
(i) pH;
(ii) When alkalinity is adjusted as part of optimal corrosion
control, a reading of the dosage rate of the chemical used to adjust
alkalinity, and the alkalinity concentration; and
(iii) When a corrosion inhibitor is used as part of optimal
corrosion control, a reading of the dosage rate of the inhibitor used,
and the concentration

[[Page 478]]

of orthophosphate or silica (whichever is applicable).
(3) Any ground water system can limit entry point sampling described
in paragraph (c)(2) of this section to those entry points that are
representative of water quality and treatment conditions throughout the
system. If water from untreated ground water sources mixes with water
from treated ground water sources, the system must monitor for water
quality parameters both at representative entry points receiving
treatment and representative entry points receiving no treatment. Prior
to the start of any monitoring under this paragraph, the system shall
provide to the State written information identifying the selected entry
points and documentation, including information on seasonal variability,
sufficient to demonstrate that the sites are representative of water
quality and treatment conditions throughout the system.
(d) Monitoring after State specifies water quality parameter values
for optimal corrosion control. After the State specifies the values for
applicable water quality control parameters reflecting optimal corrosion
control treatment under Sec. 141.82(f), all large systems shall measure
the applicable water quality parameters in accordance with paragraph (c)
of this section and determine compliance with the requirements of
Sec. 141.82(g) every six months with the first six-month period to begin
on the date the State specifies the optimal values under Sec. 141.82(f).
Any small or medium-size system shall conduct such monitoring during
each six-month period specified in this paragraph in which the system
exceeds the lead or copper action level. For any such small and medium-
size system that is subject to a reduced monitoring frequency pursuant
to Sec. 141.86(d)(4) at the time of the action level exceedance, the end
of the applicable six-month period under this paragraph shall coincide
with the end of the applicable monitoring period under
Sec. 141.86(d)(4). Compliance with State-designated optimal water
quality parameter values shall be determined as specified under
Sec. 141.82(g).
(e) Reduced monitoring. (1) Any water system that maintains the
range of values for the water quality parameters reflecting optimal
corrosion control treatment during each of two consecutive six-month
monitoring periods under paragraph (d) of this section shall continue
monitoring at the entry point(s) to the distribution system as specified
in paragraph (c)(2) of this section. Such system may collect two tap
samples for applicable water quality parameters from the following
reduced number of sites during each six-month monitoring period.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reduced No. of
sites for
System size (No. of people served) water quality
parameters
------------------------------------------------------------------------
>100,000................................................ 10
10,001 to 100,000....................................... 7
3,301 to 10,000......................................... 3
501 to 3,300............................................ 2
101 to 500.............................................. 1
:100.................................................... 1
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(2)(i) Any water system that maintains the range of values for the
water quality parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control treatment
specified by the State under Sec. 141.82(f) during three consecutive
years of monitoring may reduce the frequency with which it collects the
number of tap samples for applicable water quality parameters specified
in this paragraph (e)(1) of this section from every six months to
annually. Any water system that maintains the range of values for the
water quality parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control treatment
specified by the State under Sec. 141.82(f) during three consecutive
years of annual monitoring under this paragraph may reduce the frequency
with which it collects the number of tap samples for applicable water
quality parameters specified in paragraph (e)(1) from annually to every
three years.
(ii) A water system may reduce the frequency with which it collects
tap samples for applicable water quality parameters specified in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section to every three years if it demonstrates
during two consecutive monitoring periods that its tap water lead level
at the 90th percentile is less than or equal to the PQL for lead
specified in Sec. 141.89 (a)(1)(ii), that its tap water copper level at
the 90th percentile is less than or equal to 0.65 mg/L for copper in
Sec. 141.80(c)(2), and that it also has maintained the range of values

[[Page 479]]

for the water quality parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control
treatment specified by the State under Sec. 141.82(f).
(3) A water system that conducts sampling annually shall collect
these samples evenly throughout the year so as to reflect seasonal
variability.
(4) Any water system subject to the reduced monitoring frequency
that fails to operate at or above the minimum value or within the range
of values for the water quality parameters specified by the State in
Sec. 141.82(f) for more than nine days in any six-month period specified
in Sec. 141.82(g) shall resume distribution system tap water sampling in
accordance with the number and frequency requirements in paragraph (d)
of this section. Such a system may resume annual monitoring for water
quality parameters at the tap at the reduced number of sites specified
in paragraph (e)(1) of this section after it has completed two
subsequent consecutive six-month rounds of monitoring that meet the
criteria of that paragraph and/or may resume triennial monitoring for
water quality parameters at the tap at the reduced number of sites after
it demonstrates through subsequent rounds of monitoring that it meets
the criteria of either paragraph (e)(2)(i) or (e)(2)(ii) of this
section.
(f) Additional monitoring by systems. The results of any monitoring
conducted in addition to the minimum requirements of this section shall
be considered by the system and the State in making any determinations
(i.e., determining concentrations of water quality parameters) under
this section or Sec. 141.82.

[[Page 480]]

Summary of Monitoring Requirements for Water Quality Parameters \1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Monitoring period Parameters \2\ Location Frequency
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Initial monitoring................ pH, alkalinity, Taps and at entry point(s) Every 6 months.
orthophosphate or silica to distribution system.
\3\, calcium,
conductivity, temperature.
After installation of corrosion pH, alkalinity, Taps...................... Every 6 months.
control. orthophosphate or silica
\3\, calcium \4\.
pH, alkalinity, dosage Entry point(s) to No less frequently
rate and concentration distribution system \6\. than every two
(if alkalinity adjusted weeks.
as part of corrosion
control), inhibitor
dosage rate and inhibitor
residual \5\.
After State specifies parameter pH, alkalinity, Taps...................... Every 6 months.
values for optimal corrosion orthophosphate or silica
control. \3\, calcium \4\.
pH, alkalinity dosage rate Entry point(s) to No less frequently
and concentration (if distribution system \6\. than every two
alkalinity adjusted as weeks.
part of corrosion
control), inhibitor
dosage rate and inhibitor
residual \5\.
Reduced monitoring................ pH, alkalinity, Taps...................... Every 6 months,
orthophosphate or silica annually \7\ or
\3\, calcium \4\. every 3 years \8\;
reduced number of
sites.
pH, alkalinity dosage rate Entry point(s) to No less frequently
and concentration (if distribution system \6\. than every two
alkalinity adjusted as weeks.
part of corrosion
control), inhibitor
dosage rate and inhibitor
residual \5\.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Table is for illustrative purposes; consult the text of this section for precise regulatory requirements.
\2\ Small and medium-size systems have to monitor for water quality parameters only during monitoring periods in
which the system exceeds the lead or copper action level.
\3\ Orthophosphate must be measured only when an inhibitor containing a phosphate compound is used. Silica must
be measured only when an inhibitor containing silicate compound is used.
\4\ Calcium must be measured only when calcium carbonate stabilization is used as part of corrosion control.
\5\ Inhibitor dosage rates and inhibitor residual concentrations (orthophosphate or silica) must be measured
only when an inhibitor is used.
\6\ Ground water systems may limit monitoring to representative locations throughout the system.
\7\ Water systems may reduce frequency of monitoring for water quality parameters at the tap from every six
months to annually if they have maintained the range of values for water quality parameters reflecting optimal
corrosion control during 3 consecutive years of monitoring.
\8\ Water systems may further reduce the frequency of monitoring for water quality parameters at the tap from
annually to once every 3 years if they have maintained the range of values for water quality parameters
reflecting optimal corrosion control during 3 consecutive years of annual monitoring. Water systems may
accelerate to triennial monitoring for water quality parameters at the tap if they have maintained 90th
percentile lead levels less than or equal to 0.005 mg/L, 90th percentile copper levels less than or equal to
0.65 mg/L, and the range of water quality parameters designated by the State under Sec. 141.82(f) as
representing optimal corrosion control during two consecutive six-month monitoring periods.

[[Page 481]]

[56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 57 FR 28788, June 29, 1992, as amended at 59
FR 33862, June 30, 1994; 65 FR 2010, Jan. 12, 2000]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.88]

[Page 481-482]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart I--Control of Lead and Copper

Sec. 141.88 Monitoring requirements for lead and copper in source water.

(a) Sample location, collection methods, and number of samples. (1)
A water system that fails to meet the lead or copper action level on the
basis of tap samples collected in accordance with Sec. 141.86 shall
collect lead and copper source water samples in accordance with the
following requirements regarding sample location, number of samples, and
collection methods:
(i) Groundwater systems shall take a minimum of one sample at every
entry point to the distribution system which is representative of each
well after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point). The system
shall take one sample at the same sampling point unless conditions make
another sampling point more representative of each source or treatment
plant.
(ii) Surface water systems shall take a minimum of one sample at
every entry point to the distribution system after any application of
treatment or in the distribution system at a point which is
representative of each source after treatment (hereafter called a
sampling point). The system shall take each sample at the same sampling
point unless conditions make another sampling point more representative
of each source or treatment plant.

Note to paragraph (a)(1)(ii): For the purposes of this paragraph,
surface water systems include systems with a combination of surface and
ground sources.

(iii) If a system draws water from more than one source and the
sources are combined before distribution, the system must sample at an
entry point to the distribution system during periods of normal
operating conditions (i.e., when water is representative of all sources
being used).
(iv) The State may reduce the total number of samples which must be
analyzed by allowing the use of compositing. Compositing of samples must
be done by certified laboratory personnel. Composite samples from a
maximum of five samples are allowed, provided that if the lead
concentration in the composite sample is greater than or equal to 0.001
mg/L or the copper concentration is greater than or equal to 0.160 mg/L,
then either:
(A) A follow-up sample shall be taken and analyzed within 14 days at
each sampling point included in the composite; or
(B) If duplicates of or sufficient quantities from the original
samples from each sampling point used in the composite are available,
the system may use these instead of resampling.
(2) Where the results of sampling indicate an exceedance of maximum
permissible source water levels established under Sec. 141.83(b)(4), the
State may require that one additional sample be collected as soon as
possible after the initial sample was taken (but not to exceed two
weeks) at the same sampling point. If a State-required confirmation
sample is taken for lead or copper, then the results of the initial and
confirmation sample shall be averaged in determining compliance with the
State-specified maximum permissible levels. Any sample value below the
detection limit shall be considered to be zero. Any value above the
detection limit but below the PQL shall either be considered as the
measured value or be considered one-half the PQL.
(b) Monitoring frequency after system exceeds tap water action
level. Any system which exceeds the lead or copper action level at the
tap shall collect one source water sample from each entry point to the
distribution system within six months after the exceedance.
(c) Monitoring frequency after installation of source water
treatment. Any system which installs source water treatment pursuant to
Sec. 141.83(a)(3) shall collect an additional source water sample from
each entry point to the distribution system during two consecutive six-
month monitoring periods by the deadline specified in Sec. 141.83(a)(4).
(d) Monitoring frequency after State specifies maximum permissible
source water levels or determines that source water treatment is not
needed. (1) A system shall monitor at the frequency specified below in
cases where the State specifies maximum permissible

[[Page 482]]

source water levels under Sec. 141.83(b)(4) or determines that the
system is not required to install source water treatment under
Sec. 141.83(b)(2).
(i) A water system using only groundwater shall collect samples once
during the three-year compliance period (as that term is defined in
Sec. 141.2) in effect when the applicable State determination under
paragraph (d)(1) of this section is made. Such systems shall collect
samples once during each subsequent compliance period.
(ii) A water system using surface water (or a combination of surface
and groundwater) shall collect samples once during each year, the first
annual monitoring period to begin on the date on which the applicable
State determination is made under paragraph (d)(1) of this section.
(2) A system is not required to conduct source water sampling for
lead and/or copper if the system meets the action level for the specific
contaminant in tap water samples during the entire source water sampling
period applicable to the system under paragraph (d)(1) (i) or (ii) of
this section.
(e) Reduced monitoring frequency. (1) A water system using only
ground water may reduce the monitoring frequency for lead and copper in
source water to once during each nine-year compliance cycle (as that
term is defined in Sec. 141.2) if the system meets one of the following
criteria:
(i) The system demonstrates that finished drinking water entering
the distribution system has been maintained below the maximum
permissible lead and copper concentrations specified by the State in
Sec. 141.83(b)(4) during at least three consecutive compliance periods
under paragraph (d)(1) of this section; or
(ii) The State has determined that source water treatment is not
needed and the system demonstrates that, during at least three
consecutive compliance periods in which sampling was conducted under
paragraph (d)(1) of this section, the concentration of lead in source
water was less than or equal to 0.005 mg/L and the concentration of
copper in source water was less than or equal to 0.65 mg/L.
(2) A water system using surface water (or a combination of surface
water and ground water) may reduce the monitoring frequency in paragraph
(d)(1) of this section to once during each nine-year compliance cycle
(as that term is defined in Sec. 141.2) if the system meets one of the
following criteria:
(i) The system demonstrates that finished drinking water entering
the distribution system has been maintained below the maximum
permissible lead and copper concentrations specified by the State in
Sec. 141.83(b)(4) for at least three consecutive years; or
(ii) The State has determined that source water treatment is not
needed and the system demonstrates that, during at least three
consecutive years, the concentration of lead in source water was less
than or equal to 0.005 mg/L and the concentration of copper in source
water was less than or equal to 0.65 mg/L.
(3) A water system that uses a new source of water is not eligible
for reduced monitoring for lead and/or copper until concentrations in
samples collected from the new source during three consecutive
monitoring periods are below the maximum permissible lead and copper
concentrations specified by the State in Sec. 141.83(a)(5).

[56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 57 FR 28788 and 28789, June 29, 1992, as
amended at 65 FR 2012, Jan. 12, 2000]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.89]

[Page 482-483]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart I--Control of Lead and Copper

Sec. 141.89 Analytical methods.

(a) Analyses for lead, copper, pH, conductivity, calcium,
alkalinity, orthophosphate, silica, and temperature shall be conducted
with the methods in Sec. 141.23(k)(1).
(1) Analyses for alkalinity, calcium, conductivity, orthophosphate,
pH, silica, and temperature may be performed by any person acceptable to
the State. Analyses under this section for lead and copper shall only be
conducted by laboratories that have been certified by EPA or the State.
To obtain certification to conduct analyses for lead and copper,
laboratories must:
(i) Analyze Performance Evaluation samples, which include lead and
copper, provided by or acceptable to EPA or the State at least once a
year by each method for which the laboratory desires certification; and

[[Page 483]]

(ii) Achieve quantitative acceptance limits as follows:
(A) For lead: <plus-minus>30 percent of the actual amount in the
Performance Evaluation sample when the actual amount is greater than or
equal to 0.005 mg/L. The Practical Quantitation Level, or PQL for lead
is 0.005 mg/L.
(B) For Copper: <plus-minus>10 percent of the actual amount in the
Performance Evaluation sample when the actual amount is greater than or
equal to 0.050 mg/L. The Practical Quantitation Level, or PQL for copper
is 0.050 mg/L.
(iii) Achieve the method detection limit for lead of 0.001 mg/L
according to the procedures in appendix B of part 136 of this title.
This need only be accomplished if the laboratory will be processing
source water composite samples under Sec. 141.88(a)(1)(iii).
(iv) Be currently certified by EPA or the State to perform analyses
to the specifications described in paragraph (a)(2) of this section.
(2) States have the authority to allow the use of previously
collected monitoring data for purposes of monitoring, if the data were
collected and analyzed in accordance with the requirements of this
subpart.
(3) All lead and copper levels measured between the PQL and MDL must
be either reported as measured or they can be reported as one-half the
PQL specified for lead and copper in paragraph (a)(1)(ii) of this
section. All levels below the lead and copper MDLs must be reported as
zero.
(4) All copper levels measured between the PQL and the MDL must be
either reported as measured or they can be reported as one-half the PQL
(0.025 mg/L). All levels below the copper MDL must be reported as zero.
(b) [Reserved]

[56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991, as amended at 57 FR 28789, June 29, 1992; 57
FR 31847, July 17, 1992; 59 FR 33863, June 30, 1994; 59 FR 62470, Dec.
5, 1994; 64 FR 67466, Dec. 1, 1999; 65 FR 2012, Jan. 12, 2000]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.90]

[Page 483-486]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart I--Control of Lead and Copper

Sec. 141.90 Reporting requirements.

All water systems shall report all of the following information to
the State in accordance with this section.
(a) Reporting requirements for tap water monitoring for lead and
copper and for water quality parameter monitoring. (1) Except as
provided in paragraph (a)(1)(viii) of this section, a water system shall
report the information specified below for all tap water samples
specified in Sec. 141.86 and for all water quality parameter samples
specified in Sec. 141.87 within the first 10 days following the end of
each applicable monitoring period specified in Sec. 141.86 and
Sec. 141.87 (i.e., every six months, annually, every 3 years, or every 9
years):
(i) The results of all tap samples for lead and copper including the
location of each site and the criteria under Sec. 141.86(a) (3), (4),
(5), (6), and/or (7) under which the site was selected for the system's
sampling pool;
(ii) Documentation for each tap water lead or copper sample for
which the water system requests invalidation pursuant to
Sec. 141.86(f)(2);
(iii) [Reserved]
(iv) The 90th percentile lead and copper concentrations measured
from among all lead and copper tap water samples collected during each
monitoring period (calculated in accordance with Sec. 141.80(c)(3)),
unless the State calculates the system's 90th percentile lead and copper
levels under paragraph (h) of this section;
(v) With the exception of initial tap sampling conducted pursuant to
Sec. 141.86(d)(1), the system shall designate any site which was not
sampled during previous monitoring periods, and include an explanation
of why sampling sites have changed;
(vi) The results of all tap samples for pH, and where applicable,
alkalinity, calcium, conductivity, temperature, and orthophosphate or
silica collected under Sec. 141.87 (b)-(e);
(vii) The results of all samples collected at the entry point(s) to
the distribution system for applicable water quality parameters under
Sec. 141.87 (b)-(e);
(viii) A water system shall report the results of all water quality
parameter samples collected under Sec. 141.87(c) through (f) during each
six-month monitoring period specified in Sec. 141.87(d) within the first
10 days following the end of the monitoring period unless the State has
specified a more frequent reporting requirement.
(2) For a non-transient non-community water system, or a community

[[Page 484]]

water system meeting the criteria of Secs. 141.85(c)(7)(i) and (ii),
that does not have enough taps that can provide first-draw samples, the
system must either:
(i) Provide written documentation to the State identifying standing
times and locations for enough non-first-draw samples to make up its
sampling pool under Sec. 141.86(b)(5) by the start of the first
applicable monitoring period under Sec. 141.86(d) that commences after
April 11, 2000, unless the State has waived prior State approval of non-
first-draw sample sites selected by the system pursuant to
Sec. 141.86(b)(5); or
(ii) If the State has waived prior approval of non-first-draw sample
sites selected by the system, identify, in writing, each site that did
not meet the six-hour minimum standing time and the length of standing
time for that particular substitute sample collected pursuant to
Sec. 141.86(b)(5) and include this information with the lead and copper
tap sample results required to be submitted pursuant to paragraph
(a)(1)(i) of this section.
(3) No later than 60 days after the addition of a new source or any
change in water treatment, unless the State requires earlier
notification, a water system deemed to have optimized corrosion control
under Sec. 141.81(b)(3), a water system subject to reduced monitoring
pursuant to Sec. 141.86(d)(4), or a water system subject to a monitoring
waiver pursuant to Sec. 141.86(g), shall send written documentation to
the State describing the change. In those instances where prior State
approval of the treatment change or new source is not required, water
systems are encouraged to provide the notification to the State
beforehand to minimize the risk the treatment change or new source will
adversely affect optimal corrosion control.
(4) Any small system applying for a monitoring waiver under
Sec. 141.86(g), or subject to a waiver granted pursuant to
Sec. 141.86(g)(3), shall provide the following information to the State
in writing by the specified deadline:
(i) By the start of the first applicable monitoring period in
Sec. 141.86(d), any small water system applying for a monitoring waiver
shall provide the documentation required to demonstrate that it meets
the waiver criteria of Secs. 141.86(g)(1) and (2).
(ii) No later than nine years after the monitoring previously
conducted pursuant to Sec. 141.86(g)(2) or Sec. 141.86(g)(4)(i), each
small system desiring to maintain its monitoring waiver shall provide
the information required by Secs. 141.86(g)(4)(i) and (ii).
(iii) No later than 60 days after it becomes aware that it is no
longer free of lead-containing and/or copper-containing material, as
appropriate, each small system with a monitoring waiver shall provide
written notification to the State, setting forth the circumstances
resulting in the lead-containing and/or copper-containing materials
being introduced into the system and what corrective action, if any, the
system plans to remove these materials.
(iv) By October 10, 2000, any small system with a waiver granted
prior to April 11, 2000 and that has not previously met the requirements
of Sec. 141.86(g)(2) shall provide the information required by that
paragraph.
(5) Each ground water system that limits water quality parameter
monitoring to a subset of entry points under Sec. 141.87(c)(3) shall
provide, by the commencement of such monitoring, written correspondence
to the State that identifies the selected entry points and includes
information sufficient to demonstrate that the sites are representative
of water quality and treatment conditions throughout the system.
(b) Source water monitoring reporting requirements. (1) A water
system shall report the sampling results for all source water samples
collected in accordance with Sec. 141.88 within the first 10 days
following the end of each source water monitoring period (i.e.,
annually, per compliance period, per compliance cycle) specified in
Sec. 141.88.
(2) With the exception of the first round of source water sampling
conducted pursuant to Sec. 141.88(b), the system shall specify any site
which was not sampled during previous monitoring periods, and include an
explanation of why the sampling point has changed.
(c) Corrosion control treatment reporting requirements. By the
applicable

[[Page 485]]

dates under Sec. 141.81, systems shall report the following information:
(1) For systems demonstrating that they have already optimized
corrosion control, information required in Sec. 141.81(b) (2) or (3).
(2) For systems required to optimize corrosion control, their
recommendation regarding optimal corrosion control treatment under
Sec. 141.82(a).
(3) For systems required to evaluate the effectiveness of corrosion
control treatments under Sec. 141.82(c), the information required by
that paragraph.
(4) For systems required to install optimal corrosion control
designated by the State under Sec. 141.82(d), a letter certifying that
the system has completed installing that treatment.
(d) Source water treatment reporting requirements. By the applicable
dates in Sec. 141.83, systems shall provide the following information to
the State:
(1) If required under Sec. 141.83(b)(1), their recommendation
regarding source water treatment;
(2) For systems required to install source water treatment under
Sec. 141.83(b)(2), a letter certifying that the system has completed
installing the treatment designated by the State within 24 months after
the State designated the treatment.
(e) Lead service line replacement reporting requirements. Systems
shall report the following information to the State to demonstrate
compliance with the requirements of Sec. 141.84:
(1) Within 12 months after a system exceeds the lead action level in
sampling referred to in Sec. 141.84(a), the system shall demonstrate in
writing to the State that it has conducted a material evaluation,
including the evaluation in Sec. 141.86(a), to identify the initial
number of lead service lines in its distribution system, and shall
provide the State with the system's schedule for replacing annually at
least 7 percent of the initial number of lead service lines in its
distribution system.
(2) Within 12 months after a system exceeds the lead action level in
sampling referred to in Sec. 141.84(a), and every 12 months thereafter,
the system shall demonstrate to the State in writing that the system has
either:
(i) Replaced in the previous 12 months at least 7 percent of the
initial lead service lines (or a greater number of lines specified by
the State under Sec. 141.84(e)) in its distribution system, or
(ii) Conducted sampling which demonstrates that the lead
concentration in all service line samples from an individual line(s),
taken pursuant to Sec. 141.86(b)(3), is less than or equal to 0.015 mg/
L. In such cases, the total number of lines replaced and/or which meet
the criteria in Sec. 141.84(c) shall equal at least 7 percent of the
initial number of lead lines identified under paragraph (a) of this
section (or the percentage specified by the State under Sec. 141.84(e)).
(3) The annual letter submitted to the State under paragraph (e)(2)
of this section shall contain the following information:
(i) The number of lead service lines scheduled to be replaced during
the previous year of the system's replacement schedule;
(ii) The number and location of each lead service line replaced
during the previous year of the system's replacement schedule;
(iii) If measured, the water lead concentration and location of each
lead service line sampled, the sampling method, and the date of
sampling.
(4) Any system which collects lead service line samples following
partial lead service line replacement required by Sec. 141.84 shall
report the results to the State within the first ten days of the month
following the month in which the system receives the laboratory results,
or as specified by the State. States, at their discretion may eliminate
this requirement to report these monitoring results. Systems shall also
report any additional information as specified by the State, and in a
time and manner prescribed by the State, to verify that all partial lead
service line replacement activities have taken place.
(f) Public education program reporting requirements. (1) Any water
system that is subject to the public education requirements in
Sec. 141.85 shall, within ten days after the end of each period in which
the system is required to perform public education tasks in accordance
with Sec. 141.85(c), send written documentation to the State that
contains:

[[Page 486]]

(i) A demonstration that the system has delivered the public
education materials that meet the content requirements in Sec. 141.85(a)
and (b) and the delivery requirements in Sec. 141.85(c); and
(ii) A list of all the newspapers, radio stations, television
stations, and facilities and organizations to which the system delivered
public education materials during the period in which the system was
required to perform public education tasks.
(2) Unless required by the State, a system that previously has
submitted the information required by paragraph (f)(1)(ii) of this
section need not resubmit the information required by paragraph
(f)(1)(ii) of this section, as long as there have been no changes in the
distribution list and the system certifies that the public education
materials were distributed to the same list submitted previously.
(g) Reporting of additional monitoring data. Any system which
collects sampling data in addition to that required by this subpart
shall report the results to the State within the first ten days
following the end of the applicable monitoring period under
Secs. 141.86, 141.87 and 141.88 during which the samples are collected.
(h) Reporting of 90th percentile lead and copper concentrations
where the State calculates a system's 90th percentile concentrations. A
water system is not required to report the 90th percentile lead and
copper concentrations measured from among all lead and copper tap water
samples collected during each monitoring period, as required by
paragraph (a)(1)(iv) of this section if:
(1) The State has previously notified the water system that it will
calculate the water system's 90th percentile lead and copper
concentrations, based on the lead and copper tap results submitted
pursuant to paragraph (h)(2)(i) of this section, and has specified a
date before the end of the applicable monitoring period by which the
system must provide the results of lead and copper tap water samples;
(2) The system has provided the following information to the State
by the date specified in paragraph (h)(1) of this section:
(i) The results of all tap samples for lead and copper including the
location of each site and the criteria under Sec. 141.86(a)(3), (4),
(5), (6), and/or (7) under which the site was selected for the system's
sampling pool, pursuant to paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section; and
(ii) An identification of sampling sites utilized during the current
monitoring period that were not sampled during previous monitoring
periods, and an explanation why sampling sites have changed; and
(3) The State has provided the results of the 90th percentile lead
and copper calculations, in writing, to the water system before the end
of the monitoring period.

[56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 57 FR 28789, June 29, 1992, as amended at 59
FR 33864, June 30, 1994; 65 FR 2012, Jan. 12, 2000]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.91]

[Page 486]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart I--Control of Lead and Copper

Sec. 141.91 Recordkeeping requirements.

Any system subject to the requirements of this subpart shall retain
on its premises original records of all sampling data and analyses,
reports, surveys, letters, evaluations, schedules, State determinations,
and any other information required by Secs. 141.81 through 141.88. Each
water system shall retain the records required by this section for no
fewer than 12 years.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.100]

[Page 486-487]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart J--Use of Non-Centralized Treatment Devices

Sec. 141.100 Criteria and procedures for public water systems using point-of-entry devices.

Source: 52 FR 25716, July 8, 1987, unless otherwise noted.

