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Preface xiii Introduction 1 1 The Black Worker to 1869 61 1 An Overview: The American South 61 2 Lumbermen 63 3 Frederick Douglass Encounters Racial Violence in a Baltimore Shipyard 68 4 "The Progress of Manufactures" 76 5 "Fisher's Report" 84 6 James Hammond, "Progress of Southern Industry" 90 7 A Favorable View of Industrial Slavery 96 8 Petition of Charleston Citizens to the State Legislature, 1822 98 9 William P. Powell on the Coloured Sailor's Home 99 10 Laws of South Carolina Respecting Colored Seamen 101 11 Coloured Seamen in Southern Ports 108 12 The Difficulty Among the Caulkers 110 13 "Is There Anything Higher Open to Us?" 112 14 Letter from an Observer of the Providence Riot, 1831 115 15 Learn Trades or Starve! FREDERICK DOUGLASS 118 16 A Plan for an Industrial College Presented by Frederick Douglass to Harriet Beecher Stowe, March 8, 1853 120 17 Rights of White Labor over Black 123 18 "Rights of White Labor over Black" (Rebuttal) 126 19 Reign of Terror 130 20 "Report of the Committee of Merchants for the Relief of Colored People, Suffering from the Late Riots in the City of New York" 130 21 Observations on the Labor of Freedmen 135 22 Whitelaw Reid Witnesses a Plantation "Strike" 139 23 June 18, 1866, First Collective Action of Black Women Workers 142 24 Strike of the Longshoremen 143 25 The Typographical Union-Prejudice Against Color 144 26 Frederick Douglass on the Rejection of His Son, Lewis, for Membership in the International Typographical Union 152 27 The Typographical Union's Justification 153 28 First Delegation of Black Unionists Admitted to a White Labor Convention 153 29 A Biographical Sketch of Isaac Myers 158 2 The Black Worker During the Era of the National Labor Union 163 30 National Labor Convention of the Colored Men of the United States 163 31 Proceedings of the (Colored) National Labor Union Convention 165 32 Leaving Miery Behind 190 33 The Southern Fugitives 200 34 Report of the Committee on Address to the National Conference of Colored Men of the United States, May 1879 205 3 The Black Worker During the Era of the Knights of Labor 209 35 Assemblies of Colored Men 209 36 Letter from a Black Knight 210 37 Knights of Labor on Their Mettle 211 38 He Sits Among the Whites 212 39 J. M. Townsend to TerencePowderly 215 40 James Hirst to Terence Powderly 215 41 D. H. Black to Terence Powderly 216 42 "Tradesman" to Terence Powderly 217 43 Banquet in Honor of District Assembly 49 Superior to Scoffers 218 44 Ida B. Wells Describes a Knights of Labor Meeting in Memphis 219 45 A Pittsburgh Strike 220 46 An Open Letter on Race by T. V. Powderly 222 47 The Knights Strike Sugar 224 48 Outrages in Louisiana 233 49 W. R. Ramsay to T. V. Powderly 234 4 The Black Worker During the Era of the American Federation of Labor and the Railroad Brotherhoods 237 50 Report of President Samuel Gompers to the A. F. of L. Convention of 1900 237 51 Committee on the Presidents Report, A. F. of L. Convention of 1900, and Amendment to the A. F. of L. Constitution, Article 12, Section 6, Adopted in 1900 239 52 Trade Union Attitude Toward Colored Workers 241 53 Samuel Gompers to John M. Callaghan, November 21, 1892 244 54 E. M. McGruder, General Organizer, to Samuel Gmpers, March 20, 1893 245 55 Samuel Gompers to E. M. McGruder, General Organizer, April 3, 1893 247 56 Samuel Gompers to George L. Nrton, May 17, 1892 247 57 Samuel Gompers to George L. Norton, February 7, 1893 248 58 W. S. Carter to Samuel ompers, October 3, 1896 249 59 W. S Carter to Samuel Gompers, October 26, 1896 251 60 The Negro Question 253 61 A Call for the Admission of Blacks into the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen 254 62 Firemen Respond to the Call for Admission of Blacks 255 63 The Negro in Train and Yard Service 256 64 The Negro in Train and Yard Service 258 65 The Negro No Good 260 66 Still Unsettled 262 67 Glasgow 264 68 To Glasgow's of Last Week- "No Fair Shake" 266 69 The Colored Race and Labor Organizations R. L. DAVIS, OHIO 268 70 Glasgow Again 269 71 R. L. to Glasgow 271 72 Another Chapter in the Correspondence Between Glasgow and Davis 273 73 Training Negro Labor 276 74 Industrial Education Is the Solution BOOKER T. WASHINGTON 277 75 Industrial Education: Not the Only Solution 280 5 The Black Worker from 1900 to 1919 285 76 The Negro and the Labor Unions BOOKER T. WASHINGTON 285 77 Woman's Local in the Stockyards 301 78 Georgia Railroad Strike 302 79 The Negro Exodus from the South W.T.B. WILLIAMS 304 80 Report of the Special Congressonal Committee to Investigate the East St. Louis Riots 324 81 The Chicago Riot 335 82 The Progressive Farmers and Househo Union of America 345 83 Our Woman Wage-Earners 350 84 The Changing Status of Negro Labor JAMES WELDON JOHNSON 352 85 Reasons Why White and Black Workers Should Combine in Labor Unions 354 86 Memorial on Behalf of Negro Wmen Laborers 355 87 Report on Situation at Boglusa, Luisiana, by President of Louisiana State Federation of Labor 357 88 Labor Struggles in the Deep South COVINGTON HALL 363 89 Negro Workers! 