OSHA Construction Industry Safety and Health Regulations Digest
Construction Safety and Health
Outreach Program
U.S. Department of Labor
OSHA Office of Training and Education
May 1996
This informational discussion is intended to provide a generic, non-exhaustive overview of a particular standards-related topic. This discussion does not itself alter or determine compliance responsibilities, which are set forth in OSHA standards themselves and in the Occupational Safety and Health Act. Moreover, because interpretations and enforcement policy may change over time, for additional guidance on OSHA compliance requirements, the reader should consult current administrative interpretations and decisions by the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission and the courts.
The Construction Industry safety and health standards contained in this discussion are to aid employers, supervisors, and safety and health personnel in their efforts toward achieving voluntary compliance with OSHA standards in the workplace.
Although this discussion does not contain all the Construction Industry safety and health standards, selection of those presented are (1) those standards most frequently overlooked by the employer, and (2) standards covering particularly hazardous situations. The standards are presented alphabetically followed by the reference to the appropriate standard. With few exceptions, standards in this discussion are from Title 29 of the Code of Federal
Regulations (CFR), Part 1926.
In addition, this discussion also contains (1) a brief overview of the essential elements of a generally applicable safety and health program, (2) a reminder to the employer of the advisability of regular employee training for job safety and health, and (3) a description of OSHA's Onsite Consultation Program available to the employer.
Remember . . . . This discussion is only a digest of basic applicable standards. This digest should in no way be considered a complete substitute for any provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, or for any standards promulgated under the Act. The requirements contained herein are summarized and abbreviated. The actual source standards are noted at the end of each reference; the CFR should be consulted for a more complete explanation of the specific standards listed.
Effective management of worker safety and health protection is a decisive factor in reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses and related costs. In 1982, OSHA began to approve worksites with exemplary safety and health management programs for participation in Voluntary Protection Programs (VPP).
In 1989, OSHA issued recommended guidelines for the effective management and protection of worker safety and health. These guidelines are summarized in the following paragraphs.(1)
GENERAL
Employers are advised and encouraged to institute and maintain in their establishments a program that provides adequate systematic policies, procedures, and practices to protect their employees from, and allow them to recognize, job-related safety and health hazards.
An effective program includes provisions for the systematic identification, evaluation, and prevention or control of general workplace hazards, specific job hazards, and potential hazards that may arise from foreseeable conditions.
Although compliance with the law, including specific OSHA standards, is an important objective, an effective program looks beyond specific requirements of law to address all hazards. It will seek to prevent injuries and illnesses, whether or not compliance is at issue.
The extent to which the program is described in writing is less important than how effective it is in practice. As the size of a worksite or the complexity of a hazardous operation increases, however, the need for written guidance increases to ensure clear communication of policies and priorities as well as a consistent and fair application of rules.
MAJOR ELEMENTS
An effective occupational safety and health program will include the following four main elements: management commitment and employee involvement, worksite analysis, hazard prevention and control, and safety and health training.
1. Management Commitment and Employee Involvement
The elements of management commitment and employee involvement are complementary and form the core of any occupational safety and health program. Management's commitment provides the motivating force and the resources for organizing and controlling activities within an organization. In an effective program, management regards worker safety and health as a fundamental value of the organization and applies its commitment to safety and health protection with as much vigor as to other organizational goals.
Employee involvement provides the means by which workers develop and/or express their own commitment to safety and health protection for themselves and for their fellow workers.
In implementing a safety and health program, there are various ways to provide commitment and support by management and employees. Some recommended actions are described briefly as follows:
State clearly a worksite policy on safe and healthful work and working conditions, so that all personnel with responsibility at the site (and personnel at other locations with responsibility for the site) fully understand the priority and importance of safety and health protection in the organization.
Establish and communicate a clear goal for the safety and health program and define objectives for meeting that goal so that all members of the organization understand the results desired and measures planned for achieving them.
Provide visible top management involvement in implementing the program so that all employees understand that management's commitment is serious.
Arrange for and encourage employee involvement in the structure and operation of the program and in decisions that affect their safety and health so that they will commit their insight and energy to achieving the safety and health program's goals and objectives.
Assign and communicate responsibility for all aspects of the program so that managers, supervisors, and employees in all parts of the organization know what performance is expected of them.
Provide adequate authority and resources to responsible parties so that assigned responsibilities can be met.
Hold managers, supervisors, and employees accountable for meeting their responsibilities so that essential tasks will be performed.
Review program operations at least annually to evaluate their success in meeting the goals and objectives so that deficiencies can be identified and the program and/or the objectives can be revised when they do not meet the goal of effective safety and health protection.
2. Worksite Analysis
A practical analysis of the work environment involves a variety of worksite examinations to identify existing hazards and conditions and operations in which changes might occur to create new hazards. Unawareness of a hazard stemming from failure to examine the worksite is a sign that safety and health policies and/or practices are ineffective. Effective management actively analyzes the work and worksite to anticipate and prevent harmful occurrences. The following measures are recommended to identify all existing and potential hazards:
Conduct comprehensive baseline worksite surveys for safety and health and periodic comprehensive update surveys and involve employees in this effort.
Analyze planned and new facilities, processes, materials, and equipment.
Perform routine job hazards analyses.
Assess risk factors of ergonomics applications to workers' tasks.
Conduct regular site safety and health inspections so that new or previously missed hazards and failures in hazard controls are identified.
Provide a reliable system for employees to notify management personnel about conditions that appear hazardous and to receive timely and appropriate responses and encourage employees to use the system without fear of reprisal. This system utilizes employee insight and experience in safety and health protection and allows employee concerns to be addressed.
Investigate accidents and "near miss" incidents so that their causes and means of prevention can be identified.
Analyze injury and illness trends over time so that patterns with common causes can be identified and prevented.
Use OSHA's Computer-Disk, Read-Only-Memory (CD-ROM)(2) to review case studies that might be pertinent to worksite analyses and hazard identification.
3. Hazard Prevention and Control
Where feasible, workplace hazards are prevented by effective design of the job site or job. Where it is not feasible to eliminate such hazards, they must be controlled to prevent unsafe and unhealthful exposure. Elimination or control must be accomplished in a timely manner once a hazard or potential hazards is recognized. Specifically, as part of the program, employers should establish procedures to correct or control present or potential hazards in a timely manner. These procedures should include measures such as the following:
Use engineering techniques where feasible and appropriate.
Establish, at the earliest time, safe work practices and procedures that are understood and followed by all affected parties. Understanding and compliance are a result of training, positive reinforcement, correction of unsafe performance, and if necessary, enforcement through a clearly communicated disciplinary system.
Provide personal protective equipment when engineering controls are infeasible.
Use administrative controls, such as reducing the duration of exposure.
Maintain the facility and equipment to prevent equipment breakdowns.
Plan and prepare for emergencies, and conduct training and emergency drills, as needed, to ensure that proper responses to emergencies will be "second nature" for all persons involved.
Establish a medical program that includes first aid onsite as well as nearby physician and emergency medical care to reduce the risk of any injury or illness that occurs.
4. Safety and Health Training
Training is an essential component of an effective safety and health program. Training helps identify the safety and health responsibilities of both management and employees at the site. Training is often most effective when incorporated into other education on performance requirements and job practices. The complexity of training depends on the size and complexity of the worksite as well as the characteristics of the hazards and potential hazards at the site.
Employee Training. Employee training programs should be designed to ensure that all employees understand and are aware of the hazards to which they may be exposed and the proper methods for avoiding such hazards.
Supervisory Training. Supervisors should be trained to understand the key role they play in job site safety and to enable them to carry out their safety and health responsibilities effectively. Training programs for supervisors should include the following topics:
Analyze the work under their supervision to anticipate and identify potential hazards.
Maintain physical protection in their work areas.
Reinforce employee training on the nature of potential hazards in their work and on needed protective measures through continual performance feedback and, if necessary, through enforcement of safe work practices.
Understand their safety and health responsibilities.
NOTE: See standard requirements, 1926.21, for safety training and education.
Many standards promulgated by OSHA explicitly require the employer to train employees in the safety and health aspects of their jobs. Other OSHA standards make it the employer's responsibility to limit certain job assignments to employees who are "certified," "competent," or "qualified," meaning that they have had special previous training. This should be an essential part of every employer's program for protecting workers from accidents and illnesses. Many researchers conclude that those who are new on the job have a higher rate of accidents and injuries than more experienced workers. This may be due to ignorance of specific job hazards and/or of proper work practices, and if so, training may help provide a solution.
It is a good safety and business practice for employers to keep records of all safety and health training. Records can provide evidence of the employer's good faith and compliance with OSHA standards. Documentation also can supply an answer to one of the first questions an accident investigator will ask: "Was the injured employee properly trained to do the job?"