(a) Public water systems may use point-of-entry devices to comply
with maximum contaminant levels only if they meet the requirements of
this section.
(b) It is the responsibility of the public water system to operate
and maintain the point-of-entry treatment system.
(c) The public water system must develop and obtain State approval
for a monitoring plan before point-of-entry devices are installed for
compliance. Under the plan approved by the State, point-of-entry devices
must provide health protection equivalent to central water treatment.
"Equivalent" means that the water would meet all national

[[Page 487]]

primary drinking water regulations and would be of acceptable quality
similar to water distributed by a well-operated central treatment plant.
In addition to the VOCs, monitoring must include physical measurements
and observations such as total flow treated and mechanical condition of
the treatment equipment.
(d) Effective technology must be properly applied under a plan
approved by the State and the microbiological safety of the water must
be maintained.
(1) The State must require adequate certification of performance,
field testing, and, if not included in the certification process, a
rigorous engineering design review of the point-of-entry devices.
(2) The design and application of the point-of-entry devices must
consider the tendency for increase in heterotrophic bacteria
concentrations in water treated with activated carbon. It may be
necessary to use frequent backwashing, post-contactor disinfection, and
Heterotrophic Plate Count monitoring to ensure that the microbiological
safety of the water is not compromised.
(e) All consumers shall be protected. Every building connected to
the system must have a point-of-entry device installed, maintained, and
adequately monitored. The State must be assured that every building is
subject to treatment and monitoring, and that the rights and
responsibilities of the public water system customer convey with title
upon sale of property.

[52 FR 25716, July 8, 1987; 53 FR 25111, July 1, 1988]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.101]

[Page 487]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart J--Use of Non-Centralized Treatment Devices

Sec. 141.101 Use of bottled water.

Public water systems shall not use bottled water to achieve
compliance with an MCL. Bottled water may be used on a temporary basis
to avoid unreasonable risk to health.

[63 FR 31934, June 11, 1998]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.110]

[Page 487]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart K--Treatment Techniques

Sec. 141.110 General requirements.

Source: 56 FR 3594, Jan. 30, 1991, unless otherwise noted.

The requirements of subpart K of this part constitute national
primary drinking water regulations. These regulations establish
treatment techniques in lieu of maximum contaminant levels for specified
contaminants.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.111]

[Page 487]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart K--Treatment Techniques

Sec. 141.111 Treatment techniques for acrylamide and epichlorohydrin.

Each public water system must certify annually in writing to the
State (using third party or manufacturer's certification) that when
acrylamide and epichlorohydrin are used in drinking water systems, the
combination (or product) of dose and monomer level does not exceed the
levels specified as follows:

Acrylamide=0.05% dosed at 1 ppm (or equivalent)
Epichlorohydrin=0.01% dosed at 20 ppm (or equivalent)

Certifications can rely on manufacturers or third parties, as approved
by the State.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.130]

[Page 487-488]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart L--Disinfectant Residuals, Disinfection Byproducts, and
Disinfection Byproduct Precursors

Sec. 141.130 General requirements.

(a) The requirements of this subpart L constitute national primary
drinking water regulations.
(1) The regulations in this subpart establish criteria under which
community water systems (CWSs) and nontransient, noncommunity water
systems (NTNCWSs) which add a chemical disinfectant to the water in any
part of the drinking water treatment process must modify their practices
to meet MCLs and MRDLs in Secs. 141.64 and 141.65, respectively, and
must meet the treatment technique requirements for disinfection
byproduct precursors in Sec. 141.135.
(2) The regulations in this subpart establish criteria under which
transient NCWSs that use chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant
must modify their practices to meet the MRDL for chlorine dioxide in
Sec. 141.65.

[[Page 488]]

(3) EPA has established MCLs for TTHM and HAA5 and treatment
technique requirements for disinfection byproduct precursors to limit
the levels of known and unknown disinfection byproducts which may have
adverse health effects. These disinfection byproducts may include
chloroform; bromodichloromethane; dibromochloromethane; bromoform;
dichloroacetic acid; and trichloroacetic acid.
(b) Compliance dates. (1) CWSs and NTNCWSs. Unless otherwise noted,
systems must comply with the requirements of this subpart as follows.
Subpart H systems serving 10,000 or more persons must comply with this
subpart beginning January 1, 2002. Subpart H systems serving fewer than
10,000 persons and systems using only ground water not under the direct
influence of surface water must comply with this subpart beginning
January 1, 2004.
(2) Transient NCWSs. Subpart H systems serving 10,000 or more
persons and using chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant must
comply with any requirements for chlorine dioxide in this subpart
beginning January 1, 2002. Subpart H systems serving fewer than 10,000
persons and using chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant and
systems using only ground water not under the direct influence of
surface water and using chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant
must comply with any requirements for chlorine dioxide in this subpart
beginning January 1, 2004.
(c) Each CWS and NTNCWS regulated under paragraph (a) of this
section must be operated by qualified personnel who meet the
requirements specified by the State and are included in a State register
of qualified operators.
(d) Control of disinfectant residuals. Notwithstanding the MRDLs in
Sec. 141.65, systems may increase residual disinfectant levels in the
distribution system of chlorine or chloramines (but not chlorine
dioxide) to a level and for a time necessary to protect public health,
to address specific microbiological contamination problems caused by
circumstances such as, but not limited to, distribution line breaks,
storm run-off events, source water contamination events, or cross-
connection events.

[63 FR 69466, Dec. 16, 1998, as amended at 66 FR 3776, Jan. 16, 2001]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.131]

[Page 488-491]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart L--Disinfectant Residuals, Disinfection Byproducts, and
Disinfection Byproduct Precursors

Sec. 141.131 Analytical requirements.

(a) General. (1) Systems must use only the analytical method(s)
specified in this section, or otherwise approved by EPA for monitoring
under this subpart, to demonstrate compliance with the requirements of
this subpart. These methods are effective for compliance monitoring
February 16, 1999.
(2) The following documents are incorporated by reference. The
Director of the Federal Register approves this incorporation by
reference in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies
may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M St., SW.,
Washington, DC 20460, or at the Office of the Federal Register, 800
North Capitol Street, NW, Suite 700, Washington DC. EPA Method 552.1 is
in Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Drinking Water-
Supplement II, USEPA, August 1992, EPA/600/R-92/129 (available through
National Information Technical Service (NTIS), PB92-207703). EPA Methods
502.2, 524.2, 551.1, and 552.2 are in Methods for the Determination of
Organic Compounds in Drinking Water-Supplement III, USEPA, August 1995,
EPA/600/R-95/131. (available through NTIS, PB95-261616). EPA Method
300.0 is in Methods for the Determination of Inorganic Substances in
Environmental Samples, USEPA, August 1993, EPA/600/R-93/100. (available
through NTIS, PB94-121811). EPA Method 300.1 is titled USEPA Method
300.1, Determination of Inorganic Anions in Drinking Water by Ion
Chromatography, Revision 1.0, USEPA, 1997, EPA/600/R-98/118 (available
through NTIS, PB98-169196); also available from: Chemical Exposure
Research Branch, Microbiological & Chemical Exposure Assessment Research
Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, Fax Number: 513-569-7757, Phone
number: 513-569-7586. Standard Methods 4500-Cl D, 4500-Cl E, 4500-Cl F,
4500-Cl G, 4500-Cl H, 4500-Cl I, 4500-ClO<INF>2</INF> D, 4500-
ClO<INF>2</INF> E, 6251 B, and 5910 B shall be followed in accordance

[[Page 489]]

with Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th
Edition, American Public Health Association, 1995; copies may be
obtained from the American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth
Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Standard Methods 5310 B, 5310 C, and
5310 D shall be followed in accordance with the Supplement to the 19th
Edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,
American Public Health Association, 1996; copies may be obtained from
the American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street, NW,
Washington, DC 20005. ASTM Method D 1253-86 shall be followed in
accordance with the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 11.01,
American Society for Testing and Materials, 1996 edition; copies may be
obtained from the American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr
Harbor Drive, West Conshohoken, PA 19428.
(b) Disinfection byproducts. (1) Systems must measure disinfection
byproducts by the methods (as modified by the footnotes) listed in the
following table:

Approved Methods for Disinfection Byproduct Compliance Monitoring
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byproduct measured \1\
Methodology \2\ EPA method Standard method -------------------------------------------------------
TTHM HAA5 Chlorite \4\ Bromate
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
P&T/GC/ElCD & PID......................... \3\502.2 X
P&T/GC/MS................................. 524.2 X
LLE/GC/ECD................................ 551.1 X
LLE/GC/ECD................................ 6251 B X
SPE/GC/ECD................................ 552.1 X
LLE/GC/ECD................................ 552.2 X
Amperometric Titration.................... 4500-ClO<INF>2</INF> E X
IC........................................ 300.0 X
IC........................................ 300.1 X X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ X indicates method is approved for measuring specified disinfection byproduct.
\2\ P&T = purge and trap; GC = gas chromatography; ElCD = electrolytic conductivity detector; PID = photoionization detector; MS = mass spectrometer;
LLE = liquid/liquid extraction; ECD = electron capture detector; SPE = solid phase extractor; IC = ion chromatography.
\3\ If TTHMs are the only analytes being measured in the sample, then a PID is not required.
\4\ Amperometric titration may be used for routine daily monitoring of chlorite at the entrance to the distribution system, as prescribed in Sec.
141.132(b)(2)(i)(A). Ion chromatography must be used for routine monthly monitoring of chlorite and additional monitoring of chlorite in the
distribution system, as prescribed in Sec. 141.132(b)(2)(i)(B) and (b)(2)(ii).

(2) Analysis under this section for disinfection byproducts must be
conducted by laboratories that have received certification by EPA or the
State, except as specified under paragraph (b)(3) of this section. To
receive certification to conduct analyses for the contaminants in
Sec. 141.64(a), the laboratory must carry out annual analyses of
performance evaluation (PE) samples approved by EPA or the State. In
these analyses of PE samples, the laboratory must achieve quantitative
results within the acceptance limit on a minimum of 80% of the analytes
included in each PE sample. The acceptance limit is defined as the 95%
confidence interval calculated around the mean of the PE study data
between a maximum and minimum acceptance limit of +/-50% and +/-15% of
the study mean.
(3) A party approved by EPA or the State must measure daily chlorite
samples at the entrance to the distribution system.
(c) Disinfectant residuals. (1) Systems must measure residual
disinfectant concentrations for free chlorine, combined chlorine
(chloramines), and chlorine dioxide by the methods listed in the
following table:

[[Page 490]]

Approved Methods for Disinfectant Residual Compliance Monitoring
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Residual Measured \1\
-------------------------------------------------------
Methodology Standard method ASTM method Free Combined Total Chlorine
chlorine chlorine chlorine dioxide
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Amperometric Titration.............. 4500-Cl D D 1253-86 X X X
Low Level Amperometric Titration.... 4500-Cl E X
DPD Ferrous Titrimetric............. 4500-Cl F X X X
DPD Colorimetric.................... 4500-Cl G X X X
Syringaldazin e (FACTS)............. 4500-Cl H X
Iodometric Electrode................ 4500-Cl I X
DPD................................. 4500-ClO<INF>2</INF> D X
Amperometric Method II.............. 4500-ClO<INF>2</INF> E X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ X indicates method is approved for measuring specified disinfectant residual.

(2) If approved by the State, systems may also measure residual
disinfectant concentrations for chlorine, chloramines, and chlorine
dioxide by using DPD colorimetric test kits.
(3) A party approved by EPA or the State must measure residual
disinfectant concentration.
(d) Additional analytical methods. Systems required to analyze
parameters not included in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section must
use the following methods. A party approved by EPA or the State must
measure these parameters.
(1) Alkalinity. All methods allowed in Sec. 141.89(a) for measuring
alkalinity.
(2) Bromide. EPA Method 300.0 or EPA Method 300.1.
(3) Total Organic Carbon (TOC). Standard Method 5310 B (High-
Temperature Combustion Method) or Standard Method 5310 C (Persulfate-
Ultraviolet or Heated-Persulfate Oxidation Method) or Standard Method
5310 D (Wet-Oxidation Method). TOC samples may not be filtered prior to
analysis. TOC samples must either be analyzed or must be acidified to
achieve pH less than 2.0 by minimal addition of phosphoric or sulfuric
acid as soon as practical after sampling, not to exceed 24 hours.
Acidified TOC samples must be analyzed within 28 days.
(4) Specific Ultraviolet Absorbance (SUVA). SUVA is equal to the UV
absorption at 254nm (UV<INF>254</INF>) (measured in m-\1\ divided by the
dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration (measured as mg/L). In
order to determine SUVA, it is necessary to separately measure
UV<INF>254</INF> and DOC. When determining SUVA, systems must use the
methods stipulated in paragraph (d)(4)(i) of this section to measure DOC
and the method stipulated in paragraph (d)(4)(ii) of this section to
measure UV<INF>254</INF>. SUVA must be determined on water prior to the
addition of disinfectants/oxidants by the system. DOC and
UV<INF>254</INF> samples used to determine a SUVA value must be taken at
the same time and at the same location.
(i) Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC). Standard Method 5310 B (High-
Temperature Combustion Method) or Standard Method 5310 C (Persulfate-
Ultraviolet or Heated-Persulfate Oxidation Method) or Standard Method
5310 D (Wet-Oxidation Method). Prior to analysis, DOC samples must be
filtered through a 0.45 <greek-m>m pore-diameter filter. Water passed
through the filter prior to filtration of the sample must serve as the
filtered blank. This filtered blank must be analyzed using procedures
identical to those used for analysis of the samples and must meet the
following criteria: DOC 0.5 mg/L. DOC samples must be filtered through
the 0.45 <greek-m>m pore-diameter filter prior to acidification. DOC
samples must either be analyzed or must be acidified to achieve pH less
than 2.0 by minimal addition of phosphoric or sulfuric acid as soon as
practical after sampling, not to exceed 48 hours. Acidified DOC samples
must be analyzed within 28 days.

[[Page 491]]

(ii) Ultraviolet Absorption at 254 nm (UV<INF>254</INF>). Method
5910 B (Ultraviolet Absorption Method). UV absorption must be measured
at 253.7 nm (may be rounded off to 254 nm). Prior to analysis,
UV<INF>254</INF> samples must be filtered through a 0.45 <greek-m>m
pore-diameter filter. The pH of UV<INF>254</INF> samples may not be
adjusted. Samples must be analyzed as soon as practical after sampling,
not to exceed 48 hours.
(5) pH. All methods allowed in Sec. 141.23(k)(1) for measuring pH.

[63 FR 69466, Dec. 16, 1998, as amended at 66 FR 3776, Jan. 16, 2001]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.132]

[Page 491-494]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart L--Disinfectant Residuals, Disinfection Byproducts, and
Disinfection Byproduct Precursors

Sec. 141.132 Monitoring requirements.

(a) General requirements. (1) Systems must take all samples during
normal operating conditions.
(2) Systems may consider multiple wells drawing water from a single
aquifer as one treatment plant for determining the minimum number of
TTHM and HAA5 samples required, with State approval in accordance with
criteria developed under Sec. 142.16(h)(5) of this chapter.
(3) Failure to monitor in accordance with the monitoring plan
required under paragraph (f) of this section is a monitoring violation.
(4) Failure to monitor will be treated as a violation for the entire
period covered by the annual average where compliance is based on a
running annual average of monthly or quarterly samples or averages and
the system's failure to monitor makes it impossible to determine
compliance with MCLs or MRDLs.
(5) Systems may use only data collected under the provisions of this
subpart or subpart M of this part to qualify for reduced monitoring.
(b) Monitoring requirements for disinfection byproducts. (1) TTHMs
and HAA5. (i) Routine monitoring. Systems must monitor at the frequency
indicated in the following table:

Routine Monitoring Frequency for TTHM and HAA5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Minimum monitoring Sample location in the distribution
Type of system frequency system
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subpart H system serving at least 10,000 Four water samples per At least 25 percent of all samples
persons. quarter per treatment collected each quarter at locations
plant. representing maximum residence time.
Remaining samples taken at locations
representative of at least average
residence time in the distribution
system and representing the entire
distribution system, taking into account
number of persons served, different
sources of water, and different
treatment methods.\1\
Subpart H system serving from 500 to One water sample per Locations representing maximum residence
9,999 persons. quarter per treatment time.\1\
plant.
Subpart H system serving fewer than 500 One sample per year per Locations representing maximum residence
persons. treatment plant during time.\1\ If the sample (or average of
month of warmest water annual samples, if more than one sample
temperature. is taken) exceeds the MCL, the system
must increase monitoring to one sample
per treatment plant per quarter, taken
at a point reflecting the maximum
residence time in the distribution
system, until the system meets criteria
in paragraph (b)(1)(iv) of this section.
System using only ground water not under One water sample per Locations representing maximum residence
direct influence of surface water using quarter per treatment time.\1\
chemical disinfectant and serving at plant \2\.
least 10,000 persons.
System using only ground water not under One sample per year per Locations representing maximum residence
direct influence of surface water using treatment plant \2\ during time.\1\ If the sample (or average of
chemical disinfectant and serving fewer month of warmest water annual samples, if more than one sample
than 10,000 persons. temperature. is taken) exceeds the MCL, the system
must increase monitoring to one sample
per treatment plant per quarter, taken
at a point reflecting the maximum
residence time in the distribution
system, until the system meets criteria
in paragraph (b)(1)(iv) of this section.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ If a system elects to sample more frequently than the minimum required, at least 25 percent of all samples
collected each quarter (including those taken in excess of the required frequency) must be taken at locations
that represent the maximum residence time of the water in the distribution system. The remaining samples must
be taken at locations representative of at least average residence time in the distribution system.
\2\ Multiple wells drawing water from a single aquifer may be considered one treatment plant for determining the
minimum number of samples required, with State approval in accordance with criteria developed under Sec.
142.16(h)(5) of this chapter.

[[Page 492]]

(ii) Systems may reduce monitoring, except as otherwise provided, in
accordance with the following table:

Reduced Monitoring Frequency for TTHM and HAA5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
You may reduce monitoring
if you have monitored at
If you are a . . . least one year and your . . To this level
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subpart H system serving at least 10,000 TTHM annual average <ls-thn- One sample per treatment plant per
persons which has a source water annual eq>0.040 mg/L and HAA5 quarter at distribution system location
average TOC level, before any annual average <ls-thn- reflecting maximum residence time.
treatment, <ls-thn-eq>4.0 mg/L. eq>0.030 mg/L.
Subpart H system serving from 500 to TTHM annual average <ls-thn- One sample per treatment plant per year
9,999 persons which has a source water eq>0.040 mg/L and HAA5 at distribution system location
annual average TOC level, before any annual average <ls-thn- reflecting maximum residence time during
treatment, <ls-thn-eq>4.0 mg/L. eq>0.030 mg/L. month of warmest water temperature.
NOTE: Any Subpart H system serving fewer
than 500 persons may not reduce its
monitoring to less than one sample per
treatment plant per year.
System using only ground water not under TTHM annual average <ls-thn- One sample per treatment plant per year
direct influence of surface water using eq>0.040 mg/L and HAA5 at distribution system location
chemical disinfectant and serving at annual average <ls-thn- reflecting maximum residence time during
least 10,000 persons. eq>0.030 mg/L. month of warmest water temperature
System using only ground water not under TTHM annual average <ls-thn- One sample per treatment plant per three
direct influence of surface water using eq>0.040 mg/L and HAA5 year monitoring cycle at distribution
chemical disinfectant and serving fewer annual average <ls-thn- system location reflecting maximum
than 10,000 persons. eq>0.030 mg/L for two residence time during month of warmest
consecutive years OR TTHM water temperature, with the three-year
annual average <ls-thn- cycle beginning on January 1 following
eq>0.020 mg/L and HAA5 quarter in which system qualifies for
annual average <ls-thn- reduced monitoring.
eq>0.015 mg/L for one year.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(iii) Systems that do not meet these levels must resume monitoring
at the frequency identified in paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section
(minimum monitoring frequency column) in the quarter immediately
following the monitoring period in which the system exceeds 0.060 mg/L
or 0.045 mg/L for TTHM or HAA5 respectively. For systems using only
ground water not under the direct influence of surface water and serving
fewer than 10,000 persons, if either the TTHM annual average is >0.080
mg/L or the HAA5 annual average is >0.060 mg/L, the system must go to
the increased monitoring identified in paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this
section (sample location column) in the quarter immediately following
the monitoring period in which the system exceeds 0.080 mg/L or 0.060
mg/L for TTHMs or HAA5 respectively.
(iv) Systems on increased monitoring may return to routine
monitoring if, after at least one year of monitoring their TTHM annual
average is <ls-thn-eq>0.060 mg/L and their HAA5 annual average is
<ls-thn-eq>0.045 mg/L.
(v) The State may return a system to routine monitoring at the
State's discretion.
(2) Chlorite. Community and nontransient noncommunity water systems
using chlorine dioxide, for disinfection or oxidation, must conduct
monitoring for chlorite.
(i) Routine monitoring. (A) Daily monitoring. Systems must take
daily samples at the entrance to the distribution system. For any daily
sample that exceeds the chlorite MCL, the system must take additional
samples in the distribution system the following day at the locations
required by paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section, in addition to the
sample required at the entrance to the distribution system.
(B) Monthly monitoring. Systems must take a three-sample set each
month in the distribution system. The system must take one sample at
each of the following locations: near the first customer, at a location
representative of average residence time, and at a location reflecting
maximum residence time in the distribution system. Any additional
routine sampling must be

[[Page 493]]

conducted in the same manner (as three-sample sets, at the specified
locations). The system may use the results of additional monitoring
conducted under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section to meet the
requirement for monitoring in this paragraph.
(ii) Additional monitoring. On each day following a routine sample
monitoring result that exceeds the chlorite MCL at the entrance to the
distribution system, the system is required to take three chlorite
distribution system samples at the following locations: as close to the
first customer as possible, in a location representative of average
residence time, and as close to the end of the distribution system as
possible (reflecting maximum residence time in the distribution system).
(iii) Reduced monitoring. (A) Chlorite monitoring at the entrance to
the distribution system required by paragraph (b)(2)(i)(A) of this
section may not be reduced.
(B) Chlorite monitoring in the distribution system required by
paragraph (b)(2)(i)(B) of this section may be reduced to one three-
sample set per quarter after one year of monitoring where no individual
chlorite sample taken in the distribution system under paragraph
(b)(2)(i)(B) of this section has exceeded the chlorite MCL and the
system has not been required to conduct monitoring under paragraph
(b)(2)(ii) of this section. The system may remain on the reduced
monitoring schedule until either any of the three individual chlorite
samples taken quarterly in the distribution system under paragraph
(b)(2)(i)(B) of this section exceeds the chlorite MCL or the system is
required to conduct monitoring under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this
section, at which time the system must revert to routine monitoring.
(3) Bromate. (i) Routine monitoring. Community and nontransient
noncommunity systems using ozone, for disinfection or oxidation, must
take one sample per month for each treatment plant in the system using
ozone. Systems must take samples monthly at the entrance to the
distribution system while the ozonation system is operating under normal
conditions.
(ii) Reduced monitoring. Systems required to analyze for bromate may
reduce monitoring from monthly to once per quarter, if the system
demonstrates that the average source water bromide concentration is less
than 0.05 mg/L based upon representative monthly bromide measurements
for one year. The system may remain on reduced bromate monitoring until
the running annual average source water bromide concentration, computed
quarterly, is equal to or greater than 0.05 mg/L based upon
representative monthly measurements. If the running annual average
source water bromide concentration is 0.05 mg/L, the system
must resume routine monitoring required by paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this
section.
(c) Monitoring requirements for disinfectant residuals. (1) Chlorine
and chloramines. (i) Routine monitoring. Community and nontransient
noncommunity water systems that use chlorine or chloramines must measure
the residual disinfectant level in the distribution system at the same
point in the distribution system and at the same time as total coliforms
are sampled, as specified in Sec. 141.21. Subpart H systems may use the
results of residual disinfectant concentration sampling conducted under
Sec. 141.74(b)(6)(i) for unfiltered systems or Sec. 141.74(c)(3)(i) for
systems which filter, in lieu of taking separate samples.
(ii) Reduced monitoring. Monitoring may not be reduced.
(2) Chlorine dioxide. (i) Routine monitoring. Community,
nontransient noncommunity, and transient noncommunity water systems that
use chlorine dioxide for disinfection or oxidation must take daily
samples at the entrance to the distribution system. For any daily sample
that exceeds the MRDL, the system must take samples in the distribution
system the following day at the locations required by paragraph
(c)(2)(ii) of this section, in addition to the sample required at the
entrance to the distribution system.
(ii) Additional monitoring. On each day following a routine sample
monitoring result that exceeds the MRDL, the system is required to take
three chlorine dioxide distribution system samples. If chlorine dioxide
or chloramines are used to maintain a disinfectant residual in the
distribution system, or if

[[Page 494]]

chlorine is used to maintain a disinfectant residual in the distribution
system and there are no disinfection addition points after the entrance
to the distribution system (i.e., no booster chlorination), the system
must take three samples as close to the first customer as possible, at
intervals of at least six hours. If chlorine is used to maintain a
disinfectant residual in the distribution system and there are one or
more disinfection addition points after the entrance to the distribution
system (i.e., booster chlorination), the system must take one sample at
each of the following locations: as close to the first customer as
possible, in a location representative of average residence time, and as
close to the end of the distribution system as possible (reflecting
maximum residence time in the distribution system).
(iii) Reduced monitoring. Chlorine dioxide monitoring may not be
reduced.
(d) Monitoring requirements for disinfection byproduct precursors
(DBPP). (1) Routine monitoring. Subpart H systems which use conventional
filtration treatment (as defined in Sec. 141.2) must monitor each
treatment plant for TOC no later than the point of combined filter
effluent turbidity monitoring and representative of the treated water.
All systems required to monitor under this paragraph (d)(1) must also
monitor for TOC in the source water prior to any treatment at the same
time as monitoring for TOC in the treated water. These samples (source
water and treated water) are referred to as paired samples. At the same
time as the source water sample is taken, all systems must monitor for
alkalinity in the source water prior to any treatment. Systems must take
one paired sample and one source water alkalinity sample per month per
plant at a time representative of normal operating conditions and
influent water quality.
(2) Reduced monitoring. Subpart H systems with an average treated
water TOC of less than 2.0 mg/L for two consecutive years, or less than
1.0 mg/L for one year, may reduce monitoring for both TOC and alkalinity
to one paired sample and one source water alkalinity sample per plant
per quarter. The system must revert to routine monitoring in the month
following the quarter when the annual average treated water TOC
2.0 mg/L.
(e) Bromide. Systems required to analyze for bromate may reduce
bromate monitoring from monthly to once per quarter, if the system
demonstrates that the average source water bromide concentration is less
than 0.05 mg/L based upon representative monthly measurements for one
year. The system must continue bromide monitoring to remain on reduced
bromate monitoring.
(f) Monitoring plans. Each system required to monitor under this
subpart must develop and implement a monitoring plan. The system must
maintain the plan and make it available for inspection by the State and
the general public no later than 30 days following the applicable
compliance dates in Sec. 141.130(b). All Subpart H systems serving more
than 3300 people must submit a copy of the monitoring plan to the State
no later than the date of the first report required under Sec. 141.134.
The State may also require the plan to be submitted by any other system.
After review, the State may require changes in any plan elements. The
plan must include at least the following elements.
(1) Specific locations and schedules for collecting samples for any
parameters included in this subpart.
(2) How the system will calculate compliance with MCLs, MRDLs, and
treatment techniques.
(3) If approved for monitoring as a consecutive system, or if
providing water to a consecutive system, under the provisions of
Sec. 141.29, the sampling plan must reflect the entire distribution
system.

[63 FR 69466, Dec. 16, 1998, as amended at 66 FR 3776, Jan. 16, 2001]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.133]

[Page 494-496]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart L--Disinfectant Residuals, Disinfection Byproducts, and
Disinfection Byproduct Precursors

Sec. 141.133 Compliance requirements.

