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Key information (information to look
for and pay attention to and to document with regard
to collecting pertinent information about the patient's
cancer): size and location of primary tumor; relationship
of mass to other tissues, such as impingement or extension
to another tissue (ribs, chest wall, pleura); elevation
of diaphragm on one side (phrenic nerve paralysis);
hilar or mediastinal involvement; enlargement or
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decrease in size of lung(s); opacity, such as atelectasis,
pleural effusion or pneumonitis; masses in mediastinum and/or
hilum of lung; involvement of distant sites.
ANGIOGRAPHY (CELIAC AND TRANSHEPATIC)
Also called percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC).
Evaluation of the liver and biliary tree using contrast material
injected through the skin directly into the liver. Key words/possible
involvement: hypervascularity, stricture, extrinsic mass,
lesion, neoplasm, malignancy, opacification, nonvisualization.
BARIUM ENEMA Also called:
BE, double contrast barium enema, air contrast barium enema,
air contrast study, barium contrast study of the colon.
Key words/possible involvement: lesion, irregular
density, stricture, shouldered stricture, applecore lesion,
filling defect, obstruction, stenosis, polyps, villous adenoma,
fistula.
Other words/no involvement: no visible abnormality
in the colon, diverticulosis, megacolon, ulcerative colitis,
Crohn's disease, abscess, or infectious process, or other
benign conditions.
Words indicating unsatisfactory procedure: not satisfactory
due to residual fecal material in the colon or incomplete
preparation of the colon.
BRONCHOGRAM Also called
bronchography; examination of the bronchial tree using contrast
media.
Key words/possible involvement: lesion, irregular
density, stricture, narrowing, blockage, shouldered stricture,
applecore lesion, filling defect, protrusion, obstruction,
fistula, extravasation, abnormal contour, bleeding.
Other words/no involvement: no visible abnormality
in the bronchi; inflammation, bronchitis, congenital abnormalities,
spasm, edema, abscess, infectious process, or other benign
conditions.
CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY
invasive radiographic procedure that injects dye into cerebral
vessels to determine the location of and blood flow to a brain
tumor. The contrast material visualizes the blood vessels
and helps determine the planes of resection. Also called:
brain angiograms.
Key words/possible involvement: stricture, mass, mass
effect, extrinsic mass, metastases, filling defect, obstruction,
space occupying lesion, neovascularization, vascular parisitization.
Other words/no involvement: if there is no specific
reference to abnormality of the cerebral vasculature; references
to cysts, hamartomas, angiomyolipomas.
CHEST X-RAY Also called
CXR, AP and PA chest films, chest radiographs, chest roentgenograms.
Key words/possible involvement: lesion, irregular
density, coin lesion, cannonball lesion, nodular lesion, cavitary
lesion, homogenous parenchymal lesion with sharply defined
margins, multiple opacities, multiple pulmonary nodules, unilateral
hilar enlargement, pleural effusion, pleural masses, rib lesion
with adjacent soft tissue mass, mediastinal mass, metastases.
Other words/no involvement: calcifications, hamartomas,
granulomas, bronchogenic cysts, vascular abnormalities, and
other benign conditions
CHOLANGIOGRAM Also
called: percutaneous cholangiogram, skinny needle cholangiogram,
intravenous cholangiography, T-tube cholangiogram (postoperative
procedure). Sequential x-rays which evaluate the liver, gallbladder
and bile ducts using contrast material injected intravenously.
Key words/possible involvement: hypervascularity,
stricture, extrinsic mass, lesion, neoplasm, malignancy, opacification,
nonvisualization.
Other words/no involvement: if there is no specific
reference to visible abnormality in the organ; inflammatory
process, foreign bodies, or other benign conditions.
CINE-PHARYNGOESOPHAGRAM
Also called cineradiography. Serial (moving picture) x-rays
of the aerodigestive tract. Allows dynamic (with motion) visualization
of swallowing function, as well as strictures and other abnormalities.
CYSTOGRAM x-rays to
visualize the bladder after the introduction of radiopaque
contrast via urethral catheter. After the patient voids, air
may be used as a second contrast agent. Also called cystography,
double contrast cystogram.
Key words/possible involvement: stricture, mass, mass
effect, metastases, surface irregularities of bladder, filling
defect in the bladder, non-functioning kidney, ureteral obstruction.
Other words/no involvement: if there is no specific reference
to abnormality in the bladder.
EEG (ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM)
measurement of electrical impulses from the brain by placing
electrodes on the outside of the head to record brain activity.
The usefulness of EEG has diminished in recent years because
CT scanning yields more detail.
Key words/possible involvement: abnormal pattern,
abnormal reading, abnormality.
Other words/no involvement: if there is no specific
reference to abnormality in the brain, including references
to abscesses, subdural hematomas, hematomas, cerebrovascular
disease, cerebrovascular accident, infarction, trauma.