Training in the proper performance of a job is time and money well spent, and the employer should regard it as an investment rather than an expense. An effective program of safety and health training for workers can result in fewer accidents and illnesses, improved moral, and lower insurance premiums, among other benefits.
The onsite safety and health consultation program is available to employers in all states who want help in recognizing and correcting safety and health hazards in their workplaces through free onsite consultation services funded by OSHA. The service is performed by state governments or private sector contractors using well-trained professional staffs.
The onsite consultation program is one of the several that OSHA designed to assist employers in voluntarily fulfilling their responsibilities for workplace safety and health.
Primarily targeted for smaller businesses, the onsite consultation program is completely separate from the OSHA inspection effort. No citations are issued or penalties proposed for any safety or health problems found in the workplace. The service is confidential. The employer's name, the firm's name, and any information about the workplace, plus any unsafe or unhealthful working conditions that the consultant uncovers, will not be reported routinely to the OSHA inspection staff.
The only obligation is the employer's commitment to correct, in a timely manner, serious job safety and health hazards. The employer is asked to make this commitment prior to the actual visit.
The onsite consultants perform the following:
Help recognize hazards in the workplace.
Suggest general approaches or options for solving a safety or health problem.
Assist the employer in developing or maintaining an effective safety and health program.
Identify the kinds of help available for further assistance.
Offer training and education for the employer and employees at the workplace.
Provide the employer with a written report summarizing findings.
Under specified circumstances, recommend the employer's worksite for recognition by OSHA and a 1-year exclusion from general schedule enforcement inspections.
Maintain lists of local providers of safety and industrial hygiene services.
The onsite consultants will not:
Issue citations or propose penalties for violations of OSHA standards.
Routinely report possible violations to OSHA enforcement staff unless unabated serious conditions exist.
Guarantee that the workplace will "pass" an OSHA inspection.
All abrasive wheel bench and stand grinders shall be provided with safety guards that cover the spindle ends, nut and flange projections, and are strong enough to withstand the effects of a bursting wheel. 1926.303(b)(1) & (c)(1)
An adjustable work rest of rigid construction shall be used on floor and bench-mounted grinders, with the work rest kept adjusted to a clearance not to exceed 1/8-inch (0.3175 centimeter) between the work rest and the surface of the wheel. 1926.303(c)(2)
All abrasive wheels shall be closely inspected and ring-tested before mounting to ensure that they are free from cracks or other defects. 1926.303(c)(7)
Each employer shall permit employees, their designated representatives, and OSHA direct access to employer-maintained exposure and medical records. The standard limits access only to those employees who are, have been (including former employees), or will be exposed to toxic substances or harmful physical agents. 1910.26.33(a) & .33(b)(3)
Each employer must preserve and maintain accurate medical and exposure records for each employee. Exposure records and data analyses based on them are to be kept for 30 years. Medical records are to be kept for at least the duration of employment plus 30 years. Background data for exposure records such as laboratory reports and work sheets need to be kept for only 1 year. Records of employees who have worked for less than 1 year need not be retained after employment, but the employer must provide these records to the employee upon termination of employment. First-aid records of one-time treatment need not be retained for any specified period. 1926.33(d)(1)
Each employer shall maintain in each establishment a log and summary (OSHA Form No. 200 or equivalent) of all recordable injuries and illnesses (resulting in a fatality, hospitalization, lost workdays, medical treatment, job transfer or termination, or loss of consciousness) for that establishment, and enter each recordable event no later than 6 working days after receiving the information. Where the complete log and summary records are maintained at a place other than the establishment, a copy of the log that reflects the injury and illnesses experience of the establishment complete and current to a date within 45 calendar days must be available at the original site. 1904.2(a) & (b)(2)
In addition to the log of occupational injuries and illnesses, each employer shall have available for inspection at each establishment within 6 working days after notification of a recordable case, a supplementary record (OSHA Form No. 101 or equivalent) for each occupational injury or illness for that establishment. 1904.4
Each employer shall post an annual summary of occupational injuries and illnesses for each establishment, compiled from the collected OSHA Form No. 200, which includes the year's totals, calendar year covered, company name, establishment name and address, certification signature, title, and date. An OSHA Form No. 200 shall be used in presenting the summary. The summary shall be posted by February 1 of each year and shall remain in place until March 1 of the same year. 1904.5(a) & (d)(1)
The log and summary, the supplementary record, and the annual summary shall be retained in each establishment for 5 years following the end of the year to which they relate. Records shall be made available, as authorized, upon request. 1904.6 & .7(a) & (b)
Within eight hours after its occurrence, an employment accident that is fatal to one or more employees or that results in the hospitalization of three or more employees shall be reported by the employer, either orally or in writing, to the nearest OSHA Area Director. 1904.8
Pneumatic power tools shall be secured to the hose in a positive manner to prevent accidental disconnection. 1926.302(b)(1)
Safety clips or retainers shall be securely installed and maintained on pneumatic impact tools to prevent attachments from being accidentally expelled. 1926.302(b)(2)
The manufacturer's safe operating pressure for all fittings shall not be exceeded. 1926.302(b)(5)
All hoses exceeding 1/2-inch (1.27-centimeter) inside diameter shall have a safety device at the source of supply or branch line to reduce pressure in case of hose failure. 1926.302(b)(7)
Each employer who has a workplace or work operation where exposure monitoring is required must perform monitoring to determine accurately the airborne concentrations of asbestos to which employees may be exposed. 1926.1101(f)(1)(i)
Employers also must ensure that no employee is exposed to an airborne concentration of asbestos in excess of 0.1 f/cc as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA). 1926.1l01(c)(1)
In addition, employers must ensure that no employee is exposed to an airborne concentration of asbestos in excess of 1 f/cc as averaged over a sampling period of 30 minutes. 1926.1101(c)(2)
Respirators must be used during (1) all Class I asbestos jobs; (2) all Class II work where an asbestos-containing material is not removed substantially intact; (3) all Class II and III work not using wet methods; (4) all Class II and III work without a negative exposure assessment; (5) all Class III jobs where thermal system insulation or surfacing asbestos-containing or presumed asbestos-containing material is cut, abraded, or broken; (6) all Class IV work within a regulated area where respirators are required; (7) all work where employees are exposed above the PEL or STEL; and (8) in emergencies. 1926.1101(h)(1)(i) thru (viii)
The employer must provide and require the use of protective clothing—such as coveralls or similar whole-body clothing, head coverings, gloves, and foot coverings—for
any employee exposed to airborne asbestos exceeding the PEL or Stel,
work without a negative exposure assessment, or
any employee performing Class I work involving the removal of over 25 linear or 10 square feet (10 square meters) of thermal system insulation or surfacing asbestos-containing or presumed asbestos-containing materials.
1926.1101(i)(1)
The employer must provide a medical surveillance program for all employees who for a combined total of 30 or more days per year—engage in Class I, II, or III work or are exposed at or above the PEL or STEL; or who wear negative-pressure respirators. 1926.1101(m)(1)(i)
Compressed air used for cleaning purposes shall be reduced to less than 30 pounds per square inch (psi) (207 KPa) and then only with effective chip guarding and personal protective equipment. 1926.302(b)(4)
This requirement does not apply to concrete form, mill scale, and similar cleaning operations. 1926.302(b)(4)
Valve protection caps shall be in place and secured when compressed gas cylinders are transported, moved, or stored. 1926.350(a)(1)
Cylinder valves shall be closed when work is finished and when cylinders are empty or are moved. 1926.350(a)(8)
Compressed gas cylinders shall be secured in an upright position at all times, except if necessary for short periods of time when cylinders are actually being hoisted or carried. 1926.350(a)(9)
Cylinders shall be kept far enough away from the actual welding or cutting operations so that sparks, hot slag, or flame will not reach them. When this is impractical, fire-resistant shields shall be provided. Cylinders shall be placed where they cannot become part of an electrical circuit. 1926.350(b)(1)&(2)
Oxygen and fuel gas regulators shall be in proper working order while in use. 1926.350(h)
For additional details not covered in this subpart, applicable technical portions of American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z49.1-1967, Safety in Welding and Cutting, shall apply. 1926.350(j)
All employees required to enter into confined or enclosed spaces must be instructed as to the nature of the hazards involved, the necessary precautions to be taken, and in the use of required protective and emergency equipment. The employer shall comply with any specific regulations that apply to work in dangerous or potentially dangerous areas. Confined or enclosed spaces include, but are not limited to, storage tanks, process vessels, bins, boilers, ventilation or exhaust ducts, sewers, underground utility vaults, tunnels, pipelines, and open top spaces more than 4 feet deep (1.2192 meters) such as pits tubs, vaults, and vessels. 1926.21(b(i) and (ii)
No construction loads shall be placed on a concrete structure or portion of a concrete structure unless the employer determines, based on information received from a person who is qualified in structural design, that the structure or portion of the structure is capable of supporting the loads. 1926.701(a)
All protruding reinforced steel onto and into which employees could fall shall be guarded to eliminate the hazard of impalement. 1926.701(b)
No employee shall be permitted to work under concrete buckets while buckets are being elevated or lowered into position. 1926.701(e)(1)
To the extent practical, elevated concrete buckets shall be routed so that no employee or the fewest number of employees is exposed to the hazards associated with falling concrete buckets. 1926.701(e)(2)
Formwork shall be designed, fabricated, erected, supported, braced, and maintained so that it is capable of supporting without failure all vertical and lateral loads that may reasonably be anticipated to be applied to the formwork. 1926.703(a)(1)
Forms and shores (except those used for slabs on grade and slip forms) shall not be removed until the employer determines that the concrete has gained sufficient strength to support its weight and superimposed loads. Such determination shall be based on compliance with one of the following:
The plans and specifications stipulate conditions for removal of forms and shores, and such conditions have been followed, or
The concrete has been properly tested with an appropriate American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) standard test method designed to indicate the concrete compressive strength, and the test results indicate that the concrete has gained sufficient strength to support its weight and superimposed loads. (ASTM, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103; (215) 299-5400.)