(a) General requirements. (1) Where compliance is based on a running
annual average of monthly or quarterly samples or averages and the
system fails to monitor for TTHM, HAA5, or bromate, this failure to
monitor will be treated as a monitoring violation for the entire period
covered by the annual average. Where compliance is based on a running
annual average of monthly or quarterly samples or averages and the
system failure to monitor makes it

[[Page 495]]

impossible to determine compliance with MRDLs for chlorine and
chloramines, this failure to monitor will be treated as a monitoring
violation for the entire period covered by the annual average.
(2) All samples taken and analyzed under the provisions of this
subpart must be included in determining compliance, even if that number
is greater than the minimum required.
(3) If, during the first year of monitoring under Sec. 141.132, any
individual quarter's average will cause the running annual average of
that system to exceed the MCL, the system is out of compliance at the
end of that quarter.
(b) Disinfection byproducts--(1) TTHMs and HAA5. (i) For systems
monitoring quarterly, compliance with MCLs in Sec. 141.64 must be based
on a running annual arithmetic average, computed quarterly, of quarterly
arithmetic averages of all samples collected by the system as prescribed
by Sec. 141.132(b)(1).
(ii) For systems monitoring less frequently than quarterly, systems
demonstrate MCL compliance if the average of samples taken that year
under the provisions of Sec. 141.132(b)(1) does not exceed the MCLs in
Sec. 141.64. If the average of these samples exceeds the MCL, the system
must increase monitoring to once per quarter per treatment plant and
such a system is not in violation of the MCL until it has completed one
year of quarterly monitoring, unless the result of fewer than four
quarters of monitoring will cause the running annual average to exceed
the MCL, in which case the system is in violation at the end of that
quarter. Systems required to increase monitoring frequency to quarterly
monitoring must calculate compliance by including the sample which
triggered the increased monitoring plus the following three quarters of
monitoring.
(iii) If the running annual arithmetic average of quarterly averages
covering any consecutive four-quarter period exceeds the MCL, the system
is in violation of the MCL and must notify the public pursuant to
Sec. 141.32 or Sec. 141.202, whichever is effective for your system, in
addition to reporting to the State pursuant to Sec. 141.134.
(iv) If a PWS fails to complete four consecutive quarters of
monitoring, compliance with the MCL for the last four-quarter compliance
period must be based on an average of the available data.
(2) Bromate. Compliance must be based on a running annual arithmetic
average, computed quarterly, of monthly samples (or, for months in which
the system takes more than one sample, the average f all samples taken
during the month) collected by the system as prescribed by
Sec. 141.132(b)(3). If the average of samples covering any consecutive
four-quarter period exceeds the MCL, the system is in violation of the
MCL and must notify the public pursuant to subpart Q, in addition to
reporting to the State pursuant to Sec. 141.134. If a PWS fails to
complete 12 consecutive months' monitoring, compliance with the MCL for
the last four-quarter compliance period must be based on an average of
the available data.
(3) Chlorite. Compliance must be based on an arithmetic average of
each three sample set taken in the distribution system as prescribed by
Sec. 141.132(b)(2)(i)(B) and Sec. 141.132(b)(2)(ii). If the arithmetic
average of any three sample set exceeds the MCL, the system is in
violation of the MCL and must notify the public pursuant to subpart Q,
in addition to reporting to the State pursuant to Sec. 141.134.
(c) Disinfectant residuals. (1) Chlorine and chloramines. (i)
Compliance must be based on a running annual arithmetic average,
computed quarterly, of monthly averages of all samples collected by the
system under Sec. 141.132(c)(1). If the average covering any consecutive
four-quarter period exceeds the MRDL, the system is in violation of the
MRDL and must notify the public pursuant to subpart Q, in addition to
reporting to the State pursuant to Sec. 141.134.
(ii) In cases where systems switch between the use of chlorine and
chloramines for residual disinfection during the year, compliance must
be determined by including together all monitoring results of both
chlorine and chloramines in calculating compliance. Reports submitted
pursuant to Sec. 141.134 must clearly indicate which residual
disinfectant was analyzed for each sample.

[[Page 496]]

(2) Chlorine dioxide. (i) Acute violations. Compliance must be based
on consecutive daily samples collected by the system under
Sec. 141.132(c)(2). If any daily sample taken at the entrance to the
distribution system exceeds the MRDL, and on the following day one (or
more) of the three samples taken in the distribution system exceed the
MRDL, the system is in violation of the MRDL and must take immediate
corrective action to lower the level of chlorine dioxide below the MRDL
and must notify the public pursuant to the procedures for acute health
risks in subpart Q in addition to reporting to the State pursuant to
Sec. 141.134. Failure to take samples in the distribution system the day
following an exceedance of the chlorine dioxide MRDL at the entrance to
the distribution system will also be considered an MRDL violation and
the system must notify the public of the violation in accordance with
the provisions for acute violations under subpart Q in addition to
reporting to the State pursuant to Sec. 141.134.
(ii) Nonacute violations. Compliance must be based on consecutive
daily samples collected by the system under Sec. 141.132(c)(2). If any
two consecutive daily samples taken at the entrance to the distribution
system exceed the MRDL and all distribution system samples taken are
below the MRDL, the system is in violation of the MRDL and must take
corrective action to lower the level of chlorine dioxide below the MRDL
at the point of sampling and will notify the public pursuant to the
procedures for nonacute health risks in subpart Q in addition to
reporting to the State pursuant to Sec. 141.134. Failure to monitor at
the entrance to the distribution system the day following an exceedance
of the chlorine dioxide MRDL at the entrance to the distribution system
is also an MRDL violation and the system must notify the public of the
violation in accordance with the provisions for nonacute violations
under Sec. 141.32(e)(78) in addition to reporting to the State pursuant
to Sec. 141.134.
(d) Disinfection byproduct precursors (DBPP). Compliance must be
determined as specified by Sec. 141.135(c). Systems may begin monitoring
to determine whether Step 1 TOC removals can be met 12 months prior to
the compliance date for the system. This monitoring is not required and
failure to monitor during this period is not a violation. However, any
system that does not monitor during this period, and then determines in
the first 12 months after the compliance date that it is not able to
meet the Step 1 requirements in Sec. 141.135(b)(2) and must therefore
apply for alternate minimum TOC removal (Step 2) requirements, is not
eligible for retroactive approval of alternate minimum TOC removal (Step
2) requirements as allowed pursuant to Sec. 141.135(b)(3) and is in
violation. Systems may apply for alternate minimum TOC removal (Step 2)
requirements any time after the compliance date. For systems required to
meet Step 1 TOC removals, if the value calculated under
Sec. 141.135(c)(1)(iv) is less than 1.00, the system is in violation of
the treatment technique requirements and must notify the public pursuant
to Sec. 141.32, in addition to reporting to the State pursuant to
Sec. 141.134.

[63 FR 69466, Dec. 16, 1998, as amended at 65 FR 26022, May 4, 2000; 65
FR 40521, June 30, 2000; 66 FR 3777, Jan. 16, 2001]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.134]

[Page 496-498]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart L--Disinfectant Residuals, Disinfection Byproducts, and
Disinfection Byproduct Precursors

Sec. 141.134 Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

(a) Systems required to sample quarterly or more frequently must
report to the State within 10 days after the end of each quarter in
which samples were collected, notwithstanding the provisions of
Sec. 141.31. Systems required to sample less frequently than quarterly
must report to the State within 10 days after the end of each monitoring
period in which samples were collected.
(b) Disinfection byproducts. Systems must report the information
specified in the following table:

[[Page 497]]

------------------------------------------------------------------------
If you are a * * * You must report * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) System monitoring for TTHMs and (i) The number of samples taken
HAA5 under the requirements of Sec. during the last quarter.
141.132(b) on a quarterly or more (ii) The location, date, and
frequent basis. result of each sample taken
during the last quarter.
(iii) The arithmetic average of
all samples taken in the last
quarter.
(iv) The annual arithmetic
average of the quarterly
arithmetic averages of this
section for the last four
quarters.
(v) Whether, based on Sec.
141.133(b)(1), the MCL was
violated.
(2) System monitoring for TTHMs and (i) The number of samples taken
HAA5 under the requirements of Sec. during the last year.
141.132(b) less frequently than (ii) The location, date, and
quarterly (but as least annually). result of each sample taken
during the last monitoring
period.
(iii) The arithmetic average of
all samples taken over the
last year.
(iv) Whether, based on Sec.
141.133(b)(1), the MCL was
violated.
(3) System monitoring for TTHMs and (i) The location, date, and
HAA5 under the requriements of Sec. result of each sample taken
141.132(b) less frequently than (ii) Whether, based on Sec.
annually. 141.133(b)(1), the MCL was
violated.
(4) System monitoring for chlorite (i) The number of entry point
under the requirements of Sec. samples taken each month for
141.132(b). the last 3 months.
(ii) The location, date, and
result of each sample (both
entry point and distribution
system) taken during the last
quarter.
(iii) For each month in the
reporting period, the
arithmetic average of all
samples taken in each three
samples set taken in the
distribution system.
(iv) Whether, based on Sec.
141.133(b)(3), the MCL was
violated, in which month, and
how many times it was violated
each month.
(5) System monitoring for bromate under (i)The number of samples taken
the requirements of Sec. 141.132(b). during the last quarter.
(ii)The location, date, and
result of each sample taken
during the last quarter.
(iii) The arithmetic average of
the monthly arithmetic
averages of all samples taken
in the last year.
(iv) Whether, based on Sec.
141.133(b)(2), the MCL was
violated.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ The State may choose to perform calculations and determine whether
the MCL was exceeded, in lieu of having the system report that
information

(d) Disinfection byproduct precursors and enhanced coagulation or
enhanced softening. Systems must report the information specified in the
following table:

[[Page 498]]

------------------------------------------------------------------------
If you are a... You must report...\1\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) System monitoring monthly or (i) The number of paired
quarterly for TOC under the (source water and treated
requirements of Sec. 141.132(d) and water) samples taken during
required to meet the enhanced the last quarter.
coagulation or enhanced softening (ii) The location, date, and
requirements in Sec. 141.135(b)(2) or results of each paired sample
(3). and associated alkalinity
taken during the last quarter.
(iii) For each month in the
reporting period that paired
samples were taken, the
arithmetic average of the
percent reduction of TOC for
each paired sample and the
required TOC percent removal.
(iv) Calculations for
determining compliance with
the TOC percent removal
requirements, as provided in
Sec. 141.135(c)(1).
(v) Whether the system is in
compliance with the enhanced
coagulation or enhanced
softening percent removal
requirements in Sec.
141.135(b) for the last four
quarters.
(2) System monitoring monthly or (i) The alternative compliance
quarterly for TOC under the criterion that the system is
requirements of Sec. 141.132(d) and using.
meeting one or more of the alternative
compliance criteria in Sec.
141.135(a)(2) or (3).
(ii) The number of paired
samples taken during the last
quarter.
(iii) The location, date, and
result of each paired sample
and associated alkalinity
taken during the last quarter.
(iv) The running annual
arithmetic average based on
monthly averages (or quarterly
samples) of source water TOC
for systems meeting a
criterion in Secs.
141.135(a)(2)(i) or (iii) or
of treated water TOC for
systems meeting the criterion
in Sec. 141.135(a)(2)(ii).
(v) The running annual
arithmetic average based on
monthly averages (or quarterly
samples) of source water SUVA
for systems meeting the
criterion in Sec.
141.135(a)(2)(v) or of treated
water SUVA for systems meeting
the criterion in Sec.
141.135(a)(2)(vi).
(vi) The running annual average
of source water alkalinity for
systems meeting the criterion
in Sec. 141.135(a)(2)(iii)
and of treated water
alkalinity for systems meeting
the criterion in Sec.
141.135(a)(3)(i).
(vii) The running annual
average for both TTHM and HAA5
for systems meeting the
criterion in Sec.
141.135(a)(2)(iii) or (iv).
(viii) The running annual
average of the amount of
magnesium hardness removal (as
CaCO<INF>3</INF>, in mg/L) for systems
meeting the criterion in Sec.
141.135(a)(3)(ii).
(ix) Whether the system is in
compliance with the particular
alternative compliance
criterion in Sec.
141.135(a)(2) or (3).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ The State may choose to perform calculations and determine whether
the treatment technique was met, in lieu of having the system report
that information.

[63 FR 69466, Dec. 16, 1998, as amended at 66 FR 3778, Jan. 16, 2001; 66
FR 9903, Feb. 12, 2001]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.135]

[Page 498-501]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart L--Disinfectant Residuals, Disinfection Byproducts, and
Disinfection Byproduct Precursors

Sec. 141.135 Treatment technique for control of disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors.

(a) Applicability. (1) Subpart H systems using conventional
filtration treatment (as defined in Sec. 141.2 ) must operate with
enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening to achieve the TOC percent
removal levels specified in paragraph (b) of this section unless the
system meets at least one of the alternative compliance criteria listed
in paragraph (a)(2) or (a)(3) of this section.
(2) Alternative compliance criteria for enhanced coagulation and
enhanced softening systems. Subpart H systems using conventional
filtration treatment may use the alternative compliance criteria in
paragraphs (a)(2)(i) through (vi) of this section to comply with this
section in lieu of complying with paragraph (b) of this section. Systems
must still comply with monitoring requirements in Sec. 141.132(d).
(i) The system's source water TOC level, measured according to
Sec. 141.131(d)(3), is less than 2.0 mg/L, calculated quarterly as a
running annual average.
(ii) The system's treated water TOC level, measured according to
Sec. 141.131(d)(3), is less than 2.0 mg/L, calculated quarterly as a
running annual average.
(iii) The system's source water TOC level, measured according to
Sec. 141.131(d)(3), is less than 4.0 mg/L, calculated quarterly as a
running annual

[[Page 499]]

average; the source water alkalinity, measured according to
Sec. 141.131(d)(1), is greater than 60 mg/L (as CaCO<INF>3</INF>),
calculated quarterly as a running annual average; and either the TTHM
and HAA5 running annual averages are no greater than 0.040 mg/L and
0.030 mg/L, respectively; or prior to the effective date for compliance
in Sec. 141.130(b), the system has made a clear and irrevocable
financial commitment not later than the effective date for compliance in
Sec. 141.130(b) to use of technologies that will limit the levels of
TTHMs and HAA5 to no more than 0.040 mg/L and 0.030 mg/L, respectively.
Systems must submit evidence of a clear and irrevocable financial
commitment, in addition to a schedule containing milestones and periodic
progress reports for installation and operation of appropriate
technologies, to the State for approval not later than the effective
date for compliance in Sec. 141.130(b). These technologies must be
installed and operating not later than June 30, 2005. Failure to install
and operate these technologies by the date in the approved schedule will
constitute a violation of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations.
(iv) The TTHM and HAA5 running annual averages are no greater than
0.040 mg/L and 0.030 mg/L, respectively, and the system uses only
chlorine for primary disinfection and maintenance of a residual in the
distribution system.
(v) The system's source water SUVA, prior to any treatment and
measured monthly according to Sec. 141.131(d)(4), is less than or equal
to 2.0 L/mg-m, calculated quarterly as a running annual average.
(vi) The system's finished water SUVA, measured monthly according to
Sec. 141.131(d)(4), is less than or equal to 2.0 L/mg-m, calculated
quarterly as a running annual average.
(3) Additional alternative compliance criteria for softening
systems. Systems practicing enhanced softening that cannot achieve the
TOC removals required by paragraph (b)(2) of this section may use the
alternative compliance criteria in paragraphs (a)(3)(i) and (ii) of this
section in lieu of complying with paragraph (b) of this section. Systems
must still comply with monitoring requirements in Sec. 141.132(d).
(i) Softening that results in lowering the treated water alkalinity
to less than 60 mg/L (as CaCO<INF>3</INF>), measured monthly according
to Sec. 141.131(d)(1) and calculated quarterly as a running annual
average.
(ii) Softening that results in removing at least 10 mg/L of
magnesium hardness (as CaCO<INF>3</INF>), measured monthly and
calculated quarterly as an annual running average.
(b) Enhanced coagulation and enhanced softening performance
requirements. (1) Systems must achieve the percent reduction of TOC
specified in paragraph (b)(2) of this section between the source water
and the combined filter effluent, unless the State approves a system's
request for alternate minimum TOC removal (Step 2) requirements under
paragraph (b)(3) of this section.
(2) Required Step 1 TOC reductions, indicated in the following
table, are based upon specified source water parameters measured in
accordance with Sec. 141.131(d). Systems practicing softening are
required to meet the Step 1 TOC reductions in the far-right column
(Source water alkalinity >120 mg/L) for the specified source water TOC:

Step 1 Required Removal of TOC by Enhanced Coagulation and Enhanced
Softening for Subpart H Systems Using Conventional Treatment 1 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source-water alkalinity, mg/L as CaCO <INF>3</INF>
(in precentages)
Source-water TOC, mg/L -----------------------------------------
0-60 >60-120 >120 3
------------------------------------------------------------------------
>2.0-4.0...................... 35.0 25.0 15.0
>4.0-8.0...................... 45.0 35.0 25.0
>8.0.......................... 50.0 40.0 30.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Systems meeting at least one of the conditions in paragraph
(a)(2)(i)-(vi) of this section are not required to operate with
enhanced coagulation.
\2\ Softening system meeting one of the alternative compliance criteria
in paragraph (a)(3) of this section are not required to operate with
enhanced softening.
\3\ System practicing softening must meet the TOC removal requirements
in this column.

[[Page 500]]

(3) Subpart H conventional treatment systems that cannot achieve the
Step 1 TOC removals required by paragraph (b)(2) of this section due to
water quality parameters or operational constraints must apply to the
State, within three months of failure to achieve the TOC removals
required by paragraph (b)(2) of this section, for approval of
alternative minimum TOC (Step 2) removal requirements submitted by the
system. If the State approves the alternative minimum TOC removal (Step
2) requirements, the State may make those requirements retroactive for
the purposes of determining compliance. Until the State approves the
alternate minimum TOC removal (Step 2) requirements, the system must
meet the Step 1 TOC removals contained in paragraph (b)(2) of this
section.
(4) Alternate minimum TOC removal (Step 2) requirements.
Applications made to the State by enhanced coagulation systems for
approval of alternate minimum TOC removal (Step 2) requirements under
paragraph (b)(3) of this section must include, at a minimum, results of
bench- or pilot-scale testing conducted under paragraph (b)(4)(i) of
this section. The submitted bench- or pilot-scale testing must be used
to determine the alternate enhanced coagulation level.
(i) Alternate enhanced coagulation level is defined as coagulation
at a coagulant dose and pH as determined by the method described in
paragraphs (b)(4)(i) through (v) of this section such that an
incremental addition of 10 mg/L of alum (or equivalent amount of ferric
salt) results in a TOC removal of <ls-thn-eq> 0.3 mg/L. The percent
removal of TOC at this point on the "TOC removal versus coagulant
dose" curve is then defined as the minimum TOC removal required for the
system. Once approved by the State, this minimum requirement supersedes
the minimum TOC removal required by the table in paragraph (b)(2) of
this section. This requirement will be effective until such time as the
State approves a new value based on the results of a new bench- and
pilot-scale test. Failure to achieve State-set alternative minimum TOC
removal levels is a violation of National Primary Drinking Water
Regulations.
(ii) Bench- or pilot-scale testing of enhanced coagulation must be
conducted by using representative water samples and adding 10 mg/L
increments of alum (or equivalent amounts of ferric salt) until the pH
is reduced to a level less than or equal to the enhanced coagulation
Step 2 target pH shown in the following table:

Enhanced Coagulation Step 2 target pH
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO<INF>3</INF>) Target pH
------------------------------------------------------------------------
0-60....................................................... 5.5
>60-120.................................................... 6.3
>120-240................................................... 7.0
>240....................................................... 7.5
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(iii) For waters with alkalinities of less than 60 mg/L for which
addition of small amounts of alum or equivalent addition of iron
coagulant drives the pH below 5.5 before significant TOC removal occurs,
the system must add necessary chemicals to maintain the pH between 5.3
and 5.7 in samples until the TOC removal of 0.3 mg/L per 10 mg/L alum
added (or equivalant addition of iron coagulant) is reached.
(iv) The system may operate at any coagulant dose or pH necessary
(consistent with other NPDWRs) to achieve the minimum TOC percent
removal approved under paragraph (b)(3) of this section.
(v) If the TOC removal is consistently less than 0.3 mg/L of TOC per
10 mg/L of incremental alum dose at all dosages of alum (or equivalant
addition of iron coagulant), the water is deemed to contain TOC not
amenable to enhanced coagulation. The system may then apply to the State
for a waiver of enhanced coagulation requirements.
(c) Compliance calculations. (1) Subpart H systems other than those
identified in paragraph (a)(2) or (a)(3) of this section must comply
with requirements contained in paragraph (b)(2) or (b)(3) of this
section. Systems must calculate compliance quarterly, beginning after
the system has collected 12 months of data, by determining an annual
average using the following method:
(i) Determine actual monthly TOC percent removal, equal to:

[[Page 501]]

(1--(treated water TOC/source water TOC)) x 100

(ii) Determine the required monthly TOC percent removal (from either
the table in paragraph (b)(2) of this section or from paragraph (b)(3)
of this section).
(iii) Divide the value in paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section by the
value in paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section.
(iv) Add together the results of paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this
section for the last 12 months and divide by 12.
(v) If the value calculated in paragraph (c)(1)(iv) of this section
is less than 1.00, the system is not in compliance with the TOC percent
removal requirements.
(2) Systems may use the provisions in paragraphs (c)(2)(i) through
(v) of this section in lieu of the calculations in paragraph (c)(1)(i)
through (v) of this section to determine compliance with TOC percent
removal requirements.
(i) In any month that the system's treated or source water TOC
level, measured according to Sec. 141.131(d)(3), is less than 2.0 mg/L,
the system may assign a monthly value of 1.0 (in lieu of the value
calculated in paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section) when calculating
compliance under the provisions of paragraph (c)(1) of this section.
(ii) In any month that a system practicing softening removes at
least 10 mg/L of magnesium hardness (as CaCO<INF>3</INF>), the system
may assign a monthly value of 1.0 (in lieu of the value calculated in
paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section) when calculating compliance under
the provisions of paragraph (c)(1) of this section.
(iii) In any month that the system's source water SUVA, prior to any
treatment and measured according to Sec. 141.131(d)(4), is
<ls-thn-eq>2.0 L/mg-m, the system may assign a monthly value of 1.0 (in
lieu of the value calculated in paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section)
when calculating compliance under the provisions of paragraph (c)(1) of
this section.
(iv) In any month that the system's finished water SUVA, measured
according to Sec. 141.131(d)(4), is <ls-thn-eq>2.0 L/mg-m, the system
may assign a monthly value of 1.0 (in lieu of the value calculated in
paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section) when calculating compliance under
the provisions of paragraph (c)(1) of this section.
(v) In any month that a system practicing enhanced softening lowers
alkalinity below 60 mg/L (as CaCO<INF>3</INF>), the system may assign a
monthly value of 1.0 (in lieu of the value calculated in paragraph
(c)(1)(iii) of this section) when calculating compliance under the
provisions of paragraph (c)(1) of this section.
(3) Subpart H systems using conventional treatment may also comply
with the requirements of this section by meeting the criteria in
paragraph (a)(2) or (3) of this section.
(d) Treatment technique requirements for DBP precursors. The
Administrator identifies the following as treatment techniques to
control the level of disinfection byproduct precursors in drinking water
treatment and distribution systems: For Subpart H systems using
conventional treatment, enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening.

[63 FR 69466, Dec. 16, 1998, as amended at 66 FR 3779, Jan. 16, 2001]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.151]

[Page 501-502]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart O--Consumer Confidence Reports

Sec. 141.151 Purpose and applicability of this subpart.

Source: 63 FR 44526, Aug. 19, 1998, unless otherwise noted.

(a) This subpart establishes the minimum requirements for the
content of annual reports that community water systems must deliver to
their customers. These reports must contain information on the quality
of the water delivered by the systems and characterize the risks (if
any) from exposure to contaminants detected in the drinking water in an
accurate and understandable manner.
(b) Notwithstanding the provisions of Sec. 141.3, this subpart
applies only to community water systems.
(c) For the purpose of this subpart, customers are defined as
billing units or service connections to which water is delivered by a
community water system.

[[Page 502]]

(d) For the purpose of this subpart, detected means: at or above the
levels prescribed by Sec. 141.23(a)(4) for inorganic contaminants, at or
above the levels prescribed by Sec. 141.24(f)(7) for the contaminants
listed in Sec. 141.61(a), at or above the level prescribed by
Sec. 141.24(h)(18) for the contaminants listed in Sec. 141.61(c), and at
or above the levels prescribed by Sec. 141.25(c) for radioactive
contaminants.
(e) A State that has primary enforcement responsibility may adopt by
rule, after notice and comment, alternative requirements for the form
and content of the reports. The alternative requirements must provide
the same type and amount of information as required by Secs. 141.153 and
141.154, and must be designed to achieve an equivalent level of public
information and education as would be achieved under this subpart.
(f) For purpose of Secs. 141.154 and 141.155 of this subpart, the
term "primacy agency" refers to the State or tribal government entity
that has jurisdiction over, and primary enforcement responsibility for,
public water systems, even if that government does not have interim or
final primary enforcement responsibility for this rule. Where the State
or tribe does not have primary enforcement responsibility for public
water systems, the term "primacy agency" refers to the appropriate EPA
regional office.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.152]

[Page 502]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart O--Consumer Confidence Reports

Sec. 141.152 Effective dates.

(a) The regulations in this subpart shall take effect on September
18, 1998.
(b) Each existing community water system must deliver its first
report by October 19, 1999, its second report by July 1, 2000, and
subsequent reports by July 1 annually thereafter. The first report must
contain data collected during, or prior to, calendar year 1998 as
prescribed in Sec. 141.153(d)(3). Each report thereafter must contain
data collected during, or prior to, the previous calendar year.
(c) A new community water system must deliver its first report by
July 1 of the year after its first full calendar year in operation and
annually thereafter.
(d) A community water system that sells water to another community
water system must deliver the applicable information required in
Sec. 141.153 to the buyer system:
(1) No later than April 19, 1999, by April 1, 2000, and by April 1
annually thereafter or
(2) On a date mutually agreed upon by the seller and the purchaser,
and specifically included in a contract between the parties.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.153]

[Page 502-506]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart O--Consumer Confidence Reports

Sec. 141.153 Content of the reports.