ESOPHAGRAM Also called
esophagogram, barium swallow, cineradiography. Includes fluoroscopy
of esophagus.
Key words/possible involvement: lesion, irregular
density, stricture, shouldered stricture, applecore lesion,
filling defect, obstruction, fistula, extravasation, abnormal
contour, bleeding.
Other words/no involvement: no visible abnormality
in the esophagus; normal peristalsis, diverticuli, inflammation,
esophagitis, esophageal varices, congenital abnormalities,
spasm, edema, abscess, infectious process, or other benign
conditions.
IVP (INTRAVENOUS PYELOGRAM)
a series of x-rays which evaluate the structure and function
of the kidney, ureters and bladder after radiopaque dye has
been injected intravenously. Also called: excretory urogram,
pyelography. Excludes: KUB (Kidney-Ureters-Bladder) radiography
during which no dye is injected.
Key words/possible involvement: stricture, mass, mass
effect, stricture, nonfunctioning kidney, metastases, surface
irregularities of bladder, filling defect in the bladder,
ureteral obstruction.
Other words/no involvement: if there is no specific
reference to metastases, lesion, or visible abnormality of
the kidneys, ureters, or bladder.
KUB (KIDNEYS-URETERS-BLADDER)
x-rays to evaluate the status of the urinary system. No dye
is injected during the procedure.
Key words/possible involvement: stricture, mass, mass
effect, metastases, surface irregularities of bladder, filling
defect in the bladder, nonfunctioning kidney, nonvisualized
kidney, ureteral obstruction.
Other words/no involvement: if there is no specific
reference to visible abnormality in the urinary tract.
LYMPHANGIOGRAM radiographic
examination of the lymphatic system of the trunk by injecting
dye into a lymphatic vessel in each foot to determine retroperitoneal
involvement. The following areas should be visualized to adequately
assess extent of disease: lymphatics of the legs, inguinal
and iliac regions, and retroperitoneum including periarotic.
Does not visualize the mesenteric, celiac or portal nodes.
Also called: pedal/bipedal lymphangiography, lymphography,
LAG. (With the advent of CT and MRI scanning, this invasive
procedure is less frequently done.)
Key words/possible involvement: area of increased
density, area of enhanced contrast, space occupying lesion,
diffuse nodularity, decreased uptake, decreased activity,
lymphadenopathy, filling defect, lack of opacification, enlarged
or foamy-looking nodes.
Other words/no involvement: no specific reference
to visible abnormality in the lymph nodes of the trunk.
MAMMOGRAM unilateral
(involved breast), bilateral (both breasts), contralateral
(side not suspected of containing cancer).
Key words/possible involvement: lesion, mass, irregular
density, clustered calcification, spiculation, mammary duct
distortion or asymmetry, nodular density, skin or nipple thickening,
enlarged lymph nodes.
Key words/no involvement: if there is no specific
reference to visible abnormality in the breast under suspicion.
METASTATIC WORK-UP--any
imaging or other test to assess the presence of other organ
primaries which may have caused a metastatic brain tumor;
any imaging or other testing to look in organs distant from
the primary site for evidence of metastases.
NEPHROTOMOGRAPHY radiographic
evaluation of kidneys by taking films of serial, thin sections
of renal tissue. Also called: renal tomography, renal tomos.
Excludes: computerized tomography of the lungs and plain x-rays
of the kidneys.
Key words/possible involvement: lesion, irregular
density, space occupying lesion, cavitary lesion, homogenous
parenchymal lesion with sharply defined margins, multiple
opacities, metastases.
Other words/no involvement: if there is no specific
reference to visible abnormality in the lungs; references
to calcifications, hamartomas, angiomyolipoma, granulomas,
cysts, vascular abnormalities, and other benign conditions.
PNEUMOENCEPHALOGRAM
injection of air contrast into the cranial cavity to evaluate
the midline brain (pituitary and cranial fossa) structures
and the brain stem. This is a very dangerous procedure and
should not be used except in cases where a diagnosis cannot
be reached any other way. The usefulness of pneumoencephalography
has diminished in recent years because CT scanning yields
more detail.
RENAL ANGIOGRAPHY invasive
radiographic procedure that injects dye into renal vessels
to determine the location of and blood flow to a kidney tumor.
The contrast material visualizes both the renal blood vessels
and the collecting systems. Also called: digital intravenous
angiography, digital fluorography, renal arteriography, renal
venography, renal angiogram.
Key words/possible involvement: stricture, mass, mass
effect, extrinsic mass, metastases, filling defect, obstruction,
space occupying lesion, neovascularization, vascular parisitization.
Other words/no involvement: if there is no specific
reference to abnormality of the renal vasculature; references
to cysts, hamartomas, angiomyolipomas.
RENOCYSTOGRAM x-rays
to visualize the bladder, ureters and kidneys after the introduction
of intravenous radiopaque contrast material.