1926.703(e)(1)(i)&(ii)
A limited access zone shall be established whenever a masonry wall is being constructed. The limited access zone shall conform to the following:
The limited access zone shall be established prior to the start of construction of the wall.
The limited access zone shall be equal to the height of the wall to be constructed plus 4 feet (1.2192 meters), and shall run the entire length of the wall.
The limited access zone shall be established on the side of the wall that will be unscaffolded.
The limited access zone shall be restricted to entry by employees actively engaged in constructing the wall. No other employees shall be permitted to enter the zone.
The limited access zone shall remain in place until the wall is adequately supported to prevent overturning and to prevent collapse; where the height of a wall is more than 8 feet (2.4384 meters), the limited access zone shall remain in place until the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section have been met.
1926.706(a)(1) thru (5)
All masonry walls more than 8 feet (2.4384 meters) in height shall be adequately braced to prevent overturning and to prevent collapse unless the wall is adequately supported so that it will not overturn or collapse. The bracing shall remain in place until permanent supporting elements of the structure are in place. 1926.706(b)
Lift-slab operations shall be designed and planned by a registered professional engineer who has experience in lift-slab construction. Such plans and designs shall be implemented by the employer and shall include detailed instructions and sketches indicating the prescribed method of erection. 1926.705(a)
Jacking equipment shall be capable of supporting at least two and one-half times the load being lifted during jacking operations and the equipment shall not be overloaded. 1926.705(d)
No employee, except those essential to the jacking operation, shall be permitted in the building/structure while any jacking operation is taking place unless the building/structure has been reinforced sufficiently to ensure its integrity during erection. 1926.705(k)(1)
Equipment shall be designed and installed so that the lifting rods cannot slip out of position or the employer shall institute other measures, such as the use of locking or blocking devices, which will provide positive connection between the lifting rods and attachments and will prevent components from disengaging during lifting operations. 1926.705(p)
The employer shall comply with the manufacturer's specifications and limitations. 1926.550(a)(1)
Rated load capacities, recommended operating speeds, and special hazard warnings or instructions shall be conspicuously posted on all equipment. Instructions or warnings shall be visible from the operator's station. 1926.550(a)(2)
Equipment shall be inspected by a competent person before each use and during use, and all deficiencies corrected before further use. 1926.550(a)(5)
Accessible areas within the swing radius of the rear of the rotating superstructure shall be properly barricaded to prevent employees from being struck or crushed by the crane. 1926.550(a)(9)
Except where electrical distribution and transmission lines have been deenergized and visibly grounded at point of work, or where insulating barriers not a part of or an attachment to the equipment or machinery have been erected to prevent physical contact with the lines, no part of a crane or its load shall be operated within 10 feet (3.048 meters) of a line rated 50 kilovolts (kV) or below; 10 feet (3.048 meters) plus 0.4 inches (1.016 centimeters) for each kV over 50 kV for lines rated over 50 kV, or twice the length of the line insulator, but never less than 10 feet (3.048 meters). 1926.550(a)(19)
An annual inspection of the hoisting machinery shall be made by a competent person. Records shall be kept of the dates and results of each inspection. 1926.550(a)(6)
All crawler, truck, or locomotive cranes in use shall meet the requirements as prescribed in the ANSI B30.5-1968, Safety Code for Crawler, Locomotive and Truck Cranes. (ANSI, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036; (212) 642-4900.) 1926.550(b)(2)
The use of a crane or derrick to hoist employees on a personnel platform is prohibited, except when the erection, use, and dismantling of conventional means of reaching the worksite—such as a personnel hoist, ladder, stairway, aerial lift, elevating work platform or scaffold—would be more hazardous or is not possible because of structural design or worksite conditions. Where a decision is reached that this is the case, then 29 CFR 1926.550(g) shall be reviewed and complied with. 1926.550(g)(2)
Whenever materials are dropped more than 20 feet (6.096 meters) to any exterior point of a building, an enclosed chute shall be used. 1926.252(a)
When debris is dropped through holes in the floor without the use of chutes, the area where the material is dropped shall be enclosed with barricades not less than 42 inches high (106.68 centimeters) and not less than 6 feet (1.8288 meters) back from the projected edges of the opening above. Warning signs of the hazard of falling material shall be posted at each level. 1926.252(b)
An adequate supply of potable water shall be provided in all places of employment. 1926.51(a)(1)
Portable drinking water containers shall be capable of being tightly closed and equipped with a tap. 1926.51(a)(2)
Using a common drinking cup is prohibited. 1926.51(a)(4)
Where single service cups (to be used but once) are supplied, both a sanitary container for unused cups and a receptacle for used cups shall be provided. 1926.51(a)(5)
Sections 1926.402 through 1926.408 contain installation safety requirements for electrical equipment and installations used to provide electric power and light at the jobsite. These sections apply to installations, both temporary and permanent, used on the jobsite; but these sections do not apply to existing permanent installations that were in place before the construction activity commenced. 1926.402(a)
Employers must provide either ground-fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs) or an assured equipment grounding conductor program to protect employees from ground-fault hazards at construction sites. The two options are detailed below.
(1) All 120-volt, single-phase, 15- and 20-ampere receptacles that are not part of the permanent wiring must be protected by GFCIs. Receptacles on smaller generators are exempt under certain conditions.
(2) An assured equipment grounding conductor program covering extension cords, receptacles, and cord- and plug-connected equipment must be implemented. The program must include the following:
A written description of the program.
At least one competent person to implement the program.
Daily visual inspections of extension cords and cord- and plug-connected equipment for defects. Equipment found damaged or defective shall not be used until repaired.
Continuity tests of the equipment grounding conductors or receptacles, extension cords, and cord- and plug-connected equipment. These tests must generally be made every 3 months.
Paragraphs (f)(1) through (f)(11) of this standard contain grounding requirements for systems, circuits, and equipment.
1926.404(b)(1)(i)thru(iii)(E)
Lamps for general illumination must be protected from breakage, and metal shell sockets must be grounded. 1926.405(a)(2)(ii)(E)
Temporary lights must not be suspended by their cords, unless they are so designed. 1926.405(a)(2)(ii)(F)
Portable lighting used in wet or conducive locations, such as tanks or boilers, must be operated at no more than 12 volts or must be protected by GFCIs. 1926.405(a)(2)(ii)(G)
Extension cords must be of the three-wire type. Extension cords and flexible cords used with temporary and portable lights must be designed for hard or extra hard usage (for example, types S, ST, and SO). 1926.405(a)(2)(ii)(j)
Listed, labeled, or certified equipment shall be installed and used in accordance with instructions included in the listing, labeling, or certification. 1926.403(b)(2)
Employers must not allow employees to work near live parts of electrical circuits, unless the employees are protected by one of the following means:
Deenergizing and grounding the parts.
Guarding the part by insulation.
Any other effective means.