367 90 Colored Workers of America, Why You Should Join the I.W.W. 369 6 The Era of Postwar Prosperity and the Great Depression, 1920-1936 375 91 Industrial and Labor Conditions 375 92 A Black Inventory of the New Deal: JOHNP. DAVIS 378 93 The Life of Negroes in the Automobile Industry BILL SMEDLEY 385 94 Negro Seamen in the U.S.A. A SEAMAN 388 95 The Negro Working Woman MARY LOUISE WILLIAMS 389 96 Open Letter to the Pullman Company 392 97 A. F. of L. Wipes Out Color Line; Southern Delegates Start War 40 98 E. F. Roberts Explains Work of Colored Firemen's Organization 407 99 The A. F. of L. and the Negro ELMER ANDERSON CARTER 408 100 William Green (A.F.L.) to Elmer Anderson Carter, Editor of "Opportunity," November 7, 1929 411 101 Open Letter to Mr. William Green, President, American Federation of Labor 413 102 Negro Wage Earners and Trade Unions WILLIAM GREEN 417 103 An Open Letter to Mr. Wiliam Green of the A. F. of L. 419 104 Eugene V. Debs to the Editors of The Messenger, April 9, 1923 420 105 The Negro and Organized Labor BEN FLETCHER 422 106 Call Negro Workers to Meet 425 107 Organize the Negro Workers WM.Z. FOSTER 429 108 A Trade Union Program of Action for Negro Workers 432 109 Angelo Herndon's Speech to the Jury 438 7 The Black Worker from the Founding of the CIO to the AFL-CIO Merger, 1936-1955 445 110 The CIO and the Negro Worker 445 111 The C.I.O. and Negro Labor ERNEST CALLOWAY 453 112 A Year of the CIO 463 113 The Disadvantage of Being Female and Black 465 114 Negro Workers Lead in Great Lakes Steel Drive GEORGE S. SCHUYLER 469 115 The Making of Mamma Harris 480 116 The National Negro Congress: An Interpretation LESTER B. GRANGER 484 117 Formation of the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union HOWARD KESTER 489 118 Ten Million Sharecroppers MILDRED G. FREED 495 119 Mr. Herbert Little, NYA Representative, Called Mr. Aubrey Williams from Missouri, 1/15/39 501 120 Aubrey Williams to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, January 19, 1939 504 121 Developments in the Employment of Negroes in War Industries, War Manpower Report, October 16, 1943 507 122 Negro Women War Workers 513 123 To All Negro Ford Workers! Your Future Is with the CIO!! 524 124 Why Should We March? A. PHILIP RANDOLPH 527 125 Philadelphia: Post-War Preview 530 126 The Philadelphia Strike 531 127 Wasted Manpower 533 128 The Negro Labor Committee FRANK R. CROSSWAITH 535 129 Meany Vows Fight on Bias When Labor's Ranks Unite STANLEY LEVEY 538 8 The Black Worker from the AFL-CIO Merger to the Present 541 130 Last Hired, and Usually the First Let Go CHARLAYNE HUNTER 541 131 Report of the Resolutions Committee on Civil Rights, 1955 544 132 AFL-CIO Report on Civil Rights, 1961 554 133 AFL-CIO Seats Two Negroes HAROLD L. KEITH 566 134 Council Rejects Randolph Charges, Backs AFL-CIO Rights Record 567 135 A "Freedom Budget" for All Americans 571 136 Black Power and Labor 581 137 In Memphis: More Than a Garbage Strike J. EDWIN STANFIELD 585 138 Carolina Strike Unites Rights, Labor Groups MURRAY SEEGER 604 139 National Organizing Committee Hospital and Nursing Home Employees 610 140 Letters from Charleston Strikers 611 141 AFL-CIO Executive Council Report on Civil Rights, 1975 619 142 Conditions Facing Black and Third World Workers 624 143 Black Workers in Revolt ROBERT DUDNICK 632 144 League of Revolutionary Black Workers General Policy Statement, Labor History, and the League's Labor Program 652 145 DRUM Beats Will Be Heard 659 146 A Giant Step Toward Unity JACOBY SIMS 662 147 Black Caucus in the Unions STEPHEN C. SCHLESINGER 666 148 High Court Decision Backs Affirmative Action on Jobs DAVID L. PERLMAN 671 149 A Kind of 'Tolerance' TOM WICKER 674 150 Court Oversteps Bounds GEORGE F. WILL 676 151 The Weber Decision JAMES JOHNSON 678 152 Why the Underclass Is Still Under DON WYCLIFF 680 153 Jobs for Afro-Americans: A High Priority on the Equality Agenda VICTOR PERLO 681 Notes 693 Selected Bibliography 708 Index 713
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