Key words/possible involvement: stricture, mass, mass
effect, metastases, filling defect in the kidney or bladder,
nonfunctioning kidney, ureteral obstruction.
Other words/no involvement: if there is no specific
reference to abnormality in the urinary tract.
RETROGRADE PYELOGRAM
series of x-rays to evaluate the upper urinary tract by using
a cystoscope to insert catheters through ureters to level
of renal pelvis and inject radiopaque contrast dye. The pelvis,
calyces and ureter of a kidney are visualized during this
procedure. Retrograde pyelogram is useful if intravenous pyelography
is inadequate due to nonvisualized kidney. Also called retrograde
pyelography.
Key words/possible involvement: mass, stricture, lesion,
filling defect, extrinsic mass, narrowing, metastases, nonfunctioning
kidney.
Other words/no involvement: if there is no specific
reference to visible abnormality in the urinary tract.
SIALOGRAPHY radiographic
examination of the salivary ducts; not recommended as a diagnostic
tool because of the possibility of introducing sepsis.
SKULL RADIOGRAPHS x-rays
of the bones of the skull to determine the presence of tumor
and its effect on internal structures in the brain. Also called
skull films.
Key words/possible involvement: midline shift, calcification,
skull or sella turcica erosion, erosion of inner table, stricture,
mass, mass effect, metastases, filling defect, obstruction
(to cerebrospinal fluid flow), space occupying lesion.
Other words/no involvement: if there is no specific
reference to abnormality of the cerebral vasculature; references
to cysts, hamartomas.
SMALL BOWEL SERIES
Also called enteroclysis. Includes fluoroscopy of the small
bowel. Excludes: upper gastrointestinal series (UGI).
Key words/possible involvement: lesion, irregular
density, stricture, shouldered stricture, applecore lesion,
filling defect, obstruction, polyps, villous adenoma, bleeding,
deformity of duodenum.
Other words/no involvement: no visible abnormality
in the small bowel; congenital atresia, regional enteritis,
ulcerative colitis, Whipple's disease, sprue, lymphoid hyperplasia,
malabsorption syndrome, intussusception, edema, abscess, or
infectious process, or other benign conditions.
Words indicating unsatisfactory procedure: not satisfactory
due to residual material in the small bowel or incomplete
preparation of the small bowel.
STOMACH X-RAYS Also
called gastric radiography.
Key words/possible involvement: lesion, irregular
density, stricture, shouldered stricture, filling defect,
obstruction, fistula, extravasation, perforation, thickening
of wall, abnormal contour, extrinsic mass, bleeding, ulcer
(unless described as benign or non-malignant), enlarge rugal
folds, deformity of pylorus.
Other words/no involvement: no visible abnormality;
normal peristalsis, diverticuli, inflammation, varices, pyloric
stenosis, gastritis, congenital abnormalities, foreign bodies,
spasm, edema, abscess, infectious process, or other benign
conditions.
Words indicating unsatisfactory procedure: not satisfactory
due to residual food or fluid in stomach.
TOMOGRAMS Also called
tomos or tomography, body section radiography, planigraphy,
laminography, stratigraphy. Evaluation of a plane or level
of tissue (most commonly the larynx or paranasal sinuses)
which can reveal tumor size, location, and extension into
other structures. See also Whole Lung Tomograms.
Key words/possible involvement: mass, bony tumor involvement,
obstruction, abnormal contour.
Other words/no involvement: no visible abnormality;
or reference to foreign body, inflammation, congenital abnormalities,
edema, abscess, infectious process, or other benign conditions.
UPPER GI SERIES Also
called UGI, double contrast Upper GI series. Examination of
the esophagus, stomach and small bowel in one procedure.
Key words/possible involvement: lesion, irregular
density, stricture, shouldered stricture, filling defect,
obstruction, fistula, extravasation, perforation, thickening
of wall, abnormal contour, extrinsic mass.
Other words/no involvement: no visible abnormality;
normal peristalsis, diverticuli, inflammation, congenital
abnormalities, foreign bodies, spasm, edema, abscess, infectious
process, or other benign conditions.
Words indicating unsatisfactory procedure: not satisfactory
due to residual food or fluid in upper gastrointestinal tract.
WHOLE LUNG TOMOGRAM
radiographic evaluation of lungs by taking films of serial,
thin sections of lung tissue. Also called: whole lung tomography,
chest tomos. Excludes: computerized tomography of the lungs
and plain x-rays of the lungs. See also Tomograms.
Key words/possible involvement: lesion, irregular
density, coin lesion, cannonball lesion, nodular lesion, cavitary
lesion, homogenous parenchymal lesion with sharply defined
margins, multiple opacities, multiple pulmonary nodules, unilateral
hilar enlargement, pleural effusion, pleural masses, rib lesion
with adjacent soft tissue mass, mediastinal mass, metastases.
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