1926.416(a)(1)
In work areas where the exact location of underground electrical power lines is unknown, employees using jack hammers, bars, or other hand tools that may contact the lines must be protected by insulating gloves, aprons, or other protective clothing that will provide equivalent electrical protection. 1926.416(a)(2) & .95(a)
Barriers or other means of guarding must be used to ensure that workspace for electrical equipment will not be used as a passageway during periods when energized parts of equipment are exposed. 1926.416(b)(1)
Worn or frayed electrical cords or cables must not be used. Extension cords must not be fastened with staples, hung from nails, or suspended by wire. 1926.416(e)(1)&(2)
Flexible cords must be connected to devices and fittings so that strain relief is provided which will prevent pull from being directly transmitted to joints or terminal screws. 1926.405(g)(2)(iv)
Equipment or circuits that are deenergized must be rendered inoperative and must have tags attached at all points where the equipment or circuits could be energized. 1926.417(b)
The estimated location of utility installations—such as sewer, telephone, fuel, electric, water lines, or any other underground installations that reasonably may be expected to be encountered during excavation work—shall be determined prior to opening an excavation. 1926.651(b)(1)
Utility companies or owners shall be contacted within established or customary local response times, advised of the proposed work, and asked to establish the location of the utility underground installations prior to the start of actual excavation. When utility companies or owners cannot respond to a request to locate underground utility installations within 24 hours (unless a longer period is required by state or local law), or cannot establish the exact location of these installations, the employer may proceed, provided the employer does so with caution, and provided detection equipment or other acceptable means to locate utility installations are used. 1926.651(b)(2)
When excavation operations approach the estimated location of underground installations, the exact location of the installations shall be determined by safe and acceptable means. While the excavation is open, underground installations shall be protected, supported, or removed, as necessary, to safeguard employees. 1926.651(b)(3)&(4)
Each employee in an excavation shall be protected from cave-ins by an adequate protective system except when:
Excavations are made entirely in stable rock, or excavations are less than 5 feet (1.524 meters) in depth and examination of the ground by a competent person provides no indication of a potential cave-in. 1926.652(a)(1)(i)&(ii)
Protective systems shall have the capacity to resist, without failure, all loads that are intended or could reasonably be expected to be applied or transmitted to the system. 1926.652(a)(2)
Employees shall be protected from excavated or other materials or equipment that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into excavations. Protection shall be provided by placing and keeping such materials or equipment at least 2 feet (0.6096 meters) from the edge of excavations, or by the use of retaining devices that are sufficient to prevent materials or equipment from falling or rolling into excavations, or by a combination of both if necessary. 1926.651(j)(2)
Daily inspections of excavations, the adjacent areas, and protective systems shall be made by a competent person for evidence of a situation that could result in possible cave-ins, indications of failure of protective systems, hazardous atmospheres, or other hazardous conditions. An inspection shall be conducted by the competent person prior to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. Inspections shall also be made after every rainstorm or other hazard increasing occurrence. These inspections are only required when employee exposure can be reasonably anticipated. 1926.651(k)(1)
Where a competent person finds evidence of a situation that could result in a possible cave-in, indications of failure of protective systems, hazardous atmospheres, or other hazardous conditions, exposed employees shall be removed from the hazardous area until the necessary precautions have been taken to ensure their safety. 1926.651(k)(2)
A stairway, ladder, ramp, or other safe means of egress shall be located in trench excavations that are 4 feet (1.2192 meters) or more in depth so as to require no more than 25 feet (7.62 meters) of lateral travel for employees. 1926.651(c)(2)
Only authorized and qualified persons shall be permitted to handle and use explosives. 1926.900(a)
Explosives and related materials shall be stored in approved facilities required under the applicable provisions of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms regulations contained in 27 CFR part 55, Commerce in Explosives. 1926.904(a)
Smoking and open flames shall not be permitted within 50 feet (15.24 meters) of explosives and detonator storage magazines. 1926.904(c)
Procedures that permit safe and efficient loading shall be established before loading is started. 1926.905(a)
Eye and face protection shall be provided when machines or operations present potential eye or face injury. 1926.102(a)(1)
Eye and face protective equipment shall meet the requirements of ANSI Z87.1-1968, Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection. 1926.102(a)(2)
Employees involved in welding operations shall be furnished with filter lenses or plates of at least the proper shade number. 1926.102(b)(1)
Employees exposed to laser beams shall be furnished suitable laser safety goggles that will protect for the specific wave length of the laser and the optical density adequate for the energy involved. 1926.102(b)(2)
Each employee on a walking/working surface (horizontal and vertical surface) with an unprotected side or edge which is 6 feet (1.8 meters) or more above a lower level shall be protected from falling by the use of guardrail systems, safety net systems, or personal fall arrest systems. 1926.501(b)(1)
Each employee on walking/working surfaces shall be protected from falling through holes (including skylights) more than 6 feet (1.8 meters) above lower levels, by personal fall arrest systems, covers, or guardrail systems erected around such holes. 1926.501(b)(4)(i)
Each employee on ramps, runways, and other walkways shall be protected from falling 6 feet (1.8 meters) or more to lower levels by guardrail systems. 1926.501(b)(6)
Each employee working on, at, above, or near wall openings (including those with chutes attached) where the outside bottom edge of the wall opening is 6 feet (1.8 meters) or more above lower levels and the inside bottom edge of the wall opening is less than 39 inches (1.0 meters) above the walking/working surface, shall be protected from falling by the use of a guardrail system, a safety net system, or a personal fall arrest system. 1926.501(b)(14)
When guardrail systems are used around holes which are used as points of access (such as ladderways), they shall be provided with a gate, or be so offset that a person cannot walk directly into the hole. 1926.502(b)(13)
A firefighting program is to be followed throughout all phases of the construction and demolition work involved. It shall provide for effective firefighting equipment to be available without delay, and designed to effectively meet all fire hazards as they occur. 1926.150(a)(1)
Firefighting equipment shall be conspicuously located and readily accessible at all times, shall be periodically inspected, and be maintained in operating conditions. 1926.150(a)(2)(3)&(4)
Carbon tetrachloride and other toxic vaporizing liquid fire extinguishers are prohibited. 1926.150(c)(1)(vii)
If the building includes the installation of automatic sprinkler protection, the installation shall closely follow the construction and be placed in service, as soon as applicable laws permit, following completion of each story. 1926.150(d)(1)
A fire extinguisher, rated not less than 2A, shall be provided for each 3,000 square feet (278 square meters) of the protected building area, or major fraction thereof. Travel distance from any point of the protected area to the nearest fire extinguisher shall not exceed 100 feet (30.48 meters). 1926.150(c)(1)(i)
One or more fire extinguishers, rated not less than 2A, shall be provided on each floor. In multistory buildings, at least one fire extinguisher shall be located adjacent to stairway. 1926.150(c)(1)(iv)
The employer shall establish an alarm system at the worksite so that employees and the local fire department can be alerted for an emergency. 1926.150(e)(1)
When signs, signals, and barricades do not provide necessary protection on or adjacent to a highway or street, flagmen or other appropriate traffic controls shall be provided. 1926.201(a)(1)
Flagmen shall be provided with and shall wear a red or orange warning garment while flagging. Warning garments worn at night shall be of reflectorized material. 1926.201(a)(4)
Only approved containers and portable tanks shall be used for storing and handling flammable and combustible liquids. 1926.152(a)(1)
No more than 25 gallons (94.75 liters) of flammable or combustible liquids shall be stored in a room outside of an approved storage cabinet. No more than three storage cabinets may be located in a single storage area. 1926.152(b)(1),(2)&(3)
Inside storage rooms for flammable and combustible liquids shall be of fire-resistive construction, have self-closing fire doors at all openings, 4-inch (10.16-centimeter) sills or depressed floors, a ventilation system that provides at least six air changes within the room per hour, and electrical wiring and equipment approved for Class I, Division 1 locations. 1926.152(b)(4)
Storage in containers outside buildings shall not exceed 1,100 gallons (4,169 liters) in any one pile or area. The storage area shall be graded to divert possible spills away from buildings or other exposures, or shall be surrounded by a curb or dike. Storage areas shall be located at least 20 feet (6.096 meters) from any building and shall be free from weeds, debris, and other combustible materials not necessary to the storage. 1926.152(c)(1),(3),(4)&(5)
Flammable liquids shall be kept in closed containers when not actually in use. 1926.152(f)(1)
Conspicuous and legible signs prohibiting smoking shall be posted in service and refueling areas. 1926.152(g)(9)
Exposure to toxic gases, vapors, fumes, dusts, and mists at a concentration above those specified in the Threshold Limit Values of Airborne Contaminants for 1970 of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), shall be avoided. (ACGIH, Kemper Woods Center, 1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45240; (513) 742-2020.) 1926.55(a)
Administrative or engineering controls must be implemented whenever feasible to comply with TLVs. 1926.55(b)
When engineering and administrative controls are not feasible to achieve full compliance, protective equipment or other protective measures shall be used to keep the exposure of employees to air contaminants within the limits prescribed. Any equipment and technical measures used for this purpose must first be approved for each particular use by a competent industrial hygienist or other technically qualified person. Whenever respirators are used, their use shall comply with §1926.103. 1926.55(b)
Hazardous conditions or practices not covered in an OSHA standard may be covered under Section 5(a)(1) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 which states: "Each employer shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees."