(a) Each community water system must provide to its customers an
annual report that contains the information specified in this section
and Sec. 141.154.
(b) Information on the source of the water delivered:
(1) Each report must identify the source(s) of the water delivered
by the community water system by providing information on:
(i) The type of the water: e.g., surface water, ground water; and
(ii) The commonly used name (if any) and location of the body (or
bodies) of water.
(2) If a source water assessment has been completed, the report must
notify consumers of the availability of this information and the means
to obtain it. In addition, systems are encouraged to highlight in the
report significant sources of contamination in the source water area if
they have readily available information. Where a system has received a
source water assessment from the primacy agency, the report must include
a brief summary of the system's susceptibility to potential sources of
contamination, using language provided by the primacy agency or written
by the operator.
(c) Definitions. (1) Each report must include the following
definitions:
(i) Maximum Contaminant Level Goal or MCLG: The level of a
contaminant in drinking water below which there is no known or expected
risk to health. MCLGs allow for a margin of safety.
(ii) Maximum Contaminant Level or MCL: The highest level of a
contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to
the MCLGs as feasible using the best available treatment technology.
(2) A report for a community water system operating under a variance
or an exemption issued under Sec. 1415 or 1416

[[Page 503]]

of SDWA must include the following definition: Variances and Exemptions:
State or EPA permission not to meet an MCL or a treatment technique
under certain conditions.
(3) A report that contains data on contaminants that EPA regulates
using any of the following terms must include the applicable
definitions:
(i) Treatment Technique: A required process intended to reduce the
level of a contaminant in drinking water.
(ii) Action Level: The concentration of a contaminant which, if
exceeded, triggers treatment or other requirements which a water system
must follow.
(iii) Maximum residual disinfectant level goal or MRDLG: The level
of a drinking water disinfectant below which there is no known or
expected risk to health. MRDLGs do not reflect the benefits of the use
of disinfectants to control microbial contaminants.
(iv) Maximum residual disinfectant level or MRDL: The highest level
of a disinfectant allowed in drinking water. There is convincing
evidence that addition of a disinfectant is necessary for control of
microbial contaminants.
(d) Information on Detected Contaminants.
(1) This sub-section specifies the requirements for information to
be included in each report for contaminants subject to mandatory
monitoring (except Cryptosporidium). It applies to:
(i) Contaminants subject to a MCL, action level, maximum residual
disinfectant level, or treatment technique (regulated contaminants).
(ii) Contaminants for which monitoring is required by Sec. 141.40
(unregulated contaminants); and
(iii) Disinfection by-products or microbial contaminants for which
monitoring is required by Secs. 141.142 and 141.143, except as provided
under paragraph (e)(1) of this section, and which are detected in the
finished water.
(2) The data relating to these contaminants must be displayed in one
table or in several adjacent tables. Any additional monitoring results
which a community water system chooses to include in its report must be
displayed separately.
(3) The data must be derived from data collected to comply with EPA
and State monitoring and analytical requirements during calendar year
1998 for the first report and subsequent calendar years thereafter
except that:
(i) Where a system is allowed to monitor for regulated contaminants
less often than once a year, the table(s) must include the date and
results of the most recent sampling and the report must include a brief
statement indicating that the data presented in the report are from the
most recent testing done in accordance with the regulations. No data
older than 5 years need be included.
(ii) Results of monitoring in compliance with Secs. 141.142 and
141.143 need only be included for 5 years from the date of last sample
or until any of the detected contaminants becomes regulated and subject
to routine monitoring requirements, whichever comes first.
(4) For detected regulated contaminants (listed in appendix A to
this subpart), the table(s) must contain:
(i) The MCL for that contaminant expressed as a number equal to or
greater than 1.0 (as provided in appendix A to this subpart);
(ii) The MCLG for that contaminant expressed in the same units as
the MCL;
(iii) If there is no MCL for a detected contaminant, the table must
indicate that there is a treatment technique, or specify the action
level, applicable to that contaminant, and the report must include the
definitions for treatment technique and/or action level, as appropriate,
specified in paragraph(c)(3) of this section;
(iv) For contaminants subject to an MCL, except turbidity and total
coliforms, the highest contaminant level used to determine compliance
with an NPDWR and the range of detected levels, as follows:
(A) When compliance with the MCL is determined annually or less
frequently: The highest detected level at any sampling point and the
range of detected levels expressed in the same units as the MCL.
(B) When compliance with the MCL is determined by calculating a
running annual average of all samples taken at a sampling point: the
highest average of any of the sampling points and the

[[Page 504]]

range of all sampling points expressed in the same units as the MCL.
(C) When compliance with the MCL is determined on a system-wide
basis by calculating a running annual average of all samples at all
sampling points: the average and range of detection expressed in the
same units as the MCL.

Note to paragraph (d)(4)(iv): When rounding of results to determine
compliance with the MCL is allowed by the regulations, rounding should
be done prior to multiplying the results by the factor listed in
appendix A of this subpart;

(v) For turbidity.
(A) When it is reported pursuant to Sec. 141.13: The highest average
monthly value.
(B) When it is reported pursuant to the requirements of Sec. 141.71:
the highest monthly value. The report should include an explanation of
the reasons for measuring turbidity.
(C) When it is reported pursuant to Secs. 141.73 or 141.173: The
highest single measurement and the lowest monthly percentage of samples
meeting the turbidity limits specified in Secs. 141.73 or 141.173 for
the filtration technology being used. The report should include an
explanation of the reasons for measuring turbidity;
(vi) For lead and copper: the 90th percentile value of the most
recent round of sampling and the number of sampling sites exceeding the
action level;
(vii) For total coliform:
(A) The highest monthly number of positive samples for systems
collecting fewer than 40 samples per month; or
(B) The highest monthly percentage of positive samples for systems
collecting at least 40 samples per month;
(viii) For fecal coliform: The total number of positive samples; and
(ix) The likely source(s) of detected contaminants to the best of
the operator's knowledge. Specific information regarding contaminants
may be available in sanitary surveys and source water assessments, and
should be used when available to the operator. If the operator lacks
specific information on the likely source, the report must include one
or more of the typical sources for that contaminant listed in appendix A
to this subpart that is most applicable to the system.
(5) If a community water system distributes water to its customers
from multiple hydraulically independent distribution systems that are
fed by different raw water sources, the table should contain a separate
column for each service area and the report should identify each
separate distribution system. Alternatively, systems could produce
separate reports tailored to include data for each service area.
(6) The table(s) must clearly identify any data indicating
violations of MCLs, MRDLs, or treatment techniques, and the report must
contain a clear and readily understandable explanation of the violation
including: the length of the violation, the potential adverse health
effects, and actions taken by the system to address the violation. To
describe the potential health effects, the system must use the relevant
language of appendix A to this subpart.
(7) For detected unregulated contaminants for which monitoring is
required (except Cryptosporidium), the table(s) must contain the average
and range at which the contaminant was detected. The report may include
a brief explanation of the reasons for monitoring for unregulated
contaminants.
(e) Information on Cryptosporidium, radon, and other contaminants:
(1) If the system has performed any monitoring for Cryptosporidium,
including monitoring performed to satisfy the requirements of
Sec. 141.143, which indicates that Cryptosporidium may be present in the
source water or the finished water, the report must include:
(i) A summary of the results of the monitoring; and
(ii) An explanation of the significance of the results.
(2) If the system has performed any monitoring for radon which
indicates that radon may be present in the finished water, the report
must include:
(i) The results of the monitoring; and
(ii) An explanation of the significance of the results.
(3) If the system has performed additional monitoring which
indicates the presence of other contaminants in the

[[Page 505]]

finished water, EPA strongly encourages systems to report any results
which may indicate a health concern. To determine if results may
indicate a health concern, EPA recommends that systems find out if EPA
has proposed an NPDWR or issued a health advisory for that contaminant
by calling the Safe Drinking Water Hotline (800-426-4791). EPA considers
detects above a proposed MCL or health advisory level to indicate
possible health concerns. For such contaminants, EPA recommends that the
report include:
(i) The results of the monitoring; and
(ii) An explanation of the significance of the results noting the
existence of a health advisory or a proposed regulation.
(f) Compliance with NPDWR. In addition to the requirements of
Sec. 141.153(d)(6), the report must note any violation that occurred
during the year covered by the report of a requirement listed below, and
include a clear and readily understandable explanation of the violation,
any potential adverse health effects, and the steps the system has taken
to correct the violation.
(1) Monitoring and reporting of compliance data;
(2) Filtration and disinfection prescribed by subpart H of this
part. For systems which have failed to install adequate filtration or
disinfection equipment or processes, or have had a failure of such
equipment or processes which constitutes a violation, the report must
include the following language as part of the explanation of potential
adverse health effects: Inadequately treated water may contain disease-
causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, and
parasites which can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and
associated headaches.
(3) Lead and copper control requirements prescribed by subpart I of
this part. For systems that fail to take one or more actions prescribed
by Secs. 141.80(d), 141.81, 141.82, 141.83 or 141.84, the report must
include the applicable language of appendix A to this subpart for lead,
copper, or both.
(4) Treatment techniques for Acrylamide and Epichlorohydrin
prescribed by subpart K of this part. For systems that violate the
requirements of subpart K of this part, the report must include the
relevant language from appendix A to this subpart.
(5) Recordkeeping of compliance data.
(6) Special monitoring requirements prescribed by Secs. 141.40 and
141.41; and
(7) Violation of the terms of a variance, an exemption, or an
administrative or judicial order.
(g) Variances and Exemptions. If a system is operating under the
terms of a variance or an exemption issued under Sec. 1415 or 1416 of
SDWA, the report must contain:
(1) An explanation of the reasons for the variance or exemption;
(2) The date on which the variance or exemption was issued;
(3) A brief status report on the steps the system is taking to
install treatment, find alternative sources of water, or otherwise
comply with the terms and schedules of the variance or exemption; and
(4) A notice of any opportunity for public input in the review, or
renewal, of the variance or exemption.
(h) Additional information:
(1) The report must contain a brief explanation regarding
contaminants which may reasonably be expected to be found in drinking
water including bottled water. This explanation may include the language
of paragraphs (h)(1) (i) through (iii) or systems may use their own
comparable language. The report also must include the language of
paragraph (h)(1)(iv) of this section.
(i) The sources of drinking water (both tap water and bottled water)
include rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, reservoirs, springs, and wells.
As water travels over the surface of the land or through the ground, it
dissolves naturally-occurring minerals and, in some cases, radioactive
material, and can pick up substances resulting from the presence of
animals or from human activity.
(ii) Contaminants that may be present in source water include:
(A) Microbial contaminants, such as viruses and bacteria, which may
come from sewage treatment plants, septic systems, agricultural
livestock operations, and wildlife.

[[Page 506]]

(B) Inorganic contaminants, such as salts and metals, which can be
naturally-occurring or result from urban stormwater runoff, industrial
or domestic wastewater discharges, oil and gas production, mining, or
farming.
(C) Pesticides and herbicides, which may come from a variety of
sources such as agriculture, urban stormwater runoff, and residential
uses.
(D) Organic chemical contaminants, including synthetic and volatile
organic chemicals, which are by-products of industrial processes and
petroleum production, and can also come from gas stations, urban
stormwater runoff, and septic systems.
(E) Radioactive contaminants, which can be naturally-occurring or be
the result of oil and gas production and mining activities.
(iii) In order to ensure that tap water is safe to drink, EPA
prescribes regulations which limit the amount of certain contaminants in
water provided by public water systems. FDA regulations establish limits
for contaminants in bottled water which must provide the same protection
for public health.
(iv) Drinking water, including bottled water, may reasonably be
expected to contain at least small amounts of some contaminants. The
presence of contaminants does not necessarily indicate that water poses
a health risk. More information about contaminants and potential health
effects can be obtained by calling the Environmental Protection Agency's
Safe Drinking Water Hotline (800-426-4791).
(2) The report must include the telephone number of the owner,
operator, or designee of the community water system as a source of
additional information concerning the report.
(3) In communities with a large proportion of non-English speaking
residents, as determined by the Primacy Agency, the report must contain
information in the appropriate language(s) regarding the importance of
the report or contain a telephone number or address where such residents
may contact the system to obtain a translated copy of the report or
assistance in the appropriate language.
(4) The report must include information (e.g., time and place of
regularly scheduled board meetings) about opportunities for public
participation in decisions that may affect the quality of the water.
(5) The systems may include such additional information as they deem
necessary for public education consistent with, and not detracting from,
the purpose of the report.

[63 FR 44526, Aug. 19, 1998, as amended at 63 FR 69516, Dec. 16, 1998;
64 FR 34733, June 29, 1999; 65 FR 26022, May 4, 2000]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.154]

[Page 506-507]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart O--Consumer Confidence Reports

Sec. 141.154 Required additional health information.

(a) All reports must prominently display the following language:
Some people may be more vulnerable to contaminants in drinking water
than the general population. Immuno-compromised persons such as persons
with cancer undergoing chemotherapy, persons who have undergone organ
transplants, people with HIV/AIDS or other immune system disorders, some
elderly, and infants can be particularly at risk from infections. These
people should seek advice about drinking water from their health care
providers. EPA/CDC guidelines on appropriate means to lessen the risk of
infection by Cryptosporidium and other microbial contaminants are
available from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline (800-426-4791).
(b) A system which detects arsenic at levels above 25 "<greek-m>g/
l, but below the MCL:
(1) Must include in its report a short informational statement about
arsenic, using language such as: EPA is reviewing the drinking water
standard for arsenic because of special concerns that it may not be
stringent enough. Arsenic is a naturally-occurring mineral known to
cause cancer in humans at high concentrations.
(2) May write its own educational statement, but only in
consultation with the Primacy Agency.
(c) A system which detects nitrate at levels above 5 mg/l, but below
the MCL:
(1) Must include a short informational statement about the impacts
of nitrate on children using language such as: Nitrate in drinking water
at levels above 10 ppm is a health risk for infants of less than six
months of age. High nitrate levels in drinking water can cause blue baby
syndrome. Nitrate

[[Page 507]]

levels may rise quickly for short periods of time because of rainfall or
agricultural activity. If you are caring for an infant you should ask
advice from your health care provider.
(2) May write its own educational statement, but only in
consultation with the Primacy Agency.
(d) Systems which detect lead above the action level in more than
5%, and up to and including 10%, of homes sampled:
(1) Must include a short informational statement about the special
impact of lead on children using language such as: Infants and young
children are typically more vulnerable to lead in drinking water than
the general population. It is possible that lead levels at your home may
be higher than at other homes in the community as a result of materials
used in your home's plumbing. If you are concerned about elevated lead
levels in your home's water, you may wish to have your water tested and
flush your tap for 30 seconds to 2 minutes before using tap water.
Additional information is available from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline
(800-426-4791).
(2) May write its own educational statement, but only in
consultation with the Primacy Agency.
(e) Community water systems that detect TTHM above 0.080 mg/l, but
below the MCL in Sec. 141.12, as an annual average, monitored and
calculated under the provisions of Sec. 141.30, must include health
effects language for TTHMs prescribed by appendix A.

[63 FR 44526, Aug. 19, 1998, as amended at 63 FR 69475, Dec. 16, 1998;
64 FR 34733, June 29, 1999; 65 FR 26023, May 4, 2000]

Effective Date Note: At 66 FR 7064, Jan. 22, 2001, Sec. 141.154 was
amended by revising paragraph (b) and adding paragraph (f), effective
Mar. 23, 2001. At 66 FR 16134, Mar. 23, 2001, the effective date was
delayed until May 22, 2001. At 66 FR 28350, May 22, 2001, the effective
date was further delayed until Feb. 22, 2002. For the convenience of the
user, the revised and added text is set forth as follows:

Sec. 141.154 Required additional health information.

* * * * *

(b) Ending in the report due by July 1, 2001, a system which detects
arsenic at levels above 0.025 mg/L, but below the 0.05 mg/L, and
beginning in the report due by July 1, 2002, a system that detects
arsenic above 0.005 mg/L and up to and including 0.01 mg/L:
(1) Must include in its report a short informational statement about
arsenic, using language such as: While your drinking water meets EPA's
standard for arsenic, it does contain low levels of arsenic. EPA's
standard balances the current understanding of arsenic's possible health
effects against the costs of removing arsenic from drinking water. EPA
continues to research the health effects of low levels of arsenic, which
is a mineral known to cause cancer in humans at high concentrations and
is linked to other health effects such as skin damage and circulatory
problems.
(2) May write its own educational statement, but only in
consultation with the Primacy Agency.

* * * * *

(f) Beginning in the report due by July 1, 2002 and ending January
22, 2006, a community water system that detects arsenic above 0.01 mg/L
and up to and including 0.05 mg/L must include the arsenic health
effects language prescribed by Appendix A to Subpart O.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.155]

[Page 507-524]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart O--Consumer Confidence Reports

Sec. 141.155 Report delivery and recordkeeping.

(a) Except as provided in paragraph (g) of this section, each
community water system must mail or otherwise directly deliver one copy
of the report to each customer.
(b) The system must make a good faith effort to reach consumers who
do not get water bills, using means recommended by the primacy agency.
EPA expects that an adequate good faith effort will be tailored to the
consumers who are served by the system but are not bill-paying
customers, such as renters or workers. A good faith effort to reach
consumers would include a mix of methods appropriate to the particular
system such as: Posting the reports on the Internet; mailing to postal
patrons in metropolitan areas; advertising the availability of the
report in the news media; publication in a local newspaper; posting in
public places such as cafeterias or lunch rooms of public buildings;
delivery of multiple copies for distribution by single-biller customers
such as apartment buildings or large private employers; delivery to
community organizations.
(c) No later than the date the system is required to distribute the
report to

[[Page 508]]

its customers, each community water system must mail a copy of the
report to the primacy agency, followed within 3 months by a
certification that the report has been distributed to customers, and
that the information is correct and consistent with the compliance
monitoring data previously submitted to the primacy agency.
(d) No later than the date the system is required to distribute the
report to its customers, each community water system must deliver the
report to any other agency or clearinghouse identified by the primacy
agency.
(e) Each community water system must make its reports available to
the public upon request.
(f) Each community water system serving 100,000 or more persons must
post its current year's report to a publicly-accessible site on the
Internet.
(g) The Governor of a State or his designee, or the Tribal Leader
where the tribe has met the eligibility requirements contained in
Sec. 142.72 for the purposes of waiving the mailing requirement, can
waive the requirement of paragraph (a) of this section for community
water systems serving fewer than 10,000 persons. In consultation with
the tribal government, the Regional Administrator may waive the
requirement of Sec. 141.155(a) in areas in Indian country where no tribe
has been deemed eligible.
(1) Such systems must:
(i) Publish the reports in one or more local newspapers serving the
area in which the system is located;
(ii) Inform the customers that the reports will not be mailed,
either in the newspapers in which the reports are published or by other
means approved by the State; and
(iii) Make the reports available to the public upon request.
(2) Systems serving 500 or fewer persons may forego the requirements
of paragraphs (g)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section if they provide notice
at least once per year to their customers by mail, door-to-door delivery
or by posting in an appropriate location that the report is available
upon request.
(h) Any system subject to this subpart must retain copies of its
Consumer Confidence Report for no less than 3 years.

[63 FR 44526, Aug. 19, 1998, as amended at 65 FR 26023, May 4, 2000]

Appendix A to Subpart O of Part 141--Regulated Contaminants

[[Page 509]]

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Traditional MCL To convert for Major sources in Health effects
Contaminant (units) in mg/L CCR, multiply by MCL in CCR units MCLG drinking water language
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Microbiological contaminants:
Total Coliform Bacteria.... MCL: (systems ................. MCL: (systems 0................. Naturally present in Coliforms are
that collect <gr- that collect <gr- the environment. bacteria that are
thn-eq>40 thn-eq>40 naturally present
samples/month) samples/month) in the environment
5% of monthly 5% of monthly and are used as an
samples are samples are indicator that
positive; positive; other, potentially-
(systems that (systems that harmful, bacteria
collect 40 collect 40 may be present.
samples/month) 1 samples/month) 1 Coliforms were
positive monthly positive monthly found in more
sample. sample. samples than
allowed and this
was a warning of
potential problems.
Fecal coliform and E. coli. 0................ ................. 0................ 0................. Human and animal Fecal coliforms and
fecal waste. E. coli are
bacteria whose
presence indicates
that the water may
be contaminated
with human or
animal wastes.
Microbes in these
wastes can cause
short-term effects,
such as diarrhea,
cramps, nausea,
headaches, or other
symptoms. They may
pose a special
health risk for
infants, young
children, some of
the elderly, and
people with
severely-
compromised immune
systems.
Total organic carbon (ppm). TT............... ................. TT............... N/A............... Naturally present in Total organic carbon
the environment. (TOC) has no health
effects. However,
total organic
carbon provides a
medium for the
formation of
disinfection by
products. These
byproducts include
trihalomethanes
(THMs) and
haloacetic acids
(HAAs). Drinking
water containing
these byproducts in
excess of the MCL
may lead to adverse
health effects,
liver or kidney
problems, or
nervous system
effects, and may
lead to an
increased risk of
getting cancer.

[[Page 510]]

Turbidity (NTU)............ TT............... ................. TT............... N/A............... Soil runoff......... Turbidity has no
health effects.
However, turbidity
can interfere with
disinfection and
provide a medium
for microbial
growth. Turbidity
may indicate the
presence of disease-
causing organisms.
These organisms
include bacteria,
viruses, and
parasites that can
cause symptoms such
as nausea, cramps,
diarrhea and
associated
headaches.
Radioactive contaminants:
Beta/photon emitters (mrem/ 4 mrem/yr........ ................. 4................ N/A............... Decay of natural and Certain minerals are
yr). man-made deposits. radioactive and may
emit forms of
radiation known as
photons and beta
radiation. Some
people who drink
water containing
beta and photon
emitters in excess
of the MCL over
many years may have
an increased risk
of getting cancer.
Alpha emitters (pCi/l)..... 15 pCi/l......... ................. 15............... N/A............... Erosion of natural Certain minerals are
deposits. radioactive and may
emit a form of
radiation known as
alpha radiation.
Some people who
drink water
containing alpha
emitters in excess
of the MCL over
many years may have
an increased risk
of getting cancer.
Combined radium (pCi/l).... 5 pCi/l.......... --............... 5................ N/A............... Erosion of natural Some people who
deposits. drink water
containing radium
226 or 228 in
excess of the MCL
over many years may
have an increased
risk of getting
cancer
Inorganic contaminants:
Antimony (ppb)............. .006............. 1000............. 6................ 6................. Discharge from Some people who
petroleum drink water
refineries; fire containing antimony
retardants; well in excess of
ceramics; the MCL over many
electronics; solder. years could
experience
increases in blood
cholesterol and
decreases in blood
sugar.

[[Page 511]]

Arsenic (ppb).............. .05.............. 1000............. 50............... N/A............... Erosion of natural Some people who
deposits; Runoff drink water
from orchards; containing arsenic
Runoff from glass in excess of the
and electronics MCL over many years
production wastes. could experience
skin damage or
problems with their
circulatory system,
and may have an
increased risk of
getting cancer.
Asbestos (MFL)............. 7 MFL............ ................. 7................ 7................. Decay of asbestos Some people who
cement water mains; drink water
Erosion of natural containing asbestos
deposits. in excess of the
MCL over many years
may have an
increased risk of
developing benign
intestinal polyps.
Barium (ppm)............... 2................ ................. 2................ 2................. Discharge of Some people who
drilling wastes; drink water
Discharge from containing barium
metal refineries; in excess of the
Erosion of natural MCL over many years
deposits. could experience an
increase in their
blood pressure.
Beryllium (ppb)............ .004............. 1000............. 4................ 4................. Discharge from metal Some people who
refineries and coal- drink water
burning factories; containing
Discharge from beryllium well in
electrical, excess of the MCL
aerospace, and over many years
defense industries. could develop
intestinal lesions
Cadmium (ppb).............. .005............. 1000............. 5................ 5................. Corrosion of Some people who
galvanized pipes; drink water
Erosion of natural containing cadmium
deposits; Discharge in excess of the
from metal MCL over many years
refineries; Runoff could experience
from waste kidney damage.
batteries and
paints.
Chromium (ppb)............. .1............... 1000............. 100.............. 100............... Discharge from steel Some people who use
and pulp mills; water containing
Erosion of natural chromium well in
deposits. excess of the MCL
over many years
could experience
allergic
dermatitis.
Copper (ppm)............... AL=1.3........... ................. AL=1.3........... 1.3............... Corrosion of Copper is an
household plumbing essential nutrient,
systems; Erosion of but some people who
natural deposits; drink water
Leaching from wood containing copper
preservatives. in excess of the
action level over a
relatively short
amount of time
could experience
gastrointestinal
distress. Some
people who drink
water containing
copper in excess of
the action level
over many years
could suffer liver
or kidney damage.
People with
Wilson's Disease
should consult
their personal
doctor.

[[Page 512]]

Cyanide (ppb).............. .2............... 1000............. 200.............. 200............... Discharge from steel/ Some people who
metal factories; drink water
Discharge from containing cyanide
plastic and well in excess of
fertilizer the MCL over many
factories. years could
experience nerve
damage or problems
with their thyroid.
Fluoride (ppm)............. 4................ ................. 4................ 4................. Erosion of natural Some people who
deposits; Water drink water
additive which containing fluoride
promotes strong in excess of the
teeth; Discharge MCL over many years
from fertilizer and could get bone
aluminum factories. disease, including
pain and tenderness
of the bones.
Fluoride in
drinking water at
half the MCL or
more may cause
mottling of
children's teeth,
usually in children
less than nine
years old.
Mottling, also
known as dental
fluorosis, may
include brown
staining and/or
pitting of the
teeth, and occurs
only in developing
teeth before they
erupt from the
gums.
Lead (ppb)................. AL=.015.......... 1000............. AL=15............ 0................. Corrosion of Infants and children
household plumbing who drink water
systems; Erosion of containing lead in
natural deposits. excess of the
action level could
experience delays
in their physical
or mental
development.
Children could show
slight deficits in
attention span and
learning abilities.
Adults who drink
this water over
many years could
develop kidney
problems or high
blood pressure.
Mercury [inorganic] (ppb).. .002............. 1000............. 2................ 2................. Erosion of natural Some people who
deposits; Dis drink water
charge from containing
refineries and inorganic mercury
factories; Runoff well in excess of
from landfills; the MCL over many
Runoff from years could
cropland. experience kidney
damage.
Nitrate (ppm).............. 10............... ................. 10............... 10................ Runoff from Infants below the
fertilizer use; age of six months
Leaching from who drink water
septic tanks, sew containing nitrate
age; Erosion of in excess of the
natural deposits. MCL could become
seriously ill and,
if untreated, may
die. Symptoms
include shortness
of breath and blue
baby syndrome.

[[Page 513]]

Nitrite (ppm).............. 1................ ................. 1................ 1................. Runoff from Infants below the
fertilizer use; age of six months
Leaching from who drink water
septic tanks, sew containing nitrite
age; Erosion of in excess of the
natural deposits. MCL could become
seriously ill and,
if untreated, may
die. Symptoms
include shortness
of breath and blue
baby syndrome.
Selenium (ppb)............. .05.............. 1000............. 50............... 50................ Discharge from Selenium is an
petroleum and metal essential nutrient.
refineries; Erosion However, some
of natural people who drink
deposits; Discharge water containing
from mines. selenium in excess
of the MCL over
many years could
experience hair or
fingernail losses,
numbness in fingers
or toes, or
problems with their
circulation.
Thallium (ppb)............. .002............. 1000............. 2................ 0.5............... Leaching from ore- Some people who
processing sites; drink water
Discharge from containing thallium
electronics, glass, in excess of the
and drug factories. MCL over many years
could experience
hair loss, changes
in their blood, or
problems with their
kidneys,
intestines, or
liver.
Synthetic organic contaminants
including pesticides and
herbicides:
2,4-D (ppb)................ .07.............. 1000............. 70............... 70................ Runoff from Some people who
herbicide used on drink water
row crops. containing the weed
killer 2,4-D well
in excess of the
MCL over many years
could experience
problems with their
kidneys, liver, or
adrenal glands.
2,4,5-TP [Silvex](ppb)..... .05.............. 1000............. 50............... 50................ Residue of banned Some people who
herbicide. drink water
containing silvex
in excess of the
MCL over many years
could experience
liver problems.
Acrylamide................. TT............... ................. TT............... 0................. Added to water Some people who
during sewage/ drink water
wastewater containing high
treatment. levels of
acrylamide over a
long period of time
could have problems
with their nervous
system or blood,
and may have an
increased risk of
getting cancer.