The employer shall initiate and maintain such programs as may be necessary to provide for frequent and regular inspections of the job site, materials, and equipment by designated competent persons. 1926.20(b)(l)&(2)
The employer should avail himself of the safety and health training programs the Secretary provides. 1926.21(b)(1)
The employer shall instruct each employee in the recognition and avoidance of unsafe conditions and in the regulations applicable to his work environment to control or eliminate any hazards or other exposure to illness or injury. 1926.21(b)(2)
The use of any machinery, tool, material, or equipment that is not in compliance with any applicable requirement of Part 1926 is prohibited. 1926.20(b)(3)
The employer shall permit only those employees qualified by training or experience to operate equipment and machinery. 1926.20(b)(4)
The standards contained in this part shall apply with respect to employments performed in a workplace in a State, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Guam, Trust Territory of the Pacific Continental Shelf Lands Act, Johnston Island, and the Canal Zone. 1926.20 (c)
Employers shall not issue or permit the use of unsafe hand tools. 1926.301(a)
Wrenches shall not be used when jaws are sprung to the point that slippage occurs. Impact tools shall be kept free of mushroomed heads. The wooden handles of tools shall be kept free of splinters or cracks and shall be kept tight in the tool. 1926.301(b),(c)&(d)
Electric power operated tools shall either be approved double-insulated, or be properly grounded in accordance with subpart K of the standard. 1926.302(a)(1)
The purpose of this standard is to ensure that the hazards of all chemicals produced or imported are evaluated, and that information concerning their hazards is transmitted to employers and employees. This transmittal of information is to be accomplished by means of comprehensive hazard communication programs, which are to include container labeling and other forms of warning, material safety data sheets, and employee training. 1926.59(a)(1)
Employers shall develop, implement, and maintain at the workplace a written hazard communication program for their workplaces. Employers must inform their employees of the availability of the program, including the required list(s) of hazardous chemicals, and material safety data sheets required. 1926.59(e)(1)(i)&(ii)
The employer shall ensure that each container of hazardous chemicals in the workplace is labeled, tagged, or marked with the identity of the hazardous chemical(s) contained therein; and must show hazard warnings appropriate for employee protection. 1926.59(f)(5)(i)&(ii)
Chemical manufacturers and importers shall obtain or develop a material safety data sheet for each hazardous chemical they produce or import. Employers shall have a material safety data sheet for each hazardous chemical they use. 1926.59(g)(1)
Employers shall provide employees with information and training on hazardous chemicals in their work area at the time of their initial assignment, and whenever a new hazard is introduced into their work area. Employers shall also provide employees with information on any operations in their work area where hazardous chemicals are present, and the location and availability of the written hazard communication program, including the required list(s) of hazardous chemicals, and material safety data sheets required by the standard. 1926.59(h)(1)(i) thru (iii)
Employers who produce, use, or store hazardous chemicals at multiemployer workplaces shall additionally ensure that their hazard communication program includes the methods the employer will use to provide other employer(s) with a copy of the material safety data sheet for hazardous chemicals other employer(s) employees may be exposed to while working; the methods the employer will use to inform other employer(s) of any precautionary measures for the protection of employees; and the methods the employer will use to inform the other employer(s) of the labeling system used in the workplace. 1926.59(e)(2)
Unless the employer can demonstrate that the operation does not involve employee exposure or the reasonable possibility for employee exposure to safety or health hazards, he or she must do the following:
Clean-up operations required by a governmental body, whether federal, state, local or other involving hazardous substances that are conducted at uncontrolled hazardous waste sites;
Correct actions involving clean-up operations at sites covered by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) as amended (42 U.S.C. 6901 et seq.);
Voluntarily clean-up operations at sites recognized by federal, state, local or other governmental bodies as uncontrolled hazardous wastes sites;
Clean-up operations involving hazardous wastes that are conducted at treatment, storage, and disposal (TSD) facilities regulated by 40 CFR parts 264 and 265 pursuant to RCRA; or by agencies under agreement with U.S.E.P.A. to implement RCRA regulations; and
Ensure that emergency response operations are conducted for releases of, or substantial threats of releases of, hazardous substances without regard to the location of the hazard.
Head protective equipment (helmets) shall be worn in areas where there is a possible danger of head injuries from impact, flying or falling objects, or electrical shock and burns. 1926.100(a)
Helmets for protection against impact and penetration of falling and flying objects shall meet the requirements of ANSI Z89.1-1969. 1926.100(b)
Helmets for protection against electrical shock and burns shall meet the requirements of ANSI Z89.2-1971. 1926.100(c)
Feasible engineering or administrative controls shall be utilized to protect employees against sound levels in excess of those shown in Table D-2. 1926.52(b)
When engineering or administrative controls fail to reduce sound levels within the limits of Table D-2, ear protective devices shall be provided and used. 1926.52(b)&.101(a)
In all cases where the sound levels exceed the values shown in Table D-2, a continuing, effective hearing conservation program shall be administered. 1926.52(d)(1)
Table D-2—Permissible Noise Exposures
Duration per day, hours
pSound Level dBA slow response
8
90
6
92
4
95
3
97
2
100
1 1/2
102
1
105
1/2
110
1/4 or less
115
1926.52(d)(1)
Exposure to impulsive or impact noise should not exceed 140 dB peak sound pressure level. 1926.52(e)
Plain cotton is not an acceptable protective device. 1926.101(c)
The employer shall comply with the manufacturer's specifications and limitations. 1926.552(a)(1)
Rated load capacities, recommended operating speeds, and special hazard warnings or instructions shall be posted on cars and platforms. 1926.552(a)(2)
Hoistway entrances of material hoists shall be protected by substantial full width gates or bars. 1926.552(b)(2)
Hoistway doors or gates of personnel hoist shall be not less than 6 feet 6 inches (1.812 meters) high and shall be protected with mechanical locks that cannot be operated from the landing side and that are accessible only to persons on the car. 1926.552(c)(4)
Overhead protective coverings shall be provided on the top of the hoist cage or platform. 1926.552(b)(3) & (c)(7)
All material hoists shall conform to the requirements of ANSI A10.5-1969, Safety Requirements for Material Hoists. 1926.552(b)(8)
Form and scrap lumber with protruding nails and all other debris shall be kept clear from all work areas. 1926.25(a)
Combustible scrap and debris shall be removed at regular intervals. 1926.25(b)
Containers shall be provided for collection and separation of all refuse. Covers shall be provided on containers used for flammable or harmful substances. 1926.25(c)
Wastes shall be disposed of at frequent intervals. 1926.25(c)
Construction areas, ramps, runways, corridors, offices, shops, and storage areas shall be lighted to not less than the minimum illumination intensities listed in Table D-3 while any work is in progress.
Table D-3—Minimum Illumination Intensities in Footcandles
Footcandles
Area of Operation
5
General construction area lighting
3
General construction areas, concrete placement, excavation, waste areas, accessways, active storage areas, loading platforms, refueling, and field maintenance areas.
5
Indoor warehouses, corridors, hallways, and exitways.
5
Tunnels, shafts, and general underground work areas. (Exception: minimum of 10 footcandles is required at tunnel and shaft heading during drilling, mucking, and scaling. Bureau of Mines approved cap lights shall be acceptable for use in the tunnel heading).
10
General construction plant and shops (e.g., batch plants, screening plants, mechanical and electrical equipment rooms, carpenters shops, rigging lofts and active store rooms, barracks or living quarters, locker or dressing rooms, mess halls, indoor toilets, and workrooms).
Each hand-fed planer and jointer with a horizontal head shall be equipped with a cylindrical cutting head. The opening in the table shall be kept as small as possible. 1926.304(f)
Each hand-fed jointer with a horizontal cutting head shall have an automatic guard to cover the section of the head on the working side of the fence or cage. 1926.304(f)
A jointer guard shall automatically adjust itself to cover the unused portion of the head and shall remain in contact with the material at all times. 1926.304(f)
Each hand-fed jointer with horizontal cutting head shall have a guard to cover the section of the head back of the cage or fence. 1926.304(f)
Portable and fixed ladders with structural defects—such as broken or missing rungs, cleats or steps, broken or split rails, or corroded components—shall be withdrawn from service by immediately tagging "DO NOT USE" or marking in a manner that identifies them as defective, or shall be blocked, such as with a plywood attachment that spans several rungs. Repairs must restore ladder to its original design criteria. 1926.1053(b)(16),(17)(i) thru (iii)&(18)
Portable non-self-supporting ladders shall be placed on a substantial base, have clear access at top and bottom, and be placed at an angle so the horizontal distance from the top support to the foot of the ladder is approximately one-quarter the working length of the ladder. Portable ladders used for access to an upper landing surface must extend a minimum of 3 feet (0.9144 meters) above the landing surface, or where not practical, be provided with grab rails and be secured against movement while in use. 1926.1053(b)(1) & (b)(5)(i)
Ladders must have nonconductive side rails if they are used where the worker or the ladder could contact energized electrical conductors or equipment. 1926.1053(b)(12)
Job-made ladders shall be constructed for their intended use. Cleats shall be uniformly spaced not less than 10 inches (25.4 centimeters) apart, nor more than 14 inches (35.56 centimeters) apart. 1926.1053(a)(3)(i)
A ladder (or stairway) must be provided at all work points of access where there is a break in elevation of 19 inches (48.26 centimeters) or more except if a suitable ramp, runway, embankment, or personnel hoist is provided to give safe access to all elevations. 1926.1051(a)
Wood job-made ladders with spliced side rails must be used at an angle where the horizontal distance is one-eighth the working length of the ladder.