[[Page 514]]

Alachlor (ppb)............. .002............. 1000............. 2................ 0................. Runoff from Some people who
herbicide used on drink water
row crops. containing alachlor
in excess of the
MCL over many years
could have problems
with their eyes,
liver, kidneys, or
spleen, or
experience anemia,
and may have an
increased risk of
getting cancer.
Atrazine (ppb)............. .003............. 1000............. 3................ 3................. Runoff from Some people who
herbicide used on drink water
row crops. containing atrazine
well in excess of
the MCL over many
years could
experience problems
with their
cardiovascular
system or
reproductive
difficulties.
Benzo(a)pyrene [PAH] .0002............ 1,000,000........ 200.............. 0................. Leaching from Some people who
(nanograms/l). linings of water drink water
storage tanks and containing
distribution lines. benzo(a)pyrene in
excess of the MCL
over many years may
experience
reproductive
difficulties and
may have an
increased risk of
getting cancer.
Carbofuran (ppb)........... .04.............. 1000............. 40............... 40................ Leaching of soil Some people who
fumigant used on drink water
rice and alfalfa. containing
carbofuran in
excess of the MCL
over many years
could experience
problems with their
blood, or nervous
or reproductive
systems.
Chlordane (ppb)............ .002............. 1000............. 2................ 0................. Residue of banned Some people who
termiticide. drink water
containing
chlordane in excess
of the MCL over
many years could
experience problems
with their liver or
nervous system, and
may have an
increased risk of
getting cancer.
Dalapon (ppb).............. .2............... 1000............. 200.............. 200............... Runoff from Some people who
herbicide used on drink water
rights of way. containing dalapon
well in excess of
the MCL over many
years could
experience minor
kidney changes.
Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate .4............... 1000............. 400.............. 400............... Discharge from Some people who
(ppb). chemical factories. drink water
containing di (2-
ethylhexyl) adipate
well in excess of
the MCL over many
years could
experience general
toxic effects or
reproductive
difficulties.

[[Page 515]]

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate .006............. 1000............. 6................ 0................. Discharge from Some people who
(ppb). rubber and chemical drink water
factories. containing di (2-
ethylhexyl)
phthalate in excess
of the MCL over
many years may have
problems with their
liver, or
experience
reproductive
difficulties, and
may have an
increased risk of
getting cancer.
Dibromochloropropane (ppt). .0002............ 1,000,000........ 200.............. 0................. Runoff/leaching from Some people who
soil fumigant used drink water
on soybeans, containing DBCP in
cotton, pineapples, excess of the MCL
and orchards. over many years
could experience
reproductive
problems and may
have an increased
risk of getting
cancer.
Dinoseb (ppb).............. .007............. 1000............. 7................ 7................. Runoff from Some people who
herbicide used on drink water
soybeans and containing dinoseb
vegetables. well in excess of
the MCL over many
years could
experience
reproductive
difficulties.
Diquat (ppb)............... .02.............. 1000............. 20............... 20................ Runoff from Some people who
herbicide use. drink water
containing diquat
in excess of the
MCL over many years
could get
cataracts.
Dioxin [2,3,7,8-TCDD] (ppq) .00000003........ 1,000,000, 000... 30............... 0................. Emissions from waste Some people who
incineration and drink water
other combustion; containing dioxin
Discharge from in excess of the
chemical factories. MCL over many years
could experience
reproductive
difficulties and
may have an
increased risk of
getting cancer.
Endothall (ppb)............ .1............... 1000............. 100.............. 100............... Runoff from Some people who
herbicide use. drink water
containing
endothall in excess
of the MCL over
many years could
experience problems
with their stomach
or intestines.
Endrin (ppb)............... .002............. 1000............. 2................ 2................. Residue of banned Some people who
insecticide. drink water
containing endrin
in excess of the
MCL over many years
could experience
liver problems.
Epichlorohydrin............ TT............... ................. TT............... 0................. Discharge from Some people who
industrial chemical drink water
factories; An containing high
impurity of some levels of
water treatment epichlorohydrin
chemicals. over a long period
of time could
experience stomach
problems, and may
have an increased
risk of getting
cancer.

[[Page 516]]

Ethylene dibromide (ppt)... .00005........... 1,000,000........ 50............... 0................. Discharge from Some people who
petroleum drink water
refineries. containing ethylene
dibromide in excess
of the MCL over
many years could
experience problems
with their liver,
stomach,
reproductive
system, or kidneys,
and may have an
increased risk of
getting cancer.
Glyphosate (ppb)........... .7............... 1000............. 700.............. 700............... Runoff from Some people who
herbicide use. drink water
containing
glyphosate in
excess of the MCL
over many years
could experience
problems with their
kidneys or
reproductive
difficulties.
Heptachlor (ppt)........... .0004............ 1,000,000........ 400.............. 0................. Residue of banned Some people who
pesticide. drink water
containing
heptachlor in
excess of the MCL
over many years
could experience
liver damage and
may have an
increased risk of
getting cancer.
Heptachlor epoxide (ppt)... .0002............ 1,000,000........ 200.............. 0................. Breakdown of Some people who
heptachlor. drink water
containing
heptachlor epoxide
in excess of the
MCL over many years
could experience
liver damage, and
may have an
increased risk of
getting cancer.
Hexachlorobenzene (ppb).... .001............. 1000............. 1................ 0................. Discharge from metal Some people who
refineries and drink water
agricultural containing
chemical factories. hexachlorobenzene
in excess of the
MCL over many years
could experience
problems with their
liver or kidneys,
or adverse
reproductive
effects, and may
have an increased
risk of getting
cancer.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene .05.............. 1000............. 50............... 50................ Discharge from Some people who
(ppb). chemical factories. drink water
containing
hexachlorocyclopent
adiene well in
excess of the MCL
over many years
could experience
problems with their
kidneys or stomach.
Lindane (ppt).............. .0002............ 1,000,000........ 200.............. 200............... Runoff/leaching from Some people who
insecticide used on drink water
cattle, lumber, containing lindane
gardens. in excess of the
MCL over many years
could experience
problems with their
kidneys or liver.

[[Page 517]]

Methoxychlor (ppb)......... .04.............. 1000............. 40............... 40................ Runoff/leaching from Some people who
insecticide used on drink water
fruits, vegetables, containing
alfalfa, livestock. methoxychlor in
excess of the MCL
over many years
could experience
reproductive
difficulties.
Oxamyl [Vydate] (ppb)...... .2............... 1000............. 200.............. 200............... Runoff/leaching from Some people who
insecticide used on drink water
apples, potatoes containing oxamyl
and tomatoes. in excess of the
MCL over many years
could experience
slight nervous
system effects.
PCBs [Polychlorinated .0005............ 1,000,000........ 500.............. 0................. Runoff from Some people who
biphenyls] (ppt). landfills; drink water
Discharge of waste containing PCBs in
chemicals. excess of the MCL
over many years
could experience
changes in their
skin, problems with
their thymus gland,
immune
deficiencies, or
reproductive or
nervous system
difficulties, and
may have an
increased risk of
getting cancer.
Pentachlorophenol (ppb).... .001............. 1000............. 1................ 0................. Discharge from wood Some people who
preserving drink water
factories. containing
pentachlorophenol
in excess of the
MCL over many years
could experience
problems with their
liver or kidneys,
and may have an
increased risk of
getting cancer.
Picloram (ppb)............. .5............... 1000............. 500.............. 500............... Herbicide runoff.... Some people who
drink water
containing picloram
in excess of the
MCL over many years
could experience
problems with their
liver.
Simazine (ppb)............. .004............. 1000............. 4................ 4................. Herbicide runoff.... Some people who
drink water
containing simazine
in excess of the
MCL over many years
could experience
problems with their
blood.
Toxaphene (ppb)............ .003............. 1000............. 3................ 0................. Runoff/leaching from Some people who
insecticide used on drink water
cotton and cattle. containing
toxaphene in excess
of the MCL over
many years could
have problems with
their kidneys,
liver, or thyroid,
and may have an
increased risk of
getting cancer.

[[Page 518]]

Volatile organic contaminants:
Benzene (ppb).............. .005............. 1000............. 5................ 0................. Discharge from Some people who
factories; Leaching drink water
from gas storage containing benzene
tanks and landfills. in excess of the
MCL over many years
could experience
anemia or a
decrease in blood
platelets, and may
have an increased
risk of getting
cancer.
Bromate (ppb).............. .010............. 1000............. 10............... 0................. By-product of Some people who
drinking water drink water
chlorination. containing bromate
in excess of the
MCL over many years
may have an
increased risk of
getting cancer.
Carbon tetrachloride (ppb). .005............. 1000............. 5................ 0................. Discharge from Some people who
chemical plants and drink water
other industrial containing carbon
activities. tetrachloride in
excess of the MCL
over many years
could experience
problems with their
liver and may have
an increased risk
of getting cancer.
Chloramines (ppm).......... MRDL = 4......... ................. MRDL = 4......... MRDLG = 4......... Water additive used Some people who use
to control microbes. water containing
chloramines well in

excess of the MRDL
could experience
irritating effects
to their eyes and
nose. Some people
who drink water
containing
chloramines well in
excess of the MRDL
could experience
stomach discomfort
or anemia.
Chlorine (ppm)............. MRDL = 4......... ................. MRDL = 4......... MRDLG = 4......... Water additive used Some people who use
to control microbes. water containing
chlorine well in
excess of the MRDL
could experience
irritating effects
to their eyes and
nose. Some people
who drink water
containing chlorine
well in excess of
the MRDL could
experience stomach
discomfort.

[[Page 519]]

Chlorite (ppm)............. 1................ ................. 1................ 0.8............... By-product of Some infants and
drinking water young children who
chlorination. drink water
containing chlorite
in excess of the
MCL could
experience nervous
system effects.
Similar effects may
occur in fetuses of
pregnant women who
drink water
containing chlorite
in excess of the
MCL. Some people
may experience
anemia.
Chloride dioxide (ppb)..... MRDL = .8........ 1000............. MRDL = 800....... MRDLG = 800....... Water additive used Some infants and
to control microbes. young children who
drink water
containing chlorine
dioxide in excess
of the MRDL could
experience nervous
system effects.
Similar effects may
occur in fetuses of
pregnant women who
drink water
containing chlorine
dioxide in excess
of the MRDL. Some
people may
experience anemia.
Chlorobenzene (ppb)........ .1............... 1000............. 100.............. 100............... Discharge from Some people who
chemical and drink water
agricultural containing
chemical factories. chlorobenzene in
excess of the MCL
over many years
could experience
problems with their
liver or kidneys.
o-Dichlorobenzene (ppb).... .6............... 1000............. 600.............. 600............... Discharge from Some people who
industrial chemical drink water
factories. containing o-
dichlorobenzene
well in excess of
the MCL over many
years could
experience problems
with their liver,
kidneys, or
circulatory
systems.
p-Dichlorobenzene (ppb).... .075............. 1000............. 75............... 75................ Discharge from Some people who
industrial chemical drink water
factories. containing p-
dichlorobenzene in
excess of the MCL
over many years
could experience
anemia, damage to
their liver,
kidneys, or spleen,
or changes in their
blood.
1,2-Dichloroethane (ppb)... .005............. 1000............. 5................ 0................. Discharge from Some people who
industrial chemical drink water
factories. containing 1,2-
dichloroethane in
excess of the MCL
over many years may
have an increased
risk of getting
cancer.
1,1-Dichloroethylene (ppb). .007............. 1000............. 7................ 7................. Discharge from Some people who
industrial chemical drink water
factories. containing 1,1-
dichloroethylene in
excess of the MCL
over many years
could experience
problems with their
liver.

[[Page 520]]

cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene .07.............. 1000............. 70............... 70................ Discharge from Some people who
(ppb). industrial chemical drink water
factories. containing cis-1,2-
dichloroethylene in
excess of the MCL
over many years
could experience
problems with their
liver.
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene .1............... 1000............. 100.............. 100............... Discharge from Some people who
(ppb). industrial chemical drink water
factories. containing trans-
1,2-
dichloroethylene
well in excess of
the MCL over many
years could
experience problems
with their liver.
Dichloromethane (ppb)...... .005............. 1000............. 5................ 0................. Discharge from Some people who
pharmaceutical and drink water
chemical factories. containing
dichloromethane in
excess of the MCL
over many years
could have liver
problems and may
have an increased
risk of getting
cancer.
1,2-Dichloropropane (ppb).. .005............. 1000............. 5................ 0................. Discharge from Some people who
industrial chemical drink water
factories. containing 1,2-
dichloropropane in
excess of the MCL
over many years may
have an increased
risk of getting
cancer.
Ethylbenzene (ppb)......... .7............... 1000............. 700.............. 700............... Discharge from Some people who
petroleum drink water
refineries. containing
ethylbenzene well
in excess of the
MCL over many years
could experience
problems with their
liver or kidneys.
Haloacetic Acids (HAA) .060............. 1000............. 60............... N/A............... By-product of Some people who
(ppb). drinking water drink water
disinfection. containing
haloacetic acids in
excess of the MCL
over many years may
have an increased
risk of getting
cancer.
Styrene (ppb).............. .1............... 1000............. 100.............. 100............... Discharge from Some people who
rubber and plastic drink water
factories; Leaching containing styrene
from landfills. well in excess of
the MCL over many
years could have
problems with their
liver, kidneys, or
circulatory system.
Tetrachloroethylene (ppb).. .005............. 1000............. 5................ 0................. Discharge from Some people who
factories and dry drink water
cleaners. containing
tetrachloroethylene
in excess of the
MCL over many years
could have problems
with their liver,
and may have an
increased risk of
getting cancer.

[[Page 521]]

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene .07.............. 1000............. 70............... 70................ Discharge from Some people who
(ppb). textile-finishing drink water
factories. containing 1,2,4-
trichlorobenzene
well in excess of
the MCL over many
years could
experience changes
in their adrenal
glands.
1,1,1-Trichloroethane (ppb) .2............... 1000............. 200.............. 200............... Discharge from metal Some people who
degreasing sites drink water
and other factories. containing 1,1,1-
trichloroethane in
excess of the MCL
over many years
could experience
problems with their
liver, nervous
system, or
circulatory system.
1,1,2-Trichloroethane (ppb) .005............. 1000............. 5................ 3................. Discharge from Some people who
industrial chemical drink water
factories. containing 1,1,2-
trichloroethane
well in excess of
the MCL over many
years could have
problems with their
liver, kidneys, or
immune systems.
Trichloroethylene (ppb).... .005............. 1000............. 5................ 0................. Discharge from metal Some people who
degreasing sites drink water
and other factories. containing
trichloroethylene
in excess of the
MCL over many years
could experience
problems with their
liver and may have
an increased risk
of getting cancer.
TTHMs [Total 0.10/.080........ 1000............. 100/80........... N/A............... By-product of Some people who
trihalomethanes] (ppb). drinking water drink water
chlorination. containing
trihalomethanes in
excess of the MCL
over many years may
experience problems
with their liver,
kidneys, or central
nervous systems,
and may have an
increased risk of
getting cancer.
Toluene (ppm).............. 1................ ................. 1................ 1................. Discharge from Some people who
petroleum factories. drink water
containing toluene
well in excess of
the MCL over many
years could have
problems with their
nervous system,
kidneys, or liver.
Vinyl Chloride (ppb)....... .002............. 1000............. 2................ 0................. Leaching from PVC Some people who
piping; Discharge drink water
from plastics containing vinyl
factories. chloride in excess
of the MCL over
many years may have
an increased risk
of getting cancer.

[[Page 522]]

Xylenes (ppm).............. 10............... ................. 10............... 10................ Discharge from Some people who
petroleum drink water
factories; containing xylenes
Discharge from in excess of the
chemical factories. MCL over many years
could experience
damage to their
nervous system.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Key:
AL=Action Level
MCL=Maximum Contaminant Level
MCLG=Maximum Contaminant Level Goal
MFL=million fibers per liter
MRDL=Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level
MRDLG=Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goal
mrem/year=millirems per year (a measure of radiation absorbed by the body)
N/A=Not Applicable
NTU=Nephelometric Turbidity Units (a measure of water clarity)
pCi/l=picocuries per liter (a measure of radioactivity)
ppm=parts per million, or milligrams per liter (mg/l)
ppb=parts per billion, or micrograms per liter (<greek-m>g/l)
ppt=parts per trillion, or nanograms per liter
ppq=parts per quadrillion, or picograms per liter
TT=Treatment Technique

[65 FR 26024, May 4, 2000]

[[Page 523]]

Effective Date Note 1: At 65 FR 76749, Dec. 7, 2000, the table in
appendix A to subpart O was amended under the heading "Radioactive
contaminants" by revising the entries for "Beta/photon emitters (mrem/
yr)", "Alpha emitters (pCi/l)", and "Combined radium (pCi/l)" and
adding a new entry for "Uranium (pCi/L)", effective Dec. 8, 2003. For
the convenience of the user, the revised and added entries are set forth
as follows:

Appendix A to Subpart O--Regulated Contaminants

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Traditional MCL in To convert for CCR, Major sources in Health effects
Contaminant units mg/L multiply by MCL in CCR units MCLG drinking water language
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

* * * * * * *
Radioactive contaminants:
Beta/photon emitters (mrem/ 4 mrem/yr........... -................... 4................... 0........ Decay of natural Certain minerals
yr). and man-made are radioactive
deposits. and may emit forms
of radiation known
as photons and
beta radiation.
Some people who
drink water
containing beta
particle and
photon
radioactivity in
excess of the MCL
over many years
may have an
increased risk of
getting cancer.
Alpha emitters (pCi/L)....... 15 pCi/L............ -................... 15.................. 0........ Erosion of natural Certain minerals
deposits. are radioactive
and may emit a
form of radiation
known as alpha
radiation. Some
people who drink
water containing
alpha emitters in
excess of the MCL
over many years
may have an
increased risk of
getting cancer.
Combined radium (pCi/L)...... 5 pCi/L............. -................... 5................... 0........ Erosion of natural Some people who
deposits. drink water
containing radium-
226 or -228 in
excess of the MCL
over many years
may have an
increased risk of
getting cancer.
Uranium (pCi/L).............. 30 <greek-m>g/L..... -................... 30.................. 0........ Erosion of natural Some people who
deposits. drink water
containing uranium
in excess of the
MCL over many
years may have an
increased risk of
getting cancer and
kidney toxicity.

* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Effective Date Note 2: At 66 FR 7064, Jan. 22, 2001, Appendix A to
Subpart O was amended by revising the entry for arsenic under
"Inorganic contaminants:" and adding an endnote, effective Mar. 23,
2001. At 66 FR 16134, Mar. 23, 2001, the effective date was delayed
until May 22, 2001. At 66 FR 28350, May 22, 2001, the effective date was
further delayed until Feb. 22, 2002. For the convenience of the user,
the revised and added text is set forth as follows:

Appendix A to Subpart O--Regulated Contaminants

[[Page 524]]

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
To convert
Traditional for CCR, MCL in CCR Major Sources in drinking
Contaminant (units) MCL in mg/ multiply units MCLG water Health effects language
L by
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
Inorganic contaminants:
* * * * * * *
Arsenic (ppb)........................ \1\ 0.01 1000 \1\ 10 \1\ 0 Erosion of natural deposits; Some people who drink water
Runoff from orchards; containing arsenic in
Runoff from glass and excess of the MCL over
electronics production many years could
wastes. experience skin damage or
problems with their
circulatory system, and
may have an increased risk
of getting cancer.
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

* * * * *

1. These arsenic values are effective January 23, 2006. Until then,
the MCL is 0.05 mg/L and there is no MCLG.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.170]

[Page 524]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart P--Enhanced Filtration and Disinfection

Sec. 141.170 General requirements.

Source: 63 FR 69516, Dec. 16, 1998, unless otherwise noted.

(a) The requirements of this subpart P constitute national primary
drinking water regulations. These regulations establish requirements for
filtration and disinfection that are in addition to criteria under which
filtration and disinfection are required under subpart H of this part.
The requirements of this subpart are applicable to subpart H systems
serving at least 10,000 people, beginning January 1, 2002 unless
otherwise specified in this subpart. The regulations in this subpart
establish or extend treatment technique requirements in lieu of maximum
contaminant levels for the following contaminants: Giardia lamblia,
viruses, heterotrophic plate count bacteria, Legionella,
Cryptosporidium, and turbidity. Each subpart H system serving at least
10,000 people must provide treatment of its source water that complies
with these treatment technique requirements and are in addition to those
identified in Sec. 141.70. The treatment technique requirements consist
of installing and properly operating water treatment processes which
reliably achieve:
(1) At least 99 percent (2-log) removal of Cryptosporidium between a
point where the raw water is not subject to recontamination by surface
water runoff and a point downstream before or at the first customer for
filtered systems, or Cryptosporidium control under the watershed control
plan for unfiltered systems.
(2) Compliance with the profiling and benchmark requirements under
the provisions of Sec. 141.172.
(b) A public water system subject to the requirements of this
subpart is considered to be in compliance with the requirements of
paragraph (a) of this section if:
(1) It meets the requirements for avoiding filtration in
Secs. 141.71 and 141.171 and the disinfection requirements in
Secs. 141.72 and 141.172; or
(2) It meets the applicable filtration requirements in either
Sec. 141.73 or Sec. 141.173 and the disinfection requirements in
Secs. 141.72 and 141.172.
(c) Systems are not permitted to begin construction of uncovered
finished water storage facilities beginning February 16, 1999.

[63 FR 69516, Dec. 16, 1998, as amended at 66 FR 3779, Jan. 16, 2001]

[[Page 525]]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.171]

[Page 525]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart P--Enhanced Filtration and Disinfection

Sec. 141.171 Criteria for avoiding filtration.

In addition to the requirements of Sec. 141.71, a public water
system subject to the requirements of this subpart that does not provide
filtration must meet all of the conditions of paragraphs (a) and (b) of
this section.
(a) Site-specific conditions. In addition to site-specific
conditions in Sec. 141.71(b), systems must maintain the watershed
control program under Sec. 141.71(b)(2) to minimize the potential for
contamination by Cryptosporidium oocysts in the source water. The
watershed control program must, for Cryptosporidium:
(1) Identify watershed characteristics and activities which may have
an adverse effect on source water quality; and
(2) Monitor the occurrence of activities which may have an adverse
effect on source water quality.
(b) During the onsite inspection conducted under the provisions of
Sec. 141.71(b)(3), the State must determine whether the watershed
control program established under Sec. 141.71(b)(2) is adequate to limit
potential contamination by Cryptosporidium oocysts. The adequacy of the
program must be based on the comprehensiveness of the watershed review;
the effectiveness of the system's program to monitor and control
detrimental activities occurring in the watershed; and the extent to
which the water system has maximized land ownership and/or controlled
land use within the watershed.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.172]

[Page 525-528]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart P--Enhanced Filtration and Disinfection

Sec. 141.172 Disinfection profiling and benchmarking.

(a) Determination of systems required to profile. A public water
system subject to the requirements of this subpart must determine its
TTHM annual average using the procedure in paragraph (a)(1) of this
section and its HAA5 annual average using the procedure in paragraph
(a)(2) of this section. The annual average is the arithmetic average of
the quarterly averages of four consecutive quarters of monitoring.
(1) The TTHM annual average must be the annual average during the
same period as is used for the HAA5 annual average.
(i) Those systems that collected data under the provisions of
subpart M (Information Collection Rule) must use the results of the
samples collected during the last four quarters of required monitoring
under Sec. 141.142.
(ii) Those systems that use "grandfathered" HAA5 occurrence data
that meet the provisions of paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section must
use TTHM data collected at the same time under the provisions of
Secs. 141.12 and 141.30.
(iii) Those systems that use HAA5 occurrence data that meet the
provisions of paragraph (a)(2)(iii)(A) of this section must use TTHM
data collected at the same time under the provisions of Secs. 141.12 and
141.30.
(2) The HAA5 annual average must be the annual average during the
same period as is used for the TTHM annual average.
(i) Those systems that collected data under the provisions of
subpart M (Information Collection Rule) must use the results of the
samples collected during the last four quarters of required monitoring
under Sec. 141.142.
(ii) Those systems that have collected four quarters of HAA5
occurrence data that meets the routine monitoring sample number and
location requirements for TTHM in Secs. 141.12 and 141.30 and handling
and analytical method requirements of Sec. 141.142(b)(1) may use those
data to determine whether the requirements of this section apply.
(iii) Those systems that have not collected four quarters of HAA5
occurrence data that meets the provisions of either paragraph (a)(2)(i)
or (ii) of this section by March 16, 1999 must either:
(A) Conduct monitoring for HAA5 that meets the routine monitoring
sample number and location requirements for TTHM in Secs. 141.12 and
141.30 and handling and analytical method requirements of
Sec. 141.142(b)(1) to determine the HAA5 annual average and whether the
requirements of paragraph (b) of this section apply. This monitoring
must be completed so that the applicability determination can be made no
later than March 31, 2000, or
(B) Comply with all other provisions of this section as if the HAA5
monitoring had been conducted and the results required compliance with
paragraph (b) of this section.