Fixed ladders must be used at a pitch no greater than 90 degrees from the horizontal, measured from the back side of the ladder.
Ladders must be used only on stable and level surfaces unless secured to prevent accidental movement.
Ladders must not be used on slippery surfaces unless secured or provided with slip-resistant feet to prevent accidental movement. Slip-resistant feet must not be used as a substitute for the care in placing, lashing, or holding a ladder upon a slippery surface.
1926.1053(b)(5)(ii) thru (b)(7)
Employers must provide a training program for each employee using ladders and stairways. The program must enable each employee to recognize hazards related to ladders and stairways and to use proper procedures to minimize these hazards. For example, employers must ensure that each employee is trained by a competent person in the following areas, as applicable:
The nature of fall hazards in the work area;
The correct procedures for erecting, maintaining, and disassembling the fall protection systems to be used;
The proper construction, use, placement, and care in handling of all stairways and ladders; and
The maximum intended load-carrying capacities of ladders used.
In addition, retraining must be provided for each employee, as necessary, so that the employee maintains the understanding and knowledge acquired through compliance with the standard.
Only qualified and trained employees shall be assigned to install, adjust, and operate laser equipment. 1926.54(a)
Employees shall wear proper (antilaser) eye protection when working in areas where there is a potential exposure to direct or reflected laser light greater than 0.005 watts (5 milliwatts). 1926.54(c)
Beam shutters or caps shall be utilized, or the laser turned off, when laser transmission is not actually required. When the laser is left unattended for a substantial period of time—such as during lunch hour, overnight, or at change of shifts—the laser shall be turned off. 1926.54(e)
Employees shall not be exposed to light intensities in excess of the following: direct staring—1 microwatt per square centimeter, incidental observing—1 milliwatt per square centimeter diffused reflected light—2 1/2 watts per square centimeter. 1926.54(j)(1),(2)&(3)
Employees shall not be exposed to microwave power densities in excess of 10 milliwatts per square centimeter. 1926.54(l)
The employer shall ensure the availability of medical personnel for advice and consultation on matters of occupational health. 1926.50(a)
When a medical facility is not reasonably accessible for the treatment of injured employees, a person trained to render first aid shall be available at the worksite. 1926.50(c)
First-aid supplies approved by the consulting physician shall be readily available. 1926.50(d)(1)
The telephone numbers of the physicians, hospitals, or ambulances shall be conspicuously posted. 1926.50(f)
All vehicles in use shall be checked at the beginning of each shift to ensure that all parts, equipment, and accessories that affect safe operation are in proper operating condition and free from defects. All defects shall be corrected before the vehicle is placed in service. 1926.601(b)(14)
No employer shall use any motor vehicle, earthmoving, or compacting equipment having an obstructed view to the rear unless:
The vehicle has a reverse signal alarm distinguishable from the surrounding noise level, or
The vehicle is backed up only when an observer signals that it is safe to do so.
1926.601(b)(4)(i) &(ii) & 602(a)(9)(i)&(ii)
Heavy machinery, equipment, or parts thereof that are suspended or held aloft shall be substantially blocked to prevent falling or shifting before employees are permitted to work under or between them. 1926.600(a)(3)(i)
The employer is responsible for requiring the wearing of appropriate personal protective equipment in all operations where there is an exposure to hazardous conditions or where the need is indicated for using such equipment to reduce the hazard to the employees.
1926.28(a) and 1926.95(a) thru (c)
Lifelines, safety belts, and lanyards shall be used only for employee safeguarding. 1926.502(d)(18)
Employees working over or near water, where the danger of drowning exists, shall be provided with U.S. Coast Guard-approved life jackets or buoyant work vests. 1926.106(a)
Existing conditions shall be determined before starting work, by an inspection or a test. Such conditions shall include, but not be limited to, energized lines and equipment, condition of poles, and the location of circuits and equipment including power and communications, cable television, and fire-alarm circuits. 1926.950(b)(1)
Electric equipment and lines shall be considered energized until determined otherwise by testing or until grounding. 1926.950(b)(2)& .954(a)
Operating voltage of equipment and lines shall be determined before working on or near energized parts. 1926.950(b)(3)
Rubber protective equipment shall comply with the provisions of the ANSI J6 series, and shall be visually inspected before use. 1926.951(a)(1)(i)&(ii)
Belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets, spindles, drums, flywheels, chains, or other reciprocating, rotating, or moving parts of equipment shall be guarded if such parts are exposed to contact by employees or otherwise constitute a hazard. 1926.307(a),(b),(c),(d),(e),(f),(h),(i), and (k))
Guarding shall meet the requirement of ANSI B15. 1 - 1953 (R 1958), Safety Code for Mechanical Power Transmission Apparatus. 1926.300(b)(2)
Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals
Employers shall develop a written plan of action regarding employee participation and consult with employees and their representatives on the conduct and development of process hazards analyses and on the development of the other elements of process safety management. 1926.64(c)(1)&(2)
The employer shall complete a compilation of written process safety information prior to conducting a process hazard analysis (PHA). 1926.64(d)
The employer shall perform a process hazard analysis appropriate to the complexity of the company's processes and shall identify, evaluate, and control the hazards involved in the process. 1926.64(e)(1)
The employer shall develop and implement written operating procedures that provide clear instructions for safely conducting activities involved in each covered process consistent with process safety information. 1926.64(f)(1)
Each employee presently involved in operating a process, and each employee before being involved in operating a newly assigned process, shall be trained in an overview of the process and in the operating procedures specified in paragraph (f). 1926.64(g)(1)
The employer, when selecting a contractor, shall obtain and evaluate information regarding the contract employer's safety performance and programs. 1926.64(h)(2)(i)
The contract employer shall assure that each contract employee is trained in the work practices necessary to safely perform his/her job. 1926.64(h)(3)(i)
The employer shall perform a pre-startup safety review for new facilities and for modified facilities when the modification is significant enough to require a change in the process safety information. 1926.64(i)(1)
The employer shall establish and implement written procedures to maintain the on going integrity of process equipment. 1926.64(j)(2)
The employer shall establish and implement written procedures to manage changes to process chemicals, technology, equipment, and procedures, and changes to facilities that affect a covered process. 1926.64(l)(1)
Pertinent provisions of the Atomic Energy Commission's Standards for Protection Against Radiation (10 CFR Part 20) relating to protection against occupational radiation exposure shall apply. 1926.53(a)
Any activity that involves the use of radioactive materials or X-rays, whether or not under license from the Atomic Energy Commission, shall be performed by competent persons specially trained in the proper and safe operation of such equipment. 1926.53(b)
A standard railing shall consist of a top rail, intermediate rail, toeboard, and posts and shall have a vertical height of approximately 42 inches (106.68 centimeters) from the upper surfaces of the top rail to the floor or platform. 1926.502(b)(1)
The top rail of a railing shall be smooth-surfaced, with a strength to withstand at least 200 pounds (90 kilograms), the minimum requirement applied in any direction at any point on the top rail, with a minimum of deflection. The intermediate rail shall be approximately halfway between the top rail and the floor. 1926.502(b)(3)&(6)
A stair railing shall be of construction similar to a standard railing with a vertical height of 36 inches (76 centimeters) from the upper surface of top rail to the surface of tread in line with face of riser at forward edge of tread. 1926.1052(c)(3)(i)
In emergencies, or when feasible engineering or administrative controls are not effective in controlling toxic substances, appropriate respiratory protective equipment shall be provided by the employer and shall be used. 1926.103(a)(1)
Respiratory protective devices shall be approved by the U.S. Bureau of Mines/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health or acceptable to the U.S. Department of Labor for the specific contaminant to which the employee is exposed. 1926.103(a)(2)
Respiratory protective devices shall be appropriate for the hazardous material involved and the extent and nature of the work requirements and conditions. 1926.103(b)(2)
Employees required to use respiratory protective devices shall be thoroughly trained in their use. 1926.103(c)(1)
Respiratory protective equipment shall be inspected regularly and maintained in good condition. 1926.103(c)(2)
Rollover protective structures (ROPS) apply to the following types of materials handling equipment: All rubber-tired, self-propelled scrapers, rubber-tired frontend loaders, rubber-tired dozers, wheel-type agricultural and industrial tractors, crawler tractors, crawler-type loaders, and motor graders, with or without attachments, that are used in construction work. This requirement does not apply to sideboom pipelaying tractors. 1926.1000(a)(1)
Safety nets must be installed as close as practicable under the walking/working surface on which employees are working, but in no case more than 30 feet (9.1) meters below such level. When nets are used on bridges, the potential fall area from the walking/working surface to the net shall be unobstructed. 1926.502(c)(1)
Safety nets and their installations must be capable of absorbing an impact force equal to that produced by the drop test. 1926.502(c)(4)
All portions of band saw blades shall be enclosed or guarded, except for the working portion of the blade between the bottom of the guide rolls and the table. 1926.304(f)
Band saw wheels shall be fully encased. 1926.304(f)
Portable, power-driven circular saws shall be equipped with guards above and below the base plate or shoe. The lower guard shall cover the saw to the depth of the teeth, except for the minimum arc required to allow proper retraction and contact with the work, and shall automatically return to the covering position when the blade is removed from the work. 1926.304(d)
Radial saws shall have an upper guard that completely encloses the upper half of the saw blade. The sides of the lower exposed portion of the blade shall be guarded by a device that will automatically adjust to the thickness of and remain in contact with the material being cut. 1926.304(g)(1)
Radial saws used for ripping shall have nonkickback fingers or dogs. 1926.304(f)
Radial saws shall be installed so that the cutting head will return to the starting position when released by the operator. 1926.304(f)
All swing or sliding cut-off saws shall be provided with a hood that will completely enclose the upper half of the saw. 1926.304(f)
Limit stops shall be provided to prevent swing or sliding type cut-off saws from extending beyond the front or back edges of the table. 1926.304(f)
Each swing or sliding cut-off saw shall be provided with an effective device to return the saw automatically to the back of the table when released at any point of its travel. 1926.304(f)
Inverted sawing of sliding cut-off saws shall be provided with a hood that will cover the part of the saw that protrudes above the top of the table or material being cut. 1926.304(f)
Circular table saws shall have a hood over the portion of the saw above the table, so mounted that the hood will automatically adjust itself to the thickness of and remain in contact with the material being cut. 1926.304(h)(1)
Circular table saws shall have a spreader aligned with the blade, spaced no more than 1/2-inch (1.27-centimeter) behind the largest blade mounted in the saw. This provision does not apply when grooving, dadoing, or rabbiting. 1926.304(f)
Circular table saws used for ripping shall have nonkickback fingers or dogs. 1926.304(f)
Feeder attachments shall have the feed rolls or other moving parts covered or guarded so as to protect the operator from hazardous points. 1926.304(c)
Scaffolds shall be erected on sound, rigid footing, capable of carrying the maximum intended load without settling or displacement. 1926.451(a)(2)
Scaffolds and their components shall be capable of supporting, without failure, at least 4 times the maximum intended load. 1926.451(a)(7)
Guardrails and toeboards shall be installed on all open sides and ends of platforms more than 10 feet (3.048 meters) above the ground or floor, except needle beam scaffolds and floats where other means of fall protection is provided. Scaffolds 4 feet (1.2192 meters) to 10 feet (3.048 meters) in height, having a minimum dimension in either direction of less than 45 inches (114.30 centimeters), shall have standard guardrails installed on all open sides and ends of the platform. 1926.451(a)(4)
There shall be a screen with maximum 1/2-inch (1.27- centimeter) openings between the toeboard and the guardrail, where the persons are required to work or pass under the scaffold. 1926.451(a)(6)
All planking shall be Scaffold Grade or equivalent as recognized by approved grading rules for the species of wood used. 1926.451(a)(10)
The maximum permissible spans for 2 x 10 inch (5.08 x 25.4 centimeter) or wider planks are shown in the following table:
Full thickness undressed lumber
Normal thickness lumber
Working load
(pounds per square foot)
25
50
75
25
50
Permissible span
(feet)
10
8
6
8
6
1926.451(a)(10)
The maximum permissible span for 1 1/4 x 9 inch (66.04 x 22.86 centimeter) or wider plank of full thickness is 4 feet (1.2192 meters), with medium loading of 50 pounds per square feet (4.5 kilograms per square meters). 1926.451(a)(11)
Scaffold planking shall be overlapped a minimum of 12 inches (30.48 centimeters) or secured from movement. 1926.451(a)(12)
Scaffold planks shall extend over their end supports not less than 6 inches (15.24 centimeters) nor more than 12 inches (30.48 centimeters). 1926.451(a)(14)
All scaffolding and accessories shall have any defective parts immediately replaced or repaired.
1926.451(a)(8)
An access ladder or equivalent safe access shall be provided. 1926.451(a)(13)
Platforms shall be tightly planked for the full width of the scaffold except for necessary entrance opening. Platforms shall be secured in place. 1926.451(e)(4)
Guardrails made of lumber-not less than 2 x 4 inches (5.08 x 10.16 centimeters) (or other material providing equivalent protection), approximately 42 inches high (106.68 centimeters), with a midrail of 1 - x 6- inch (2.54- x 15.24 -centimeter) lumber (or other material providing equivalent protection), and toeboards—shall be installed at all open sides and ends on all scaffolds more than 10 feet (3.048 meters) above the ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches (10.16 centimeters) in height. Where persons are required to work or pass under the scaffold, wire mesh shall be installed between the toeboard and the guardrail, extending along the entire opening, consisting of No. 18 gauge U.S. Standard wire 1/2-inch (1.27-centimeter) mesh, or the equivalent. 1926.451(e)(10) & (a)(6)
On suspension scaffolds designed for a working load of 500 pounds (225 kilograms), no more than two men shall be permitted to work at one time. On suspension scaffolds with a working load of 750 pounds (337.5 kilograms), no more than three men shall be permitted to work at one time. Each employee shall be protected by an approved safety life belt attached to a lifeline. The lifeline shall be securely attached to substantial members of the structure (not scaffold), or to securely rigged lines, which will safely suspend the employee in case of a fall. To keep the lifeline continuously attached with minimum slack to a fixed structure, the attachment point of the lifeline shall be appropriately changed as the work progresses. 1926.451(i)(8)
Scaffolds shall be properly braced by cross or diagonal braces or both for securing vertical members together laterally. The cross braces shall be of such length as will automatically square and aline vertical members so that the erected scaffolds are always plumb, square, and rigid. All brace connections shall be made secure. 1926.451(d)(3)
Guardrails and toeboards shall be installed on all open sides and ends of platforms more than 10 feet (3.048 meters) above the ground or floor. 1926.451(d)(10)
A stairway or ladder must be provided at all worker points of access where there is a break in elevation of 19 inches (48.26 centimeters) or more and no ramp, runway, sloped embankment, or personnel hoist is provided. 1926.1051(a)
Except during construction of the actual stairway, skeleton metal frame structures and steps must not be used (where treads and/or landings are to be installed at a later date), unless the stairs are fitted with secured temporary treads and landings. 1926.1052(b)(2)
When there is only one point of access between levels, it must be kept clear to permit free passage by workers. If free passage becomes restricted, a second point of access must be provided and used. 1926.1051(a)(3)
When there are more than two points of access between levels, at least one point of access must be kept clear. 1926.1051(a)(4)
All stairway and ladder fall protection systems must be provided and installed as required by the stairway and ladder rules before employees begin work that requires them to use stairways or ladders and their respective fall protection systems. 1926.1051(b)
Stairways that will not be a permanent part of the structure on which construction work is performed must have landings at least 30 inches deep and 22 inches wide (76.2 x 55.88 centimeters) at every 12 feet (3.6576 meters) or less of vertical rise. 1926.1052(a)(1)
Stairways must be installed at least 30 degrees, and no more than 50 degrees, from the horizontal. 1926.1052(a)(2)
Variations in riser height, or stair tread, or landing depth, must not exceed 1/4 inch (.6425 centimeter) in any stairway system, including any foundation structure used as one or more treads of the stairs. 1926.1052(a)(3)
Where doors or gates open directly onto a stairway, a platform must be provided, and the swing of the door shall not reduce the effective width of the platform to less than 20 inches (50.80 centimeters). 1926.1052(a)(4)
Except during construction of the actual stairway, stairways with metal pan landings and treads must not be used where the treads and/or landings have not been filled in with concrete or other material, unless the pans of the stairs and/or landings are temporarily filled in with wood or other material. All treads and landings must be replaced when worn below the top edge of the pan. 1926.1052(b)(1)