[[Page 526]]

(3) The system may request that the State approve a more
representative annual data set than the data set determined under
paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section for the purpose of determining
applicability of the requirements of this section.
(4) The State may require that a system use a more representative
annual data set than the data set determined under paragraph (a)(1) or
(2) of this section for the purpose of determining applicability of the
requirements of this section.
(5) The system must submit data to the State on the schedule in
paragraphs (a)(5)(i) through (v) of this section.
(i) Those systems that collected TTHM and HAA5 data under the
provisions of subpart M (Information Collection Rule), as required by
paragraphs (a)(1)(i) and (a)(2)(i) of this section, must submit the
results of the samples collected during the last 12 months of required
monitoring under Sec. 141.142 not later than December 31, 1999.
(ii) Those systems that have collected four consecutive quarters of
HAA5 occurrence data that meets the routine monitoring sample number and
location for TTHM in Secs. 141.12 and 141.30 and handling and analytical
method requirements of Sec. 141.142(b)(1), as allowed by paragraphs
(a)(1)(ii) and (a)(2)(ii) of this section, must submit those data to the
State not later than April 16, 1999. Until the State has approved the
data, the system must conduct monitoring for HAA5 using the monitoring
requirements specified under paragraph (a)(2)(iii) of this section.
(iii) Those systems that conduct monitoring for HAA5 using the
monitoring requirements specified by paragraphs (a)(1)(iii) and
(a)(2)(iii)(A) of this section, must submit TTHM and HAA5 data not later
than March 31, 2000.
(iv) Those systems that elect to comply with all other provisions of
this section as if the HAA5 monitoring had been conducted and the
results required compliance with this section, as allowed under
paragraphs (a)(2)(iii)(B) of this section, must notify the State in
writing of their election not later than December 31, 1999.
(v) If the system elects to request that the State approve a more
representative annual data set than the data set determined under
paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this section, the system must submit this request
in writing not later than December 31, 1999.
(6) Any system having either a TTHM annual average 0.064
mg/L or an HAA5 annual average 0.048 mg/L during the period
identified in paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this section must comply with
paragraph (b) of this section.
(b) Disinfection profiling. (1) Any system that meets the criteria
in paragraph (a)(6) of this section must develop a disinfection profile
of its disinfection practice for a period of up to three years.
(2) The system must monitor daily for a period of 12 consecutive
calendar months to determine the total logs of inactivation for each day
of operation, based on the CT99.9 values in Tables 1.1-1.6, 2.1, and 3.1
of Sec. 141.74(b), as appropriate, through the entire treatment plant.
This system must begin this monitoring not later than April 1, 2000. As
a minimum, the system with a single point of disinfectant application
prior to entrance to the distribution system must conduct the monitoring
in paragraphs (b)(2)(i) through (iv) of this section. A system with more
than one point of disinfectant application must conduct the monitoring
in paragraphs (b)(2)(i) through (iv) of this section for each
disinfection segment. The system must monitor the parameters necessary
to determine the total inactivation ratio, using analytical methods in
Sec. 141.74(a), as follows:
(i) The temperature of the disinfected water must be measured once
per day at each residual disinfectant concentration sampling point
during peak hourly flow.
(ii) If the system uses chlorine, the pH of the disinfected water
must be measured once per day at each chlorine residual disinfectant
concentration sampling point during peak hourly flow.
(iii) The disinfectant contact time(s) ("T") must be determined
for each day during peak hourly flow.
(iv) The residual disinfectant concentration(s) ("C") of the water
before or at the first customer and prior to

[[Page 527]]

each additional point of disinfection must be measured each day during
peak hourly flow.
(3) In lieu of the monitoring conducted under the provisions of
paragraph (b)(2) of this section to develop the disinfection profile,
the system may elect to meet the requirements of paragraph (b)(3)(i) of
this section. In addition to the monitoring conducted under the
provisions of paragraph (b)(2) of this section to develop the
disinfection profile, the system may elect to meet the requirements of
paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of this section.
(i) A PWS that has three years of existing operational data may
submit those data, a profile generated using those data, and a request
that the State approve use of those data in lieu of monitoring under the
provisions of paragraph (b)(2) of this section not later than March 31,
2000. The State must determine whether these operational data are
substantially equivalent to data collected under the provisions of
paragraph (b)(2) of this section. These data must also be representative
of Giardia lamblia inactivation through the entire treatment plant and
not just of certain treatment segments. Until the State approves this
request, the system is required to conduct monitoring under the
provisions of paragraph (b)(2) of this section.
(ii) In addition to the disinfection profile generated under
paragraph (b)(2) of this section, a PWS that has existing operational
data may use those data to develop a disinfection profile for additional
years. Such systems may use these additional yearly disinfection
profiles to develop a benchmark under the provisions of paragraph (c) of
this section. The State must determine whether these operational data
are substantially equivalent to data collected under the provisions of
paragraph (b)(2) of this section. These data must also be representative
of inactivation through the entire treatment plant and not just of
certain treatment segments.
(4) The system must calculate the total inactivation ratio as
follows:
(i) If the system uses only one point of disinfectant application,
the system may determine the total inactivation ratio for the
disinfection segment based on either of the methods in paragraph
(b)(4)(i)(A) or (b)(4)(i)(B) of this section.
(A) Determine one inactivation ratio (CTcalc/CT<INF>99.9</INF>)
before or at the first customer during peak hourly flow.
(B) Determine successive CTcalc/CT<INF>99.9</INF> values,
representing sequential inactivation ratios, between the point of
disinfectant application and a point before or at the first customer
during peak hourly flow. Under this alternative, the system must
calculate the total inactivation ratio by determining (CTcalc/
CT<INF>99.9</INF>) for each sequence and then adding the (CTcalc/
CT<INF>99.9</INF>) values together to determine (<greek-S> (CTcalc/
CT<INF>99.9</INF>)).
(ii) If the system uses more than one point of disinfectant
application before the first customer, the system must determine the CT
value of each disinfection segment immediately prior to the next point
of disinfectant application, or for the final segment, before or at the
first customer, during peak hourly flow. The (CTcalc/CT<INF>99.9</INF>)
value of each segment and (<greek-S>(CTcalc/CT<INF>99.9</INF>)) must be
calculated using the method in paragraph (b)(4)(i) of this section.
(iii) The system must determine the total logs of inactivation by
multiplying the value calculated in paragraph (b)(4)(i) or (ii) of this
section by 3.0.
(5) A system that uses either chloramines or ozone for primary
disinfection must also calculate the logs of inactivation for viruses
using a method approved by the State.
(6) The system must retain disinfection profile data in graphic
form, as a spreadsheet, or in some other format acceptable to the State
for review as part of sanitary surveys conducted by the State.
(c) Disinfection benchmarking. (1) Any system required to develop a
disinfection profile under the provisions of paragraphs (a) and (b) of
this section and that decides to make a significant change to its
disinfection practice must consult with the State prior to making such
change. Significant changes to disinfection practice are:
(i) Changes to the point of disinfection;
(ii) Changes to the disinfectant(s) used in the treatment plant;

[[Page 528]]

(iii) Changes to the disinfection process; and
(iv) Any other modification identified by the State.
(2) Any system that is modifying its disinfection practice must
calculate its disinfection benchmark using the procedure specified in
paragraphs (c)(2)(i) through (ii) of this section.
(i) For each year of profiling data collected and calculated under
paragraph (b) of this section, the system must determine the lowest
average monthly Giardia lamblia inactivation in each year of profiling
data. The system must determine the average Giardia lamblia inactivation
for each calendar month for each year of profiling data by dividing the
sum of daily Giardia lamblia of inactivation by the number of values
calculated for that month.
(ii) The disinfection benchmark is the lowest monthly average value
(for systems with one year of profiling data) or average of lowest
monthly average values (for systems with more than one year of profiling
data) of the monthly logs of Giardia lamblia inactivation in each year
of profiling data.
(3) A system that uses either chloramines or ozone for primary
disinfection must also calculate the disinfection benchmark for viruses
using a method approved by the State.
(4) The system must submit information in paragraphs (c)(4)(i)
through (iii) of this section to the State as part of its consultation
process.
(i) A description of the proposed change;
(ii) The disinfection profile for Giardia lamblia (and, if
necessary, viruses) under paragraph (b) of this section and benchmark as
required by paragraph (c)(2) of this section; and
(iii) An analysis of how the proposed change will affect the current
levels of disinfection.

[63 FR 69516, Dec. 16, 1998, as amended at 66 FR 3779, Jan. 16, 2001]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.173]

[Page 528]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart P--Enhanced Filtration and Disinfection

Sec. 141.173 Filtration.

A public water system subject to the requirements of this subpart
that does not meet all of the criteria in this subpart and subpart H of
this part for avoiding filtration must provide treatment consisting of
both disinfection, as specified in Sec. 141.72(b), and filtration
treatment which complies with the requirements of paragraph (a) or (b)
of this section or Sec. 141.73 (b) or (c) by December 31, 2001.
(a) Conventional filtration treatment or direct filtration. (1) For
systems using conventional filtration or direct filtration, the
turbidity level of representative samples of a system's filtered water
must be less than or equal to 0.3 NTU in at least 95 percent of the
measurements taken each month, measured as specified in Sec. 141.74(a)
and (c).
(2) The turbidity level of representative samples of a system's
filtered water must at no time exceed 1 NTU, measured as specified in
Sec. 141.74(a) and (c).
(3) A system that uses lime softening may acidify representative
samples prior to analysis using a protocol approved by the State.
(b) Filtration technologies other than conventional filtration
treatment, direct filtration, slow sand filtration, or diatomaceous
earth filtration. A public water system may use a filtration technology
not listed in paragraph (a) of this section or in Sec. 141.73(b) or (c)
if it demonstrates to the State, using pilot plant studies or other
means, that the alternative filtration technology, in combination with
disinfection treatment that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.72(b),
consistently achieves 99.9 percent removal and/or inactivation of
Giardia lamblia cysts and 99.99 percent removal and/or inactivation of
viruses, and 99 percent removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts, and the
State approves the use of the filtration technology. For each approval,
the State will set turbidity performance requirements that the system
must meet at least 95 percent of the time and that the system may not
exceed at any time at a level that consistently achieves 99.9 percent
removal and/or inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts, 99.99 percent
removal and/or inactivation of viruses, and 99 percent removal of
Cryptosporidium oocysts.

[63 FR 69516, Dec. 16, 1998, as amended at 65 FR 20313, Apr. 14, 2000;
66 FR 3779, Jan. 16, 2001]

[[Page 529]]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.174]

[Page 529]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart P--Enhanced Filtration and Disinfection

Sec. 141.174 Filtration sampling requirements.

(a) Monitoring requirements for systems using filtration treatment.
In addition to monitoring required by Sec. 141.74, a public water system
subject to the requirements of this subpart that provides conventional
filtration treatment or direct filtration must conduct continuous
monitoring of turbidity for each individual filter using an approved
method in Sec. 141.74(a) and must calibrate turbidimeters using the
procedure specified by the manufacturer. Systems must record the results
of individual filter monitoring every 15 minutes.
(b) If there is a failure in the continuous turbidity monitoring
equipment, the system must conduct grab sampling every four hours in
lieu of continuous monitoring, but for no more than five working days
following the failure of the equipment.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.175]

[Page 529-530]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart P--Enhanced Filtration and Disinfection

Sec. 141.175 Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

In addition to the reporting and recordkeeping requirements in
Sec. 141.75, a public water system subject to the requirements of this
subpart that provides conventional filtration treatment or direct
filtration must report monthly to the State the information specified in
paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section beginning January 1, 2002. In
addition to the reporting and recordkeeping requirements in Sec. 141.75,
a public water system subject to the requirements of this subpart that
provides filtration approved under Sec. 141.173(b) must report monthly
to the State the information specified in paragraph (a) of this section
beginning January 1, 2002. The reporting in paragraph (a) of this
section is in lieu of the reporting specified in Sec. 141.75(b)(1).
(a) Turbidity measurements as required by Sec. 141.173 must be
reported within 10 days after the end of each month the system serves
water to the public. Information that must be reported includes:
(1) The total number of filtered water turbidity measurements taken
during the month.
(2) The number and percentage of filtered water turbidity
measurements taken during the month which are less than or equal to the
turbidity limits specified in Sec. 141.173(a) or (b).
(3) The date and value of any turbidity measurements taken during
the month which exceed 1 NTU for systems using conventional filtration
treatment or direct filtration, or which exceed the maximum level set by
the State under Sec. 141.173(b).
(b) Systems must maintain the results of individual filter
monitoring taken under Sec. 141.174 for at least three years. Systems
must report that they have conducted individual filter turbidity
monitoring under Sec. 141.174 within 10 days after the end of each month
the system serves water to the public. Systems must report individual
filter turbidity measurement results taken under Sec. 141.174 within 10
days after the end of each month the system serves water to the public
only if measurements demonstrate one or more of the conditions in
paragraphs (b)(1) through (4) of this section. Systems that use lime
softening may apply to the State for alternative exceedance levels for
the levels specified in paragraphs (b)(1) through (4) of this section if
they can demonstrate that higher turbidity levels in individual filters
are due to lime carryover only and not due to degraded filter
performance.
(1) For any individual filter that has a measured turbidity level of
greater than 1.0 NTU in two consecutive measurements taken 15 minutes
apart, the system must report the filter number, the turbidity
measurement, and the date(s) on which the exceedance occurred. In
addition, the system must either produce a filter profile for the filter
within 7 days of the exceedance (if the system is not able to identify
an obvious reason for the abnormal filter performance) and report that
the profile has been produced or report the obvious reason for the
exceedance.
(2) For any individual filter that has a measured turbidity level of
greater than 0.5 NTU in two consecutive measurements taken 15 minutes
apart at the end of the first four hours of continuous filter operation
after the filter has been backwashed or otherwise taken offline, the
system must report the filter number, the turbidity, and the date(s) on
which the exceedance occurred. In addition, the system must

[[Page 530]]

either produce a filter profile for the filter within 7 days of the
exceedance (if the system is not able to identify an obvious reason for
the abnormal filter performance) and report that the profile has been
produced or report the obvious reason for the exceedance.
(3) For any individual filter that has a measured turbidity level of
greater than 1.0 NTU in two consecutive measurements taken 15 minutes
apart at any time in each of three consecutive months, the system must
report the filter number, the turbidity measurement, and the date(s) on
which the exceedance occurred. In addition, the system must conduct a
self-assessment of the filter within 14 days of the exceedance and
report that the self-assessment was conducted. The self assessment must
consist of at least the following components: assessment of filter
performance; development of a filter profile; identification and
prioritization of factors limiting filter performance; assessment of the
applicability of corrections; and preparation of a filter self-
assessment report.
(4) For any individual filter that has a measured turbidity level of
greater than 2.0 NTU in two consecutive measurements taken 15 minutes
apart at any time in each of two consecutive months, the system must
report the filter number, the turbidity measurement, and the date(s) on
which the exceedance occurred. In addition, the system must arrange for
the conduct of a comprehensive performance evaluation by the State or a
third party approved by the State no later than 30 days following the
exceedance and have the evaluation completed and submitted to the State
no later than 90 days following the exceedance.
(c) Additional reporting requirements. (1) If at any time the
turbidity exceeds 1 NTU in representative samples of filtered water in a
system using conventional filtration treatment or direct filtration, the
system must inform the State as soon as possible, but no later than the
end of the next business day.
(2) If at any time the turbidity in representative samples of
filtered water exceeds the maximum level set by the State under
Sec. 141.173(b) for filtration technologies other than conventional
filtration treatment, direct filtration, slow sand filtration, or
diatomaceous earth filtration, the system must inform the State as soon
as possible, but no later than the end of the next business day.

[63 FR 69516, Dec. 16, 1998, as amended at 66 FR 3779, Jan. 16, 2001]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.201]

[Page 530-531]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart Q--Public Notification of Drinking Water Violations

Sec. 141.201 General public notification requirements.

Source: 65 FR 26035, May 4, 2000, unless otherwise noted.

Public water systems in States with primacy for the public water
system supervision (PWSS) program must comply with the requirements in
this subpart no later than May 6, 2002 or on the date the State-adopted
rule becomes effective, whichever comes first. Public water systems in
jurisdictions where EPA directly implements the PWSS program must comply
with the requirements in this subpart on October 31, 2000. Prior to
these dates, public water systems must continue to comply with the
public notice requirements in Sec. 141.32 of this part. The term
"primacy agency" is used in this subpart to refer to either EPA or the
State or the Tribe in cases where EPA, the State, or the Tribe exercises
primary enforcement responsibility for this subpart.
(a) Who must give public notice? Each owner or operator of a public
water system (community water systems, non-transient non-community water
systems, and transient non-community water systems) must give notice for
all violations of national primary drinking water regulations (NPDWR)
and for other situations, as listed in Table 1. The term "NPDWR
violations" is used in this subpart to include violations of the
maximum contaminant level (MCL), maximum residual disinfection level
(MRDL), treatment technique (TT), monitoring requirements, and testing
procedures in this part 141. Appendix A to this subpart identifies the
tier assignment for each specific violation or situation requiring a
public notice.

[[Page 531]]

._______________________________________________________________________

Table 1 to Sec. 141.201.--Violation Categories and Other Situations
Requiring a Public Notice
------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) NPDWR violations:
(i) Failure to comply with an applicable maximum contaminant level
(MCL) or maximum residual disinfectant level (MRDL).
(ii) Failure to comply with a prescribed treatment technique (TT).
(iii) Failure to perform water quality monitoring, as required by the
drinking water regulations.
(iv) Failure to comply with testing procedures as prescribed by a
drinking water regulation.
(2) Variance and exemptions under sections 1415 and 1416 of SDWA:
(i) Operation under a variance or an exemption.
(ii) Failure to comply with the requirements of any schedule that has
been set under a variance or exemption.
(3) Special public notices:
(i) Occurrence of a waterborne disease outbreak or other waterborne
emergency.
(ii) Exceedance of the nitrate MCL by non-community water systems
(NCWS), where granted permission by the primacy agency under
141.11(d) of this part.
(iii) Exceedance of the secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL) for
fluoride.
(iv) Availability of unregulated contaminant monitoring data.
(v) Other violations and situations determined by the primacy agency
to require a public notice under this subpart, not already listed in
Appendix A.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(b) What type of public notice is required for each violation or
situation? Public notice requirements are divided into three tiers, to
take into account the seriousness of the violation or situation and of
any potential adverse health effects that may be involved. The public
notice requirements for each violation or situation listed in Table 1 of
this section are determined by the tier to which it is assigned. Table 2
of this section provides the definition of each tier. Appendix A of this
part identifies the tier assignment for each specific violation or
situation.
._______________________________________________________________________

Table 2 to Sec. 141.201.--Definition of Public Notice Tiers
------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Tier 1 public notice--required for NPDWR violations and situations
with significant potential to have serious adverse effects on human
health as a result of short-term exposure.
(2) Tier 2 public notice--required for all other NPDWR violations and
situations with potential to have serious adverse effects on human
health.
(3) Tier 3 public notice--required for all other NPDWR violations and
situations not included in Tier 1 and Tier 2.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(c) Who must be notified?
(1) Each public water system must provide public notice to persons
served by the water system, in accordance with this subpart. Public
water systems that sell or otherwise provide drinking water to other
public water systems (i.e., to consecutive systems) are required to give
public notice to the owner or operator of the consecutive system; the
consecutive system is responsible for providing public notice to the
persons it serves.
(2) If a public water system has a violation in a portion of the
distribution system that is physically or hydraulically isolated from
other parts of the distribution system, the primacy agency may allow the
system to limit distribution of the public notice to only persons served
by that portion of the system which is out of compliance. Permission by
the primacy agency for limiting distribution of the notice must be
granted in writing.
(3) A copy of the notice must also be sent to the primacy agency, in
accordance with the requirements under Sec. 141.31(d).

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.202]

[Page 531-533]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart Q--Public Notification of Drinking Water Violations

Sec. 141.202 Tier 1 Public Notice--Form, manner, and frequency of notice.

(a) Which violations or situations require a Tier 1 public notice?
Table 1 of this section lists the violation categories and other
situations requiring a Tier 1 public notice. Appendix A to this subpart
identifies the tier assignment for each specific violation or situation.

[[Page 532]]

._______________________________________________________________________

Table 1 to Sec. 141.202.--Violation Categories and Other Situations
Requiring a Tier 1 Public Notice
------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Violation of the MCL for total coliforms when fecal coliform or E.
coli are present in the water distribution system (as specified in Sec.
141.63(b)), or when the water system fails to test for fecal coliforms
or E. coli when any repeat sample tests positive for coliform (as
specified in Sec. 141.21(e));
(2) Violation of the MCL for nitrate, nitrite, or total nitrate and
nitrite, as defined in Sec. 141.62, or when the water system fails to
take a confirmation sample within 24 hours of the system's receipt of
the first sample showing an exceedance of the nitrate or nitrite MCL,
as specified in Sec. 141.23(f)(2);
(3) Exceedance of the nitrate MCL by non-community water systems, where
permitted to exceed the MCL by the primacy agency under Sec.
141.11(d), as required under Sec. 141.209;
(4) Violation of the MRDL for chlorine dioxide, as defined in Sec.
141.65(a), when one or more samples taken in the distribution system
the day following an exceedance of the MRDL at the entrance of the
distribution system exceed the MRDL, or when the water system does not
take the required samples in the distribution system, as specified in
Sec. 141.133(c)(2)(i);
(5) Violation of the turbidity MCL under Sec. 141.13(b), where the
primacy agency determines after consultation that a Tier 1 notice is
required or where consultation does not take place within 24 hours
after the system learns of the violation;
(6) Violation of the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) or Interim
Enhanced Surface Water Treatment rule (IESWTR) treatment technique
requirement resulting from a single exceedance of the maximum allowable
turbidity limit (as identified in Appendix A), where the primacy agency
determines after consultation that a Tier 1 notice is required or where
consultation does not take place within 24 hours after the system
learns of the violation;
(7) Occurrence of a waterborne disease outbreak, as defined in Sec.
141.2, or other waterborne emergency (such as a failure or significant
interruption in key water treatment processes, a natural disaster that
disrupts the water supply or distribution system, or a chemical spill
or unexpected loading of possible pathogens into the source water that
significantly increases the potential for drinking water
contamination);
(8) Other violations or situations with significant potential to have
serious adverse effects on human health as a result of short-term
exposure, as determined by the primacy agency either in its regulations
or on a case-by-case basis.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(b) When is the Tier 1 public notice to be provided? What additional
steps are required? Public water systems must:
(1) Provide a public notice as soon as practical but no later than
24 hours after the system learns of the violation;
(2) Initiate consultation with the primacy agency as soon as
practical, but no later than 24 hours after the public water system
learns of the violation or situation, to determine additional public
notice requirements; and
(3) Comply with any additional public notification requirements
(including any repeat notices or direction on the duration of the posted
notices) that are established as a result of the consultation with the
primacy agency. Such requirements may include the timing, form, manner,
frequency, and content of repeat notices (if any) and other actions
designed to reach all persons served.
(c) What is the form and manner of the public notice? Public water
systems must provide the notice within 24 hours in a form and manner
reasonably calculated to reach all persons served. The form and manner
used by the public water system are to fit the specific situation, but
must be designed to reach residential, transient, and non-transient
users of the water system. In order to reach all persons served, water
systems are to use, at a minimum, one

[[Page 533]]

or more of the following forms of delivery:
(1) Appropriate broadcast media (such as radio and television);
(2) Posting of the notice in conspicuous locations throughout the
area served by the water system;
(3) Hand delivery of the notice to persons served by the water
system; or
(4) Another delivery method approved in writing by the primacy
agency.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.203]

[Page 533-534]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart Q--Public Notification of Drinking Water Violations

Sec. 141.203 Tier 2 Public Notice--Form, manner, and frequency of notice.

(a) Which violations or situations require a Tier 2 public notice?
Table 1 of this section lists the violation categories and other
situations requiring a Tier 2 public notice. Appendix A to this subpart
identifies the tier assignment for each specific violation or situation.
._______________________________________________________________________

Table 1 to Sec. 141.203.--Violation Categories and Other Situations
Requiring a Tier 2 Public Notice
(1) All violations of the MCL, MRDL, and treatment technique
requirements, except where a Tier 1 notice is required under Sec.
141.202(a) or where the primacy agency determines that a Tier 1 notice
is required;
(2) Violations of the monitoring and testing procedure requirements,
where the primacy agency determines that a Tier 2 rather than a Tier 3
public notice is required, taking into account potential health impacts
and persistence of the violation; and
(3) Failure to comply with the terms and conditions of any variance or
exemption in place.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(b) When is the Tier 2 public notice to be provided?
(1) Public water systems must provide the public notice as soon as
practical, but no later than 30 days after the system learns of the
violation. If the public notice is posted, the notice must remain in
place for as long as the violation or situation persists, but in no case
for less than seven days, even if the violation or situation is
resolved. The primacy agency may, in appropriate circumstances, allow
additional time for the initial notice of up to three months from the
date the system learns of the violation. It is not appropriate for the
primacy agency to grant an extension to the 30-day deadline for any
unresolved violation or to allow across-the-board extensions by rule or
policy for other violations or situations requiring a Tier 2 public
notice. Extensions granted by the primacy agency must be in writing.
(2) The public water system must repeat the notice every three
months as long as the violation or situation persists, unless the
primacy agency determines that appropriate circumstances warrant a
different repeat notice frequency. In no circumstance may the repeat
notice be given less frequently than once per year. It is not
appropriate for the primacy agency to allow less frequent repeat notice
for an MCL violation under the Total Coliform Rule or a treatment
technique violation under the Surface Water Treatment Rule or Interim
Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. It is also not appropriate for
the primacy agency to allow through its rules or policies across-the-
board reductions in the repeat notice frequency for other ongoing
violations requiring a Tier 2 repeat notice. Primacy agency
determinations allowing repeat notices to be given less frequently than
once every three months must be in writing.
(3) For the turbidity violations specified in this paragraph, public
water systems must consult with the primacy agency as soon as practical
but no later than 24 hours after the public water system learns of the
violation, to determine whether a Tier 1 public notice under
Sec. 141.202(a) is required to protect public health. When consultation
does not take place within the 24-hour period, the water system must
distribute a Tier 1 notice of the violation within the next 24 hours
(i.e., no later than 48 hours after the system learns of the violation),
following the requirements under Sec. 141.202(b) and (c). Consultation
with the primacy agency is required for:
(i) Violation of the turbidity MCL under Sec. 141.13(b); or
(ii) Violation of the SWTR or IESWTR treatment technique requirement
resulting from a single exceedance of the maximum allowable turbidity
limit.

[[Page 534]]

(c) What is the form and manner of the Tier 2 public notice? Public
water systems must provide the initial public notice and any repeat
notices in a form and manner that is reasonably calculated to reach
persons served in the required time period. The form and manner of the
public notice may vary based on the specific situation and type of water
system, but it must at a minimum meet the following requirements:
(1) Unless directed otherwise by the primacy agency in writing,
community water systems must provide notice by:
(i) Mail or other direct delivery to each customer receiving a bill
and to other service connections to which water is delivered by the
public water system; and
(ii) Any other method reasonably calculated to reach other persons
regularly served by the system, if they would not normally be reached by
the notice required in paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section. Such persons
may include those who do not pay water bills or do not have service
connection addresses (e.g., house renters, apartment dwellers,
university students, nursing home patients, prison inmates, etc.). Other
methods may include: Publication in a local newspaper; delivery of
multiple copies for distribution by customers that provide their
drinking water to others (e.g., apartment building owners or large
private employers); posting in public places served by the system or on
the Internet; or delivery to community organizations.
(2) Unless directed otherwise by the primacy agency in writing, non-
community water systems must provide notice by:
(i) Posting the notice in conspicuous locations throughout the
distribution system frequented by persons served by the system, or by
mail or direct delivery to each customer and service connection (where
known); and
(ii) Any other method reasonably calculated to reach other persons
served by the system if they would not normally be reached by the notice
required in paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section. Such persons may
include those served who may not see a posted notice because the posted
notice is not in a location they routinely pass by. Other methods may
include: Publication in a local newspaper or newsletter distributed to
customers; use of E-mail to notify employees or students; or, delivery
of multiple copies in central locations (e.g., community centers).

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.204]

[Page 534-535]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart Q--Public Notification of Drinking Water Violations

Sec. 141.204 Tier 3 Public Notice--Form, manner, and frequency of notice.

(a) Which violations or situations require a Tier 3 public notice?
Table 1 of this section lists the violation categories and other
situations requiring a Tier 3 public notice. Appendix A to this subpart
identifies the tier assignment for each specific violation or situation.
._______________________________________________________________________

Table 1 to Sec. 141.204.--Violation Categories and Other Situations
Requiring a Tier 3 Public Notice
------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Monitoring violations under 40 CFR part 141, except where a Tier 1
notice is required under Sec. 141.202(a) or where the primacy agency
determines that a Tier 2 notice is required;
(2) Failure to comply with a testing procedure established in 40 CFR
part 141, except where a Tier 1 notice is required under Sec.
141.202(a)) or where the primacy agency determines that a Tier 2 notice
is required;
(3) Operation under a variance granted under Section 1415 or an
exemption granted under Section 1416 of the Safe Drinking Water Act;
(4) Availability of unregulated contaminant monitoring results, as
required under Sec. 141.207; and
(5) Exceedance of the fluoride secondary maximum contaminant level
(SMCL), as required under Sec. 141.208.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(b) When is the Tier 3 public notice to be provided?
(1) Public water systems must provide the public notice not later
than one year after the public water system learns of the violation or
situation or begins operating under a variance or exemption. Following
the initial notice, the public water system must repeat the notice
annually for as long as the violation, variance, exemption, or other
situation persists. If the public

[[Page 535]]

notice is posted, the notice must remain in place for as long as the
violation, variance, exemption, or other situation persists, but in no
case less than seven days (even if the violation or situation is
resolved).
(2) Instead of individual Tier 3 public notices, a public water
system may use an annual report detailing all violations and situations
that occurred during the previous twelve months, as long as the timing
requirements of paragraph (b)(1) of this section are met.
(c) What is the form and manner of the Tier 3 public notice? Public
water systems must provide the initial notice and any repeat notices in
a form and manner that is reasonably calculated to reach persons served
in the required time period. The form and manner of the public notice
may vary based on the specific situation and type of water system, but
it must at a minimum meet the following requirements:
(1) Unless directed otherwise by the primacy agency in writing,
community water systems must provide notice by:
(i) Mail or other direct delivery to each customer receiving a bill
and to other service connections to which water is delivered by the
public water system; and
(ii) Any other method reasonably calculated to reach other persons
regularly served by the system, if they would not normally be reached by
the notice required in paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section. Such persons
may include those who do not pay water bills or do not have service
connection addresses (e.g., house renters, apartment dwellers,
university students, nursing home patients, prison inmates, etc.). Other
methods may include: Publication in a local newspaper; delivery of
multiple copies for distribution by customers that provide their
drinking water to others (e.g., apartment building owners or large
private employers); posting in public places or on the Internet; or
delivery to community organizations.
(2) Unless directed otherwise by the primacy agency in writing, non-
community water systems must provide notice by:
(i) Posting the notice in conspicuous locations throughout the
distribution system frequented by persons served by the system, or by
mail or direct delivery to each customer and service connection (where
known); and
(ii) Any other method reasonably calculated to reach other persons
served by the system, if they would not normally be reached by the
notice required in paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section. Such persons may
include those who may not see a posted notice because the notice is not
in a location they routinely pass by. Other methods may include:
Publication in a local newspaper or newsletter distributed to customers;
use of E-mail to notify employees or students; or, delivery of multiple
copies in central locations (e.g., community centers).
(d) In what situations may the Consumer Confidence Report be used to
meet the Tier 3 public notice requirements? For community water systems,
the Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) required under Subpart O of this
part may be used as a vehicle for the initial Tier 3 public notice and
all required repeat notices, as long as:
(1) The CCR is provided to persons served no later than 12 months
after the system learns of the violation or situation as required under
Sec. 141.204(b);
(2) The Tier 3 notice contained in the CCR follows the content
requirements under Sec. 141.205; and
(3) The CCR is distributed following the delivery requirements under
Sec. 141.204(c).