Stairways having four or more risers, or rising more than 30 inches in height (76.2 centimeters), whichever is less, must have at least one handrail. A stairrail also must be installed along each unprotected side or edge. When the top edge of a stairrail system also serves as a handrail, the height of the top edge must not be more than 37 inches (93.98 centimeters) nor less than 36 inches (91.44 centimeters) from the upper surface of the stairrail to the surface of the tread in line with face of riser at forward edge of tread. 1926.1052(c)(1)(i) & (ii)
Winding and spiral stairways must be equipped with a handrail offset sufficiently to prevent walking on those portions of the stairways where the tread width is less than 6 inches (15.24 centimeters). 1926.1052(c)(2)
Midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate vertical members, or equivalent intermediate structural members must be provided between the top rail and stairway steps of the stairrail system. 1926.1052(c)(4)
Midrails, when used, must be located midway between the top of the stairrail system and the stairway steps. 1926.1052(c)(4)(i)
The height of handrails must not be more than 37 inches (93.98 centimeters) nor less than 30 inches (76.2 centimeters) from the upper surface of the handrail to the surface of the tread in line with face of riser at forward edge of tread. 1926.1052(c)(6)
The height of the top edge of a stairrail system used as a handrail must not be more than 37 inches (93.98 centimeters) nor less than 36 inches (91.44 centimeters) from the upper surface of the stairrail system to the surface of the tread in line with face of riser at forward edge of tread. 1926.1052(c)(7)
Temporary handrails must have a minimum clearance of 3 inches (7.62 centimeters) between the handrail and walls, stairrail systems, and other objects. 1926.1052(c)(11)
Unprotected sides and edges of stairway landings must be provided with a standard 42-inch (106.68- centimeter) guardrail systems. 1926.1052(c)(12)
Permanent floors shall be installed so there is not more than eight stories between the erection floor and the uppermost permanent floor, except when structural integrity is maintained by the design. 1926.750(a)(1)
During skeleton steel erection, a tightly planked temporary floor shall be maintained within two stories or 30 feet (9.144 meters), whichever is less, below and directly under that portion of each tier of beams on which any work is being performed. 1926.750(b)(2)(i)
During skeleton steel erection of buildings and structures not adaptable to temporary floors, and where scaffolds are not used, safety nets shall be installed and maintained whenever the potential fall distance exceeds two stories or 25 feet (7.62 meters). 1926.750(b)(1)(ii)
A safety railing of 1/2-inch (1.27-centimeter) wire rope or equivalent shall be installed around the perimeter of all temporarily floored buildings, approximately 42 inches high (106.68 centimeters), during structural steel assembly. 1926.750(b)(1)(iii)
When placing structural members, the load shall not be released from the hoisting line until the member is secured by at least two bolts, or the equivalent, at each connection, and drawn up wrench tight. 1926.751(a)
A safety tire rack, cage, or equivalent protection shall be provided and used when inflating, mounting, or dismounting tires installed on split rims, or rims equipped with locking rings or similar devices. 1926.600(a)(2)
Railings protecting floor openings, platforms, and scaffolds shall be equipped with toeboards wherever, beneath the open side, persons can pass, there is moving machinery, or there is equipment with which falling materials could cause a hazard. 1926.501(c)(1)
A standard toeboard shall be at least 3-1/2 inches (9 centimeters) in height and may be of any substantial material either solid or open, with openings not to exceed 1 inch (2.54 centimeters) in greatest dimension. 1926.502(j)(3)
Toilets shall be provided according to the following: 20 or fewer persons—one facility; 20 or more persons—one toilet seat and one urinal per 40 persons; 200 or more persons—one toilet seat and one urinal per 50 workers. 1926.51(c)(1)
This requirement does not apply to mobile crews having transportation readily available to nearby toilet facilities. 1926.51(c)(4)
The employer shall provide and maintain safe means of access and egress to all work stations. 1926.800(b)
The employer shall control access to all openings to prevent unauthorized entry underground. Unused chutes, manways, or other openings shall be tightly covered, bulkheaded, or fenced off, and shall be posted with signs indicating "Keep Out" or similar language. Complete or unused sections of the underground facility shall be barricaded. 1926.800(b)(3)
Unless underground facilities are sufficiently completed so that the permanent environmental controls are effective and the remaining construction activity will not cause any environmental hazard or structural failure within the facilities, the employer shall maintain a check-in/check-out procedure that will ensure that aboveground designated personnel can determine an accurate count of the number of persons underground in the event of an emergency. 1926.800(c)
All employees shall be instructed to recognize and avoid hazards associated with underground construction activities. 1926.800(d)
Hazardous classifications are potentially gassy and gassy operations. 1926.800(h)
The employer shall assign a competent person to perform all air monitoring to determine proper ventilation and quantitative measurements of potentially hazardous gases. 1926.800(j)(1)(i)(A)
Fresh air shall be supplied to all underground work areas in sufficient quantities to prevent dangerous or harmful accumulation of dust, fumes, mists, vapors, or gases. 1926.800(k)(1)(i)
Wall openings, from which there is a drop of more than 6 feet (1.8288 meters) and the bottom of the opening is less than 39 inches (99.06 centimeters) above the working surface, shall be guarded. 1926.501(b)(14)
When an employee is exposed to falling objects, the employer must ensure that each employee wear a hard hat and erect toeboards, screens, or guardrail systems; or erect a canopy structure and keep potential fall objects far enough from the edge of the higher level; or barricade the area to which objects could fall. 1926.501(c)
Employers shall instruct employees in the safe use of welding equipment.
1926.350(d) & 1926.351(d)
Proper precautions (isolating welding and cutting, removing fire hazards from the vicinity, providing a fire watch) for fire prevention shall be taken in areas where welding or other "hot work" is being done. No welding, cutting, or heating shall be done where the application of flammable paints, or the presence of other flammable compounds or heavy dust concentrations creates a fire hazard. 1926.352(a),(b),(c), & (f)
Arc welding and cutting operations shall be shielded by noncombustible or flameproof screens to protect employees and other persons in the vicinity from direct arc rays. 1926.351(e)
When electrode holders are to be left unattended, the electrodes shall be removed and the holder shall be placed or protected so that they cannot make electrical contact with employees or conducting objects. 1926.351(d)(1)
All arc welding and cutting cables shall be completely insulated and be capable of handling the maximum current requirements for the job. There shall be no repairs or splices within 10 feet (3.048 meters) of the electrode holder, except where splices are insulated equal to the insulation of the cable. Defective cable shall be repaired or replaced. 1926.351(b)(1), (2) & (4)
Fuel gas and oxygen hose shall be easily distinguishable and shall not be interchangeable. Hoses shall be inspected at the beginning of each shift and shall be repaired or replaced if defective. 1926.350(f)(1) & (3)
General mechanical ventilation, local exhaust ventilation, air line respirators, and other protection shall be provided, as required, when welding, cutting or heating:
Zinc-, lead-, cadmium-, chromium-, mercury-, or materials bearing, based, or coated with beryllium in enclosed spaces;
Stainless steel with inert-gas equipment;
In confined spaces; and
Where an unusual condition can cause an unsafe accumulation of contaminants. 1926.353(b)(1);(c)(1)(i) thru (iv);(c)(2)(i) thru (iv);(d)(1)(iv)&(e)(1)
Proper eye protective equipment to prevent exposure of personnel shall be provided. 1926.353(e)(2)
Wire ropes, chains, ropes, and other rigging equipment shall be inspected prior to use and as necessary during use to ensure their safety. Defective gear shall be removed from service. 1926.251(a)(1)
Job or shop hooks and links or makeshift fasteners formed from bolts, rods, or other such attachments shall not be used. 1926.251(b)(3)
When U-bolts are used for eye splices, the U-bolt shall be applied so that the "U" section is in contact with the dead end of the rope. 1926.251(c)(5)(i)
When U-bolt wire rope clips are used to form eyes, the following table shall be used to determine the number and spacing of clips. 1926.251(c)(5)
All fixed power-driven woodworking tools shall be provided with a disconnect switch that can be either locked or tagged in the off position. 1926.304(a)
All woodworking tools and machinery shall meet applicable requirements of ANSI 01.1 - 1961, Safety Code for Woodworking Machinery. 1926.304(f) 1. The complete original text of the nonmandatory guidelines is found in the Federal Register 54(18):3094-3916, January 26, 1989.
2. OSHA's CD-ROM contains various data on standards, directives, and variances. Order from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, Washington D.C. 20402-9325, (202) 512-1800, fax (202) 512-2250. Order No. 729-013-00000-5, $88 per year (quarterly updates), or $28 per single disk.
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