[65 FR 26035, May 4, 2000; 65 FR 38629, June 21, 2000]

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.205]

[Page 535-537]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart Q--Public Notification of Drinking Water Violations

Sec. 141.205 Content of the public notice.

(a) What elements must be included in the public notice for
violations of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR) or
other situations requiring a public notice? When a public water system
violates a NPDWR or has a situation requiring public notification, each
public notice must include the following elements:
(1) A description of the violation or situation, including the
contaminant(s) of concern, and (as applicable) the contaminant level(s);
(2) When the violation or situation occurred;
(3) Any potential adverse health effects from the violation or
situation, including the standard language under

[[Page 536]]

paragraph (d)(1) or (d)(2) of this section, whichever is applicable;
(4) The population at risk, including subpopulations particularly
vulnerable if exposed to the contaminant in their drinking water;
(5) Whether alternative water supplies should be used;
(6) What actions consumers should take, including when they should
seek medical help, if known;
(7) What the system is doing to correct the violation or situation;
(8) When the water system expects to return to compliance or resolve
the situation;
(9) The name, business address, and phone number of the water system
owner, operator, or designee of the public water system as a source of
additional information concerning the notice; and
(10) A statement to encourage the notice recipient to distribute the
public notice to other persons served, using the standard language under
paragraph (d)(3) of this section, where applicable.
(b) What elements must be included in the public notice for public
water systems operating under a variance or exemption?
(1) If a public water system has been granted a variance or an
exemption, the public notice must contain:
(i) An explanation of the reasons for the variance or exemption;
(ii) The date on which the variance or exemption was issued;
(iii) A brief status report on the steps the system is taking to
install treatment, find alternative sources of water, or otherwise
comply with the terms and schedules of the variance or exemption; and
(iv) A notice of any opportunity for public input in the review of
the variance or exemption.
(2) If a public water system violates the conditions of a variance
or exemption, the public notice must contain the ten elements listed in
paragraph (a) of this section.
(c) How is the public notice to be presented?
(1) Each public notice required by this section:
(i) Must be displayed in a conspicuous way when printed or posted;
(ii) Must not contain overly technical language or very small print;
(iii) Must not be formatted in a way that defeats the purpose of the
notice;
(iv) Must not contain language which nullifies the purpose of the
notice.
(2) Each public notice required by this section must comply with
multilingual requirements, as follows:
(i) For public water systems serving a large proportion of non-
English speaking consumers, as determined by the primacy agency, the
public notice must contain information in the appropriate language(s)
regarding the importance of the notice or contain a telephone number or
address where persons served may contact the water system to obtain a
translated copy of the notice or to request assistance in the
appropriate language.
(ii) In cases where the primacy agency has not determined what
constitutes a large proportion of non-English speaking consumers, the
public water system must include in the public notice the same
information as in paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section, where appropriate
to reach a large proportion of non-English speaking persons served by
the water system.
(d) What standard language must public water systems include in
their public notice? Public water systems are required to include the
following standard language in their public notice:
(1) Standard health effects language for MCL or MRDL violations,
treatment technique violations, and violations of the condition of a
variance or exemption. Public water systems must include in each public
notice the health effects language specified in Appendix B to this
subpart corresponding to each MCL, MRDL, and treatment technique
violation listed in Appendix A to this subpart, and for each violation
of a condition of a variance or exemption.
(2) Standard language for monitoring and testing procedure
violations. Public water systems must include the following language in
their notice, including the language necessary to fill in the blanks,
for all monitoring and testing procedure violations listed in Appendix A
to this subpart:

We are required to monitor your drinking water for specific
contaminants on a regular basis. Results of regular monitoring are an
indicator of whether or not your drinking

[[Page 537]]

water meets health standards. During [compliance period], we "did not
monitor or test" or "did not complete all monitoring or testing" for
[contaminant(s)], and therefore cannot be sure of the quality of your
drinking water during that time.

(3) Standard language to encourage the distribution of the public
notice to all persons served. Public water systems must include in their
notice the following language (where applicable):

Please share this information with all the other people who drink
this water, especially those who may not have received this notice
directly (for example, people in apartments, nursing homes, schools, and
businesses). You can do this by posting this notice in a public place or
distributing copies by hand or mail.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.206]

[Page 537]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart Q--Public Notification of Drinking Water Violations

Sec. 141.206 Notice to new billing units or new customers.

(a) What is the requirement for community water systems? Community
water systems must give a copy of the most recent public notice for any
continuing violation, the existence of a variance or exemption, or other
ongoing situations requiring a public notice to all new billing units or
new customers prior to or at the time service begins.
(b) What is the requirement for non-community water systems? Non-
community water systems must continuously post the public notice in
conspicuous locations in order to inform new consumers of any continuing
violation, variance or exemption, or other situation requiring a public
notice for as long as the violation, variance, exemption, or other
situation persists.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.207]

[Page 537]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart Q--Public Notification of Drinking Water Violations

Sec. 141.207 Special notice of the availability of unregulated contaminant monitoring results.

(a) When is the special notice to be given? The owner or operator of
a community water system or non-transient, non-community water system
required to monitor under Sec. 141.40 must notify persons served by the
system of the availability of the results of such sampling no later than
12 months after the monitoring results are known.
(b) What is the form and manner of the special notice? The form and
manner of the public notice must follow the requirements for a Tier 3
public notice prescribed in Secs. 141.204(c), (d)(1), and (d)(3). The
notice must also identify a person and provide the telephone number to
contact for information on the monitoring results.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.208]

[Page 537-538]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart Q--Public Notification of Drinking Water Violations

Sec. 141.208 Special notice for exceedance of the SMCL for fluoride.

(a) When is the special notice to be given? Community water systems
that exceed the fluoride secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL) of 2
mg/l as specified in Sec. 143.3 (determined by the last single sample
taken in accordance with Sec. 141.23), but do not exceed the maximum
contaminant level (MCL) of 4 mg/l for fluoride (as specified in
Sec. 141.62), must provide the public notice in paragraph (c) of this
section to persons served. Public notice must be provided as soon as
practical but no later than 12 months from the day the water system
learns of the exceedance. A copy of the notice must also be sent to all
new billing units and new customers at the time service begins and to
the State public health officer. The public water system must repeat the
notice at least annually for as long as the SMCL is exceeded. If the
public notice is posted, the notice must remain in place for as long as
the SMCL is exceeded, but in no case less than seven days (even if the
exceedance is eliminated). On a case-by-case basis, the primacy agency
may require an initial notice sooner than 12 months and repeat notices
more frequently than annually.
(b) What is the form and manner of the special notice? The form and
manner of the public notice (including repeat notices) must follow the
requirements for a Tier 3 public notice in Sec. 141.204(c) and (d)(1)
and (d)(3).
(c) What mandatory language must be contained in the special notice?
The notice must contain the following language, including the language
necessary to fill in the blanks:

This is an alert about your drinking water and a cosmetic dental
problem that might affect children under nine years of age. At low
levels, fluoride can help prevent cavities, but children drinking water
containing more than 2 milligrams per liter (mg/l) of fluoride may
develop cosmetic discoloration of their permanent teeth (dental
fluorosis). The drinking water provided by your community water system
[name] has a fluoride concentration of [insert value] mg/l.
Dental fluorosis, in its moderate or severe forms, may result in a
brown staining and/or pitting of the permanent teeth. This problem

[[Page 538]]

occurs only in developing teeth, before they erupt from the gums.
Children under nine should be provided with alternative sources of
drinking water or water that has been treated to remove the fluoride to
avoid the possibility of staining and pitting of their permanent teeth.
You may also want to contact your dentist about proper use by young
children of fluoride-containing products. Older children and adults may
safely drink the water.
Drinking water containing more than 4 mg/L of fluoride (the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency's drinking water standard) can increase
your risk of developing bone disease. Your drinking water does not
contain more than 4 mg/l of fluoride, but we're required to notify you
when we discover that the fluoride levels in your drinking water exceed
2 mg/l because of this cosmetic dental problem.
For more information, please call [name of water system contact] of
[name of community water system] at [phone number]. Some home water
treatment units are also available to remove fluoride from drinking
water. To learn more about available home water treatment units, you may
call NSF International at 1-877-8-NSF-HELP."

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.209]

[Page 538]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart Q--Public Notification of Drinking Water Violations

Sec. 141.209 Special notice for nitrate exceedances above MCL by non-community water systems (NCWS), where granted permission by the primacy agency under Sec. 141.11(d)

(a) When is the special notice to be given? The owner or operator of
a non-community water system granted permission by the primacy agency
under Sec. 141.11(d) to exceed the nitrate MCL must provide notice to
persons served according to the requirements for a Tier 1 notice under
Sec. 141.202(a) and (b).
(b) What is the form and manner of the special notice? Non-community
water systems granted permission by the primacy agency to exceed the
nitrate MCL under Sec. 141.11(d) must provide continuous posting of the
fact that nitrate levels exceed 10 mg/l and the potential health effects
of exposure, according to the requirements for Tier 1 notice delivery
under Sec. 141.202(c) and the content requirements under Sec. 141.205.

[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 40, Volume 19]
[Revised as of July 1, 2001]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 40CFR141.210]

[Page 538-553]

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (CONTINUED)

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents

Subpart Q--Public Notification of Drinking Water Violations

Sec. 141.210 Notice by primacy agency on behalf of the public water system.

(a) May the primacy agency give the notice on behalf of the public
water system? The primacy agency may give the notice required by this
subpart on behalf of the owner and operator of the public water system
if the primacy agency complies with the requirements of this subpart.
(b) What is the responsibility of the public water system when
notice is given by the primacy agency? The owner or operator of the
public water system remains responsible for ensuring that the
requirements of this subpart are met.
Appendix A to Subpart Q of Part 141--NPDWR Violations and
Other Situations Requiring Public Notice \1\

[[Page 539]]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MCL/MRDL/TT violations \2\ Monitoring & testing procedure
-------------------------------------- violations
Contaminant -------------------------------------
Tier of public Citation Tier of public
notice required notice required Citation
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. Violations of National Primary
Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR):
\3\
A. Microbiological Contaminants
1. Total coliform............... 2 141.63(a) 3 141.21(a)-(e)
2. Fecal coliform/E. coli....... 1 141.63(b) \4\ 1, 3 141.21(e)
3. Turbidity MCL................ 2 141.13(a) 3 141.22
4. Turbidity MCL (average of 2 \5\ 2, 1 141.13(b) 3 141.22
days' samples >5 NTU)..........
5. Turbidity (for TT violations \6\ 2, 1 141.71(a)(2), 3 141.74(a)(1),
resulting from a single 141.71(c)(2)(i), 141.74(b)(2),
exceedance of maximum allowable 141.73(a)(2), 141.74(c)(1),
turbidity level)............... 141.73(b)(2), 141.174
141.73(c)(2),
141.73(d),
141.173(a)(2),
141.173(b)
6. Surface Water Treatment Rule 2 141.70-141.73 3 141.74
violations, other than
violations resulting from
single exceedance of max.
allowable turbidity level (TT).
7. Interim Enhanced Surface 2 7 141.170-141.173 3 141.172, 141.174
Water Treatment Rule
violations, other than
violations resulting from
single exceedance of max.
turbidity level (TT)...........
B. Inorganic Chemicals (IOCs)
1. Antimony..................... 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c)
2. Arsenic...................... 2 141.11(b), 3 141.23(a), (l),
141.23(n) (m)
3. Asbestos (fibers >10 <greek- 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a)-(b)
m>m)...........................
4. Barium....................... 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c)
5. Beryllium.................... 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c)
6. Cadmium...................... 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c)
7. Chromium (total)............. 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c)
8. Cyanide...................... 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c)
9. Fluoride..................... 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c)
10. Mercury (inorganic)......... 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c)
11. Nitrate..................... 1 141.62(b) \8\ 1, 3 141.23(a), (d),
141.23(f)(2)
12. Nitrite..................... 1 141.62(b) \8\ 1, 3 141.23(a), (e),
141.23(f)(2)
13. Total Nitrate and Nitrite... 1 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a)
14. Selenium.................... 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c)
15. Thallium.................... 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c)
C. Lead and Copper Rule (Action
Level for lead is 0.015 mg/L, for
copper is 1.3 mg/L)
1. Lead and Copper Rule (TT).... 2 141.80-141.85 3 141.86-141.89
D. Synthetic Organic Chemicals
(SOCs)
1. 2,4-D........................ 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)
2. 2,4,5-TP (Silvex)............ 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)
3. Alachlor..................... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)
4. Atrazine..................... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)
5. Benzo(a)pyrene (PAHs)........ 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)

[[Page 540]]

6. Carbofuran................... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)
7. Chlordane.................... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)
8. Dalapon...................... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)
9. Di (2-ethylhexyl) adipate.... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)
10. Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)
11. Dibromochloropropane........ 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)
12. Dinoseb..................... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)
13. Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD)....... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)
14. Diquat...................... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)
15. Endothall................... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)
16. Endrin...................... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)
17. Ethylene dibromide.......... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)
18. Glyphosate.................. 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)
19. Heptachlor.................. 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)
20. Heptachlor epoxide.......... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)
21. Hexachlorobenzene........... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)
22. Hexachlorocyclo-pentadiene.. 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)
23. Lindane..................... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)
24. Methoxychlor................ 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)
25. Oxamyl (Vydate)............. 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)
26. Pentachlorophenol........... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)
27. Picloram.................... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)
28. Polychlorinated biphenyls 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)
(PCBs).........................
29. Simazine.................... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)
30. Toxaphene................... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)
E. Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs)
1. Benzene...................... 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f)
2. Carbon tetrachloride......... 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f)
3. Chlorobenzene 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f)
(monochlorobenzene)............
4. o-Dichlorobenzene............ 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f)
5. p-Dichlorobenzene............ 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f)
6. 1,2-Dichloroethane........... 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f)
7. 1,1-Dichloroethylene......... 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f)
8. cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene..... 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f)
9. trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene... 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f)
10. Dichloromethane............. 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f)
11. 1,2-Dichloropropane......... 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f)
12. Ethylbenzene................ 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f)
13. Styrene..................... 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f)
14. Tetrachloroethylene......... 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f)
15. Toluene..................... 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f)
16. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene...... 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f)
17. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane....... 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f)
18. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane....... 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f)
19. Trichloroethylene........... 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f)

[[Page 541]]

20. Vinyl chloride.............. 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f)
21. Xylenes (total)............. 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f)
F. Radioactive Contaminants
1. Beta/photon emitters......... 2 141.16 3 141.25(a),
141.26(b)
2. Alpha emitters............... 2 141.15(b) 3 141.25(a),
141.26(a)
3. Combined radium (226 & 228).. 2 141.15(a) 3 141.25(a),
141.26(a)
G. Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs),
Byproduct Precursors, Disinfectant
Residuals. Where disinfection is
used in the treatment of drinking
water, disinfectants combine with
organic and inorganic matter
present in water to form chemicals
called disinfection byproducts
(DBPs). EPA sets standards for
controlling the levels of
disinfectants and DBPs in drinking
water, including trihalomethanes
(THMs) and haloacetic acids
(HAAs).\9\
1. Total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) 2 \10\ 141.12, 3 141.30,
141.64(a) 141.132(a)-(b)
2. Haloacetic Acids (HAA5)...... 2 141.64(a) 3 141.132(a)-(b)
3. Bromate...................... 2 141.64(a) 3 141.132(a)-(b)
4. Chlorite..................... 2 141.64(a) 3 141.132(a)-(b)
5. Chlorine (MRDL).............. 2 141.65(a) 3 141.132(a), (c)
6. Chloramine (MRDL)............ 2 141.65(a) 3 141.132(a), (c)
7. Chlorine dioxide (MRDL), 2 141.65(a), 2 \11\, 3 141.132(a), (c),
where any 2 consecutive daily 141.133(c)(3) 141.133(c)(2)
samples at entrance to
distribution system only are
above MRDL.....................
8. Chlorine dioxide (MRDL), \12\ 1 141.65(a), 1 141.132(a), (c),
where sample(s) in distribution 141.133(c)(3) 141.133(c)(2)
system the next day are also
above MRDL.....................
9. Control of DBP precursors-- 2 141.135(a)-(b) 3 141.132(a), (d)
TOC (TT).......................
10. Bench marking and N/A N/A 3 141.172
disinfection profiling.........
11. Development of monitoring N/A N/A 3 141.132(f)
plan...........................
H. Other Treatment Techniques
1. Acrylamide (TT).............. 2 141.111 N/A N/A
2. Epichlorohydrin (TT)......... 2 141.111 N/A N/A
II. Unregulated Contaminant
Monitoring: \13\
A. Unregulated contaminants......... N/A N/A 3 141.40
B. Nickel........................... N/A N/A 3 141.23(c), (k)
III. Public Notification for
Variances and Exemptions:
A. Operation under a variance or 3 \14\ 1415, 1416, N/A N/A
exemption..........................
B. Violation of conditions of a 2 1415, 1416, \15\ N/A N/A
variance or exemption.............. 142.307
IV. Other Situations Requiring
Public Notification:
A. Fluoride secondary maximum 3 143.3 N/A N/A
contaminant level (SMCL) exceedance
B. Exceedance of nitrate MCL for non- 1 141.11(d) N/A N/A
community systems, as allowed by
primacy agency.....................
C. Availability of unregulated 3 141.40 N/A N/A
contaminant monitoring data........
D. Waterborne disease outbreak...... 1 141.2, N/A N/A
141.71(c)(2)(ii)
E. Other waterborne emergency \16\.. 1 N/A N/A N/A
F. Other situations as determined by \17\ 1, 2, 3 N/A N/A N/A
primacy agency.....................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 542]]

Appendix A--Endnotes

1. Violations and other situations not listed in this table (e.g.,
reporting violations and failure to prepare Consumer Confidence
Reports), do not require notice, unless otherwise determined by the
primary agency. Primacy agencies may, at their option, also require a
more stringent public notice tier (e.g., Tier 1 instead of Tier 2 or
Tier 2 instead of Tier 3) for specific violations and situations listed
in this Appendix, as authorized under Sec. 141.202(a) and
Sec. 141.203(a).
2. MCL--Maximum contaminant level, MRDL--Maximum residual
disinfectant level, TT--Treatment technique
3. The term Violations of National Primary Drinking Water
Regulations (NPDWR) is used here to include violations of MCL, MRDL,
treatment technique, monitoring, and testing procedure requirements.
4. Failure to test for fecal coliform or E. coli is a Tier 1
violation if testing is not done after any repeat sample tests positive
for coliform. All other total coliform monitoring and testing procedure
violations are Tier 3.
5. Systems that violate the turbidity MCL of 5 NTU based on an
average of measurements over two consecutive days must consult with the
primacy agency within 24 hours after learning of the violation. Based on
this consultation, the primacy agency may subsequently decide to elevate
the violation to Tier 1. If a system is unable to make contact with the
primacy agency in the 24-hour period, the violation is automatically
elevated to Tier 1.
6. Systems with treatment technique violations involving a single
exceedance of a maximum turbidity limit under the Surface Water
Treatment Rule (SWTR) or the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment
Rule (IESWTR) are required to consult with the primacy agency within 24
hours after learning of the violation. Based on this consultation, the
primacy agency may subsequently decide to elevate the violation to Tier
1. If a system is unable to make contact with the primacy agency in the
24-hour period, the violation is automatically elevated to Tier 1.
7. Most of the requirements of the Interim Enhanced Surface Water
Treatment Rule (63 FR 69477) (Secs. 141.170-141.171, 141.173-141.174)
become effective January 1, 2002 for Subpart H systems (surface water
systems and ground water systems under the direct influence of surface
water) serving at least 10,000 persons. However, Sec. 141.172 has some
requirements that become effective as early as April 16, 1999. The
Surface Water Treatment Rule remains in effect for systems serving at
least 10,000 persons even after 2002; the Interim Enhanced Surface Water
Treatment Rule adds additional requirements and does not in many cases
supercede the SWTR.
8. Failure to take a confirmation sample within 24 hours for nitrate
or nitrite after an initial sample exceeds the MCL is a Tier 1
violation. Other monitoring violations for nitrate are Tier 3.
9. Subpart H community and non-transient non-community systems
serving 10,000 must comply with new DBP MCLs, disinfectant
MRDLs, and related monitoring requirements beginning January 1, 2002.
All other community and non-transient non-community systems must meet
the MCLs and MRDLs beginning January 1, 2004. Subpart H transient non-
community systems serving 10,000 or more persons and using chlorine
dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant must comply with the chlorine
dioxide MRDL beginning January 1, 2002. Subpart H transient non-
community systems serving fewer than 10,000 persons and using only
ground water not under the direct influence of surface water and using
chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant must comply with the
chlorine dioxide MRDL beginning January 1, 2004.
10. Sec. 141.12 will no longer apply after January 1, 2004.
11. Failure to monitor for chlorine dioxide at the entrance to the
distribution system the day after exceeding the MRDL at the entrance to
the distribution system is a Tier 2 violation.
12. If any daily sample taken at the entrance to the distribution
system exceeds the MRDL for chlorine dioxide and one or more samples
taken in the distribution system the next day exceed the MRDL, Tier 1
notification is required. Failure to take the required samples in the
distribution system after the MRDL is exceeded at the entry point also
triggers Tier 1 notification.
13. Some water systems must monitor for certain unregulated
contaminants listed in Sec. 141.40.
14. This citation refers to Secs. 1415 and 1416 of the Safe Drinking
Water Act. Secs. 1415 and 1416 require that "a schedule prescribed. . .
for a public water system granted a variance [or exemption] shall
require compliance by the system. . ."
15. In addition to Secs. 1415 and 1416 of the Safe Drinking Water
Act, 40 CFR 142.307 specifies the items and schedule milestones that
must be included in a variance for small systems.
16. Other waterborne emergencies require a Tier 1 public notice
under Sec. 141.202(a) for situations that do not meet the definition of
a waterborne disease outbreak given in 40 CFR 141.2 but that still have
the potential to have serious adverse effects on health as a result of
short-term exposure. These could include outbreaks not related to
treatment deficiencies, as well as situations that have the potential to
cause outbreaks, such as failures or significant interruption in water
treatment processes, natural disasters that

[[Page 543]]

disrupt the water supply or distribution system, chemical spills, or
unexpected loading of possible pathogens into the source water.
17. Primacy agencies may place other situations in any tier they
believe appropriate, based on threat to public health.

Effective Date Note 1: At 65 FR 76750, Dec. 7, 2000, the table in
appendix A to subpart Q was amended under I.F. "Radioactive
contaminants" by revising entries 1, 2, and 3, and by adding entry 4;
by redesignating table endnotes 9 through 17 as 11 through 19; and by
adding new endnotes 9 and 10, effective Dec. 8, 2003. For the
convenience of the user, the revised and added text is set forth as
follows:

Appendix A to Subpart Q to Part 141--NPDWR Violations and Other
Situations Requiring Public Notice \1\

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MCL/MRDL/TT Violations \2\ Monitoring and testing
------------------------------- procedure violations
Contaminant ------------------------------
Tier of public Citation Tier of public
notice required notice required Citation
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

I. Violations of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR) \3\

* * * * * *
*
F. Radioactive contaminants

1. Beta/photon emitters........................... 2 141.66(d) 3 141.25(a)
141.26(b)
2. Alpha emitters................................. 2 141.66(c) 3 141.25(a)
141.26(a)
3. Combined radium (226 and 228).................. 2 141.66(b) 3 141.25(a)
141.26(a)
4. Uranium........................................ \9\ 2 141.66(e) \10\ 3 141.25(a)
141.26(a)

* * * * * *
*
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix A--Endnotes

* * * * *

9. The uranium MCL Tier 2 violation citations are effective December
8, 2003 for all community water systems.
10. The uranium Tier 3 violation citations are effective December 8,
2000 for all community water systems.

* * * * *

Effective Date Note 2: At 66 FR 7065, Jan. 22, 2001, Appendix A to
Subpart Q was amended by revising the entry for "2. Arsenic" under
"B. Inorganic Chemicals (IOCs)"; redesignating endnotes 8 through 17
as endnotes 10 through 19 in the table and at the end of the table; and
adding endnotes 8 and 9, effective Mar. 23, 2001. At 66 FR 16134, Mar.
23, 2001, the effective date was delayed until May 22, 2001. At 66 FR
28350, May 22, 2001, the effective date was further delayed until Feb.
22, 2002. For the convenience of the user, the revised and added text is
set forth as follows:

Appendix A to Subpart Q--NPDWR Violations and Other Situations Requiring
Public Notice \1\

[[Page 544]]

Appendix A--Endnotes

* * * * *

8. The arsenic MCL citations are effective January 23, 2006. Until
then, the citations are Sec. 141.11(b) and Sec. 141.23(n).
9. The arsenic Tier 3 violation MCL citations are effective January
23, 2006. Until then, the citations are Sec. 141.23(a), (l).

* * * * *

Effective Date Note 3: At 66 FR 31104, June 8, 2001, Appendix A to
subpart Q of part 141 was amended by adding a new entry "8." in
numerical order under I.A., effective Aug. 7, 2001. For the convenience
of the user, the added text is set forth as follows:

Appendix A to Subpart Q of Part 141.--NPDWR Violations and Other
Situations Requiring Public Notice \1\

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MCL/MRDL/TT violations \2\ Monitoring and testing
------------------------------- procedure violations
Contaminant ------------------------------
Tier of public Citation Tier of public
notice required notice required Citation
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. Violations of National Primary Drinking Water
Regulations (NPDWR): \3\
A. Microbiological Contaminants

* * * * * *
*
8. Filter Backwash Recycling Rule violations.. 2 141.76 3 141.76

* * * * * *
*
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appendix A--Endnotes
1. Violations and other situations not listed in this table (e.g., reporting violations and failure to prepare
Consumer Confidence Reports), do not require notice, unless otherwise determined by the primacy agency.
Primacy agencies may, at their option, also require a more stringent public notice tier (e.g., Tier 1 instead
of Tier 2 or Tier 2 instead of Tier 3) for specific violations and situations listed in this Appendix, as
authorized under Sec. 141.202(a) and Sec. 141.203(a).
2. MCL--Maximum contaminant level, MRDL--Maximum residual disinfectant level, TT--Treatment technique.
3. The term Violations of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR) is used here to include violations
of MCL, MRDL, treatment technique, monitoring, and testing procedure requirements.

* * * * *

Appendix B to Subpart Q of Part 141--Standard Health Effects Language
for Public Notification

[[Page 545]]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Standard health effects language for
Contaminant MCLG \1\ mg/L MCL \2\ mg/L public notification
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR)
A. Microbiological Contaminants
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1a. Total coliform............ Zero See footnote \3\ Coliforms are bacteria that are naturally
present in the environment and are used
as an indicator that other, potentially-
harmful, bacteria may be present.
Coliforms were found in more samples
than allowed and this was a warning of
potential problems.
1b. Fecal coliform/E. coli.... Zero Zero Fecal coliforms and E. coli are bacteria
whose presence indicates that the water
may be contaminated with human or animal
wastes. Microbes in these wastes can
cause short-term effects, such as
diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches, or
other symptoms. They may pose a special
health risk for infants, young children,
some of the elderly, and people with
severely compromised immune systems.
2a. Turbidity (MCL) \4\....... None 1 NTU \5\/5 NTU Turbidity has no health effects. However,
turbidity can interfere with
disinfection and provide a medium for
microbial growth. Turbidity may indicate
the presence of disease-causing
organisms. These organisms include
bacteria, viruses, and parasites that
can cause symptoms such as nausea,
cramps, diarrhea and associated
headaches.
2b. Turbidity (SWTR TT) \6\... None TT \7\ Turbidity has no health effects. However,
turbidity can interfere with
disinfection and provide a medium for
microbial growth. Turbidity may indicate
the presence of disease-causing
organisms. These organisms include
bacteria, viruses, and parasites that
can cause symptoms such as nausea,
cramps, diarrhea and associated
headaches.
2c. Turbidity (IESWTR TT) \8\. None TT Turbidity has no health effects. However,
turbidity can interfere with
disinfection and provide a medium for
microbial growth. Turbidity may indicate
the presence of disease-causing
organisms. These organisms include
bacteria, viruses, and parasites that
can cause symptoms such as nausea,
cramps, diarrhea and associated
headaches.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
B. Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) and Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR) violations
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Giardia lamblia (SWTR/ Zero TT \10\ Inadequately treated water may contain
IESWTR). disease-causing organisms. These
organisms include bacteria, viruses, and
parasites which can cause symptoms such
as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and
associated headaches.
4. Viruses (SWTR/IESWTR)......
5. Heterotrophic plate count
(HPC) bacteria \9\ (SWTR/
IESWTR).
6. Legionella (SWTR/IESWTR)...
7. Cryptosporidium (IESWTR) ..
C. Inorganic Chemicals (IOCs)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. Antimony................... 0.006 0.006 Some people who drink water containing
antimony well in excess of the MCL over
many years could experience increases in
blood cholesterol and decreases in blood
sugar.
9. Arsenic.................... None 0.05 Some people who drink water containing
arsenic in excess of the MCL over many
years could experience skin damage or
problems with their circulatory system,
and may have an increased risk of
getting cancer.
10. Asbestos (10 <greek-m>m).. 7 MFL \11\ 7 MFL Some people who drink water containing
asbestos in excess of the MCL over many
years may have an increased risk of
developing benign intestinal polyps.
11. Barium.................... 2 2 Some people who drink water containing
barium in excess of the MCL over many
years could experience an increase in
their blood pressure.
12. Beryllium................. 0.004 0.004 Some people who drink water containing
beryllium well in excess of the MCL over
many years could develop intestinal
lesions.

[[Page 546]]

13. Cadmium................... 0.005 0.005 Some people who drink water containing
cadmium in excess of the MCL over many
years could experience kidney damage.
14. Chromium (total).......... 0.1 0.1 Some people who use water containing
chromium well in excess of the MCL over
many years could experience allergic
dermatitis.
15. Cyanide................... 0.2 0.2 Some people who drink water containing
cyanide well in excess of the MCL over
many years could experience nerve damage
or problems with their thyroid.
16. Fluoride.................. 4.0 4.0 Some people who drink water containing
fluoride in excess of the MCL over many
years could get bone disease, including
pain and tenderness of the bones.
Fluoride in drinking water at half the
MCL or more may cause mottling of
children's teeth, usually in children
less than nine years old. Mottling, also
known as dental fluorosis, may include
brown staining and/or pitting of the
teeth, and occurs only in developing
teeth before they erupt from the gums.
17. Mercury (inorganic)....... 0.002 0.002 Some people who drink water containing
inorganic mercury well in excess of the
MCL over many years could experience
kidney damage.
18. Nitrate................... 10 10 Infants below the age of six months who
drink water containing nitrate in excess
of the MCL could become seriously ill
and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms
include shortness of breath and blue
baby syndrome.
19. Nitrite................... 1 1 Infants below the age of six months who
drink water containing nitrite in excess
of the MCL could become seriously ill
and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms
include shortness of breath and blue
baby syndrome.
20. Total Nitrate and Nitrite. 10 10 Infants below the age of six months who
drink water containing nitrate and
nitrite in excess of the MCL could
become seriously ill and, if untreated,
may die. Symptoms include shortness of
breath and blue baby syndrome.
21. Selenium.................. 0.05 0.05 Selenium is an essential nutrient.
However, some people who drink water
containing selenium in excess of the MCL
over many years could experience hair or
fingernail losses, numbness in fingers
or toes, or problems with their
circulation.
22. Thallium.................. 0.0005 0.002 Some people who drink water containing
thallium in excess of the MCL over many
years could experience hair loss,
changes in their blood, or problems with
their kidneys, intestines, or liver.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
D. Lead and Copper Rule
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
23. Lead...................... Zero TT \12\ Infants and children who drink water
containing lead in excess of the action
level could experience delays in their
physical or mental development. Children
could show slight deficits in attention
span and learning abilities. Adults who
drink this water over many years could
develop kidney problems or high blood
pressure.
24. Copper.................... 1.3 TT \13\ Copper is an essential nutrient, but some
people who drink water containing copper
in excess of the action level over a
relatively short amount of time could
experience gastrointestinal distress.
Some people who drink water containing
copper in excess of the action level
over many years could suffer liver or
kidney damage. People with Wilson's
Disease should consult their personal
doctor.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
E. Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
25. 2,4-D..................... 0.07 0.07 Some people who drink water containing
the weed killer 2,4-D well in excess of
the MCL over many years could experience
problems with their kidneys, liver, or
adrenal glands.
26. 2,4,5-TP (Silvex)......... 0.05 0.05 Some people who drink water containing
silvex in excess of the MCL over many
years could experience liver problems.

[[Page 547]]

27. Alachlor.................. Zero 0.002 Some people who drink water containing
alachlor in excess of the MCL over many
years could have problems with their
eyes, liver, kidneys, or spleen, or
experience anemia, and may have an
increased risk of getting cancer.
28. Atrazine.................. 0.003 0.003 Some people who drink water containing
atrazine well in excess of the MCL over
many years could experience problems
with their cardiovascular system or
reproductive difficulties.
29. Benzo(a)pyrene (PAHs)..... Zero 0.0002 Some people who drink water containing
benzo(a)pyrene in excess of the MCL over
many years may experience reproductive
difficulties and may have an increased
risk of getting cancer.
30. Carbofuran................ 0.04 0.04 Some people who drink water containing
carbofuran in excess of the MCL over
many years could experience problems
with their blood, or nervous or
reproductive systems.
31. Chlordane................. Zero 0.002 Some people who drink water containing
chlordane in excess of the MCL over many
years could experience problems with
their liver or nervous system, and may
have an increased risk of getting
cancer.
32. Dalapon................... 0.2 0.2 Some people who drink water containing
dalapon well in excess of the MCL over
many years could experience minor kidney
changes.
33. Di (2-ethylhexyl) adipate. 0.4 0.4 Some people who drink water containing di
(2-ethylhexyl) adipate well in excess of
the MCL over many years could experience
general toxic effects or reproductive
difficulties.
34. Di (2-ethylhexyl) Zero 0.006 Some people who drink water containing di
phthalate. (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in excess of
the MCL over many years may have
problems with their liver, or experience
reproductive difficulties, and may have
an increased risk of getting cancer.
35. Dibromochloropropane Zero 0.0002 Some people who drink water containing
(DBCP). DBCP in excess of the MCL over many
years could experience reproductive
difficulties and may have an increased
risk of getting cancer.
36. Dinoseb................... 0.007 0.007 Some people who drink water containing
dinoseb well in excess of the MCL over
many years could experience reproductive
difficulties.
37. Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD)..... Zero 3 x 10 -8 Some people who drink water containing
dioxin in excess of the MCL over many
years could experience reproductive
difficulties and may have an increased
risk of getting cancer.
38. Diquat.................... 0.02 0.02 Some people who drink water containing
diquat in excess of the MCL over many
years could get cataracts.
39. Endothall................. 0.1 0.1 Some people who drink water containing
endothall in excess of the MCL over many
years could experience problems with
their stomach or intestines.
40. Endrin.................... 0.002 0.002 Some people who drink water containing
endrin in excess of the MCL over many
years could experience liver problems.
41. Ethylene dibromide........ Zero 0.00005 Some people who drink water containing
ethylene dibromide in excess of the MCL
over many years could experience
problems with their liver, stomach,
reproductive system, or kidneys, and may
have an increased risk of getting
cancer.
42. Glyphosate................ 0.7 0.7 Some people who drink water containing
glyphosate in excess of the MCL over
many years could experience problems
with their kidneys or reproductive
difficulties.
43. Heptachlor................ Zero 0.0004 Some people who drink water containing
heptachlor in excess of the MCL over
many years could experience liver damage
and may have an increased risk of
getting cancer.
44. Heptachlor epoxide........ Zero 0.0002 Some people who drink water containing
heptachlor epoxide in excess of the MCL
over many years could experience liver
damage, and may have an increased risk
of getting cancer.
45. Hexachlorobenzene......... Zero 0.001 Some people who drink water containing
hexachlorobenzene in excess of the MCL
over many years could experience
problems with their liver or kidneys, or
adverse reproductive effects, and may
have an increased risk of getting
cancer.
46. Hexachlorocyclo-pentadiene 0.05 0.05 Some people who drink water containing
hexachlorocyclopentadiene well in excess
of the MCL over many years could
experience problems with their kidneys
or stomach.
47. Lindane................... 0.0002 0.0002 Some people who drink water containing
lindane in excess of the MCL over many
years could experience problems with
their kidneys or liver.
48. Methoxychlor.............. 0.04 0.04 Some people who drink water containing
methoxychlor in excess of the MCL over
many years could experience reproductive
difficulties.

[[Page 548]]

49. Oxamyl (Vydate)........... 0.2 0.2 Some people who drink water containing
oxamyl in excess of the MCL over many
years could experience slight nervous
system effects.
50. Pentachlorophenol......... Zero 0.001 Some people who drink water containing
pentachlorophenol in excess of the MCL
over many years could experience
problems with their liver or kidneys,
and may have an increased risk of
getting cancer.
51. Picloram.................. 0.5 0.5 Some people who drink water containing
picloram in excess of the MCL over many
years could experience problems with
their liver.
52. Polychlorinated biphenyls Zero 0.0005 Some people who drink water containing
(PCBs). PCBs in excess of the MCL over many
years could experience changes in their
skin, problems with their thymus gland,
immune deficiencies, or reproductive or
nervous system difficulties, and may
have an increased risk of getting
cancer.
53. Simazine.................. 0.004 0.004 Some people who drink water containing
simazine in excess of the MCL over many
years could experience problems with
their blood.
54. Toxaphene................. Zero 0.003 Some people who drink water containing
toxaphene in excess of the MCL over many
years could have problems with their
kidneys, liver, or thyroid, and may have
an increased risk of getting cancer.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
F. Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
55. Benzene................... Zero 0.005 Some people who drink water containing
benzene in excess of the MCL over many
years could experience anemia or a
decrease in blood platelets, and may
have an increased risk of getting
cancer.
56. Carbon tetrachloride...... Zero 0.005 Some people who drink water containing
carbon tetrachloride in excess of the
MCL over many years could experience
problems with their liver and may have
an increased risk of getting cancer.
57. Chlorobenzene (monochloro- 0.1 0.1 Some people who drink water containing
benzene). chlorobenzene in excess of the MCL over
many years could experience problems
with their liver or kidneys.
58. o-Dichlorobenzene......... 0.6 0.6 Some people who drink water containing o-
dichlorobenzene well in excess of the
MCL over many years could experience
problems with their liver, kidneys, or
circulatory systems.
59. p-Dichlorobenzene......... 0.075 0.075 Some people who drink water containing p-
dichlorobenzene in excess of the MCL
over many years could experience anemia,
damage to their liver, kidneys, or
spleen, or changes in their blood.
60. 1,2-Dichloroethane........ Zero 0.005 Some people who drink water containing
1,2-dichloroethane in excess of the MCL
over many years may have an increased
risk of getting cancer.
61. 1,1-Dichloroethylene...... 0.007 0.007 Some people who drink water containing
1,1-dichloroethylene in excess of the
MCL over many years could experience
problems with their liver.
62. cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene.. 0.07 0.07 Some people who drink water containing
cis-1,2-dichloroethylene in excess of
the MCL over many years could experience
problems with their liver.
63. trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 0.1 0.1 Some people who drink water containing
trans-1,2-dichloroethylene well in
excess of the MCL over many years could
experience problems with their liver.
64. Dichloromethane........... Zero 0.005 Some people who drink water containing
dichloromethane in excess of the MCL
over many years could have liver
problems and may have an increased risk
of getting cancer.
65. 1,2-Dichloropropane....... Zero 0.005 Some people who drink water containing
1,2-dichloropropane in excess of the MCL
over many years may have an increased
risk of getting cancer.
66. Ethylbenzene.............. 0.7 0.7 Some people who drink water containing
ethylbenzene well in excess of the MCL
over many years could experience
problems with their liver or kidneys.
67. Styrene................... 0.1 0.1 Some people who drink water containing
styrene well in excess of the MCL over
many years could have problems with
their liver, kidneys, or circulatory
system.

[[Page 549]]

68. Tetrachloroethylene....... Zero 0.005 Some people who drink water containing
tetrachloroethylene in excess of the MCL
over many years could have problems with
their liver, and may have an increased
risk of getting cancer.
69. Toluene................... 1 1 Some people who drink water containing
toluene well in excess of the MCL over
many years could have problems with
their nervous system, kidneys, or liver.
70. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene.... 0.07 0.07 Some people who drink water containing
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene well in excess of
the MCL over many years could experience
changes in their adrenal glands.
71. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane..... 0.2 0.2 Some people who drink water containing
1,1,1-trichloroethane in excess of the
MCL over many years could experience
problems with their liver, nervous
system, or circulatory system.
72. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane..... 0.003 0.005 Some people who drink water containing
1,1,2-trichloroethane well in excess of
the MCL over many years could have
problems with their liver, kidneys, or
immune systems.
73. Trichloroethylene......... Zero 0.005 Some people who drink water containing
trichloroethylene in excess of the MCL
over many years could experience
problems with their liver and may have
an increased risk of getting cancer.
74. Vinyl chloride............ Zero 0.002 Some people who drink water containing
vinyl chloride in excess of the MCL over
many years may have an increased risk of
getting cancer.
75. Xylenes (total)........... 10 10 Some people who drink water containing
xylenes in excess of the MCL over many
years could experience damage to their
nervous system.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
G. Radioactive Contaminants
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
76. Beta/photon emitters...... Zero 4 mrem/yr \14\ Certain minerals are radioactive and may
emit forms of radiation known as photons
and beta radiation. Some people who
drink water containing beta and photon
emitters in excess of the MCL over many
years may have an increased risk of
getting cancer.
77. Alpha emitters............ Zero 15 pCi/L \15\ Certain minerals are radioactive and may
emit a form of radiation known as alpha
radiation. Some people who drink water
containing alpha emitters in excess of
the MCL over many years may have an
increased risk of getting cancer.
78. Combined radium (226 & Zero 5 pCi/L Some people who drink water containing
228). radium 226 or 228 in excess of the MCL
over many years may have an increased
risk of getting cancer.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
H. Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs), Byproduct Precursors, and Disinfectant Residuals: Where disinfection is used
in the treatment of drinking water, disinfectants combine with organic and inorganic matter present in water to
form chemicals called disinfection byproducts (DBPs). EPA sets standards for controlling the levels of
disinfectants and DBPs in drinking water, including trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) \16\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
79. Total trihalomethanes N/A 0.10/0.08017 18 Some people who drink water containing
(TTHMs). trihalomethanes in excess of the MCL
over many years may experience problems
with their liver, kidneys, or central
nervous system, and may have an
increased risk of getting cancer.
80. Haloacetic Acids (HAA).... N/A 0.060 \19\ Some people who drink water containing
haloacetic acids in excess of the MCL
over many years may have an increased
risk of getting cancer.
81. Bromate................... Zero 0.010 Some people who drink water containing
bromate in excess of the MCL over many
years may have an increased risk of
getting cancer.
82. Chlorite.................. 0.08 1.0 Some infants and young children who drink
water containing chlorite in excess of
the MCL could experience nervous system
effects. Similar effects may occur in
fetuses of pregnant women who drink
water containing chlorite in excess of
the MCL. Some people may experience
anemia.
83. Chlorine.................. 4 (MRDLG) \20\ 4.0 (MRDL) \21\ Some people who use water containing
chlorine well in excess of the MRDL
could experience irritating effects to
their eyes and nose. Some people who
drink water containing chlorine well in
excess of the MRDL could experience
stomach discomfort.

[[Page 550]]

84. Chloramines............... 4 (MRDLG) 4.0 (MRDL) Some people who use water containing
chloramines well in excess of the MRDL
could experience irritating effects to
their eyes and nose. Some people who
drink water containing chloramines well
in excess of the MRDL could experience
stomach discomfort or anemia.
85a. Chlorine dioxide, where 0.8 (MRDLG) 0.8 (MRDL) Some infants and young children who drink
any 2 consecutive daily water containing chlorine dioxide in
samples taken at the entrance excess of the MRDL could experience
to the distribution system nervous system effects. Similar effects
are above the MRDL. may occur in fetuses of pregnant women
who drink water containing chlorine
dioxide in excess of the MRDL. Some
people may experience anemia.
Add for public notification only: The
chlorine dioxide violations reported
today are the result of exceedances at
the treatment facility only, not within
the distribution system which delivers
water to consumers. Continued compliance
with chlorine dioxide levels within the
distribution system minimizes the
potential risk of these violations to
consumers.
85b. Chlorine dioxide, where 0.8 (MRDLG) 0.8 (MRDL) Some infants and young children who drink
one or more distribution water containing chlorine dioxide in
system samples are above the excess of the MRDL could experience
MRDL. nervous system effects. Similar effects
may occur in fetuses of pregnant women
who drink water containing chlorine
dioxide in excess of the MRDL. Some
people may experience anemia.
Add for public notification only: The
chlorine dioxide violations reported
today include exceedances of the EPA
standard within the distribution system
which delivers water to consumers.
Violations of the chlorine dioxide
standard within the distribution system
may harm human health based on short-
term exposures. Certain groups,
including fetuses, infants, and young
children, may be especially susceptible
to nervous system effects from excessive
chlorine dioxide exposure.
86. Control of DBP precursors None TT Total organic carbon (TOC) has no health
(TOC). effects. However, total organic carbon
provides a medium for the formation of
disinfection byproducts. These
byproducts include trihalomethanes
(THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs).
Drinking water containing these
byproducts in excess of the MCL may lead
to adverse health effects, liver or
kidney problems, or nervous system
effects, and may lead to an increased
risk of getting cancer.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. Other Treatment Techniques
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
87. Acrylamide................ Zero TT Some people who drink water containing
high levels of acrylamide over a long
period of time could have problems with
their nervous system or blood, and may
have an increased risk of getting
cancer.
88. Epichlorohydrin........... Zero TT Some people who drink water containing
high levels of epichlorohydrin over a
long period of time could experience
stomach problems, and may have an
increased risk of getting cancer.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 551]]

Appendix B--Endnotes

1. MCLG--Maximum contaminant level goal
2. MCL--Maximum contaminant level
3. For water systems analyzing at least 40 samples per month, no
more than 5.0 percent of the monthly samples may be positive for total
coliforms. For systems analyzing fewer than 40 samples per month, no
more than one sample per month may be positive for total coliforms.
4. There are various regulations that set turbidity standards for
different types of systems, including 40 CFR 141.13, the 1989 Surface
Water Treatment Rule, and the 1998 Interim Enhanced Surface Water
Treatment Rule. The MCL for the monthly turbidity average is 1 NTU; the
MCL for the 2-day average is 5 NTU for systems that are required to
filter but have not yet installed filtration (40 CFR 141.13).
5. NTU--Nephelometric turbidity unit
6. There are various regulations that set turbidity standards for
different types of systems, including 40 CFR 141.13, the 1989 Surface
Water Treatment Rule (SWTR), and the 1998 Interim Enhanced Surface Water
Treatment Rule (IESWTR). Systems subject to the Surface Water Treatment
Rule (both filtered and unfiltered) may not exceed 5 NTU. In addition,
in filtered systems, 95 percent of samples each month must not exceed
0.5 NTU in systems using conventional or direct filtration and must not
exceed 1 NTU in systems using slow sand or diatomaceous earth filtration
or other filtration technologies approved by the primacy agency.
7. TT--Treatment technique
8. There are various regulations that set turbidity standards for
different types of systems, including 40 CFR 141.13, the 1989 Surface
Water Treatment Rule (SWTR), and the 1998 Interim Enhanced Surface Water
Treatment Rule (IESWTR). For systems subject to the IESWTR (systems
serving at least 10,000 people, using surface water or ground water
under the direct influence of surface water), that use conventional
filtration or direct filtration, after January 1, 2002, the turbidity
level of a system's combined filter effluent may not exceed 0.3 NTU in
at least 95 percent of monthly measurements, and the turbidity level of
a system's combined filter effluent must not exceed 1 NTU at any time.
Systems subject to the IESWTR using technologies other than
conventional, direct, slow sand, or diatomaceous earth filtration must
meet turbidity limits set by the primacy agency.
9. The bacteria detected by heterotrophic plate count (HPC) are not
necessarily harmful. HPC is simply an alternative method of determining
disinfectant residual levels. The number of such bacteria is an
indicator of whether there is enough disinfectant in the distribution
system.
10. SWTR and IESWTR treatment technique violations that involve
turbidity exceedances may use the health effects language for turbidity
instead.
11. Millions fibers per liter.
12. Action Level = 0.015 mg/L
13. Action Level = 1.3 mg/L
14. Millirems per years
15. Picocuries per liter
16. Surface water systems and ground water systems under the direct
influence of surface water are regulated under Subpart H of 40 CFR 141.
Supbart H community and non-transient non-community systems serving
10,000 must comply with DBP MCLs and disinfectant maximum
residual disinfectant levels (MRDLs) beginning January 1, 2002. All
other community and non-transient noncommunity systems must meet the
MCLs and MRDLs beginning January 1, 2004. Subpart H transient non-
community systems serving 10,000 or more persons and using chlorine
dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant must comply with the chlorine
dioxide MRDL beginning January 1, 2002. Subpart H transient non-
community systems serving fewer than 10,000 persons and systems using
only ground water not under the direct influence of surface water and
using chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant must comply with the
chlorine dioxide MRDL beginning January 1, 2004.
17. The MCL of 0.10 mg/l for TTHMs is in effect until January 1,
2002 for Subpart H community water systems serving 10,000 or more. This
MCL is in effect until January 1, 2004 for community water systems with
a population of 10,000 or more using only ground water not under the
direct influence of surface water. After these deadlines, the MCL will
be 0.080 mg/l. On January 1, 2004, all systems serving less than 10,000
will have to comply with the new MCL as well.
18. The MCL for total trihalomethanes is the sum of the
concentrations of the individual trihalomethanes.
19. The MCL for haloacetic acids is the sum of the concentrations of
the individual haloacetic acids.
20. MRDLG--Maximum residual disinfectant level goal.
21. MRDL--Maximum residual disinfectant level.

[65 FR 26043, May 4, 2000; 65 FR 38629, June 21, 2000; 65 FR 40521,
40522, June 30, 2000]

Effective Date Note 1: At 65 FR 76751, Dec. 7, 2000, appendix B to
subpart Q of part 141 was amended by redesignating table entries 79
through 84 and 86 through 88 as 80 through 85 and 87 through 89,
respectively, and entries 85a and 85b as 86a and 86b, respectively; by
adding a new entry 79 for uranium under "G. Radioactive contaminants";
by redesignating table endnote entries 16 through 21 as 17 through 22;
and by adding a new endnote 16, effective Dec. 8, 2003. For the

[[Page 552]]

convenience of the user, the added text is set forth as follows:

Appendix B to Subpart Q of Part 141--Standard Health Effects Language
for Public Notification

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Standard health
Contaminant MCLG\1\ MCL\2\ effects language for
mg/L mg/L public notification
------------------------------------------------------------------------
National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations (NPDWR)

* * * *
* * *
G. Radioactive contaminants

* * * *
* * *
79. Uranium\16\............... Zero 30 Some people who drink
<greek water containing
-/L uranium in excess of
the MCL over many
years may have an
increased risk of
getting cancer and
kidney toxicity.

* * * *
* * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix B--Endnotes

* * * * *

16. The uranium MCL is effective December 8, 2003 for all community
water systems.

* * * * *

Effective Date Note 2: At 66 FR 7065, Jan. 22, 2001, Appendix B to
Subpart Q was amended by revising entry "9. Arsenic" under "C.
Inorganic chemicals (IOCs)"; redesignating endnotes 11 through 21 as
endnotes 12 through 22 in the table and at the end of the table; and
adding endnote 11, effective Mar. 23, 2001. At 66 FR 16134, Mar. 23,
2001, the effective date was delayed until May 22, 2001. At 66 FR 28350,
May 22, 2001, the effective date was further delayed until Feb. 22,
2002. For the convenience of the user, the revised and added text is set
forth as follows:

Appendix B to Subpart Q--Standard Health Effects Language for Public
Notification

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Standard health effects language
Contaminant MCLG \1\ mg/L MCL \2\ mg/L for public notification
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * *
*
9. Arsenic \11\............................ 0 0.01 Some people who drink water
containing arsenic in excess of
the MCL over many years could
experience skin damage or problems
with their circulatory system, and
may have an increased risk of
getting cancer.
* * * * * *
*
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix B--Endnotes

1. MCLG-Maximum contaminant level goal.
2. MCL-Maximum contaminant level.

* * * * *

11. These arsenic values are effective January 23, 2006. Until then,
the MCL is 0.05 mg/L and there is no MCLG.

* * * * *

Effective Date Note 3: At 66 FR 31104, June 8, 2001, Appendix B to
subpart Q of part 141 was amended by revising B. and entry "7." under
B., effective Aug. 7, 2001. For the convenience of the user, the revised
text is set forth as follows:

Appendix B to Subpart Q of Part 141.--Standard Health Effects Language
for Public Notification

[[Page 553]]

* * * * * *
*
B. Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR), Interim Enhanced
Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR) and Filter Backwash
Recycling Rule (FBRR) violations:

* * * * * *
*
7. Cryptosporidium (IESWTR/FBRR)........................

* * * * * *
*
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appendix B--Endnotes
1. MCLG--Maximum contaminant level goal.
2. MCL--Maximum contaminant level.

* * * * *

Appendix C to Subpart Q of Part 141--List of Acronyms Used in Public
Notification Regulation

CCR Consumer Confidence Report
CWS Community Water System
DBP Disinfection Byproduct
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
HPC Heterotrophic Plate Count
IESWTR Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
IOC Inorganic Chemical
LCR Lead and Copper Rule
MCL Maximum Contaminant Level
MCLG Maximum Contaminant Level Goal
MRDL Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level
MRDLG Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goal
NCWS Non-Community Water System
NPDWR National Primary Drinking Water Regulation
NTNCWS Non-Transient Non-Community Water System
NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit
OGWDW Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water
OW Office of Water
PN Public Notification
PWS Public Water System
SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act
SMCL Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level
SOC Synthetic Organic Chemical
SWTR Surface Water Treatment Rule
TCR Total Coliform Rule
TT Treatment Technique
TWS Transient Non-Community Water System
VOC Volatile Organic Chemical

Food Code 2001

FDA/Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition