SSS

Saber, pseud.

    1962             Tour in Arizona: footprints of an army officer. Edited by Henry W. Splitter. Journal of the West, Vol. 1, no. 1 (July), pp. 74-97. Los Angeles, Lorrin L. Morrison, Printing and Publishing. [This is a reprint of articles that appeared originally in early 1872 in the Los Angeles Star. Editor Splitter includes a note citing an 1867 publication by Rusling who wrote that the Papagos were a great tribe dominating all of southern Arizona and that they sprang from the Pima.]

Saeli, Anthony

    1983             The way it was. Tales of southern Arizona. s.l., Anthony Saeli. 264 pp. [This is a collection of vignettes, both lore and factual history, relating to southern Arizona from the Spanish period to statehood in 1912. There are several references to Mission San Xavier del Bac. Saeli credits Papagos with providing the name ATucson.@]

Safford, Anson P.K.

    1871a           Letter to General Parker, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. In Report of the Secretary of the Interior, Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs [Executive Documents of the House of Representatives for 1870-1871, Vol. 4, 41st Congress, 3d session], pp. 600-603. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Written in Tucson August 5, 1871, Safford, who was territorial governor, reports, AI visited the Papago Indians, who inhabit a belt of country bordering on Sonora. They are peaceable and industrious; mostly embrace the Catholic religion; have horses and cattle in considerable numbers, and grow grain for their support. In harvest time, many of them work for Americans and Mexicans, and receive, including their board, about fifty cents per day therefor. They are said to be excellent laborers. They need no assistance from Government, except schools, which should be at once established@ (p. 602).]

    1871b           Resources of Arizona Territory with a description of the Indian tribes; ancient ruins; Cochise, Apache chief; Antonio, Pima chief; sage and wagon roads; trade and commerce, etc. San Francisco, Francis & Valentine, Steam Printers & Engravers. 31 pp. [Safford=s one-paragraph description of the Papagos is on page 21. He says of them, AThey speak the same language as the Pimas, but have mostly embraced the Catholic religion, and are much further advanced in civilization. They live by cultivating the soil and raising stock. They are peaceable, well-disposed, and have never asked nor received but little assistance from the Government. They are at peace with all the world except the Apaches, but toward them their hate is intense. ... The men, like most Indians, engage in polygamy, and sometimes drink too much liquor.@]

    1874             The Territory of Arizona; a brief history and summary of etc. ... .Tucson, The Citizen. 38 pp. [The description of Papago Indians is identical to that in Safford (1871b). See pages 33-35.]

Sagmiller, James J.

    1998             AThe maize from Black Dog Cave: testing the concept of races of maize in the American Southwest.@ Master of Arts thesis, University of Nevada, Las Vegas. 302 pp. [AMaize cobs from Black Dog Cave, a Virgin Anasazi Cave site near modern Moapa, Nevada, were measured for twelve morphological characters. ... (N)ew descriptive measurements presented here define the Southwest maize races Pueblo and Pima-Papago for the first time.@]

Salcido, Elizabeth

    1982             Mat hekid o ju; when it rains. In Mat hekid o ju; when it rains, edited by Ofelia Zepeda, p. 7. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [A poem in Papago and English by a Papago first grade student telling her impression of what happens to the desert when it rains.]

Salpointe, Jean B. [a.k.a. Salpointe, John]

    1880             A brief sketch of the mission of San Xavier del Bac with a description of its church. San Francisco, Thomas= Steam Printing House. [Most of this booklet is devoted to a history of Mission San Xavier del Bac (pp. 3-16), while the remainder (pp. 16-20) is devoted to a description of the church and its furnishings. Salpointe was Vicar Apostolic of the Tucson Diocese of the Catholic Church.]

    1898             Soldiers of the cross. Notes on the ecclesiastical history of New Mexico, Arizona and Colorado. Banning, California, St. Boniface=s Industrial School. Illus., index. 299 pp. [This book by the first Bishop of the Diocese of Tucson includes information about Papagos as follows: Juan Solorza, a San Xavier Papago, told Salpointe in 1866 that he and his people ultimately arrived in their present location via land, but fording a big river en route (p. 4); Papago pottery is described (pp. 11-12); Papago burial customs are recounted (p. 12); Papago medicine men and medical beliefs are discussed (p. 13); Papago shrines are accounted for (p. 14); Jesuit-period history of the Papagos, starting with Father Eusebio Kino, is recounted (pp. 130-139); Franciscan-period history of Papagos in the Spanish period is recounted (pp. 139-143), with lists of Spanish-period missionaries in AArizona@ on pp. 143-144; Adolf Bandelier=s population estimate of 6,000 Papagos is cited (p. 150); Papagos discussed on pages 184-185, including mention of their Ause of intoxicating liquors, which they made from several kinds of wild fruit@; Mission San Xavier del Bac described as Salpointe knew it (pp 185-188), with photos of the church in Plates 37 and 44; Arricivita (1792) quoted as giving a population figure of 200 for San Xavier (p. 226); the arrival of secular clergy in Tucson and at San Xavier is outlined (pp. 226-228), including a summary of Father Machebeuf=s 1859 visit to San Xavier; the arrival of Jesuit priests Messea and Bosco, the Franciscan Rogieri, and additional secular priests and male school teachers at San Xavier and Tucson discussed on pages 240-254; Ashaking fever@ epidemic at San Xavier in 1866 described (p. 256); the 1874-1876 school at San Xavier is mentioned (p. 264); and thirty mounted Papago Indians met President Rutherford B. Hayes in Tucson on October 24, 1880 (p. 270).]

    1966             Soldier of the cross. Edited by Odie B. Faulk. Foreword by Most Reverend Francis J. Green. Tucson, Diocese of Tucson. Map, illus., appendices, index. xxiii +181 pp. [A reprint of Salpointe (1898) with an added foreword by Francis Green, Bishop of Tucson. ASoldiers@ in the original has here been changed to ASoldier.@]

    1979             See Weber (1979)

Salvatierra, Juan María

    1971             Complete text of Salvatierra=s journal. In Kino and Manje: explorers of Sonora and Arizona and their vision of the future. A study of their expeditions and plans [Sources and Studies for the History of the Americas, Vol. 10], compiled, with summaries of the trips, by Ernest J. Burrus, pp. 587-618. Rome, Italy, and St. Louis, Missouri, Jesuit Historical Institute. [Spanish text of the journal kept by missionary Juan María Salvatierra on his February-April 1701 expedition with Father Eusebio Francisco Kino and Captain Juan Mateo Manje to the head of the Gulf of California through Northern O=odham territory. Also see Manje (1954: 150-178; 1971h).]

San Simon School. United States Bureau of Indian Affairs. Papago Indian Agency.

    1980a           Ali. Foreword by Della R. Williams. Waitsburg, Washington, Coppei House, Publishers, for the San Simon School. Illus. 20 pp. [A APapago Right Now Reader,@ the Papago text, with such lines as Ababy is sleeping@ (ali >o ko:s), is accompanied by photos of Papago babies.]

    1980b           Baby. Foreword by Della R. Williams. Waitsburg, Washington, Coppei House, Publishers, for the San Simon School. Illus. 20 pp. [The English language version of San Simon School (1980a).]

    1980c           My school. Foreword by Della R. Williams. Waitsburg, Washington, Coppei House, Publishers, for the San Simon School. Illus. 20 pp. [Another APapago Right Now Reader,@ the text, with such lines as AThis is where I get a drink of water,@ is accompanied by black-and-white photos of school children in the activity described in the text. Text here is in English (see San Simon School 1980e).]

    1980d           My teacher. Foreword by Della R. Williams. Waitsburg, Washington, Coppei House, Publishers, for the San Simon School. Illus. 20 pp. [This basic reader in the APapago Right Now Reader@ series has photos of teachers in the San Simon School accompanied by such captions as, AMy teacher is reading a book.@]

    1980e           Ñ-mascamakud. Foreword by Della R. Williams. Waitsburg, Washington, Coppei House, Publishers, for the San Simon School. Illus. 20 pp. [This is the Papago version of San Simon School (1980c).]

    1980f            Ñ-mascamdam. Foreword by Della R. Williams. Waitsburg, Washington, Coppei House, Publishers, for the San Simon School. Illus. 20 pp. [This is the Papago version of San Simon School (1980d).]

San Xavier District and the Johnson Strategy Group. Inc.

    2001             San Xavier District, Tohono O'odham Nation, Wa:k Community Plan. A five-year strategy: legacy of the past, challenge for today, vision for tomorrow. Tucson, San Xavier District of the Tohono O'odham Nation. Illus. 12 pp. [Printed in newspaper format on heavy paper, this summary of a lengthier report was distributed to all households in the Wa:k community. It includes sections on "Our History and Cultural Setting," "Land and Natural Resources," "Community and Economic Development," "Human Resources," and "Governance."]

San Xavier Mining and Smelting Company

    1879             Prospectus with estimates and reports of the property of the San Xavier Mining and Smelting Co. San Francisco, Francis Valentine & Co. Illus. 20 pp. [This is a prospectus of a mining property located just south of the San Xavier Reservation. Papagos are discussed (pp. 6-7), and there is a lithograph of Mission San Xavier del Bac facing page 6.]

Sanchez, Georgiana V.

    1992             AA light to do shellwork by.@ Master of Arts thesis, California State University, Long Beach. 63 pp. [This is a collection of free verse poetry Athat is, in essence, an affirmation and celebration of what it means to be a mixed-blood Papago-Pima/Chumash person.@ The writer=s father was a Chumash Indian from California, while her mother and grandmother, both of whom influenced her, were APapago-Pima.@]

Sanchez, Tani

    1991             Summer program introduces Native American youths to academic life and promotes job skills. Indian Programs Newsletter, Vol. 3, no. 3 (Spring), p. 13. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Office of Indian Programs. [American Indian youths ages 16-21 attended a special program on the campus of the University of Arizona in Tucson in June, 1990, one intended to provide them with exposure to campus and academic life and to help them sharpen job skills. Youths from the Tohono O=odham Nation were represented.]

Sanderlin, Walter S., editor

    1964             A cattle drive from Texas to California: the diary of H.M. Erskine, 1854. Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. 67, no. 3 (January), pp. 397-412. Austin, Texas State Historical Association. [Writes Erskine: AFriday Septr 15^th (1854) Today we traveled through a chapparal country - some large musquite timber. 13 Miles to within 2 Miles of Mission Gaubel (Mission San Xavier del Bac). Small prairie - Salt Grass - Big Musquite timber - Creek to the right about the 1/4 of a Mile - At Gaubel, is a handsome church, of brick - small village - inhabited by Pimo (Papago) Indians@ (p. 408).]

Sanders, J.L.

    1971             Quantitative guidelines for communicable disease control programs. Biometrics, Vol. 27, no. 4 (December), pp. 883-893. Richmond, Virginia, The Biometric Society. [AThe object of this research is to investigate the structure of the optimal public health policy for the control of a sample communicable disease. Both social program costs are considered and the results are applied to the control of trachoma in the Papago Indian tribe in the Southwestern United States.@]

Sandin, Joan

    2004             Sister Bourne: a life of teaching, cow punching, broken hearts, broken marriages, and broken bones. Arizona Alumnus, Vol. 81, no. 2 (Winter), pp. 30-33. Tucson, The University of Arizona Alumni Association. [This illustrated biographical sketch of a southern Arizona teacher and cowgirl, Eulalia Bourne, mentions that it took her ten years Ato work her way through school (the University of Arizona), earning $1,500 a year teaching Mexican, Yaqui, Tohono O=odham, and Chinese students@ (pp. 32-33). Sister Bounre died in 1984 at the age of 87.]

Sandomingo, Manuel

    1953             Historia de Sonora. s.l., s.n. Illus., bibl., index. 468 pp. [The history and ethnography of the Pimas, including the Papagos, is outlined on pages 198-219. A Papago/Spanish vocabulary is on pages 217-219. Papagos and their relationship to the Pinacate Mountains and to the Casa Grande of southern Arizona are mentioned on pages 22-23.]

    1988             Mágica y leyenda en torno al Pinacate. Arizona Hispana, núm. 5 (febrero), pp. 16-17. Tucson, Comunicación Social del Noroeste de México. [Three black-and-white photos of the Pinacates of northwest Sonora accompany this article about the romantic mystery and legends of the region. The essay is an excerpt from Sandomingo (1953: 21-23).]

Sandoval, Moises

    1982             St. Xavier Mission in Tucson, Ariz. Revista Maryknoll, Vol. 3, no. 12 (December), front cover. Maryknoll, New York, Sociedad Católica de América para las Misiones Extranjeros. [A color photo of the southeast elevation of Mission San Xavier del Bac shows the church essentially in silhouette.]

Sands, Kathleen

    1983             Telling 'a good one': creating a Papago autobiography. Melus, Vol. 10, no. 3 (Fall) pp. 55-65. Society for Multiethnic Literatures in the United States. [About San Xavier Papago Theodore Rios.]

    1998             Narrative resistance: Native American collaborative autobiography. Studies in American Indian Literatures, Vol. 10, pp. 1-19. New York, Association for the Study of American Indian Literatures. [This is Sands= response to the analysis by Carr (1996) of Ruth Underhill=s text of the Aautobiography@ of Papago Indian woman Maria Chona.]

Sanford, Trent E.

    1950             The architecture of the Southwest: Indian, Spanish, American. New York, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Maps, illus., index, appendix. xii + 312 pp. [One chapter of the book is titled, ADesert Interlude: San Xavier del Bac.@ It includes mention of Papagos and Father Eusebio Kino, the pioneer Jesuit missionary among them, as well as a discussion of the mission church. Exterior and interior photographs of the mission are in plates 37, 38, and 39. Mission Tumacacori enters the discussion as well, with photos of the church in plates 39 and 40.]

    1997             The architecture of the Southwest: Indian, Spanish, American. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., appendix. xii + 312 pp. [This is a softcover reprint edition of Sanford (1950).]

Santiago, Mark

    1998             Massacre at the Yuma Crossing. Spanish relations with the Quechans, 1779-1782. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Bibl., index. xv + 220 pp. [This is what surely is the definitive study of the massacre by Yuma (Quechan) Indians at the Yuma Crossing of the Colorado River of Spaniards who were attempting to establish a non-Indian settlement at the place in the Quechans= midst. Among those killed in the July, 1781 massacre were four Franciscan friars, all of whom had had previous experience among Northern Pimans, including Father Francisco Garcés, the first Franciscan to be assigned to mission San Xavier del Bac in the wake of the Jesuit expulsion of 1767. Santiago includes information about the relationship between Northern Pimans, Papagos included, and the Quechans. Consult the index under APapago Indians,@ APima Indians,@ APimas Altos Indians,@ APimería Alta,@ and ASan Xavier del Bac (mission).@ Northern Piman auxiliaries were among the troops sent to the Colorado River after the massacre in a less-than-successful punitive expedition.]

    2003             Virtue, character, and service. The Spanish officer corps in Sonora, 1779. The Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 44, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 45-72. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [It is noted that the Spanish presidio of Altar, founded in 1753, Aacted as a buffer against several aboriginal groups not yet subdued by white men. These included the people the Spaniards termed Papagos (today=s Tohono O=odham), who inhabited the deserts and mountains northwest of the presidio@ (pp. 54, 56).]

Santos, David F.

    1981             David=s story / David ha=icu a:ga. Waitsburg, Washington, Coppei House Publisher for the San Simon School. Illus. 14 pp. [Written for students in the San Simon Elementary School on the Papago Indian Reservation, this Papago culture history reader is an autobiography of a Tohono O=odham whose home is in Gunsight on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Sapir, Edward

    1915a           Southern Paiute and Nahuatl - a study in Uto-Aztecan, part II. American Anthropologist, Vol. 17, no. 1 (January/March), pp. 93-120. Lancaster, American Anthropological Association. [This is a discussion of the relationship of Papago to other languages in the Uto-Aztecan family, one based largely on linguistic material supplied by Papago Indian Juan Dolores.]

    1915b           Southern Paiute and Nahuatl - a study in Uto-Aztecan, part II (concluded). American Anthropologist, Vol. 17, no. 2 (April/June), pp. 306-328. Lancaster, American Anthropological Association. [Conclusion of Sapir (1915a.]

Sapp, Gordon

    1930             Arizona=s Indian population. Tucson, Vol. 3, no. 8 (August), pp. 1-3, 15. Tucson, Chamber of Commerce. [There is some discussion here of the Sells and San Xavier reservations, of the Papaguería, Papago population, and the Papago salt pilgrimage. A photo of a Papago pottery maker is on page 3.]

Saraficio, Angelina

    1980a           Ha:sañ; /saguaro cactus. In Tohonno O=odham ha cegtoidag c ha=icu a:ga, p. 18. Waitsburg, Washington, Coppei House Publisher for the San Simon School. [Papago and English versions of a poem about the saguaro, one that says the saguaro is also O=odham.].

    1980b           Ñeñ=ei / songs. In Tohonno O=odham ha cegtoidag c ha=icu a:ga, p. 9. Waitsburg, Washington, Coppei House Publisher for the San Simon School. [Papago and English versions of a poem about what songs do for one who sings them.]

    1980c           Tadai / roadrunner. In Tohonno O=odham ha cegtoidag c ha=icu a:ga, p. 33. Waitsburg, Washington, Coppei House Publisher for the San Simon School. [A poem in Papago and English that asks where the roadrunner is running to and if he is looking for the poet, a Papago woman.]

    1982a           Do:da=ag / mountain. In Mat hekid o ju; when it rains, edited by Ofelia Zepeda, pp. 70-71. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Papago and English versions of a poem by a Papago child about mountains in the Papago country, including Quijotoa, Baboquivari, and Ventana.]

    1982b           Ha:sañ; /saguaro cactus. In Mat hekid o ju; when it rains, edited by Ofelia Zepeda, pp. 66-67. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [A reprint of Saraficio (1980a).]

    1982c           Ñeñe=i; songs. In Mat hekid o ju; when it rains, edited by Ofelia Zepeda, pp. 68-69. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [A reprint of Saraficio 1980b, with a different spelling of Ñeñ=ei.]

    1984             [Saguaro cactus.] In Saguaro cactus forest drive, compiled by Mary Robinson and T.J. Priehs, p. 10. Tucson, Southwest Parks and Monuments Association. [Reprint of Saraficio (1980a), the English version only.]

Saraficio, Larry

    1953             San Juan Day. In The new trail, revised edition, pp. 3-5. Phoenix, Phoenix Indian School Print Shop. [A description by a 17-year-old Papago student of the Papagos= celebration of San Juan=s Day.]

Sarrantonio, Al

    1993             Kitt Peak. New York, M. Evans. 143 pp. [A mystery novel that includes as part of its setting the Papago Indian Reservation as imagined -- not very well -- by the author.]

Sarvak, Mary

    2000             Stories from the road. Seedhead News, no. 69 (Summer), p. 8. Tucson, Native Seeds/SEARCH. [Sarvak writes about walking on March 20, 2000 through some 25 miles of the Tohono O'odham reservation with others who were walking to raise awareness about the problem of diabetes among Native Americans.]

Sastre, Matheo. See Bolton, translator and editor, 1930y and 1930z

Sauer, Carl

    1934             The distribution of aboriginal tribes and languages in northwestern Mexico. Ibero-Americana, 5. Berkeley, University of California Press. [Sauer writes briefly about the Papagos, largely quoting from mid eighteenth-century Jesuit missionary Father Ignaz Pfefferkorn concerning these Indians and their land (pp. 53-54).]

    1935a           Aboriginal population of northwestern Mexico. Ibero-Americana, 10. Berkeley, University of California Press. [Sauer writes that due to environmental circumstances, Papagos were forced into a nomadic life; Papagos are as numerous today as they were at the time of discovery of this country (p. 29); San Xavier del Bac was the chief village of the middle Santa Cruz River (p. 31); and figures are given for the early Papago populations in the Papaguería (p. 32).]

    1935b           A Spanish expedition into the Arizona Apachería. Arizona Historical Review, Vol. 6, no. 1 (January), pp. 2-13. Tucson, University of Arizona with the cooperation of the Arizona Pioneers Historical Society. [Sauer briefly discusses the boundary between the sedentary Northern O=odham (Pima) and Apache Indians by way of introduction to his translation, interspersed with explanatory text, of an anonymous journal of a somewhat inglorious Spanish military expedition which Sauer believes took place in 1793. On September 2 the troop arrived at Santa María Suamca, and the next day they passed Guevavi and spent the night at Calabazas. On September 4 they arrived at Mission Tumacácori where they found the Franciscan priests from Cocóspera and San Ignacio. On September 5 they arrived at San Xavier del Bac, spending the night there before continuing to Tucson. On September 9 they continued their expedition, leaving Tucson under the command of Pedro de Allande and accompanied by Captain Manuel de Echeagaray. By September 14 they were near Arivaipa Creek in Apache country, and as soon as the Papago and Gileño auxiliaries were given their rations, some of them Afled for their own country.@ On September 23, by which time the expedition was essentially finished, A... the Opata and the Pima of San Ignacio were paid off. Six of the former and one of the latter were newly taken sick, as had also an Indian of Santa Cruz, and five from San Xavier and Tumacácori.@]

    1954             Comment. American Anthropologist, Vol. 56, no. 4 (August), pp. 553-556. Menasha, Wisconsin, American Anthropological Association. [Sauer here comments on an essay by Paul Kirchhoff, AGatherers and farmers in the Greater Southwest.@ He makes the prescient observation concerning the possible prehistory of the Northern Pimans: AThe early Spanish missionaries had been surprised to find that, having learned the speech of the Tepecano, they had a language wholly usable among not only Tepehuan but also the Pima and Papago; from the margins of Jalisco to the Salt River of Arizona, they said, ran one speech, a band of country a thousand miles long, winding through Sierra Madre and out onto the desert plains of Arizona. Only a narrow mountain break separates the Tepehuan from the Pima; another, the Upper from the Lower Pima. The lack of differentiation of language indicates no great age for their entry. ... It looks to me like a late prehistoric drift in mass out of a prior home within the borders of the United States, some bands having slipped along the inner margin of the Sierra Madre far to the south, others breaking through the Yaqui, yet others spreading across southern Arizona. The latter absorbed the remnants of the Hohokam, picked up some of the red-on-buff pottery techniques, and appropriated surviving irrigation works.@]

Sauer, Carl, and Donald D. Brand

    1932             Prehistoric settlements of Sonora with special reference to Cerro de Trincheras. University of California Publications in Geography, Vol. 5, pp. 67-148. Berkeley, University of California Press. [A map and illustrations accompany this report, one which mentions hills and mountains with rock walls, trincheras, in the Papaguería such as that on Black Mountain near Mission San Xavier del Bac (p. 80). They further note a site near Cucurpe, Sonora, which has red earthenware pottery similar to that made by Pimas and Papagos (p. 83); that there was a Papago family living in Alamos, Sonora and there were Papagos at Rancho Bisani in 1930 (p. 100); ollas (water jars) in trincheras sites are similar to those used by Papagos (p. 109); Trincheras people were ancestral to the Papago (p. 117); and Papagos farm sites that are more arid than any sites known to have been prehistoric settlements (p. 122).]

Saul, Marilyn

    1987             Osteological analysis of human remains. In The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, part 3, Appendix K, pp. 467-471. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. [This is an analysis of the osteological remains of sixty-two individuals whose buried or cremated remains were recovered from a prehistoric site on the San Xavier Reservation. Listed for each individual, when possible, are age, gender, stature, and pathologies.]

Saunders, Charles F.

    1920             Useful wild plants of the United States and Canada. New York, R.M. McBride & Co. Illus. 275 pp. [Using data collected by Carl Lumholtz and Edward H. Davis, Saunders discusses the saguaro and its uses by Papagos.]

    1926             Useful wild plants of the United States and Canada. New York, R.M. McBride & Co. Illus. 275 pp. [Republication of Saunders (1920).]

    1934             Useful wild plants of the United States and Canada. New and revised edition. New York, R.M. McBride & Co. Illus. 275 pp. [A slightly revised edition of Saunders (1920).]

    1976             Edible and useful wild plants of the United States and Canada. New York, Dover Publications. [This is a republication of Saunders (1934) with a slightly different title.]

    1978             Edible and useful wild plants of the United States and Canada. Toronto, Tudor Press. Illus., 275 pp. [The Canadian re-publication of Saunders (1976).]

Saurez Barnett, Alberto

    1991             The Pimería Alta. In Voices from the Pimería Alta, pp. 172-192. Nogales, Arizona, Pimería Alta Historical Society. [This history of the Pimería Alta is largely a deep reflection on the subject of the coming together of European (Spanish) culture and Piman Indian culture in the region. Emphasis is laid on the effects of Bourbon reforms on this frontier society.]

Sausman, Karen

    1981             The saguaro. A community affair. Desert, Vol. 44, no. 10 (November), pp. 38-41. Palm Desert, California, Desert Communication Corporation. [Mention is made of the Papagos= harvesting of saguaro fruit (p. 40).]

Savage, Mary L.

    1923             The Congregation of Saint Joseph of Carondelet. St. Louis and London, B. Herder Book Co. Illus., index, bibl. 334 pp. [Mention is made of Papagos at Mission San Xavier del Bac (pp. 272-277) and of Papago students at St. John=s Indian school at Komatke on the Gila River Indian Reservation (p. 293).]

Savala, Refugio

    1980             The autobiography of a Yaqui poet. Edited by Kathleen M. Sands. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. xxiii + 228 pp. [Savala, who was born in Magdalena, Sonora in 1904, came to southern Arizona when he was a very small boy. The book contains references to his contacts and those of his family with Papago Indians living on the San Xavier Indian Reservation.]

Save the Children Federation and Meals for Millions

    1979             The O=odham gi:ky book. [Sells and Tucson, Arizona, Save the Children and Meals for Millions/SW.] 12 pp. [A booklet on planting stick and plow agriculture designed Ato help the Papago people still interested in growing food in their own fields.@]

Sawyer, Mark

    1986             Early days. Photographer George Alexander Grant and the western national parks. Foreword by Horace M. Albright. Flagstaff, Arizona, Northland Press. 122 pp. Illus. [Sawyer briefly recounts Grant=s photographic expedition into northern Sonora and southern Arizona in 1935 with a National Park Service team, and photographs taken by Grant of the Pimería Alta missions of Tumacacori, San Ignacio, Tubutama, Caborca, Pitiquito, and Cocospera appear in plates 19-25.]

    1990             The photo legacy of Henry Buehman. Arizona History, Vol. 7, no. 6 (November/December), pp. 3, 6. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [A sidebar with this article about Tucson nineteenth-century photographer Henry Buehman includes a reproduction of AHS/Buehman photo #93,768, AA Papago man circa turn of the century.@]

Saxton, Dean

    1959             Problems of Papagos learning English. Sharing Ideas, Vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 1-7. Phoenix, Division of Indian Education, State Department of Public Instruction. [This article is intended as a speech corrective tool for Papagos learning English.]

    1963             Papago phonemes. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 29, no. 1 (January), pp. 29-35. Baltimore, Indiana University. [A description of phonemes of the Papago languages and their distribution. Data were gathered during five years' residence in villages of the Kokolólodi, Tótogiwuañi, and Húuhu?ula dialects.]

    1966             Papago reading manual. Sells, Arizona, Summer Institute of Linguistics. 13 pp. [A short reading manual, totally in Papago, designed for very young Papagos or others who wish to learn Papago.]

    1969             Continuing education on the Papago -- Papago linguistics. Indian Programs, Vol. 1, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 2-3. Tucson, The University of Arizona. [This is about a course in Papago linguistics being taught by Saxton at Sells, Arizona.]

    1982             Papago. In Studies in Uto-Aztecan grammar 3: Uto-Aztecan grammatical sketches [Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics, Vol. 56, no. 3], edited by Ronald W. Langacker, pp. 193-266. Dallas, Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.

Saxton, Dean, and Lucille Saxton

    1973             O'othham Hoho'ok A'agitha; legends and lore of the Papago and Pima Indians. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Illus. 441 pp. [A collection of legends and lore of the Papago and Pima Indians of southern Arizona written in O'odham (Piman) and translated into English.]

Saxton, Dean, and Lucille Saxton, compilers

    1969             Dictionary. Papago & Pima to English / O'odham--Mil-gahn; English to Papago & Pima / Mil-gahn -- O'odham. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., appendices, bibl. 191 pp. [A Papago and Pima to English and an English to Papago and Pima dictionary. Included in Appendix III is an explanation of Papago grammar. Appendix IV gives technical terms in the realms of sociology, medicine, flora, fauna, and calendrical ideas. There are numerous line drawings throughout the book.]

Saxton, Dean; Lucille Saxton, and Susie Enos

    1983             Dictionary. Papago & Pima to English / O'odham--Mil-gahn; English to Papago & Pima / Mil-gahn -- O'odham. Edited by R.L. Cherry. Second edition, revised and expanded. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., appendices, pronunciation guide, bibl. 145 pp. [A bilingual dictionary which includes appendices on phonology, time and calendar, cultural terms, kinship, maps and placenames, and numbers.]

Sayles, E.B. ATed@

    1968             Fantasies of gold. Legends of treasure and how they grew. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Map, illus., refs, notes, index. 135 pp. [Sayles briefly recounts the Papago legend of the Monster of Quitovac, an animal that once lived in a lake, now dry. AIt hated people but was finally overcome by the Papago hero, El Primer Montezuma (Iitoi), who was swallowed by the beast. But he managed to cut out its heart from within and escape as the monster died.@ Also see Ives (1941a).]

Sayner, Donald B.; Robert P,. Hale, and Margaret S. Bret Harte, compilers

     n.d.             Arizona=s first newspaper, AThe Weekly Arizonian,@ Edward E. Cross, editor, Tubac. A re-print from the first year of publication, 1859. [Tucson], Donald B. Sayner and Robert P. Hale. Illus. Unpaged. [This is a compilation of facsimile reprints, all in reduced format, of the first twenty-four issues of Arizona=s first newspaper. References to Papagos are in papers of 3/3/59:3 (Papagos steal three horses from Hoyt=s Ranch, flee to Santa Cruz, Sonora, where they were captured by U.S. troops); 3/10/59: 2 (Papagos say stolen horses are at San Lazaro, Sonora; Papagos recover horses stolen by Apaches); 4/21/59: 1 (about a visit paid editor Cross by Tanacio, Agrand chief of the Papago nation,@ and about an encampment of some 200-300 Papagos living near Tubac breaking up, with people departing for Atheir own country@; there is a good account of Papago country to the west and of Papagos= seasonal movements, with information from Herman Ehrenberg; Papagos in Tubac supply manual labor, grow and sell hay, and supply the population, especially Mexicans, with earthenware vessels; APapagos@ regarded as heathens and the APimos@ as Christians; Papagos harvest saguaro fruit); 4/28/59: 3 (Cahuabi {Cababi} mine opened in 1858, owned by Brunckow, Hulseman, and others); 6/2/59: 3 (on May 29 Apaches stole animals from Atame@ Apaches and Papagos living at Arivaca); and 6/23/59: 3 (R. Ward of Tubac shoots a drunk Papago in the leg; the Papago survived).]

Sayre, Nathan

    1999             The cattle boom in southern Arizona: towards a critical political ecology. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 41, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 239-271. Tucson, Southwest Center, University of Arizona. [There is a brief discussion of the introduction of cattle among the Piman Indians of today's southern Arizona, an introduction that started effectively after 1687 and the arrival of Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino in the region. The author refers to the period between 1697 and 1873, which he summarizes here, as that of "pre-capitalist livestock production."]

Scallen, Nicholas

    [1938]          The prayer. In Mission San Xavier del Bac, by Bonaventure Oblasser, p. 30. Topawa, Arizona, Franciscan Fathers of Arizona. [Written under the pen name AIldefonsus,@ this is a 28-line extract of a longer poem-prayer written in 1906 by a priest from Dubuque, Iowa that begins APray that old San Xavier / May not for age be forgot; / And again the lamp of religion / May burn on the holy spot. / Soon may the Papagos gather / Beneath the sacred shade,@ etc. etc. The rest of the poem is just as bad. Also see Howlett (1908) and Ildefonsus (n.d.).]

Scantling, Frederick H.

    1939             Jackrabbit Ruin. Kiva, Vol. 5, no. 3 (December), pp. 9-12. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This report is a summary of the excavation of Jackrabbit Ruin, a prehistoric village site located on the Papago Indian Reservation seven miles east of Sells, Arizona.]

    1940             AExcavations at the Jackrabbit Ruin.@ Master=s thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson. Maps, illus., bibl. 70 pp. [This is the report on the excavation of Jackrabbit Ruin (Ariz.:DD:1:6), a prehistoric surface village on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Schaefer, John P.

    1978             [Untitled photos.] Arizona Alumnus, Vol. 55, no. 3 (Spring), front cover, pp. 11, 13, 14-15, 22. Tucson, University of Arizona Alumni Association. [These are a half dozen black-and-white photos by Schaefer taken of the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1977.]

    1981             See Fontana (1981a)

    1983             How to use the zone system for fine b&w photography. Tucson, H.P. Books. Illus. 160 pp. [Included in this photo manual are several pictures of Mission San Xavier del Bac; a picture of the Catholic church at San Miguel on the Papago Indian Reservation (p. 127); a picture of the cross on top of the church at Santa Cruz on the Papago Reservation (p. 148); and of a door to an adobe structure at the Papago settlement of Poso Verde in Sonora (p. 29).]

    1989             See Fontana (1989a)

    1992             An Ansel Adams guide: basic techniques of photography. Boston, Toronto, and London, Little Brown and Company. Illus., index. x + 389 pp. [This book on Ansel Adams= photography techniques includes a series of black-and-white prints of photos taken in 1977 by Schaefer of Mission San Xavier del Bac (pp. 354-366).]

    1997             People, places, and things: thirty years in photography. Foreword and acknowledgments by Robert Yassin; essays by Bernard Fontana and John P. Schaefer. Tucson, Tucson Museum of Art. Illus. 111 pp. [This catalogue of black-and-white photographs taken by John P. Schaefer includes eighteen of Mission San Xavier del Bac, four of structures on the Papago Indian Reservation, and eight individual portraits and other photos of Tohono O'odham individuals.]

Schaefer, John P.; Celestine Chinn, and Kieran McCarty

    1977             Bac: where the waters gather. [Tucson], privately printed. Illus. 54 pp. [Schaefer provides the black-and-white photographs to support the text on the art of the church by Celestine Chinn (1977) as well as segments on the church=s Spanish-period history as introduced and translated into English by Kieran McCarty (1977).]

Schaefer, John P., and Bernard L. Fontana

    1981             L=Arizona ed il West: terra di sogne e di chimere. Firenze, Italy, Comune di Firenze, Loggia Rucellai. Illus. 64 pp. [This is an illustrated catalogue of black-and-white photographs taken by John Schaefer with text by Bernard L. Fontana. The photos were exhibited in Florence, Italy. About one-fourth of the pictures reproduced here and one-fourth of the text are devoted to Papago Indians.]

Schaus, Dick

     1955            Antonio Amado. Arizona Cattlelog, Vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 2-10. Phoenix, Arizona Cattle Growers= Association. [This is a biographical sketch of a man born in Sonora, Mexico about 1838 and who by 1879 was running over a thousand head of cattle near San Xavier del Bac. He was evicted from the 1874-founded San Xavier Reservation at a time when government agents, headed by agent Roswell Wheeler, set fire to the several dwellings and buildings of non-Papagos on the reservation and Amado lost his 80-acre stock ranch and improvements valued at $300.]

Scheerens, J.C.; A.M. Tinsley, I.R. Abbas, C.W. Weber, and J.W. Berry

    1983             The nutritional significance of tepary bean consumption. Desert Plants, Vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 11-14. Superior, Arizona, The University of Arizona for the Boyce Thompson Arboretum. [Mention is made of the fact that new food storage technology, stable market supply of protein foodstuffs, and changing lifestyles have lessened traditional Papago interest in consumption of tepary beans. Also mentioned is a shift in Papagos' food preference from tepary beans to pinto beans.]

Schellie, Don

    1968             Vast domain of blood: the story of the Camp Grant Massacre [Great West and Indian Series, no. 37]. Los Angeles, Westernlore Press. Map, bibl. xvii + 268 pp. [This is an account written by a journalist of the 1871 massacre by Papagos from San Xavier del Bac and Anglos and Mexicans from Tucson of a large group of Western Apaches who were settled near Camp Grant in southern Arizona.]

    1970             The Tucson Citizen: a century of Arizona journalism. Tucson, Tucson Daily Citizen. Map, illus., index. 96 pp. [It is noted (p. 19) that Mission San Xavier del Bac was founded by Father Kino in 1692 and that the present church was begun in 1783. A post-1887 and pre-1900 photo of the southwest elevation of the church is on page 22. A Papago woman carrying hay in a burden basket is shown in a photo on page 33 and three Papago women carrying ollas in burden baskets are shown on page 53. Papago men are shown in 1940 registering for the draft seated to the south of San Xavier mission (p. 89). A Franciscan friar is shown seated on the left.]

    1975             Tucson turns 200. Arizona Highways, Vol. 51, no. 9 (September), pp. 11-16. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [This summary history of Tucson, Arizona, includes accompanying photos of San Xavier del Bac, including one of an Easter sunrise ceremony taking place on Grotto Hill next to the mission. There is also a ca. 1875 photo of Papago women carrying earthenware jars in burden baskets down Tucson=s Congress Street.]

Scherer, Joanna C.

    1973             Indians. The great photographs that reveal North American Indian life, 1847-1929, from the unique collection of the Smithsonian Institution. New York, Crown Publishers, Inc. Map, illus. 189 pp. [Included among these black-and-white photographs are one by William Dinwiddie of a Papago potter at work at San Xavier and two 1916 images by H.T. Cory of two Papago women and a cooking enclosure. One of the women is putting a tortilla on a griddle and the other is removing kernels from a corn cob into a basket.]

Schierle, Sonja

    1991             Ethnische Identität und Erziehungsefahrungen der Tohono O'odham (Papago) und Yoemem (Yaqui) in Tucson, Arizona. Frankfurt am Main, Bern, New York, and Paris, Peter Lang. Maps, appendices, bibl. 514 pp. [A published doctoral dissertation, this is a study of ethnic identity and the formal education of Tohono O'odham and Yaqui children in the schools of Tucson, Arizona.]

    1994             Perspektiven indianischer Erziehung in multikulturellen Städten: Papago und Yaqui in Tucson, Arizona. In Indianische Realität: Nordamerikanische Indianer in der Gegenwart, edited by Wolfgang Lindig, pp. 317-334. München, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag. [This is a summary of certain aspects of Schierle (1991).]

Schiffer, Michael B.

    1982             Hohokam chronology: an essay on history and method. In Hohokam and Patayan. Prehistory of southwestern Arizona, edited by Randall H. McGuire and Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 299-344. New York, London, [etc. etc.], Academic Press. [Included here is a discussion of Hohokam sites excavated at Jackrabbit Ruin and Valshni Village on the Papago Indian Reservation (pp. 314-317).]

Schiffer, Michael B., and Randall H. McGuire

    1982a           Discussions and management summary. In Hohokam and Patayan. Prehistory of southwestern Arizona, edited by Randall H. McGuire and Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 397-415. New York, London, [etc. etc.], Academic Press. [Included here is some discussion of potential impacts on archaeological resources by the development of pump-irrigated farms near Chuichu and Ali Chuk and by grazing on the Papago Indian Reservation. It also points out that archaeological studies help in establishing the significance of many areas to a large number of native groups, Papagos included. It is further suggested that certain archaeological resources could be preserved and developed as educational sites for visitors on the Papago Reservation.]

    1982b           The existing resource base: a summary. In Hohokam and Patayan. Prehistory of southwestern Arizona, edited by Randall H. McGuire and Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 385-396. New York, London, [etc. etc.], Academic Press. [This essay concerns archaeological site collections and records in various repositories. There are 417 sites listed for the Papago Indian Reservation and 142 sites of Papago cultural affiliation throughout the area of southwestern Arizona.]

    1982c           Introduction. In Hohokam and Patayan. Prehistory of southwestern Arizona, edited by Randall H. McGuire and Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 1-12. New York, London, [etc. etc.], Academic Press. [The authors point out that their study area includes all of southwestern Arizona from Blythe and Bouse in the northwest south to the International Boundary and the eastern boundary of the Papago Indian Reservation. They point out that the Papago and Sand Papago Indians continue to occupy some of this area and that "prehistorians can still learn much of value from historical records, ethnography, and ethnoarchaeological studies."]

    1982d           The study of cultural adaptations. In Hohokam and Patayan. Prehistory of southwestern Arizona, edited by Randall H. McGuire and Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 223-274. New York, London, [etc. etc.], Academic Press. [Included here is a table (pp. 246-248) indicating archaeological data with reference to marine shells found in various sites, including several on the Papago Indian Reservation (Gu Achi, Pisinemo, Valshni, Jackrabbit, Sil Nakya, and others identified only by site number). The writers observe, "Of the four regions, the western Papagueria had the most evidence of shell manufacture and the highest proportion of shell, whereas the eastern Papagueria had the least evidence of shell manufacture and the lowest proportion of shell."]

Schiffer, Michael B., and Edward Staski

    1982             Radiocarbon dates from southern Arizona pertaining to the post-Archaic prehistory. In Hohokam and Patayan. Prehistory of Southwestern Arizona, edited by Randall H. McGuire and Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 521-528. New York, London, [etc. etc.], Academic Press. [Included here are dates derived from archaeological sites on the Papago Indian Reservation, including four in the Quijotoa Valley, two at Santa Rosa, one each at Hecla I and Hecla II and III, and four from Gu Achi.]

Schiffer, Michael B., and Susan J. Wells

    1982             Archaeological surveys: past and future. In Hohokam and Patayan. Prehistory of Southwestern Arizona, edited by Randall H. McGuire and Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 345-383. New York, London, [etc. etc.], Academic Press. [A table on pp. 358-361 summarizes archaeological surveys in southwestern Arizona, those in the Papagueria included. Surveys on the Papago Reservation are used as a case study concerning the quality of survey data.]

Schinan, Jan P.

    1937             ADie Musik der Papago und Yurok.@ Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Vienna, Austria. [The title is the abstract.]

Schlafman, Irving H.

    1967             Operation SAM B applied research in health services. Tucson, Indian Health Service, Health Program Systems Center. [AAn overview of the health systems studies undertaken by the Health Program Systems Center and a brief description of the FY 1967 projects are highlighted in this paper presented ... before the Joint Clinical Society B COA meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, May 9-12, 1967.@ Some of the studies involve projects among Papago Indians.]

Schlegel, Alice, and Herbert Barry III

    1979             Adolescent initiation ceremonies: a cross-cultural code. Ethnology, Vol. 18, no. 2 (April), pp. 199-210. Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh. [Papagos are included in a table of data concerning various aspects of adolescent initiation ceremonies.]

Schlicht, Marsha C.

    1970             "Multi-ethnic participation in a modern festival: the San Xavier fiesta, Tucson." Master of Arts thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson. Bibl. 77 pp. [This is a study of the social dynamics of a multi-ethnic festival sponsored by the Tucson Festival Society at Mission San Xavier del Bac. The groups involved are Papago, Yaqui, Mexican-American, and Anglo-American. The study indicates how the graded social structure is reflected in the way in which the festival is carried out. Also see Marsha Kelly (1971).]

Schmitt, Joe A.

    1951             The night of the dead. Arizona Highways, Vol. 27, no. 11 (November), pp. 30-31. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [This illustrated article is about the celebration of All Souls Day (November 2) carried out by Papagos and Pimas in the cemeteries on their respective reservations. Three black-and-white photos show the preparation of the graves for the occasion.]

Schneider, Herman

    1948             San Xavier Mission, Bac, Arizona. Provincial Annals, Vol. 10, no. 4 (April), pp. 218-219. [Santa Barbara, California], Saint Barbara Province [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [Father Herman, a Franciscan priest, writes about three Capuchin fathers who are at San Xavier supposedly for reasons of health but who instead were working hard. Also mentioned is a discussion among the friars of the pros and cons of an outing program in which Papago girls are sent to work in Catholic non-Indian homes.]

    1992             Memories... Westfriars, Vol. 26, no. 5 (September), p. 8. Tucson, Franciscan Province of St. Barbara. [Father Herman reminisces about Father Antonine Willenbrink, O.F.M., who served among the Gila River Pima Indians and who compiled a grammar of Piman that was used by friars among the Pimas and Tohono O'odham.]

Scholl, Almah W.

    1950             AThe teaching of oral language to non-English speaking Indian children through health education.@ Master of Science in Education thesis, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Bibl. 124 pp. [The Indian children involved here are Papagos (Tohono O=odham).]

Schoolcraft, Henry R.

    1853             Information respecting the history, condition and prospect of the Indian tribes of the United States. Part 3. Philadelphia, Lippincott, Grambo & Company. 635 pp. [Pages 296-306 include translations into English from Spanish made by Buckingham Smith of documents generated by men who worked in the Pimería Alta in the eighteenth century, fathers Francisco Garcés and Pedro Font and Spanish soldier Juan Mateo Mange among them.]

Schott, Arthur

    1855             Geological observations on the pluto-volcanic slope of the Sierra Madre along the azimuth boundary line through north-west Sonora. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Vol. 10, part 2, pp. 25-50. Cambridge, Joseph Lovering, and New York, G.P. Putnam & Co. [A description of the geology along the U.S. and Mexican boundary from the 111^th meridian to the Colorado River contains Schott=s interpretations of Papago Indian placenames along the route. Very poor linguistics/etymology, with more mistakes in the meanings of Papago terms than otherwise.]

    1863-65       Pimeria Alta, das Land der Papagos. Ausland, Vol. 36, pp. 543-46, 574-75, 585-98, 978-80, 995-99; Vol. 37, pp. 651-55, 708-10, 833-34, 876-80; Vol. 38, pp. 524-28, 537-41, and 564-67. Stuttgart, J.F. Cotta=sche Buchhandlung. [Largely a description of the geology of the U.S. and Mexican boundary portion of the Papaguería, this appears to be a translation into German of Schott (1855).]

Schroeder, Albert H.

    1954             Comment. American Anthropologist, Vol. 56, no. 4 (August), pp. 597-599. Menasha, Wisconsin, American Anthropological Association. [Schroeder comments on an essay by Erik K. Reed, ATransition to history in the Pueblo Southwest.@ Among his observations: AThe late prehistoric development in Papagueria and in the Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument area correlates well with the historic Papago culture of the same area. ... DiPeso, in his report on Quiburi and the Sobaipuri Indians, has shown that there is practically no difference between the pre-A.D. 1450 and post-A.D. 1690 sites along the San Pedro River. These two areas at present appear to offer the best potential for closing the gap between prehistory and history, but additional investigations will be needed to establish the time of, and types of, changes that did occur.@]

    1956             The Cipias and Ypotlapiguas. Arizona Quarterly, Vol. 12, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 101-111. Tucson, University of Arizona. [With Schroeder=s introduction and notes, this is a translation into English of a document written in Spanish in 1646 by Franciscan friar Thomas Manso. It concerns what turned out to be a temporary incursion of Franciscan missionaries into northeastern Sonora in the first half of the seventeenth century, an incursion that brought them into contact with a group of Indians whom they labeled ACipias, who by another name are called Ymiris.@ Schroeder suggests these people may have been either Opata or Northern Piman Indians (O=odham) in the vicinity of modern-day Imuris, Sonora.]

    1961             An archaeological survey of the Painted Rocks Reservoir, western Arizona. Kina, Vol. 27, no. 1 (October), pp. 1-28. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Presented here are results of a 1957 archaeological survey of the proposed Painted Rocks Reservoir area near Gila Bend, Arizona. Papago mention is scattered throughout, including the mention of a post-1850 Papago occupation in the reservoir area. Papago pottery types are discussed as well.]

    1964             Comments on Johnson=s AThe trincheras culture of northern Sonora.@ American Antiquity, Vol. 30, no. 1 (July), pp. 104-106. Salt Lake City, Society for American Archaeology. [The article by Alfred Johnson to which Schroeder takes exception appeared in American Antiquity, Vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 174-186. Schroeder objects to Johnson=s concept of ADesert Hohokam,@ arguing that comparative evidence suggests Papagos were present in the desert region after A.D. 700.]

    1967             Themes of environmental adaptation and response in Southwestern National Park System areas. Southwestern Lore, Vol. 33, no. 2 (September), pp. 37-46. Boulder, Colorado Archaeological Society. [Schroeder notes the seasonal use of the area of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument in southwestern Arizona, observing that Papagos= hunting and harvesting sites are scattered throughout the area.]

    1975             The Hohokam, Sinagua and the Hakataya [Occasional Paper, no. 3]. El Centro, California, I.V.C. Museum Society. Illus, bibl. 143 pp. [Pima, Papago, and Hopi are discussed on pages 60-61 in an effort to relate ethnological data to prehistoric developments.]

Schroeder, Albert H., and Omer C. Stewart

    1988             Indian servitude in the Southwest. In History of Indian-White relations, edited by Wilcomb C. Washburn [Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevant, Vol. 4], pp. 410-413. Washington, Smithsonian Institution. [It is said that in eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the Halchidhoma Indians Adisposed of captives to Pimas and Papagos.@]

Schulz, Ron

    1983             Tucson: a blue chip city. PSA Magazine, Vol. 18, no. 1 (January), pp. 36-39, 97-99. Los Angeles, East/West Network, Inc. [The lead color photo for this article about Tucson and the University of Arizona is one of Mission San Xavier del Bac taken by Blake Little.]

Schwalen, Harold, and R.J. Shaw

    1957             Water in the Santa Cruz Valley [Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, no. 288 (October)]. Tucson, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Arizona. 119 pp. [A detailed discussion of water supply; ground water basin; ground water hydrology; hydrological data; and water quality of the entire Santa Cruz Valley area, including that of the San Xavier (Papago) Indian Reservation. Includes information on the history of irrigation at San Xavier.]

Schwarz, Augustine

    1921             A disastrous mission fire. Franciscan Herald, Vol. 9, no. 4 (February), pp. 116-17. Chicago, Friars Minor of the Sacred Heart Province. [Franciscan missionary Father Augustine Schwarz gives a detailed account of a fire that destroyed St. John's Mission church at Komatke on the Gila River Indian Reservation on December 28, 1920. Two black-and-white photos show the ruined church. A history of St. John's Mission, including mention of Papagos, is recounted, telling how the school was begun in 1896.]

    1940             Missionary pays farewell tribute to departing co-laborers. Provincial Annals, Vol. 2, no. 2 (January), pp. 42-43. Santa Barbara, California, Province of Santa Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [This is a tribute to Father Nicholas Perschl, O.F.M., missionary to the Papago Indians (and editor of the AJack Rabbit, a newsletter circulated among friars working in southern Arizona), on the occasion of his transfer to New Mexico. Also given tribute is Father Bonaventure Oblasser, another missionary to the Papagos, for his work in commemorating Fray Marcos de Niza and for the placing on November 12, 1939, of a series of memorial shrines between Nogales and the Pima County line on the ACamino de los Padres.@]

    1989             A priest=s snapshots: mission photographs of Father Augustine Schwartz (sic). Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 31, no. 3 (Autumn), pp. 322-329. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press and the Southwest Center. [These are reproductions of fourteen black-and-white photographs taken by Father Augustine Schwarz on the Gila River, Papago Indian, Salt River, and Ft. Apache reservations, chiefly in 1919 and 1920. Papago photos include the church at Pisinemo (1910); a procession at Kupk (1920); the church of Mission San Solano in Topawa (1920); the church of San Lorenzo in Sil Nakya (1920); and Papago students at the entrance of the church of Santa Clara in Anegam (two photos, 1919 and 1920). Schwarz is here misspelled ASchwartz.@]

Schweitzer, John, and Robert K. Thomas

    1952             Fiesta of St. Francis at San Francisquito, Sonora. Kiva, Vol. 18, nos. 1-2 (September/October), pp. 1-7. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Accompanied by a map, this article discusses the October 4 fiesta of Saint Francis at San Francisquito, a Sonoran Papago village some 50 miles southwest of Sells, Arizona. The authors discuss the village, the church, the image (a wooden statue) of Saint Francis, ceremonies, and dancing. The field work took place in 1950.]

Schwemm, Amy

    2000             Stories from the road. Seedhead News, no. 69 (Summer), p. 8. Tucson, Native Seeds/SEARCH. [Schwemm tells about the glowing reception she and other walkers received when they arrived in the village of San Pedro on the Tohono O'odham reservation. She and others had been walking to raise awareness of the problem of diabetes among Native Americans.]

Scollard, Clinton

    1885             The bells of San Xavier del Bac. Overland Monthly and Out West Magazine, Vol. 5, no. 26 (February), p. 163. San Francisco. [A sonnet about the bells of Mission San Xavier del Bac, one implying the bells were originally cast in Spain. They almost certainly were not.]

    1945             The bells of San Xavier del Bac. Provincial Annals, Vol. 7, no. 1 (January), p. 37. Santa Barbara, California, Province of Santa Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [A reprint of Scollard (1885).]

Scott, G. Richard

    1981             A stature reconstruction of skeletal population. In Contributions to Gran Quivira archeology [Publications in Archeology, no. 17], edited by Alden C. Hayes, pp. 129-137. Washington, D.C., National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. [A study of the average height of natives of the region of Gran Quivira, New Mexico in prehistoric and early historic times draws on comparative data from measurements of Papago Indians.]

Scott, Joseph B.

    1965             San Solano Missions, Topawa, Arizona. Provincial Annals, Vol. 27, no. 3 (July), pp. 172-173. Santa Barbara, California, Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [Father Joseph Benedict reports on missionary activities on the Papago Indian Reservation, including a course on Papago taught by linguist Kenneth Hale; Father Cyril Baur=s attendance at President Lyndon Johnson=s conference on poverty; the burning down of the feast house at Pisinemo; and the celebration of Father Lambert Fremdling=s silver jubilee as a priest among the Papagos.]

Scott, Shannon

    2000             Flavors of the desert 2000. Seedhead News, no. 69 (Summer), p. 3. Tucson, Native Seeds/SEARCH. [This story is about a March 19, 2000 gathering at St. Philip's Plaza in Tucson at which various restaurants served foods featuring desert plants and at which people saw Tohono O'odham baskets being made and were entertained by the San Xavier Fiddle Band. Included is a photo of Virginia Raymond with a basket. She is the eight-year-old daughter of Tohono O'odham basketweaver Gloria Raymond.]

    2001             Wheat - the well-traveled grain. Seedhead News, no. 73 (Summer), pp. 1, 3. Tucson, Native Seeds/SEARCH. [Scott quotes ethnozoologist Amadeo Rea as writing, "The Tohono O'odham, entirely dependent on the summer rains for agriculture, could raise but a single crop (of corn, squash, and beans) a year - if everything went right."]

Scott, Tracy M., compiler

    1938             Desert place names. Desert Magazine, Vol. 1, no. 9 (July), pp. 28-29. El Centro, California, Desert Publishing Company. [It is noted that ATecolote@ is the name of a Papago village in southwest Pima County, Arizona, although here it is erroneously cast in the past tense as Aat one time.@ The village still existed in 1938.]

    1939             Desert place names. Desert Magazine, Vol. 2, no. 5 (March), p. 38. El Centro, California, Desert Publishing Company. [Among the place names listed is ALa Ventana, Pima County, Arizona,@ said to be a rock about three miles east of the Papago village of San Miguel and which is Anoted for many prehistoric fortifications.@ Also see Childs (1939) and A. Jones (1939).]

Scully, Michael

    1952             Our most important chief. Reader=s Digest, Vol. 60, no. 362 (June), pp. 93-96. Pleasantville, New York, Reader=s Digest Association, Inc. [This is an article about Thomas Segundo, Papago Tribal Council Chairman, and his accomplishments on the Papago Indian Reservation. The Papago Development Plan is also discussed.]

Searcy, Paula

    1997             Tucson to Tumacacori. Rambling southern Arizona's scenic byways. Arizona Highways, Vol. 73, no. 3 (March), pp. 4-9. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Two paragraphs are devoted to a brief visit by the author to Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Sebastián López, Santiago

    1985             El arte iberoamericano del siglo XVIII. I. El barroco tardío. In Summa artis. Historical general del arte, Vol. 29 [Arte iberoamericano desde la colonización a la independencia (segunda parte)], pp. 129-455. Madrid, Espasa-Calpe, S.A. [On p. 450 there is a brief description of the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac. It is said here that Angulo sees a resemblance between the decoration of the façade of the church and that of the cathedral in Saltillo. A ca. 1899 photo of the façade of Mission San Xavier appears on p. 451.]

Sedelmayr, Jacobo

    1939             Sedelmayr=s Relación of 1746. Translated and edited by Ronald L. Ives. Bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology, no. 123, Anthropological Papers, no. 9, pp. 99-117. Washington, D.C., United States Government Printing Office. [This is a general account concerning the Upper Pima Indians (Northern O=odham), including Papagos, based on two trips made by Jesuit missionary Father Sedelmayr to the region in the 1740s. He writes that San Xavier del Bac was established after 1730; he tells of Indians from San Xavier telling Father Eusebio Kino about the presence of the Casa Grande; he observes that Sobaipuris and Papagos live south of the Gila River; and he mentions the need to establish missions among the Papagos and Pimas.]

    1955             See Dunne (1955)

    1986a           [Letter to Father Juan Antonio Balthasar, S.J.] In El noroeste de México. Documentos sobre las misiones jesuíticas, 1600-1769, compiled and edited by Ernest J. Burrus and Félix Zubillaga, pp.211-214. México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. [Dated August 22, 1751, and written at his Pimería Alta mission station at Tubutama, Jesuit missionary Sedelmayr writes about conditions in the northernmost missions, those of the Pimería Alta, and appeals for the establishment of missions on the Gila River. He notes having forwarded information about Father Tomás Tello, the missionary at Caborca, and observes that Father Henrique Ruhen serves at San Miguel de Sonóytac, Francisco Paur (Pauer) at San Xavier del Bac, and Juan Nentvig at Sáric.]

    1986b           [Letter to Father Juan Antonio Balthasar, S.J.] In El noroeste de México. Documentos sobre las misiones jesuíticas, 1600-1769, compiled and edited by Ernest J. Burrus and Félix Zubillaga, pp.215-216. México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. [Dated August, 1751 and written from Tubutama, this is a covering letter for the texts of the religious profession of three Jesuit missionaries serving in the Pimería Alta: Henrique Ruhen (Sonoyta), Juan Nentvig (Bussani), and Francisco Paur (San Xavier del Bac).]

    1987             See Ezell and Ezell (1987)

    1996             Before rebellion: letters & reports of Jacobo Sedelmayr, S.J. Translated by Daniel S. Matson; edited, with an introduction by Bernard L. Fontana. Maps, refs. xxxiv + 61 pp. [Here in English translation are eight previously-unpublished documents by Father Jacobo Sedelmayr who was Father Visitor of the Jesuits' Pimería Alta Province in 1751 when the Pima Revolt broke out. These documents and Fontana's introduction detail Father Sedelmayr's lengthy involvement with Northern O'odham.]

    1997             Sedelmayr on presidios. In The presidio and militia on the northern frontier of New Spain, a documentary history. Volume two, part one. The Californias and Sinaloa-Sonora, 1700-1765, compiled and edited by Charles W. Polzer and Thomas E. Sheridan, pp. 420, 432. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [In the aftermath of the Pima Revolt, Father Sedelmayr offers his opinion concerning the proposed locations of new presidios. His first choice is Arivaca, followed by a site at or near Arizonac. Should there be a two presidios, he argues one should be situated either at Tucson or Santa Catalina north of San Xavier and another in the valleys of Sáric, Tubutama, or Caborca.]

Seeley, Virginia, and others, editor

    1994             Native American biographies. Paramus, New Jersey. Illus. vi + 250 pp. [This compilation of biographies of Native Americans with Asuccessful careers.@ Among the persons profiled is Thomas Segundo, onetime Papago Tribal Council chairman.]

Segesser, Felipe

    1945             The relation of Philipp Segesser. Translated, and with an introduction and notes by Theodore Treutlein. Mid-America, Vol. 27, no. 3 (July), pp. 139-187; no. 4 (October), pp. 257-260. Chicago, Loyola University. [This relation amounts to a description by Jesuit missionary Philipp Segesser of Sonora and the Pimería Alta in 1737. Father Segesser, who arrived from Switzerland in the Pimería Alta in 1732, became the first resident missionary at San Xavier del Bac since 1701. He served in various Sonoran missions, including Guevavi, dying in Ures, Sonora on September 28, 1761. The German text from which this was translated appeared in 1886 in a Zeitschrift entitled Katholische Schweitzerblatter. Most of Segesser=s service was among the Southern O=odham of the Pimería Baja.]

    1986a           [Letter to Diego Ortiz Parrilla, Governor of Sonora, written at Ures, Sonora on May 7, 1752.] In El noroeste de México. Documentos sobre las misiones jesuíticas, 1600-1769, compiled and edited by Ernest J. Burrus and Félix Zubillaga, pp. 251-253. México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. [This is Father Seggesser=s reply to letters written to him by Govenor Ortiz Parrilla (1986d, f). It is largely concerned with events in the wake of the 1751 Pima Revolt.]

    1986b           [Letter to Father José Ferrer, S.J., written at the Pimería Alta mission of Guebavi (Guevavi) May 1, 1733.] In El noroeste de México. Documentos sobre las misiones jesuíticas, 1600-1769, compiled and edited by Ernest J. Burrus and Félix Zubillaga, pp. 159-161. México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. [Father Segesser writes about the death of fellow Jesuit missionary Juan Bautista Grozhover (Grazhoffer) at the latter=s mission of Guevavi in the Pimería Alta on March 27, 1733. He notes that San Xavier del Bac is a visita of Guevavi, and further notes the need to replace Father Grazhoffer at Guevavi. The date of Father Grazhoffer=s death reported here is at variance with the date given in Kessell (1970b: 53).]

    1991             La relación de Philipp Segesser. Correspondencia familiar de un misionero en Sonora en el año de 1737. Translated from English and edited by Armando Hopkins Durazo. Bibl., index. xii + 99 pp. Hermosillo, Sonora, privately printed. [This is a translation into Spanish of Segesser (1945).]

    1997             Segesser on presidios, 1752. In The presidio and militia on the northern frontier of New Spain, a documentary history. Volume two, part one. The Californias and Sinaloa-Sonora, 1700-1765, compiled and edited by Charles W. Polzer and Thomas E. Sheridan, pp. 418-419, 431. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Written from Ures, Sonora, on May 25, 1752, in the wake of the Pima Revolt, Father Segesser, the Jesuit Father Visitor to the Pimería Alta, offers his opinion about where presidios should be established in the Pimería Alta. He recommends one either in Tucson or at Santa Catalina and another either at Saric or Arizonac.]

Segundo, Thomas A.

    1953             American Indian viewpoints. American Indian, Vol. 6, no. 4 (Summer), pp. 15-18. New York, Association on American Indian Affairs, Inc. [Segundo, former chairman of the Papago Tribal Council, was studying law when he made these remarks concerning Papago problems and assimilation at the opening session of the Institute of American Indian Assimilation held in Washington, D.C. on May 8, 1952.]

    1954             American Indian viewpoints. Boletín Indigenista, Vol. 14, March, pp. 27-31. México, D.F., Instituto Indigenista Interamericano. [A reprint of Segundo (1953).]

    1969             Statement of Thomas Segundo, Chairman Papago Tribe, Sells, Ariz.; accompanied by Manuel Lopez, member, Gu Achi District Council, Santa Rosa Village, Ariz.; and Miss Marion Antone, student, Indian Oasis Public School, Sells, Ariz. In Indian E\education: hearings before the Special Subcommittee on Indian Education of the Committee of Labor and Public Welfare, United States Congress, 9oth Congress, 1^st and 2d sessions, Part 3, p. 1016. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office. [Segundo introduces Manuel Lopez (1969) and Marian Antone (1969) to the subcommittee members in Flagstaff, Arizona, on March 30, 1968. He also introduces (Josiah) Moore, Director of the Papago Office of Economic Opportunity, who did not get an opportunity to speak.]

Seivertson, Bruce L.

    1999             AHistorical/cultural ecology of the Tohono O=odham Nation.@ Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Arizona, Tucson. 279 pp. [The author makes the unfounded assertion that the ATohono O=odham and their predecessors have occupied southwestern Arizona and northern Mexico (Pimería Alta) for thousands of years.@ He considers historical geographic change for this entire period, but Athe majority of this study ... focuses on the post 1824 period when contact between the United States and the O=odham began. ... (D)uring the twentieth century their lifestyle has undergone considerable modification. They have reached a point in time where their economic base has changed from subsistence farming to wage labor and finally to owners of profitable gaming casinos. Now they must decide if they are going to continue as a unique cultural unit or blend further with the dominant society.@]

Sekaquaptewa, Emory

    1970             Dedication of the Papago Industrial Park. Indian Programs, Vol. 2, no. 2 (Fall/Winter), p. 7. Tucson, The University of Arizona. [This is about the dedication ceremonies for the October 12, 1970 opening of the Papago-Tucson Industrial Park located on the east edge of the San Xavier Indian Reservation.]

Serven, James E.

    1964             The gun -- an instrument of destiny in Arizona. Arizoniana, Vol. 5, no. 3 (Fall), pp. 14-28. Tucson, Arizona Pioneers= Historical Society. [Included (p. 16) is a quote from Charles D. Poston telling how in 1864 ten Papago warriors, armed with London Tower muskets, responded favorably to a request for an escort.]

    1970             Pima County, Arizona, U.S.A. Arizona Highways, Vol. 46, no. 9 (September), pp. 2-47. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [This whole issue of Arizona Highways is devoted to Pima County, including a map and large numbers of color and black-and-white photographic illustrations by several different photographers. Among these are pictures of the ventana (window) rock formation and of Ventana Cave, both on the Papago Reservation; of a Papago home on the reservation; a two-page spread of the southeast elevation of Mission San Xavier del Bac at sunset; of the Mission Mine copper operation next to the San Xavier Reservation; of Kitt Peak, the highest point in the Quinlan Mountains on the Papago Reservation; and poppies blooming on the reservation, with Kitt Peak in the background. Serven notes that the region=s native peoples were Pimans, and that the Papago Reservation is about 2.5 million acres in size. Eight paragraphs describe the reservation and its Papago residents (p. 6). ABasketry,@ he writes is the principal craft of the Papagos and cattle raising the major tribal effort. The annual fair and rodeo, held in Sells in October or November each year, is a colorful and exciting affair, bringing out many skilled riders and some fine animals ... .@ He also writes about Kitt Peak, observing that the APapago have leased 2,400 acres here to the National Science Foundation. Of this area about 1240 acres have been cleared an developed along a broad ridge at the summit called Kitt Peak. The elevation here is 6,875 feet.@

                             Six paragraphs (p. 33) are devoted to a summary of the history of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

    1975             A dividend from the space program: NASA technology pays off in Arizona. Arizona Highways, Vol. 51, no. 2 (February), pp. 46-47. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [A NASA program entitled STARPAHC, ASpace Technology Applied to Rural Papago Health Care,@ is described. The goal of this new program is to make progress in developing standards and delivering modern health care to remote rural areas, in this case the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Setzler, Frank

    1935             A prehistoric cave culture in southwestern Texas. American Anthropologist, Vol. 37, no. 1 (January/March), pp. 104-110. Menasha, Wisconsin, American Anthropological Association. [A brief comparative reference to Papago basketry is found on page 110.]

Seventh Generation Fund for Indian Development, Inc.

    1985             Seventh Generation Fund annual report, January - June 1985. Forestville, California, Seventh Generation Fund. [This is an annual report of a fund which supports various Indian causes. Included here is a note concerning its $9,500 contribution to the O=odham Land Rights Project, an effort concerned with defeating the proposal of a land speculator to develop a large portion of the San Xavier Reservation for non-Indian use.]

Sexton, Clara W, and David Greenaway, compilers

    1970             The Pimas and Papagos speak to us. Illus. Unpaged. s.l., s.n. [These essays were written by Papago and Pima students attending Casa Grande Junior High School in Casa Grande, Arizona.]

Seymour, Deni J.

    1993             In search of the Sobaipuri Pima: archaeology of the plain and subtle. Archaeology in Tucson, Vol. 7, no. 1 (January), pp. 1-4. Tucson, Center for Desert Archaeology. [This is a fairly thorough discussion of what the author believes to be the material culture attributes for O'odham (Sobaipuri) archaeological sites along the San Pedro River in Arizona. The Sobaipuris left the San Pedro Valley in the second half of the 18th century.]

    1997             A decade of research on the Sobaipuri of Southern Arizona. Glyphs, Vol. 48, no. 1 (July), pp. 1, 4-5. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [A map on the cover accompanies this 5-paragraph summary concerning the 17th- and 18^th-century Sobaipuri Indians of the San Pedro and Santa Cruz river valleys.]

Seymour, Flora W.

    1941             Indian agents of the old frontier. New York, D. Appleton-Century Company, Inc. Illus., index. 402 pp. [The author writes that General Oliver O. Howard=s first trip to Arizona in 1872 was an effort to resolve differences between embattled non-Indian citizens and various groups of Indians, including Papagos, Pimas, and Apaches (p. 109). The author also writes that Papagos, Pimas, and Puebloans were the only Indians in the United States who got the greater part of their subsistence by tilling the soil.]

Shafer, Larry

    1974             Group differentiation of teachers on the Papago Reservation: a comparison of BIA and country teachers. BIA Education Research Bulletin, Vol. 3, no. 2 (May), pp. 1-16. Albuquerque, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Indian Education Resources Center. [Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and Indian Oasis School District (Sells) teachers are compared in terms of a number of variables, such as age of teachers, numbers of years= teaching experience, number of years= teaching Indian children, number of years of schooling (degrees obtained), kinds of courses taken in college, etc. etc. The conclusion tends to be that BIA teachers in this instance were better qualified teachers than those in the public school district on the reservation.]

Shaffer, Susan L., project director

    1987             O=odham: Indians of the Sonoran Desert. Teacher guide, grade 5. Phoenix, Arizona, Heard Museum. Maps, illus. 27 pp. [Issued in a binder, this gathering, in addition to maps and a 27-page booklet, also contains one sound cassette, 50 color slides, and a poster.]

Shames, Germaine

    1998a           Keeping children first. Tohono O'odham youngsters battle modern problems with ancient wisdom. Tucson Monthly, Vol. 1, no. 9 (May), pp. 28-31. Tucson, Madden Publishing, Inc. [This is an illustrated article about a program for children on the San Xavier District of the Tohono O'odham Nation. Alcoholism and child abuse are discussed.]

    1998b           Running on the Red road. Tucson Monthly, Vol. 1, no. 7 (March), pp. 50-57. Tucson, Madden Publishing, Inc. [An article about the Native American Church in Tucson includes information about O'odham adherent, Rupert Encinas, a resident of the San Xavier Reservation.]

Shanks, Ralph, and Lisa Shanks

    1987             North American Indian travel guide. Petaluma, California, Costano Books. Maps, illus. 278 pp. [Papago (Tohono O=odham,) are included in the general tribal listing on page 262. A superficial account mentions Mission San Xavier del Bac and Papagos= participation in the annual Casa Grande, Arizona O=odham Tash celebration.]

Shantz, Homer L.

    1937             The saguaro forest. National Geographic Magazine, Vol. 71, no. 4 (April), pp. 515-532. Washington, D.C., National Geographic Society. [There is a black-and-white photo on page 518 of Mission San Xavier del Bac, one whose captions notes that Papagos grow crops on farmlands near the mission. It is also noted that Papagos gather saguaro fruit for fried sweetmeats, jams, and jellies (p. 532).]

Shapiro, Jason S.

    1997             Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus among American Indians: a problem in human ecology. American Indian Culture and Research Journal, Vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 197-227. Los Angeles, University of California, American Indian Studies Center. [Included here are data concerning diabetes among the Tohono O'odham and theories that have been advanced to explain its extraordinarily high incidence among them.]

Sharp, Elizabeth

    1973             Model preschool for handicapped Indian children. Education Periscope, Vol. 12, no. 5 (November), p. 2. Tucson, College of Education, University of Arizona. [The preschool staff enumerated here includes Adrian Nunez of the Papago Indian Reservation, who is shown with children in an accompanying photo. Mention is made of training visits by the staff to various Indian communities in Arizona, Papago included. The purpose is to trrain teachers in Indian Head Start programs.]

Shaul, David L.

    1982             The Ave Maria in Piman. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 48, no. 1 (January), pp. 87-88. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. [Included here are a transcription of the Ave Maria in Papago and a translation of the Papago version into English.]

    1985             Aztec-Tanoan ***_l/r. . International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 51, no. 4 (October), pp.584-586. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. [Shaul notes Tepiman (i.e., Tepehuan/Pima/Papago) examples in the linguistic phenomenon he is discussing.]

    1986             Topics in Nevome syntax. University of California Publications in Linguistics, Vo. 109. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, University of California Press. [This is a linguistic study of Piman as it was spoken by the Pima Bajo in Sonora, one based on examination of seventeenth-century published materials (including a grammar, catechism, confessional, vocabulary, and sermons). Comparisons with Papago are drawn throughout.]

    1990             The state of the arte: ecclesiastical literature on the northern frontier of New Spain. Kiva, Vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 167-175. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Included here are analyses by a linguist of eighteenth-century Spanish documents relating to the languages B both grammar and vocabulary B of the Indians of northwest New Spain. Among the documents considered are some for the ACentral Piman@ Indians living on the Altar River in Sonora (Northern O=odham).]

    1993             Language, music and dance in the Pimería Alta during the 1700's. Tumacacori, Arizona, Tumacacori National Historical Park. Refs. cited. 302 pp. [Shaul describes in detail, although without musical transcriptions, musical and dance performances as these were carried abut by Northern O=odham in the 18^th century. He also speculates concerning the compartmentalization of Piman and non-Indian cultures which he believes to have occurred among Pimans at the time.]

Shaul, David L., and Jane H. Hill

    1998             Tepimans, Yumans, and other Hohokam. American Antiquity, Vol. 63, no. 3 (July), pp. 375-396. Washington, D.C., Society for American Archaeology. [The authors do a detailed analysis of Proto-Tepiman, the putative mother tongue of all Tepehuan and Piman languages, to suggest: AWhile the linguistic evidence strongly suggests the involvement of the Proto-Tepiman speech community in the Hohokam system, the evidence provided by contemporary Upper Piman languages (Akimel O=odham B Pima) and Tohono O=odham (Papago) neither confirms nor excludes the involvement of speakers of these languages in the core Hohokam complex in the late prehistoric period.@]

Shaw, Anna M.

    1974             A Pima past. Tucson, University of Arizona Press. Illus. xv + 262 pp. [There is a very brief discussion here of Pima saguaro harvest and wine ceremony (p. 70), and a photo of a Papago harvesting saguaro fruit (p. 71).]

Shaw, Mary-Bernard, and Chet Shaw, compilers

    1990             Borderlands: views of the region by Julian Hayden. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 31, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 453-470. Tucson, University of Arizona Press and the Southwest Center. [A selection of twenty-eight black-and-white photographs taken by Julian Hayden in the 1930s and >40s includes a photo of Gwyneth Harrington and her Papago husband, Juan Xavier, as well as four photos of the Children=s Shrine at Santa Rosa on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Shaw, R. Daniel

    1968a           AHealth concepts and attitudes of the Papago Indians.@ Master=s thesis, Department of Anthropology, The University of Arizona, Tucson. Bibl. 102 pp. [AThis thesis presents what a Papago needs to know in order to discuss health principles within his society.@ It develops a model of Papago concepts relating to health which includes types of medicine men, categorization of symptoms, and a paradigm of the various ABeings@ which can cause illness.]

    1968b           Health concepts and attitudes of the Papago Indians. Tucson, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Division of Indian Health, Health Program Systems Center. 99 pp. [This is the published version of Shaw (1968a).]

    1968c           Health concepts and attitudes of the Papago Indians. Tucson, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Division of Indian Health, Health Program Systems Center. 14 pp. [AA linguistic analysis of Papago Indian concepts of health is presented. This study focuses upon the study of Papago health concepts as interpreted through the Papago language.@ It is extracted from Shaw (1968a).]

Sheehy, Sandy G.

    1991             Sonoran visions. Town & Country, Vol. 145, no. 5130 (March), pp. 115-127. New York, Hearst Corporation. [Included in this article on the style of living in the deserts of southern Arizona and Southern California are brief profiles and color photographs of Terry DeWald, who trades for baskets among the Tohono O=odham, and writer Byrd Baylor, author of Yes Is Better than No, a novel about Papago Indians living in South Tucson. Also included is a photograph of Mr. and Mrs. Alex Jacome standing in front of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Sheldon, Charles

    1979             The wilderness of desert bighorns & Seri Indians. Edited by David E. Brown, Paul M. Webb, and Neil B. Carmony. Phoenix, Arizona Desert Bighorn Sheep Society, Inc. Maps, illus., bibl., index. xxvi + 177 pp. [These are the 1912, 1913, 1915, and 1922 Southwestern journals of naturalist Charles Sheldon. There is brief mention of Papagos in the Pinacates and Sierra del Rosario of northwest Sonora (pp. 50, 79), and there is a photo of an Indian trail at the base of the Sierra del Rosario supposedly used by Papagos on their route to the salt deposits at the head of the Gulf of California (facing p. 80).]

    1983a           The journal of Charles Sheldon. In Tales from Tiburon. An anthology of adventures in Seriland, edited by Neil B. Carmony and David E. Brown, pp. 87-139. Phoenix, The Southwest Natural History Association. [This is a reprint of chapter 5 in Sheldon (1979). Sheldon mentions the Papago guide, Antonio Castillo, who accompanied him during this December, 1921 to January, 1922 trip into Seri Indian country.]

    1983b           Some notes on habits and customs of the Seri Indians. In Tales from Tiburon. An anthology of adventures in Seriland, edited by Neil B. Carmony and David E. Brown, pp. 140-145. Phoenix, The Southwest Natural History Association. [Reprinted from chapter 6 of Sheldon (1979), mention is made that the Seri Indians Asay they also fear the Papagos.@]

    1993             The wilderness of the Southwest: Charles Sheldon's quest for desert bighorn sheep and adventures with the Havasupai and Seri Indians. Edited by Neil B. Carmony and David E. Brown. Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press. Maps, illus., bibl., index. xliv + 219 pp. [This gathering of naturalist and big game hunter Sheldon's field diaries for 1912, 1913, 115, 1916, and 1921-22 have scattered references to Papago Indians, especially in introductions to various sections by editors Carmony and Brown. Consult the index for page citations. This is a somewhat different version of Sheldon (1979), one with more photographic illustrations and a somewhat different text and a new introduction.]

Shelton, Charles

    1961             Photo album of yesterday=s Southwest. Palm Desert, California, Desert Magazine, Inc. Illus. 191 pp. [An 1880s photo on page 154 is of a Tucson, Arizona street scene which shows a Papago Indian woman carrying hay in a burden basket.]

Shelton, Richard

    1992             Going back to Bisbee. Tucson and London, The University of Arizona Press. Map, notes, suggested reading. 329 pp. [In this book about the copper mining town of Bisbee and about southeastern Arizona generally, Shelton makes passing mention of the fact that the Sobaipuri Indians (a Northern O=odham group) once lived on the San Pedro River, but were driven away by Apaches in the 18^th century (pages 149-150).]

Shenk, Lynette, and George A. Teague

    1975             Excavations at the Tubac Presidio [Archaeological Series, no. 85]. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Section. Map, illus., refs., appendix. xii + 234 pp. [Excavations at the site of the Spanish presidio of Tubac in southern Arizona, a presidio founded by Spaniards in 1752, yielded a great many pottery sherds, some 99% of which were Piman in origin.]

Sheppard, Betty J.

    1982             Piast; chicken scratch. In Mat hekid o ju; when it rains, edited by Ofelia Zepeda, pp. 72-73. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Papago and English versions of a poem about Papago Indian Achicken scratch@ or waila dance music (polkas and schottisches).]

    1990             Piast; chicken scratch. Southwest, Spring, p. 11. Southwest Center, The University of Arizona. [A reprint of Sheppard (1982).]

Sheridan, Thomas E.

    1972             Female public drinking patterns among the 1971 Magdalena pilgrims. Student Anthropologist, Vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 47-52. Prescott, Arizona, Southwestern Students Conference on Anthropology. [Observations of Papago, Yaqui, and Mexican female public drinking at the October, 1971 Fiesta de San Francisco in Magdalena, Sonora are reported.]

    1979             Cross or arrow? The breakdown in Spanish-Seri relations, 1729-1750. Arizona and the West, Vol. 21, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 317-334. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Included here is a detailed discussion of the involvement of Northern O'odham Luis Oacpicagigua of Saric in the Spanish attack on Tiburon Island in 1750. Luis's subsequent role as leader of the 1751 Pima Revolt is also mentioned.]

    1984             Peacock in the parlor: frontier Tucson=s Mexican elite. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 25, no. 3 (Autumn), pp. 245-264. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [Mention is made of the ownership by Leopoldo Carrillo of a ranch near San Xavier Mission and of the involvement of Jesús María Elías in the 1871 massacre of Apaches near Camp Grant by Papagos and a few Mexicans and Anglos.]

    1986a           Enemies & allies. In Tucson: a short history, by Charles W. Polzer and others, pp. 43-62. Tucson, Southwestern Mission Research Center, Inc. [The Aallies@ in this discussion of the native populations in Tucson and vicinity are the Papago Indians, people who helped Mexicans and Anglos fight Apaches. Here is an outline of Papago and other Piman history as that history touched on southern Arizona in the vicinity of Tucson. Included is a photograph of a group of Papago women standing near a well and holding ollas on their heads.]

    1986b           The people: introduction. In Arizona: the land and the people, edited by Tom Miller, pp. 158-161. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Sheridan observes that despite the Amelting pot@ mentality in the United States, people such as Arizona=s Papagos still survive culturally intact.]

    1986c           Sonorenses, Tucsonenses. In Tucson: a short history, by Charles W. Polzer and others, pp. 63-82. Tucson, Southwestern Mission Research Center, Inc. [This outline of the history of Tucson=s mexicano population mentions Tucson=s Papago neighbors to the west and the Piman settlements along the Santa Cruz River.]

    1986d           Los Tucsonenses: the Mexican community in Tucson, 1854-1941. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Illus., bibl., index. 327 pp. [Papagos are mentioned in connection with their presence in southern Arizona in the Spanish colonial period; their involvement in Spanish military expeditions against Apaches; their alliance with Mexicans against Apaches; the conflict between Papagos and Hispanos over the 1874 creation of the San Xavier Reservation; their involvement in the October Fiesta de San Francisco in Magdalena, Sonora; and their classification by Tucson school authorities in 1920-21 as being Aforeign.@ Consult the index for other mentions of Papagos and San Xavier del Bac.]

    1988             Kino=s unforeseen legacy: the material consequences of missionization. Smoke Signal, nos. 49-50 (Spring/Fall), pp. 149, 151-167. Tucson, Tucson Corral of the Westerners. [This is a detailed and scholarly recounting of introductions of European goods and institutions among the Piman (Pima and Papago) Indians of northern Sonora and southern Arizona by Father Eusebio kino in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries and the impacts of those introductions on Piman economy, health, and warfare patterns.]

    1994             The other Arizona. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 36, no. 3 (Autumn), pp. 255-286. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press and the Southwest Center. [The Tohono O'odham Indian Reservation and its organization are briefly discussed in this essay.]

    1995             Arizona: a history. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., bibl. essay, index. xx + 434 pp. [Tohono O'odham (see the volume's index) are mentioned throughout the book. Especially helpful is the summary here concerning Tohono O'odham water rights.]

    1996a           Diet and diabetes among the O'odham. In Paths of life. American Indians of the Southwest and northern Mexico, edited by Thomas E. Sheridan and Nancy J. Parezo, pp. 130-131. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [This is a brief discussion concerning the high incidence, and presumed reasons for it, of diabetes among the Pima and Papago Indians.]

    1996b           The O'odham (Pimas and Papagos). The world would burn without rain. In Paths of life. American Indians of the Southwest and northern Mexico, edited by Thomas E. Sheridan and Nancy J. Parezo, pp. 115-123, 126-129, 132-140. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [This is a succinct summary of Papago culture and history, one that includes speculations of O'odham origins in southern Arizona/northern Sonora and which concludes with a discussion of 1990s concerns by Papagos for their water rights.]

    1996c           The wi:gida ceremony. In Paths of life. American Indians of the Southwest and northern Mexico, edited by Thomas E. Sheridan and Nancy J. Parezo, pp. 124-125. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [This is a capsule summary of the wi:gida ceremony of the Papago Indians, one which speculates on the ceremony's origins and which points to its similarities with ceremonies in other cultures.]

    1998             A history of the Southwest: the land and its people. Tucson, Southwest Parks and Monuments Association. Map, illus., suggested readings, index. 80 pp. [The O=odham are mentioned briefly as having been among aboriginal peoples in the Southwest who at one time or another resisted incorporation into a larger imposed body politic.]

    1999a           The breakdown of Seri-Spanish relations and the expedition to Tiburón Island (1748-1750). In Empire of sand. The Seri Indians and the struggle for Spanish Sonora, 1645-1803, compiled and edited by Thomas E. Sheridan, pp. 139-142. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Sheridan alludes to the role played by Northern Piman Indian Luis Oacpicagigua and his fellow Pimans in the attack against Seri Indians on Tiburón Island in 1750.]

    1999b           Fire and blood (1751-1771). In Empire of sand. The Seri Indians and the struggle for Spanish Sonora, 1645-1803, compiled and edited by Thomas E. Sheridan, pp. 233-236. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Sheridan observes that in the 1750s and '60s, Seri Indians "may have served as the nucleus of Indian resistance to Jesuits and Spaniards, but an equal if not greater number of Upper Pimas (Piatos) and Lower Pimas (Sibubapas) fought as well." He provides some details here concerning the Northern Pimans' raiding activities and the roles played in them by the sons, Ciprián and Nicolás, of Northern Piman Luis Oacpicagigua, the instigator of the Pima Revolt of 1751. The sons were killed by Juan Bautista de Anza in 1760.]

    1999c           Introduction to this volume. In Empire of sand. The Seri Indians and the struggle for Spanish Sonora, 1645-1803, compiled and edited by Thomas E. Sheridan, pp. 3-16. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Passing mention is made of the O'odham neighbors, both Upper Pima and Lower Pima, of the Seri Indians.]

    2000a           Human ecology of the Sonoran Desert. In A natural history of the Sonoran Desert, edited by Steven J. Philips and Patricia W. Comus, pp. 105-118. Tucson, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum; Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, University of California Press. [Sheridan refers to a form of farming in which Aditches and brush weirs (were constructed) along alluvial fans to divert runoff onto their fields after summer rains. This form of agriculture, sometimes called ak-chin among Tohono O=odham in southern Arizona and temporal among mestizos (people of mixed Hispanic and Indian ancestry) in rural Sonora, is still practiced today.@]

    2000b           Part II. From Black Robes to Forty-Niners: the history of the Tinajas Altas region before 1854. In Draft. Volume I. The only water for 100 miles: the ethnohistory and history of Tinajas Altas [SWCA Cultural Resource Report, no. 98-260], edited by Gayle H. Hartmann, pp. 2.1.1-2.2.24. Phoenix, Arcadis Geraghty & Miller, Inc.; Tucson, SWCA, Inc. [Sheridan's history includes occasional mention of encounters between Spaniards, Mexicans, and others with Hia C-ed and Tohono O'odham. He also recounts the O'odham rebellion of 1841 against Mexicans.]

Sheridan, Thomas E., and Nancy J. Parezo, editors

    1996             Paths of life. American Indians of the Southwest and northern Mexico. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., refs. & suggested reading, index. xxxv + 298 pp. [In addition to an entire chapter on the O'odham (Pimas and Papagos) by Sheridan (q.v.), there is scattered mention to the Tohono O'odham throughout (consult the index). Color photos of Papagos and of Papago baskets and pottery are in plates 22-25 and 27.]

Sherrill, Elizabeth

    2002             Hidden beauty. Angels on Earth,, Vol. 7, no. 3 (Jan/Feb), pp. 22-29. New York, Guideposts. [This article is primarily about Tohono O'odham Tim Lewis and his role, with that of his Spanish wife, Matilde Rubio, is restoring the two angels of the crossing in Mission San Xavier del Bac. It provides a brief biographical sketch of Lewis and details how his working as a conservator in the mission changed the course of his life in a positive manner. Accompanied by color photo illustrations.]

Sherrill, Marjorie

    1981             Focus. Jim Griffith. Tucson Magazine, Vol. 7, no. 9 (September), pp. 39-40. Tucson, Desert Silhouette Publishing Company. [About ATucson Meet Yourself,@ an annual Tucson folk festival coordinated by anthropologist James S. Griffith. Papago participation in the event is alluded to.]

Sherzer, Joel

    1973             Areal linguistics in North America. In Current trends in linguistics, edited by Thomas A. Sebeok, Voo. 10, pp. 749-795. The Hague and Paris, Mouton. [Note is made of the fact that the ñ sound is found in Hopi, Papago, Santa Clara Tewa, and most Yuman languages as well as in languages in Southern California and the Great Basin (p. 685). Also, ADifferent verb stems for nouns of different number are found in Zuni, Keresan, and Tanoan, as well as in Papago and Apachean@ (p. 785).]

Shipman, Jeff H.

    1985             Camp Grant B a doomed outpost. In Where waters meet, by Faith Cummins and others, pp. 18-20. Winkelman, Arizona, Central Arizona College, Aravaipa Campus. [A history of Camp Grant on the San Pedro River in southeastern Arizona, one which includes a recounting of the 1871 massacre there of Apaches at the hands of Papagos, Mexicans, and Anglos from Tucson and vicinity.]

Shiya, Thomas S., editor

    1947             Golden jubilee. 1897 Franciscans in Arizona 1947. Phoenix, Catholic Relations Office at St. Mary=s. [An AArizona calendar of Franciscanism B 1539-1947@ includes scattered references to Franciscans= work among Papago Indians as well as a photograph of St. Catherine=s Mission for Papagos in Ajo, Arizona, and a photograph which includes Father Bonaventure Oblasser, longtime missionary among the Papagos. Two pages are devoted to St. John=s Indian School on the Gila River Reservation, with mention of Papago enrollment. Two pages are devoted to Mission San Xavier del Bac and Mission Tumacacori.]

Shnayerson, Michael

    1987             Straight shooter=s guide to Arizona=s old West. Condé Nast=s Traveler, Vol. 22, no. 9 (September), pp. 124-134. New York, Condé Nast Publications, Inc. [This travel guide to Arizona, one accompanied by a large map and many color photo illustrations, includes brief descriptions of mission Tumacácori and San Xavier del Bac. The latter account says, Aoutside (the church) Papago flutists have given way to electric guitarists and scruffy stands.@ A color photo of the south elevation of the church of San Xavier del Bac is on p. 134.]

Short, Glenn B.

    1972             AMating propinquity, inbreeding and biological fitness as measured by differential fertility and offspring vitality from Papago breeding unions.@ Ph.D. dissertation, University of Colorado, Boulder. Bibl. 106 pp. [AGenealogical data collected on the Papago Indians of southern Arizona was used to test the hypothesis that differential fertility and offspring vitality as measured by hospital visits decreased as the propinquity of mating partners= birthplaces increased.@ The study concludes that as the distance between parental birthplaces increases, inbreeding decreases and offspring vitality increases.]

    1974             Mating patterns among the Papago Indians and their contribution to inbreeding. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol. 40, no. 1 (January), p. 151. Philadelphia, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology for the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. [Abstract of a paper read at the 1973 meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. The study is based on the use of the Papago Population Register compiled by Robert A. Hackenberg and others.]

Shoumatoff. Alex

    1997             Legends of the American Desert. Sojourns in the Great Southwest. New York, Alfred A. Knopf. Bibl., index. viii + 533 pp. [Three pages (404-406) are devoted to the author=s summation of the activities of Father Eusebio Kino, the region=s pioneer Jesuit missionary, among the Northern Piman Indians, a summary that includes mention of mission San Xavier del Bac. The modern Mission San Xavier is also mentioned, with O=odham women cooking popovers an enchiladas under ramadas in the church=s plaza. Also mentioned is an 8:00 a.m. Mass attended by the author and ethnographer Bernard Fontana.]

Shreve, Forrest, and Ira L. Wiggins

    1951             Vegetation and flora of the Sonoran Desert [Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, no. 591]. Washington, D.C., Carnegie Institution. Maps., illus. [This is the classic study of the plant life of the Sonoran Desert, including the entire Pimería Alta. The book=s thirty-seven black-and-white photographic plates include scenes of vegetation and soils in such Papaguerian areas as Papago Wells and Tinajas Altas, Arizona; and Sonoyta and the Río Sonoyta, Sonora. In part 1, Shreve provides a study of the AVegetation of the Sonoran Desert,@ defining seven vegetational subdivisions (Lower Colorado alley and Arizona Upland characterize most of the Pimería Alta). Part two, by Wiggins, comprises the species list of the AFlora of the Sonoran Desert.@ The study is devoid of ethnobotanical considerations.]

    1964             Vegetation and flora of the Sonoran Desert. Two volumes. Stanford, California, Stanford University Press. Maps, illus., indices. x + 1740 pp. [A reprint of Shreve and Wiggins (1951).]

Shreve, Margaret B.

    1943a           AModern Papago basketry.@ Master=s thesis. Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson. Maps, illus., bibl. 177 pp. [The thesis includes a Preface; Introduction (the problem the collection of data); and a chapter titled AThe Place of Basketry in Papago Culture.@ The latter includes basketry in relation to the environment, economy, social organization, religion, language and dialect groups, and to other material traits as well as a list of basketry terms. A section of the thesis deals with technical aspects of Papago basketry and another with its socioeconomic aspects. References to San Xavier are on pages 22, 32, 76, 77, 78, 81, 89, 108, and 171.]

    1943b           Modern Papago basketry. Kiva, Vol. 8, no. 2 (January), front cover and pp. 9-16. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This illustrated article is about modern Papago baskets, with changes since the appearance of the study by Mary L. Kissell (1916) being noted.]

Shropshire, Helen, manager

    1976             El viaje de Juan Bautista de Anza y la Fundación de San Francisco, 1775-1776. An official bicentennial historical reenactment, 1975-1976. [Sacramento], American Revolution Bicentennial Commission of California and the American Revolution Bicentennial Administration. Illus. 59 pp. [Shropshire is listed as manager of the California Heritage Guides, presumably an organization behind publication of this commemorative program of a re-enactment of the 1775-1776 expedition of Juan Bautista de Anza and colonists from Mexico City to San Francisco, California. Photographs of the re-enactment illustrate the book, one published in a magazine format. It is noted that in 1975 there were Amajor celebrations at the Calabasas Mission ruins, Tubac, Tucson, Casa Grande, and Yuma.@ Included are two photos of the reenactors approaching Mission San Xavier del Bac (pages 10-11).]

Shuster, Rita A.

    1983             Patterns of variation in exotic races of maize (Zea mays, Gremineae) in a new geographic area. Journal of Ethnobiology, Vol. 3, no. 2 (December), pp. 157-174. Tucson, Society of Ethnobiology, Inc. [Papago, Tarahumara, and Hopi corn were planted in a plot of ground in southwestern Colorado and the results compared.]

Sides, Dorothy S.

    1936             Decorative art of the Southwestern Indians. Foreword by Frederick Webb Hodge. Santa Ana, California, Fine Arts Press. Illus., index, bibl. xviii + 50 plates (290 illustrations). [Two of this book=s plates illustrate Papago basketry designs. The first shows circular geometric patterns (pl. 42), and the second, geometric bands (pl. 43). Differences between Pima and Papago designs are alluded to. There is a brief discussion of Papagos and Papago basketry on the reverse of these plates. Annotations are by Clarice Martin Smith (Mrs. Frederick Robinson Smith.)]

    1961             Decorative art of the Southwestern Indians. Foreword by Frederick Webb Hodge. Corrected reprint. New York, Dover Publications. Illus., bibl., index. xviii + 50 plates. [A corrected reprint of Sides (1936) in book, rather than portfolio, format.]

Sieg, Leila A.

    1956             Skias-Chui. Atlanta, Home Mission Board, Southern Baptist Convention. [Said to be Afor primaries,@ this is part of the Southern Baptist Home Mission Board=s A1956 Graded Series for Home Mission Studies.@ It could have been intended for Pima Indians rather than Papagos.]

Siegel, Herman

    1967a           Papago population register (OPSAM=s microcosm). In Applied research in health program management [Proceedings of first operation SAM orientation conference], compiled by E.S. Rabeau, pp. 15-22. Tucson, Arizona, Public Health Service Indian Health Center. [Siegel summarizes the history and methodology of the Papago population register undertaken by the University of Arizona=s Bureau of Ethnic Research between April 1, 1958 and September 30, 1960.]

    1967b           The utilization and maintenance of the Papago population register. In Applied research in health program management [Proceedings of first operation SAM orientation conference], compiled by E.S. Rabeau, pp. 23-28.. Tucson, Arizona, Public Health Service Indian Health Center. [Siegel tells how the Public Health Service Indian Health Center on the San Xavier Reservation proposes to maintain the Papago population register generated at the University of Arizona beginning in 1958.]

    1967c           Transportation and communication survey of Papago Reservation, Sells Service Unit, Arizona. Tucson, Public Health Service, Health Program Systems Center. Maps. 24 pp. [AThe monograph presents an assessment of the communication resources and transportation status presently existing on the Papago Reservation. Road conditions, transportation costs, automobile availability, driving times between each village and nearest health facility, and telephone and radio locations are documented.@]

Sieve, Jerry

    1993             [Untitled.] America West, Vol. 7, no. 11 (January), p. 28. Phoenix, Skyword Marketing Inc. [This is a color photo of Mission San Xavier del Bac taken through Granjon=s Gate looking at the southwest elevation of the church.]

    1996             San Xavier Indian Reservation. "Greece." Arizona Highways, Vol. 72, no. 12 (December), p. 26. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [A color photo by Sieve of the northeast elevation of Mission San Xavier del Bac as seen through Bishop Granjon's gate is accompanied by a caption which says the mission is evocative of "the Old World churches of the Greek Isles."]

Sievers, Maurice L.

    1966             A study of achlorhydria among southwestern American Indians. American Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol. 45, no. 1 (January), pp. 99-108. New York, American College of Gastroenterology. [Details of a gastric acid secretory study done on U.S. Public Health Service Indian hospital patients in Phoenix, Arizona from 1959 through 1963. The subjects represented Papago, Pima, Apache, Navajo, Hopi, and Aother southwestern@ tribes.]

    1967             Myocardial infarction among southwestern American Indians. Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 67, no. 4 (October), pp. 800-807. Lancaster, Pennsylvania, American College of Physicians. [This study was carried out among patients in the U.S. Public Health Service Indian hospital in Phoenix, Arizona from 1957 through 1966. Patients represented the Papago, Pima, Apache, Navajo, Hopi, Paiute, Ute, Mohave, Shoshone, Washoe, Maricopa, Hualapai, Havasupai, and Quechan tribes. The incidence of heart disease and its relation to diabetes is discussed.]

    1968             Cigarette and alcohol usage by southwestern American Indians. American Journal of Public Health and the Nation=s Health, Vol. 58, no. 1 (January), pp. 71-82. New York, American Public Health Association, Inc. [This study was conducted on Indians over 15 years of age admitted to the U.S. Public Health Service Indian hospital in Phoenix, Arizona from 1961 through 1965. Papagos were among the tribes represented.]

Sifton, William C.

    1967             The problem of community definition: a Papago example. Abstracts of papers presented at the forty-third annual meeting, Southwestern and Rocky Mountain Division, American Association for the Advancement of Science, p. 38. Tucson. [ATheoretical definitions concerning the delimiting factors of research in community studies are examined in light of research on the San Xavier Papago Reservation in 1960 and 1966.@]

    1968             APopulation change in a Papago Indian community.@ Master=s thesis. Department of Anthropology, The University of Arizona, Tucson. Map, bibl. 44 pp. [This is a discussion of population turnover rates and mobility rates on the San Xavier Papago Indian Reservation using a 1966 census compiled by the author as compared with a census compiled in 1960 by Bernard L. Fontana.]

Silas, Julene

    1982             About a woman. Papago: The Desert People, Vol. 1, no. 1 (January), p. 30. Topawa, Arizona, Topawa Middle School. [Eleven-year-old Papago student Silas writes a summary of a story told to her by Papago Jennifer Randall. It is about a woman who sat by the side of the road to beg, but people threw things at her. She retreated to a mountain near Hickiwan and said, "I will make a basket. When it is finished, the world will end."]

Silvers, Philip J.

    1994             Our Native Americans. Among God=s gifts to the Diocese of Tucson. Catholic Foundation Newsletter, Fall / Winter, pp. 1, 3-4. Tucson, Catholic Foundation for the Diocese of Tucson. [AThe Tohono O=odham,@ writes Silvers, Ahave an expression Gahgimaam, which means one who searches for the future B by looking into the desert or by studying the heavens. A sense of what lies ahead can be found in the way nature appears in the desert or in the skies.@ He continues by noting that the church is placing less reliance on missionaries among O=odham and other native peoples and more upon lay leadership from within the communities.]

Simak, Ellen

    1994             George L.K. Morris. Arizona altar. American Art Review, Vol. 6, no. 1 (February-March), front cover, pp. 87, 156. Kansas City, Missouri, American Arts Media, Inc. [The front cover features a color reproduction in color of an abstract painting done in 1949 by George L.K. Morris that incorporates elements in the art of Mission San Xavier del Bac. The painting is now in the collections of the Hunter Museum of Art, Chattanooga, Tennessee. The author quotes Morris=s brief description of the interior of the mission in an essay illustrated by two color photo=s taken in the church=s interior by Helga Teiwes.]

Simmons, Marc

    1975             Spanish attempts to open a New Mexico - Sonora road. Arizona and the West, Vol. 17, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 5-20. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Simmons notes that AFather Kino called attention to the fact that travelers could go straight from the San Xavier del Bac Mission, near modern Tucson, and reach the Hopi province within sixty or seventy leagues, although they would doubtless encounter hostile Apaches infesting the route@ (p. 9). And AThe prominent Franciscan, Father Francisco Garcés, during the 1770s made several reconnaissance trips northward from San Xavier del Bac toward the Hopi villages in hopes of finding a suitable highway from the Sonoran frontier into New Mexico@ (p. 11).]

Simmons, Marc, and Frank Turley

    1980             Southwestern colonial ironwork. The Spanish blacksmithing tradition from Texas to California. Santa Fe, Museum of New Mexico Press. Illus., bibl., index. xvi + 199 pp. [Simmons and Turley provide a summary of known information about blacksmithing in the Pimería Alta and the fact that excavations at Mission San Xavier del Bac revealed evidence of a forge, one probably not dating before the end of the eighteenth century. The first documentary evidence of a blacksmith at San Xavier dates from 1814. The Spanish-period iron cross on the main dome and the sanctus bell wheel from San Xavier are shown in plate 6 on page 166 and in plate 11 on page 171. The former includes a weather vane in the shape of an arrow.]

Simmons, Norman

    1964             Exploring la Cabeza Prieta. Desert, Vol. 27, no. 5 (May), pp. 22-23. Palm Desert, California, Desert Magazine. [In writing about the Cabeza Prieta Game Range of southwestern Arizona Simmons asserts that Sand Papago groups arrived there ca. 1450. He points out the Sand Papagos were there when first encountered by Spanish explorers, and they were the only inhabitants of the region until after the U.S. and Mexican War of 1846.]

    1966             Flora of the Cabeza Prieta Game Range. Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science, Vol. 4, no. 2 (October), pp. 93-104. Tucson, Arizona Academy of Science. [Included is a full-page black-and-white photograph of a APapago seed storage jar from a village near the Quinlan Mountains, Papago Indian Reservation.@ It is shown to illustrate the use of lac from creosote bush as a glue for cracked pottery.]

Simmons, Ruthanne

    1988             Ak-Chin Community: water settlement celebration, Jan. 9, 1988. Maricopa, Arizona, Ak-Chin Indian Community. Illus. 13 pp. [With photographs by Monty Roessel, this booklet commemorates the celebration on the Ak-Chin Reservation, most of whose residents are Tohono O=odham, in the immediate aftermath of their obtaining their sought-for water rights.]

Simpson, Homer

    2000             Papago Reservation. Arizona Highways, Vol. 76, no. 3 (March), p. 2. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [In this letter to the editor, Simpson complains about the use of the term "Papago Indian Reservation" in an article by Stanley Smith (1999) in an earlier issue of the magazine. He says "Tohono O'odham" is the correct term.]

Simpson, James R.

    1968             @An economic evaluation of selected range improvement practices on the Papago Indian Reservation.@ Master of Science thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson. [This thesis examines some of the ways that would improve range and cattle conditions on the Papago Reservation. It considers a plan which would develop some 25,000 aces of alluvial plain into an optimal foraging area for cattle. It also looks at two alternate plans and proposes the imposition of a grazing permit system to alleviate the problem of overgrazing.]

    1970             Uses of cultural anthropology in economic analysis: a Papago Indian case. Human Organization, Vol. 29, no. 3 (Fall), pp. 162-168. Lexington, The Society for Applied Anthropology. [Using benefit-cost analysis as an analytic technique, this is a report of the use of explicit cultural factors in a pasture reclamation feasibility study on the Papago Indian Reservation in 1966.]

Simpson, James R., and Phil R. Ogden

    1967             Good range management, teaching laboratory. Progressive Agriculture in Arizona, Vol. 19, no. 1 (January/February), pp. 14-16. Tucson, College of Agriculture, University of Arizona. [This is an illustrated article about range improvement at the Papago village of Vamori located about ten miles north of Sells on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Simpson, James R.; R.A. Young, P.R. Ogden, and C.W. Whitfield

    1969             Papago floodwater pastures. Progressive Agriculture in Arizona, Vol. 21, no. 2 (March/April), pp. 18-19. Tucson, College of Agriculture, University of Arizona. [This is an illustrated report on the use of flood water runoff to irrigate supplementary perennial grass pastures on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Simpson, Ruth D.

    1958             The coyote in southwestern Indian tradition. Masterkey, Vol. 32, no. 2 (March/April), pp. 43-54. Los Angeles, Southwest Museum. [Included here is an account of the curative powers of the coyote in relation to a Papago woman (pp. 48-49).]

Sims, Lyn

    2002-03       Festive & espectacular. Tucson Bride, pp. 24-29. Tucson, Tucson Lifestyle Magazine. [Color photographs by Sims illustrate the Mission San Xavier del Bac wedding of Amanda Parker and Ray Flores and the subsequent reception in Tucson=s historic Stillwell House. It=s noted that the married couple presented the mission with a custom altar cloth made by the nuns of Tucson=s Benedictine Monastery.]

Siquieros, Bernard

    1984             O=odham education now and in the future. Arid Lands Newsletter, no. 20 (January), p. 18. Tucson, Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona. [Summary of an interview with Siquieros, director of the Papago tribe=s education department. He lists the various kinds of educational opportunities available on the reservation at all age levels.]

Siquieros, Regina

    1998             Tohono O'odham winter storytelling nights. Compass Health Care, Vol. 2, no. 1 (December), p. 7. Tucson, Compass Health Care. [Notice of a program of "Winter Storytelling Nights" on the Tohono O'odham Reservation to be held January 5-7, 1999 (in O'odham) and January 19-21, 1999 (in English) at the Baboquivari Middle/High School campus in Sells, Arizona. These are "devoted to the telling of traditional stories connected to the traditional Creation Story of the Tohono O'odham."]

Sisk, Bill

    1991             First day at Guaymas. Westfriars, Vol. 24, no. 6 (June), p. 7. Tucson, Franciscan Province of St. Barbara. [A Franciscan missionary assigned to Guaymas, Sonora, for the first time in 1967 recalls the four subsequent years he spent as a missionary stationed at Topawa on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Sixkiller, Jess

    1990             Return to community decision making in Native America. Initiatives, Spring, p. 6. Phoenix, Institute of Cultural Affairs. [An article by the state director of Arizona in Action, a program of the Institute of Cultural Affairs. An introductory note mentions that he has supported ICA=s work Asince the initiation of the Pisinemo Human Development project on the Tohono O=odham, Nation, in 1978 ... .@]

Slaff, Steve, and Elizabeth S. Dirth

    1984             Technical background: geology, soils and seismicity, San Xavier planned community, Pima County, Arizona [Draft environmental impact statement (EIS): proposed lease of Papago community lands, (San Xavier District), facilitating development of the San Xavier/Tucson planned community along Interstate 19, Pima County, Arizona, appendix VI]. San Francisco, Geo/Resource Consultants, Inc., for the WLB Group, Inc., Tucson. 60 pp. [Report for a planned non-Indian community on the southeastern section of the San Xavier Reservation. Chapters are those on the physical environment, geologic considerations, soil engineering considerations, and agricultural soil considerations.]

Slaff, Steven; Elizabeth S. Dirth, and Alan D. Tryhorn

    1985             Technical background: geology, soils and seismicity, San Xavier planned community, Pima County, Arizona. Draft environmental impact statement (EIS): proposed lease of Papago community lands, (San Xavier District), facilitating development of the San Xavier/Tucson planned community along Interstate 19, Pima County, Arizona, Appendix VI. San Francisco, Geo/Resource Consultants, Inc. Maps, refs., glossary. 60 + 5 + 2 + 6 pp. [There are chapters on the physical environment, geologic considerations (including volcanism and seismic risk), soil engineering considerations, and agricultural soil considerations.]

Slagle, Al L.

    1983             Introduction. American Indian Culture and Research Journal, Vol. 7, no. 1, pp. vii-x. Los Angeles, American Indian Studies Center, University of California. [An introduction to a special issue of this journal concerning Indians= water rights, one which mentions President Ronald Reagan=s veto in 1982 of the initial Papago water settlement bill.]

Slatta, Richard W.

    1998             Spanish colonial military strategy and ideology. In Contested ground. Comparative frontiers on the northern and southern edges of the Spanish Empire, edited by Donna J. Guy and Thomas E. Sheridan, pp. 83-96. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Writes Slatta, ASpaniards temporarily transformed some groups, such as Pueblos, O=odham (Pimas and Papagos), and after 1786, even Comanche, into >friendly= Indians.@]

Slaughter, Alan L.

    1956             AA study of the phonemic aspect of bilingualism in Papago Indian children.@ Master=s thesis. The University of Arizona, Tucson. Bibl. 76 pp. [This study examines the relationship between sound substitutions in the English speech of Papago children and the differences between the sound systems of English and Papago languages. Testing was conducted with third and ninth grade Papago students at the Indian Agency school in Sells, Arizona.]

Slawson, Laurie V.

    1987a           Ceramic artifacts. In The San Xavier Archaeological Project [Southwest Cultural Series, No. 1, Vol. 4], by Laurie V. Slawson, Henry D. Wallace, and Alfred E. Dittert, Jr., appendix A5. Tucson, Cultural & Environmental Systems, Inc. [This is a discussion of such prehistoric ceramic objects as spindle whorls, sherd discs, pottery scrapers, scoops, repair perforations, hanging perforations, vessel handles, and figurines found within an 18,279-acre area of the San Xavier Reservation where an intensive archaeological survey was carried out.]

    1987b           Plain ware ceramics. In The San Xavier Archaeological Project [Southwest Cultural Series, No. 1, Vol. 4], by Laurie V. Slawson, Henry D. Wallace, and Alfred E. Dittert, Jr., appendix A4. Tucson, Cultural & Environmental Systems, Inc. [This is a study of prehistoric and of historic Papago plain ware ceramics based on a study of pottery sherds collected within an 18,729-acre area of the San Xavier Reservation.]

    1987c           Quantitative temper analysis of prehistoric decorated ware ceramics. In The San Xavier Archaeological Project [Southwest Cultural Series, No. 1, Vol. 4], by Laurie V. Slawson, Henry D. Wallace, and Alfred E. Dittert, Jr., appendix A2. Tucson, Cultural & Environmental Systems, Inc. [Reported on here are results of the study of temper materials used in manufacturing ceramics in prehistoric times, a study based on a sample of pottery sherds collected within an 18,729-acre area of the San Xavier Reservation.]

    1987d           Red ware ceramics. In The San Xavier Archaeological Project [Southwest Cultural Series, No. 1, Vol. 4], by Laurie V. Slawson, Henry D. Wallace, and Alfred E. Dittert, Jr., appendix A3. Tucson, Cultural & Environmental Systems, Inc. [This is a study of prehistoric and of historic Papago red ware ceramics based on a study of pottery sherds collected within an 18,729-acre area of the San Xavier Reservation.]

    1987e           San Xavier Archaeological Project ceramic analysis: data synthesis, settlement patterns and future research directions. In The San Xavier Archaeological Project [Southwest Cultural Series, No. 1, Vol. 4], by Laurie V. Slawson, Henry D. Wallace, and Alfred E. Dittert, Jr., appendix A7. Tucson, Cultural & Environmental Systems, Inc. [Summarized here are results of intensive studies of sherds of prehistoric and of historic Papago pottery collected within an 18,729-acre area of the San Xavier Reservation.]

Smith, Alberic

    2003             Another day. An elder=s thoughts on aging. The Way of St. Francis, Vol. 9, no. 5 (September/October), pp. 24-28. Oakland, California, Franciscan Friars of California, Inc. [A note accompanying a photograph of Father Alberic at the end of his article notes, among other things, that he once served as pastor at Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Smith, C.C.

    1931             Some unpublished history of the Southwest. Arizona Historical Review, Vol. 4, no. 1 (April), pp. 7-20. Phoenix, Arizona State Historian. [Papago involvement in the Camp Grant Massacre (of Apache Indians) from William S. Oury=s point of view is discussed on pages 16-19.]

Smith, Corneliius C., Jr.

    1967             William Sanders Oury: history-maker of the Southwest. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Map, illus., notes, sources, chronology, index. xviii + 298 pp. [An entire chapter of this biography of Oury is devoted to his critical role as one of the principal perpetrators of the 1871 massacre of Apache Indians at Camp Grant by a half-dozen Anglos, forty-seven Mexicans, and ninety-two Papago Indians (pages 186-203). Smith reports a family oral tradition that his father, who was born in Tucson on April 7, 1869, was taken a few days later to be baptized at San Xavier Mission B possible, but improbable.]

Smith, Cortland

    1967             Systems analysis: the Sells Reservation market system. In Abstracts of papers presented at the forty-third annual meeting, Southwestern and Rocky Mountain Division, American Association for the Advancement of Science, p. 35. Tucson. [The Sells Reservation market system, composed of Papago customers and seven Sells Reservation trading posts, was studied via systems analysis.]

Smith, Dana M. [Mrs. White Mountain]

    1933             Indian tribes of the Southwest. Stanford University, California, Stanford University Press. Maps, illus., index. 146 pp. [Some general ethnographic information concerning Papagos is on pages 110-111.]

Smith, David G.

    1972             Modernization, population dispersion, and Papago genetic integrity. Human Organization, Vol. 31, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 187-200. Washington, D.C., The Society for Applied Anthropology. [This study examines Papago Indian breeding patterns from 1875 to 1960 by making use of the Papago population register. It finds that the residents of Papagos villages were less closely related in the nineteenth century than during recent decades. Explanations for these differences are given.]

    1973             AThe genetic demography of a partially subdivided population in historical and ecological perspective, the Papago of southern Arizona.@ Ph.D. dissertation, University of Colorado, Boulder. Illus., bibl. 343 pp. [AThe impact of modernization and commensurate rapid socio-economic change upon population variability of the Sells Papago Reservation Indians is assessed by constructing controlled comparative classes (derived from the archaeological, historical, and ethnographic record as well as retrospective analysis of demographic measures from the Papago Population Register) segregated by parameters regarding historical contexts, environmental stress, structural demographic variables, operational norms, and genetic structures.@]

    1976             Effect of emigration on the structure and growth of a Southwestern Indian reservation population. Social Biology, Vol. 23, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 21-32. Madison, Wisconsin, Society for the Study of Social Biology. [The emphasis here is on methodology, but the example used is that of the ASells Reservation Papago of southern Arizona, {where there is} a residual, tradition-bound population whose natural rate of population increase (birth minus deaths) is high.@ He concludes that out-migration of Papago young people, largely those who are more Aprogressive minded,@ Ahinder{s} economic development of the residual population.@]

    1980             Fertility differential within a subdivided population: a controlled comparison of four Sells Papago isolates. Human Biology, Vol. 52, no. 2 (May), pp. 324-342. Detroit, Wayne State University Press. [The presumed isolates are four groups on the main Papago (i.e., ASells@) reservation. He compares the breeding patterns with fertility and mortality rates of these groups which he believes are cultural-historically and linguistically distinct.]

    1981             Admixture and population replacement of the Sells Papago Indians: three strategies. Social Biology, Vol. 28, nos. 1-2 (Spring/Summer), pp.126-144. Madison, Wisconsin, Society for the Study of Social Biology. [AChanges in rates of admixture on the Sells Papago Indian reservation over the last century are shown to reflect ethnohistorically recorded events of extra-tribal contact. Three distinct strategies providing, in varying degrees, for the preservation of group identity were identified.@ The strategies are those of self-sufficiency and withdrawal; extension of the traditional mode of subsistence into off-reservation economies; and a commitment to sentiments which have favored abandonment of both ethnic and cultural identity. Maps and tables included.]

Smith, Dean

    1983             The Gadsden Purchase, 1983. Arizona Highways, Vol. 59, no. 4 (April), pp. 16-17. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Mention is made that San Xavier del Bac and Tumacacori are included within the Gadsden Purchase area.]

Smith, Edward P.

    1874             Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. In Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1874, pp. 3-83. Washington, Government Printing Office. [The report is dated November 1, 1874 and is addressed to the Secretary of the Interior. He lists the Papago population in Arizona at 6,000 (p. 4), and on pages 59-60, under APapago Agency, @he writes that because of the Indian system of the U.S. government Papagos have been reduced to helpless wards without land and without rights; that Papagos reside in their original homes outside Tucson; that they cultivate small farms and labor for settlers; that in 1872 a peace was established between them and Apaches; eighty-nine Papago children attend school; at any time their land can be preempted by white settlers; and that Papagos should become citizens so they can enter public lands and get protection from the courts.]

    1875             Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. In Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1875, pp. 3-101. Washington, Government Printing Office. [The report is dated November 1, 1874, and is addressed to the Secretary of the Interior. Under APapagoes@ (p. 77) he summarizes the report of an Inspector Daniels, one noting that the Papago population is 7,000, with only 900 living on reservation; Papagos are peaceable, well disposed people, good farmers willing to support themselves; the (San Xavier) reservation is comprised of 70,400 acres, some of it the most productive land in the Territory; 960 acres are under cultivation; Indians live in Ahacals@ (jacales); the ADry Country@ (western) Papagos live by hunting and planting; prospects for the Papago are encouraging; and 110 children are in school. The Commissioner requests for Papagos a grist mill, a few carts, and some work cattle. It is noted here as well that Executive Order of July 1, 1874 set aside 70,000 acres of land around San Xavier del Bac for the Papago.]

Smith, Edna E.

    1935             ACeremonials of the Papago and Pima Indians with special emphasis on the relationship of the dance to their religion.@ Master=s thesis, University of Iowa, Iowa City. [Plagiarized, word-for-word, from Gunst (1930).]

Smith,. Fay J.

    1993             Captain of the phantom presidio. History of the Presidio of Fronteras, New Spain, 1686-1735. Spokane, Washington, The Arthur H. Clark Company. Map, illus., appendices, bibl., index. 217 pp. [This is largely about Don Gregorio Alvarez Tuñón y Quirós, who was captain of the Presidio of Fronteras in northern Sonora from 1702 until 1726. During the life of the presidio, its troops had occasional dealings with natives of the Pimería Alta. And earlier, according to Smith, in 1686 and in imitation of the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 in New Mexico, Athe Sumas, Jocomes and Janos, with the Pimas and Sobaipuras joining them, left a path of destruction along 250 miles of the northern frontier of Sonora and the provinces of Casas Grandes and El Paso@ (p. 16). For further citations to Northern Pimans see the index under APima Indians@ and APimería Alta.@]

Smith, Fay J.; John L. Kessell, and Francis J. Fox

    1966             Father Kino in Arizona. Introduction by Barry M, Goldwater. Phoenix, Arizona Historical Foundation. Map, illus., index. xvii + 142 pp. [Here are translations of documents by Father Kino and Martín Bernal relating to Father Kino=s late 17^th century activities among the northern Piman Indians as well as an essay on Father Kino=s activities in Arizona and a bibliography of writings by and about Kino. Also see Goldwater (1966), Kessell (1966a), Kino (1966a, b, c), and Martín Bernal (1966).]

Smith, Gloria L.

    1977             Black Americana in Arizona. Tucson, the author. Maps, illus., bibl. 120 pp. [A compilation of materials relating to Blacks in the New World, Southwest, and Arizona. Mission San Xavier del Bac is mentioned (p. 31) as having been abandoned in 1820 (sic). A sketchy chronology of resident Jesuit missionaries at San Xavier for the period 1701 to 1745 is given (p. 43), and there are photographs on pages 119-120 of an early 20^th-century outing of Black people visiting Mission San Xavier.]

Smith, Grace B.

    1949             Relic of Jesuit days? Desert Magazine, Vol. 12, no. 8 (June), p. 30. Palm Desert, California, Desert Press, Inc. [This is about a metal bowl (illustrated) said to have been found in 1932 Ain the desert south of Tucson near the Tumacacori mission.@ She cites an article by John Mitchell (1947) telling about Athe heavy black silver-copper ore the Jesuits used in 1691 to make articles for church altars,@ speculating that the Jesuits may have used the same material to fashion Acups, plates and bowls for household use.@]

Smith, Ida

    1953             Colored feathers. In The new trail, revised edition, p. 20. Phoenix, Phoenix Indian School Print Shop. [A 16-year-old Papago student=s Aimaginative story built upon a superstition of the Papago tribe.@ It concerns the origin of the rainbow.]

Smith, J.Q.

    1876             Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. In Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1876, pp. iii-xxv. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Report of dated October 30, 1876 and is addressed to the Secretary of the Interior. In it he notes that AThe Papago agency was discontinued March last, and the Papagoes placed under the charge of the agent for the Pimas and Maricopas@ (p. xxii).]

Smith, Joan M.

    2002             San Xavier del Bac: a mission and its people. St. Anthony's Messenger, Vol. 109, no. 9 (February), pp. 34-40. Cincinnati, Franciscan Friars of St. John the Baptist Province. [The focus in this article is on the entire San Xavier del Bac community, with emphasis on the contemporary Tohono O'odham parish and parishioners. Color photos show a group of O'odham gathered in front of the church after a baptism; Fr. David Gaa standing in the main door of the church; an O'odham procession to the Grotto of Lourdes shrine on the Feast of the Assumption in August; O'odham Margie Butler, a teacher in the parochial school; Tohono O'odham Sally Estrada standing by the statue of La Dolorosa; and school principal Sister Jackie Koenig and one of the school's O'odham girl students.]

Smith, Ruth D.

    1977a           Cacti. Field Notes, Vol. 7, no. 7 (November), p. 3. El Paso, El Paso Centennial Museum. [Passing mention is made of use by Papagos (and other Southwest Indians) of saguaro, various species of Opuntia, and of the barrel cactus.]

    1977b           The desert meat market. Field Notes, Vol. 7, no. 5 (July), pp. 1-2. El Paso, El Paso Centennial Museum. [Includes mention of Papagos= eating antelope and Aworms@ (actually the larvae of the lined Sphinx moth).]

    1977c           The desert supermarket B cactus. Field Notes, Vol. 7, no. 3 (April/May), pp. 1-2. El Paso, El Paso Centennial Museum. [This is about uses made of the saguaro cactus by Papago Indians.]

    1977d           Desert supermarket B part III. Storage (plants). Field Notes, Vol. 7, no. 1 (January/February), pp. 1-2. El Paso, El Paso Centennial Museum. [Includes mention of Papago Indian use and storage of pumpkins and agaves.]

    1977e           Mesquite. Field Notes, Vol. 7, no. 6 (August), pp. 1-2. El Paso, El Paso Centennial Museum. [Mention is made of Papagos= making of mesquite bread, and the unsubstantiated assertion that Papagos, among other Indians, Adiscovered they could concoct a fermented drink from the fruit.@]

    1980             The desert supermarket. Artifact, Vol. 18, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 1-26. El Paso, El Paso Archaeological Society, Inc. [Reference is made throughout to the uses of various kinds of cacti by Papagos.]

Smith, Stanley E.

    1999             Medicine men. Arizona Highways, Vol. 75, no. 10 (October), pp. 10-13. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [It is mentioned that at "Sells, on the Papago Indian Reservation in southern Arizona, Ralph Antone, a medicine man of the Tohono O'odham tribe, counsels on alcohol and substance abuse at the IHS (Indian Health Service) Health Complex."]

Smith, Watson

    1985             Victor Rose Stoner: founding father. Kiva, Vol. 50, no. 4 (Summer), pp. 183-199. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Mention is made of the fact that after he was ordained as a priest in 1925, Father Stoner celebrated his first Mass at Mission San Xavier del Bac. Father Stoner was co-founder Kiva and its first editor.]

Smith, William N.

    1945             The Papago game of >gince goot.= Masterkey, Vol. 19, no. 6 (November), pp. 194-197. Los Angeles, Southwest Museum. [A description of gince-goot, the Papago version of the stick dice game common among Southwest Indians (and a variant of Aztec patolli and Old World Parcheesi), as played at San Xavier del Bac. The game is described in detail, including diagrams, and a Papago legend about the origin of the game is recounted.]

Sniffen, Matthew K.

    1914a           San Xavier Agency, Arizona. Annual Report of the Executive Committee of the Indian Rights Association, Vol. 31, pp. 22-23. Philadelphia, Office of the Indian Rights Association. [This report briefly discusses the San Xavier Agency, including the matters of land allotment and the education system.]

    1914b           The Papagos. Annual Report of the Executive Committee of the Indian Rights Association, Vol. 31, pp. 62-63. Philadelphia, Office of the Indian Rights Association. [This is a discussion of some 6,000 Papagos who reside on public lands and efforts by the Indian Rights Association to secure land allotments for them]

    1914c           The non-reservation Papagos. Annual Report of the Executive Committee of the Indian Rights Association, Vol. 31, pp. 24-28. Philadelphia, Office of the Indian Rights Association. [A report concerning Papagos not living on a reservation. AMost of the Papagos are in Pima County, Arizona and about six of the forty-eight villages within the jurisdiction of the Pima Agency and the balance nominally under the supervision of the San Xavier Agency@ (p. 24).]

    1916             Report of field work. Annual Report of the Executive Committee of the Indian Rights Association, Vol. 34, pp. 8-68. Philadelphia, Office of the Indian Rights Association. [There is a general discussion of Papagos on pages 19-22 and consideration of the establishment of a Papago reservation on January 14, 1916 (pp. 42-44). There are black-and-white photos of APapago Village, Arizona,@ and AType of Papago House, Arizona@ facing page 20. Two photos facing page 42 are captioned, ADay School, Papago Reservation@ and ADesert Wells, Papago Reservation.@ Superintendent J.D. Martin and the San Xavier Agency are mentioned on page 21.]

Snoke, Elizabeth R.

    1979             Pete Kitchen: Arizona Pioneer. Arizona and the West, Vol. 21, no. 3 (Autumn), pp. 235-256. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [This article tells about Papago involvement in a war party that unsuccessfully trailed Apache raiders in southern Arizona in June, 1861. Pete Kitchen recruited them at San Xavier.]

Snow, Dean

    1976             The American Indians: their archaeology and prehistory. London, Thames and Hudson. Illus., bibl., index. 272 pp. [Two brief mentions of Papago Indians place them as descendants of the prehistoric Hohokam.]

    1980             The archaeology of North America. American Indians and their origins. 2^nd edition, revised. London, Thames and Hudson. Illus., bibl., index. 272 pp. [A paperback reprint of Snow (1976).]

Snyder, Gary

    1976             The politics of ethnopoetics. Alcheringa, Vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 13-22. Boston, Boston University. [Snyder quotes Ruth Underhill=s (1968) Singing for Power, telling how songs come to Papagos in dreams or visions. (P. 20).]

Snyder, Justin

    1923             Father Justin gets three cameras. Indian Sentinel, Vol. 3, no. 4 (Octrober), p. 175. Washington, D.C., Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions. [Mention is made by Father Justin that he sent a camera to Father Bonaventure Oblasser on the Papago Reservation at San Solano, Arizona.]

Soehnel, Edward J.

    1954             San Xavier. Arizona Highways, Vol. 30, no. 6 (June), p. 40. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [Soehnel thanks the editor for the fine article by Nancy Newhall, with photography by Ansel Adams, concerning Mission San Xavier del Bac which appeared in the April, 1954 issue of the magazine.]

Solien de González, Nancy

    1972             Changing dietary patterns of North American Indians. In Nutrition, growth and development of Northern American Indian children, edited by William M. Moore, Marjorie M. Silverberg, and Merrill S. Read, pp. 15-33. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office. [Includes a brief consideration of Papago diet (p. 22).]

Soller, Cynthia

    1993             Your garden reports. Seedhead News, no. 40 (Spring Equinox), p. 8. Tucson, Native Seeds/SEARCH. [Reporting from Borrego Springs, California, Soller says that the Tohono O'odham native "tepary beans, peas, Oñk I'waki (planted in her garden) not good so far."]

Somers, Gary F.

    1975a           Archeological survey, Charcoal (sic) 27, Papago Indian Reservation. s.l., s.n. 6 pp. Processed. [A report on five archaeological sites discovered during a survey in the vicinity of Hotason Vo (Charco 27) on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

    1975b           Archeological survey, PIR 21, Papago Indian Reservation. s.l., s.n. 2 pp. Processed. [A report on a pair of archaeological sites located along the right-of-way for Papago Indian Road 21 between Pisinemo and Papago Farms. Both Asites@are crosses, probably marking the location of deaths of Papagos.]

    1975c           Archeological survey, PIR 30, Papago Indian Reservation. s.l., s.n. 20 pp. Processed. [A report concerning eighteen prehistoric and historic archaeological sites found in the right-of-way of Papago Indian Road 30, a loop road intended to connect Nolia (or Nolic) and Crow Hang (Havana Nakya) on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

    1975d           Archeological survey, PIR 31, Papago Indian Reservation. s.l., s.n. 4 pp. Processed. [This report concerns three archaeological sites discovered along the right-of-way of Papago Indian Road 31 connecting Gu Oidak (Big Fields) and Cowlic on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

    1975e           Archeological survey, PIR 39, Papago Indian Reservation. s.l., s.n. 4 pp. Processed. [A report on three archaeological sites found in the right-of-way of a road widening project into the village of Pan Tak (Coyote Sits) from Arizona State Highway 86, all on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

    1975f            Archeological survey, PIR 41, Papago Indian Reservation. s.l., s.n. 8 pp. Processed. [Papago Indian Road 41 connects Arizona State Highway 86 and San Pedro village on the Papago Indian Reservation. This is a report on eight archaeological sites found in the right-of-way.]

Sonnichsen, C. Leland

    1974             Colonel Greene and the copper skyrocket. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Map, illus., notes, sources, index. x + 325 pp. [Sonnichsen writes that Cananea, a town in northern Sonora, Aexisted as a Pima Indian village when Father Eusebio Kino passed that way, and the name appears on his map of 1696-97" (p. 40).]

    1981             The ambidextrous historian. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. Notes, bibl., index. 120 pp. [Sonnischsen, reflecting on how historical events are not judged in the historical context of their times but by standards of a later time, writes briefly about the 1871 massacre by Anglos, Mexicans, and Papagos from Tucson and San Xavier of Apache Indians at Camp Grant (page 52).]

    1982a           Tucson. The life and times of an American city. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. Illus., bibl., index. xiv + 369 pp. [Scattered mention of Papagos occurs throughout, with references to Papagos in Tucson=s Spanish period; to the beginnings of the Papago Reservation in 1916; to the Presbyterian Indian school; and to Papago leader Pia Machita and his resistance to the World War II draft. Consult the volume=s index.]

    1982b           Who was Tom Jeffords? Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 23, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 381-406. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [Mentioned are Jeffords= brief mining activities at Quijotoa in the Papago country in February, 1891, and Elliott Arnold=s fictionalized account of an Apache attack at San Xavier del Bac teaching Jeffords how to speak Apache.]

    1984             The past lives at the Arizona Historical Society, 1884-1984. Arizona Highways, Vol. 60, no. 2 (February), pp. 26-31. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Mention is made of William S. Oury as one of the leaders of a group of Papagos who in 1871 went on a murderous foray against Apache Indians living along Aravaipa Creek in southern Arizona, a foray resulting in the ACamp Grant Massacre.@]

    1988             Pilgrim in the sun: a Southwestern omnibus. El Paso, Texas Western Press. Illus., notes. xv + 272 pp. [There is a reprint here (pages 88-106) of Sonnichsen (1982b).]

Sonny

    1992             Reports from your gardens. Seedhead News, no. 39 (Winter Solstice), p. 12. Tucson, Native Seeds/SEARCH. [The writer reports from Clifton, Colorado that the Tohono O'odham small bilobal gourd he had planted "flopped over by July."]

Sorenson, Cloyd

    1963             A day with the Papago. Desert Magazine, Vol. 26, no. 6 (June), pp. 16-17. Palm Desert, Desert Magazine. [With a map included, this is a one-paragraph, pictorial article about Papagos. It includes photos of a church at AChiulkam@ and of Papago baskets and some unusually large ollas.]

Sorrels, Marvin R., and Minnie L. Guyton

    1955             Paths in Papago land. Atlanta, home Mission Board. 93 pp. [One in a series of religious tracts published by the Southern Baptist Convention Home Mission Board. This one is based on the experiences of Rev. And Mrs. Marvin Sorrels as missionaries among the Papagos, their efforts to overcome Papago and Catholic Asuperstitions@ (such as the veneration of St. Francis, All Souls Day observances, etc.), and the help they received from Papago interpreter Robert Mackett. A few paragraphs are devoted to the Children=s Shrine at Santa Rosa. AThis is a legend, but the poor deluded Indians still believe it to be the truth, and worship at the shrine of a false religion@ (p. 18).]

South, David L.

    1972             ASulphide zoning at the Lakeshore copper deposit, Pinal County.@ Master of Science thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson. [The Lakeshore copper deposit is on the Papago Indian Reservation south of Casa Grande, Arizona.]

Sovala, Ed

    1967             The Papagos remember. Arizona, November 5, front cover, pp. 52-55. Phoenix, The Arizona Republic. [A brief article accompanies seven color and black-and-white photos of Papagos placing flowers on graves on All Souls Day at Topawa on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Spaulding, Edward S.

    1949             The quails. New York, The Macmillan Company. Illus. xi + 123 pp. [The author tells about seeing a Adesert quail@ (Lophortyx gembeli) on the San Xavier Reservation. (p. 43).]

Spence, Allyn

    1984             The Papago Indian Reservation and the O=odham: an overview by an observer. Arid Lands Newsletter, no. 20 (January), pp. 15-17. Tucson, Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona. [A consideration of major events that have occurred on the Papago Indian Reservation since the early 1970s, including matters involving water and water rights; small business development; education; mining; land leasing; research projects; and population increase. Spence also outlines areas of problems between Papagos and non-Papagos.]

Spencer, Robert F., Jesse D. Jennings, and others

    1965             The Native Americans: prehistory and ethnology of the North American Indians. New York, Evanston, and London, Harper & Row.. Maps, illus., bibl., index. 539 pp. [Papagos are included among the "Otamid" physical type (p. 22); Pimas and Papagos are said probably to be the direct lineal descendants of the Hohokam (p. 98); Papagos live in scattered villages (p. 289); and there is a summary of Papago history and ethnography, one including mention of ceremonial consumption of saguaro fruit wine (pp. 298-301).]

Spicer, Edward H.

    1941             The Papago Indians. Kiva, Vol. 6, no. 6 (March), pp. 21-24. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This is a brief discussion of Papago linguistics, economics, agriculture, village organization, religion (including the Viikita ceremony), and social organization.]

    1957             Worlds apart. Cultural differences in the modern Southwest. Arizona Quarterly, Vol. 13, no. 3 (Autumn), pp. 197-230. Tucson, The University of Arizona. [Includes passing mention of the Papagos as one of the groups of Arizona Indians still speaking their own language and as a people who once had defensive villages to protect themselves from Apaches.]

    1959             European expansion and the enclavement of southwestern Indians. Arizona and the West, Vol. 1, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 132-145. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [The Papago of Arizona, Pueblos of New Mexico, and Mayos of Sonora, all of whom have the reputation of being peaceful, have waged war against Whites as bitterly, if not as successfully, as the Apaches and Yaquis (p. 144).]

    1962             Cycles of conquest: the impact of Spain, Mexico and the United States on the Indians of the Southwest. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., bibl., index. 609 pp. [This is the basic text on the subject of the title and subtitle. Consult the index for the numerous references to Papagos. References to San Xavier del Bac are on pages 126, 129, 132, and 134.]

    1963             The Papago Indians. In Indian student scholarship fund annual tour and luncheon, p.1. Tucson, Tucson Branch, American Association of University Women. [This four-paragraph overview of Papago history appears in a program for a tour of Kitt Peak National Observatory and the Papago Indian Reservation at Sells and Topawa.]

    1969a           A short history of the Indians of the United States. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. Bibl., index. 319 pp. [Spicer notes that most Papagos didn=t get a reservation until 1917 (sic, p. 100); the federal government didn=t have much influence over the lives of Papagos until the 1930s (p. 107); many Papagos became Catholics and Protestants during the first two decades of the 20^th century (p. 111); and by 1930 most Papagos could be counted as ACatholics,@ although their Catholicism was not strictly orthodox (p. 119).]

    1969b           Workshop on the development of Papago communities. Indian Programs, Vol. 1, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 3-4. Tucson, The University of Arizona. [Report on a course taught at Sells, Arizona on AProblems and prospects in the development of Papago communities.@]

    1980a           American Indians. In Harvard encyclopedia of American ethnic groups, edited by Stephan Thernstrom, pp. 58-114. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. [A brief overview of Pima and Papago culture, history, and modern standing is on pages 101-102.]

    1980b           Fort Lowell Historic District. AA place in time@ B to live in, to visit, to foster for the future. [Tucson], Tucson-Pima County Historical Commission. 8 pp. [Spicer refers to the prehistoric Hohokam as being the people Afrom whom modern Papago Indians are descended.@]

    1980c           The Yaquis. A cultural history. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., bibl., index. xiv + 393 pp. [By way of making comparisons between Yaquis and other groups of Indians there are scattered references to Papagos throughout. These include mention of Papago settlement pattern, ceremonial clowns, warfare against Apaches, military involvement with Yaquis, social involvement with Yaquis at Cowlic, and Papago pascola dancing.]

    1982             The American Indians. Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 210 pp. [A hardcover reprint of Spicer 1982a]

    1983a           Kitt Peak and the Papagos. In AURA, the first twenty-five years, 1957-1982, pp. 14-16. Tucson, The Association for Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. [This is a detailed account of events leading up to the signing of a lease between the Papago Tribe and the National Science Foundation for land on top of Kitt Peak for the Kitt Peak National Observatory. Included is a photo of Elizabeth Estrada, buyer and marketer of Papago crafts. She is shown with Papago baskets and a Papago pot.]

    1983b           Yaqui. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevant, Vol. 10, Southwest, edited by Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 250-263. Washington, Smithsonian Institution. [Yaqui dancers are shown dancing in front of Mission San Xavier del Bac on the San Xavier Reservation (p. 257, fig. 7), and the Papago term for Yaqui, hiakim, is given on page 262.]

Spicer, Rosamond B.

    1997             Tohono O=odham (Papago) Easter in the Baboquivari District. In Performing the renewal of community: indigenous Easter rituals in North Mexico and Southwest United States, edited by Rosamond B. Spicer and N. Ross Crumrine, pp. 355-364. Lanham, Maryland, New York, and Oxford, England, University Press of America. [Spicer writes about Papago Easter rituals as she saw them carried out in the Baboquivari District of the Papago Indian Reservation in the 1940s. They were in marked contrast to Easter rituals carried out by Papagos in the village of Cowlic where Ruth Underhill (1934a) had observed them. Spicer quotes Father Remy Rudin as suggesting the observances Underhill witnessed were borrowed from the Yaqui Indians and that the practice had not lasted very long.]

Spicer, Rosamond B.; Dorothy S. Beals, and Refugio Savala

    1997             Lent and Semana Santa in northwestern Mexico and southwestern United States. In Performing the renewal of community: indigenous Easter rituals in North Mexico and Southwest United States, edited by Rosamond B. Spicer and N. Ross Crumrine, pp.3-14. Lanham, Maryland, New York, and Oxford, England, University Press of America. [In describing the arrangement of the essays in this book, the authors explain: AWe have ordered the seven indigenous peoples generally from north to south, beginning with the Yaqui and closely related Mayo, and then progressing to the Opata, Tohono O=odham (Papago), and Rarámuri (Tarahumara), and concluding with the Cora and Huichol. Since there is more material concerning the Yaqui, we have moved them out of the north-south sequence and placed them first, with the Mayo second and the Papago between the Opata and the Tarahumara.@]

Spier, Leslie

    1924a           Zuni weaving technique. American Anthropologist, Vol. 26, no. 1 (January/March), pp. 64-85. Menasha, American Anthropological Association. [Papagos are said to have practiced loom weaving (p. 80), and their looms, like those of the Pima and Opata, were horizontal rather than vertical (p. 82). Spier writes, AThe Pima, and presumably the Papago, warp the yarn directly on the loom bars tied to the stakes@ (p. 83).]

    1924b           Zuni weaving technique. El Palacio, Vol. 16, no. 12 (June 16), pp. 183-193. Santa Fe, Museum of New Mexico and the School of American Research. [A reprint of Spier 1924a.]

    1933             Yuman tribes of the Gila River. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. xviii + 433 pp. [Scattered references to Papagos throughout, with various aspects of Papago culture compared to those same aspects among Yumans of the Gila River.]

    1936             Cultural relations of the Gila River and Lower Colorado tribes. Yale University Publications in Anthropology, no. 3, pp. 3-22. New Haven, Yale University Press. [This essay concerns the cultural relations between Maricopas and other Yumans to the west and with Pimans to the east. Pima-Papago are generally classed together as one group with reference to Papagos on almost every page. A series of charts relates elements of Pima-Papago culture to those of the Maricopa and Lower Colorado tribes (pp. 16-22).]

    1970             Cultural relations of the Gila River and Lower Colorado tribes. New Haven, Human Relations Area Files. [A reprint of Spier (1936).]

    1978             Yuman tribes of the Gila River. New York, Dover Publications, Inc. xviii + 433 pp. [Reprint of Spier (1933).]

Spillman, W.J.

    1928             Extra dry farming. National Farm Journal, Vol. 52, no. 3 (Match), p. 22. Philadelphia, Wilmer Atkinson Company. [This article is subtitled, AHow Papagos manage to grow wheat on five inches of rain a year.@ Data are based on observations at Big Fields on the Papago Reservation. It includes general information about the Papagos as well as photos of grain storage huts, a one-burro flour mill, Papago family and home, and Papago desert country.]

Spooner, Jane

    1962             Tubac B town of 9 lives. Tucson, Paragon Press. Maps, illus. 22 pp. [This is a history of Tubac, Arizona, whose life as a non-Indian community began in 1752 when Spaniards established a presidio here in the wake of the 1751 Pima Revolt. It begins with a discussion of the establishment of missions among Northern Pimans by Father Eusebio Kino and includes mention of events that may have precipitated the Pima Revolt.]

Spuhler, J.N.

    1954             Some problems in the physical anthropology of the American Southwest. American Anthropologist, Vol. 56, no. 4 (August), pp. 604-619. Menasha, Wisconsin, American Anthropological Association. [Spuhler makes passing note of studies by Ales Hrdlicka of the anthropometry of Papago Indians; of a study of ABO blood types among Papagos by E.L. Breazeale and others, and of quantitative physical anthropology work among Papagos by Norman Gabel.]

St. John=s Indian School and Mission

    n.d.               St. John=s Indian School, Laveen, Arizona. Laveen, St. John=s Indian School and Mission. 33 pp. [Published about 1967 or 1968, this book is a gathering of dozens of black-and-white photographs of the Franciscan-operated St. John=s Indian School on the Gila River Reservation in southern Arizona, a promotional work celebrating 70 years of the mission=s history. Included among the photos is one of Father Bonaventure Oblasser, O.F.M., Awho had labored for many years (until his death in 1967) among the Indian (sic) of the Southwest.@ His grave site in the cemetery at Topawa on the Papago Indian Reservation is also shown, and it is noted he was responsible for initiating the missions at Topawa and San Miguel, both on the Papago Reservation.]

Stacy, V.K. Pheriba

    1974             ACerros de trincheras in the Arizona Papaguería.@ Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Arizona, Tucson. Maps, illus. 220 pp. [Five cerros de trincheras (walled and terraced sites) located in the Baboquivari Valley on the Sells Papago Indian Reservation are the subject of this study. These sites were occupied historically by the Papago Indians and prehistorically during the Sells Phase between A.D. 1200 and 1400. Archaeological survey yields information about activities that occurred on the hills and the sites between them.]

    1975             Archaeological survey in the Arizona Papagueria. Kiva, Vol. 40, no. 3 (Spring), pp. 181-187. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Report of an archaeological survey along 72.6 miles of a road paving project on the Sells Papago Indian Reservation. Test excavations were also carried out.]

    1977             Activity patterning at cerros de trincheras in southcentral [sic] Arizona. Kiva, Vol. 43, no. 1 (Fall), pp. 11-17. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Rock-walled and terraced sites on hills in the Arizona Papaguería appear to have been activity areas used in conjunction with sites at the hills= bases. Different artifacts on features on and below the hills indicate different activities were performed at these contemporaneous settlements. This use of hill slopes for specialized and intermittent activities may be traced from the present Papago Indian lifestyle pattern back to the late prehistoric occupation of the Baboquivari Valley. The article is accompanied by a map, plan, and photo.]

    1998             Training O'odham as desert archaeologists: a historical remembrance. Kiva, Vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 201-209. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This is a discussion of the 1973 training of Tohono O'odham on the Papago Indian Reservation in techniques of field archaeology. "This O'odham archaeological program became a model for other BIA-funded National Park Service surveys on Indian reservations in Arizona and New Mexico."]

Stade, Charles E.

    1960             Church building, U.S.A. Part III. Historic churches. Your Church, Vol. 6, no. 1 January-March), pp. 17-26, 51-53. Jenkintown, Pennsylvania, The Religious Publishing Company. [Although there is no mention of Mission San Xavier del Bac in the text, a portfolio of accompanying photographs includes five photos in black-and-white of ASt. Xavier del Bac, Tucson, Arizona, completed in 1797, architect: Ignacio Gaona.@ One photo, that of two bells in the west bell tower, is by Esther Henderson. The others, all exterior views, are by photographer Bill Sears.]

Stafford, Harry E.

    1959             The early inhabitants of the Americas. New York, Vantage Press, Inc. Map, illus., bibl. 492 pp. [AThe Papago Tribe of Uto-Aztecan lineage are agrarians living on the Papago Reservation and Sells Agency in southwestern and south-central Arizona. In 1921 they numbered around 6,100" (p. 255).]

Stafford, Thomas W., Jr.

    1987             Quaternary alluvial stratigraphy reconnaissance of the Santa Cruz River, Tucson, Arizona. In The San Xavier Archaeological Project [Southwest Cultural Series, No. 1, Vol. 1], by Mary L. Heuett, Skip Miller, Julio L. Betancourt, and Thomas W. Stafford, Jr., section 2C. Tucson, Cultural & Environmental Systems, Inc. [Reported on here is a geological reconnaissance of the Santa Cruz River between Martinez Hill and Pima Mine Road on the San Xavier Indian Reservation. He writes, AThe Santa Cruz Basin (here) has three Quaternary age, geomorphic surfaces: the modern to Holocene floodplain, the dissected Pleistocene alluvium to the east, and the less dissected bajada sediments on the western border of the valley.@ Plans, cross sections, and photos are included.]

Stagg, Albert L.

    1974             The making of a bishop. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 15, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 61-72. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [This is about Friar Antonio Vicente Gorgonio de los Reyes, a man who in 1780 became the first Bishop of Sonora, Sinaloa and the Californias. As such, he became involved in the affairs of the missions of the Pimería Alta. Mention of Father Francisco Garcés, first Franciscan pastor of San Xavier del Bac (1768) of Mission San Xavier is on page 63.]

    1976             The first Bishop of Sonora, Antonio de los Reyes, O.F.M.. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., bibl., index. ix + 109 pp. [This biography of Bishop Reyes contains scattered references to the Pimería Alta, including Mission San Xavier del Bac, on pages 2, 13, 22, and 32.].

Stallcup, Evan S.

    1931             The Hunter Claim. Arizona Historical Review, Vol. 4, no. 1 (April), pp. 23-28. Phoenix, Arizona State Historian. [A discussion of the so-called AHunter Claim@ to lands within the boundaries of the Papago Indian Reservation, a claim that clouded title to all property included within the boundaries of the Gadsden Purchase.]

Standley, Paul C.

    1924             Trees and shrubs of Mexico (Passifloraceae - Scrophulariaceae) [Contributions of the United States Herbarium, Vol. 23, part 4]. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Standley writes that the AIndians@ used the woody ribs of the saguaro for lances and for framework for huts; fresh and dried saguaro fruit for food; and fruit made into both syrup and an intoxicating drink. AThe seeds contain much oil, and by the Papagos they were ground into a paste which was spread like butter on tortillas@ (p. 909). He further makes the assertion that saguaro seeds were eaten raw or ground and made into pinole, and that the Aseeds were sometimes collected and eaten after having passed through the body ... @ (p. 909). He gives no citation for the assertion, nor does he name the tribe or tribes for whom this may have been the case.]

Stanley, Melba

    1997             The white dove of the desert. Sunset, Vol. 198, no. 1 (January), p. 8. Menlo Park, California, Sunset Publishing Corporation. [This letter to the magazine's editor observes that the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac is called "The White Dove of the Desert." The letter is accompanied by a color photo by Terrence Moore of the southeast elevation of the church.]

Stanley, Sam

    1998             Staying the course. In A good Cherokee, a good anthropologist, edited by Steve Pavlik, pp. 3-7. Los Angeles, University of California, American Indian Studies Center. [Stanley mentions the fact that between 1955 and 1957, anthropologist Robert Thomas Awas counseling Tom Segundo (a former, and future, Papago Tribal Chairman) and Bob Rietz on the Chicago Indian Center .... .@]

Stark, Jan, and Lori Harwood

    2003             AHe was a really good guy.@ SBS Developments: Cornerstones for Learning, Winter, pp. 8-11. Tucson, The University of Arizona, College of Social and Behavioral Sciences. [This article about linguist Kenneth Hale, who died in October 2001, includes a tribute to him by O=odham linguist Ofelia Zepeda. Zepeda is shown in a color photo with Hale and Navajo linguist Ellavina Perkins.]

Starn, Orin

    2003             Ishi=s Spanish words. In Ishi in three centuries, edited by Karl Kroeber and Clifton Kroeber, pp. 201-207. Lincoln and London, University of Nebraska Press. [Starn notes that Juan Dolores, Athe Papago man who befriended Ishi in San Francisco,@ had reported to Alfred Kroeber that Ishi referred to a nail he was using to flake a spear point as being too small or too short as being Atci=kita, tci=kita.@ Linguist Leanne Hinton believes this to be the Spanish chiquita, small.]

Staski, Edward, and Randall H. McGuire

    1982             Disposition of archaeological and ethnographic collections from southwestern and west-central Arizona. In Hohokam and Patayan. Prehistory of Southwestern Arizona, edited by Randall H. McGuire and Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 505-519. New York, London, [etc. etc.], Academic Press. [Here is a listing of 31 museums along with a detailed listing of their holdings of archaeological and ethnographic materials related to greater southwestern Arizona. Many of these museums have Papago baskets, pottery, and other ethnographic items as well as prehistoric materials excavated from the Papago Reservation and greater Papaguería.]

Stea, David, and Carol Bugé

    1980?           Cultural impact assessment on Native American reservations: two case studies [Fourth World Studies in Planning, 4]. Los Angeles, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of California. Bibl. 26 pp. [One of the case studies involves the "Tohono O'odham Reservation" in Arizona; the other involves the Salt River Reservation, also in Arizona.]

Steele, H.J.

    1978             Vekol Hills Cooper District, Pinal County, Arizona. Arizona Geological Society Digest, Vol. 11 (October), p. 36. Tucson, Arizona Geological Society. [This is a three-paragraph abstract of the subject. The Vekol Hills are within the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Steele, Heather

    1992             Reports from your gardens. Seedhead News, no. 39 (Winter Solstice), p. 13. Tucson, Native Seeds/SEARCH. [Writing from West Bend, Wisconsin, Steele reports that while the Papago peas grew well in her garden, chipmunks got most of the seed.]

Steen, Charles R.

    1937             More about the Vikita ceremony. Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, supplement for April, pp. 278-283. [Coolidge, Arizona], Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Southwestern Monuments. [This essay describes ceremonial objects used during the Papago Vikita ceremony. It includes line drawings of several of these objects by Isabelle Pendleton.]

    1951             Non-Puebloan tribes. Arizona Highways, Vol. 27, no. 5 (May), pp. 40-43. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [A dozen short paragraphs and a black-and-white photo of Papago girls making baskets provide an overview of Pima and Papago Indians. It is noted that Papagos are cattle raisers.]

Steere, Peter L.

    1987             Lithics. In The San Xavier Archaeological Project [Southwest Cultural Series, No. 1, Vol. 5], by Peter L. Steere and others, appendix B. Tucson, Cultural & Environmental Systems, Inc. [Steere notes that 116 sites, comprising 150 loci, Arepresenting prehistoric Hohokam and historic Tohono O=odham, Mexican and Anglo cultural groups were located during the San Xavier Archaeological Project, which was a survey of a portion of the San Xavier District of the Tohono O=odham (Papago) Indian Reservation. ... Data in this section concerning lithic implements) are based on surface collections from 142 site loci and 324 isolates that contain lithic debitage, tools or cores.@ Illustrated.]

    1993             The writings of Emil W. Haury, an annotated bibliography. Kiva, Vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 205-241. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Included in this listing are some publications by Haury dealing with his archaeological work on the Papago Indian Reservation, most notably at Ventana Cave.]

Steere, Susan, and Thomas Barnes

    1987             Indian agent reporting. In The San Xavier Archaeological Project [Southwest Cultural Series, No. 1, Vol. 5], by Peter L. Steere and others, appendix H2. Tucson, Cultural & Environmental Systems, Inc. [Listed here are men who served the U.S. Department of the Interior as Indian agents for the Papago Indians from 1857 to 1968. There are brief biographies of those who served the San Xavier Reservation between 1857 and 1906.]

Steffan, Jack

    1960             Padre Kino and the trail to the Pacific. New York, P.J. Kenedy & Sons. Map, illus., index. 188 pp. [This biography of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino provides some details of Father Kino=s pioneering missionary efforts among the Northern Piman Indians. The author writes, incorrectly, that the present church of San Xavier del Bac was built Aon the foundations Kino laid in 1700.@]

Stein, May K.

    1998             Rediscovering desert foods. Diabetes Self-Management, Vol. 15, no. 2 (March-April), pp. 29-30, 32-33. New York, R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. [This article about the efficacy of native desert plant foods in reducing the severity of diabetes focuses on the Tohono O'odham and the work by Gary Nabhan and Native Seeds/SEARCH among the Tohono O'odham. Native foods were introduced in the Sells U.S. Public Health Service Indian hospital's dietary menus in 1995.]

Stephens, Bascom A.

    1884             Quijotoa Mining District guide book. Tucson, Citizen Printing and Publishing Company. Map. Illus. 104 pp. [The Quijotoa Mining District is in the heart of the Papaguería. Scattered references to Papagos and Papago villages includes mention of the fact that Kee-ho-toe-ah is the Papago name from which the Spanish derived the word Quijotoa (p. 17); Papago villages in the Santa Rosa Valley are located near tanks and consist of huts built of ocotillo and wild grass, and that in dry seasons people move to larger tanks (p. 19); and earthquakes and hurricanes do not exist even in the traditions of native Papagos (p. 20).]

Stern, Peter, and Robert Jackson

    1988             Vagabundaje and settlement patterns in colonial northern Sonora. Americas, Vol. 44, no. 4 (April), pp. 461-481. West Bethesda, Maryland, Academy of American Franciscan History. [This article is about free-roving, unattached vagabonds who were attracted to gold and silver strikes or other areas in Sonora where instant economic opportunities arose. Yaqui Indians are included in their numbers, and some of places deeply affected by the presence of vagabonds were settlements in the Pimería Alta. It is noted that in 1814 Yaqui miners were working metal deposits near Guevavi, and between 1775 and 1777 twenty-seven Yaqui couples took their vows before Franciscan priests who attended the placers of Cieneguilla, Sonora. Imuris was depopulated of Pimans in the 1790s.]

Stewart, Hector E.

    n.d.               Indian legend of the desert. [Tucson: Arizona School for the Deaf and Blind.] Illus. 7 pp. [This is a lengthy and highly romanticized version of the legend of the Children's Shrine on the Papago Indian Reservation. According to Otis Chidester, one-time printing instructor at Tucson High School, Stewart, who was business manager of the Arizona School for the Deaf and Blind, collected the story in the mid-1920s and had it printed by students at the school using the school's print shop.]

    1938             The shrine of the children. Tucson, Vol. 11, no. 4 (June), pp. 10-11. Tucson, Chamber of Commerce. [Illustrated, this is a recounting of the story of the Shrine of the Children located at Santa Rosa on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Stewart, J.Z.

    1878             Indian customs. Juvenile Instructor, Vol. 13, February 1, pp. 33-34. Salt Lake City, G.Q. Cannon. [About a March 9, 1877 visit paid to Mission San Xavier del Bac and the Papagos living there by J.Z. Stewart and ABrother Trejo,@ Mormons who were probably on a mission at the time. He writes about the division of the village into two segments: those who are Catholics and those who are AMontezumas,@ i.e., those who cling to their traditional religion. He says the latter have their village about a half mile to the west of the ACatholic village@ near the church. He also describes in detail a presumed public curing ceremony in which dancers wear gourd masks and are led by a man in a hawk and turkey-feather headdress who wore a belt from which bells were suspended. Also described is the men=s kickball race.]

Stewart, Kenneth M.

    1965             Southern Papago salt pilgrimages. Masterkey, Vol. 39, no. 3 (July/September), pp. 84-91. Los Angeles, Southwest Museum. [A description of the journey to the northern reaches of the Sea of Cortez by Papagos to obtain salt. These journeys are strongly ritualized and neophytes were believed to obtain supernatural power in dreams and visions as a result of having made the pilgrimage. This practice has decreased in recent years.]

    1983             Mohave. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevant, Vol. 10, Southwest, edited by Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 54-70. Washington, Smithsonian Institution. [Mention is made of the hostile relationship between Mohaves and Papagos in early historic times (p. 56). The Pima-Papago term for Mohave is given on page 69.]

St. Germaine, Dennis

    1991             Dialect boundaries. Report on Research, Vol. 7, no. 2 (Spring/Summer), pp. 32-34. Tucson, The University of Arizona. [This is a discussion of studies of dialect areas among the Tohono O=odham living on the Papago Indian Reservation as these are being examined by linguists Ofelia Zepeda and Jane Hill. A map of the reservation=s political districts indicates the varying speed of speech for different areas.]

Stieve, Robert

    1999             Historic missions. Phoenix Magazine, Vol. 34, no. 12 (December), pp. 136-138. Phoenix, Cities West Publishing, Inc. [A color photo of the south elevation of the church accompanies a five-paragraph description of Mission San Xavier del Bac, an essay that emphasizes the mission's history. The author offers the view, however, that what brings the mission to life are "the rosaries, snapshots, crosses and candles placed by visitors for the dying and the dead."]

Stickler, John C.

    1995             Mission San Xavier del Bac. Newcomer's Guide Tucson, Tucson Citizen and the Arizona Daily Star, Friday, August 11, and Saturday, August 12, pp. 39-40. Tucson, Tucson Citizen and the Arizona Daily Star. [Two photographs, one of the south elevation of the church and one of Tohono O'odham conservator apprentice Gabriel Wilson and his son, Abraham, in front of the church by the statue of Santa Lucia, accompany this article about the ongoing conservation project at Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Stiger, Gaspar

    1997             Stiger on presidios, 1752. In The presidio and militia on the northern frontier of New Spain, a documentary history. Volume two, part one. The Californias and Sinaloa-Sonora, 1700-1765, compiled and edited by Charles W. Polzer and Thomas E. Sheridan, pp. 421, 432. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [In the aftermath of the Pima Revolt, Father Stiger, a Jesuit missionary, offers his opinion there should be presidios at Ocuca, near where Pimans from Caborca have allegedly been stealing cattle, and another at Tucson or Santa Catalina. He further suggests that the presidio of Sinaloa should be provisionally placed at Guevavi or Tubac or between these two places. His chief concern seems to be with O'odham theft of livestock.]

Stillwell, Margaret P, and R.V. Allen

    1966             Two reports from Head Start. Teachers College Record, Vol. 67, no. 6 (March), pp. 443-447. New York, Teachers College, Columbia University. [A brief discussion concerning Head Start, a pre-school program for children, and its work on the Papago Reservation in on page 446.]

Stocker, Joseph

    1951a           Tom Segundo - chief of the Papagos. American Indian, Vol. 6, no. 2 (Fall), pp. 18-25. New York, Association on American Indian Affairs. [This essay is about Tom Segundo, chairman of the Papago Tribal Council, and about the Papago Development Plan put together under his administration.]

    1951b           Tom Segundo: chief of the Papagos. Arizona Highways, Vol. 27, no. 4 (April), pp. 12-15, 26-27. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [Illustrated, this is identical to Stocker (1951a).]

    1983             On the road with Arizona Highways. Arizona Highways, Vol. 59, no. 1 (January), pp. 12-35. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [An inaccurate historical sketch and a Jack Dykinga photo accompany a description of Mission San Xavier del Bac. Papagos are attributed with being the ones to have dubbed the church the AWhite Dove of the Desert.@]

    1985             Harquahala and beyond: a tale of two valleys. Arizona Highways, Vol. 61, no. 11 (November), pp. 2-4, 6-11, and 14-15. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Mention is made of promotion of the prehistoric Gatlin archaeological site near Gila Bend, Arizona by non-Indians, and of the possible involvement of Gila Bend Papagos in this and related tourism projects.]

    1994             O'odham Tash is a 'pure Indian' experience. Arizona Highways, Vol. 70, no. 1 (January), pp. 16-19. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [About the annual "Indian Day" celebration held in Casa Grande, Arizona, an affair which attracts, among others, Tohono O'odham as participants and spectators.]

Stoddard, Ellwyn R., and Julian C. Bridges

    1983             Religion and church. In Borderlands sourcebook, edited by Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, pp. 272-277. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. [Mention is made of the Jesuits= founding of missions among the Papago Indians, with the work of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino being especially noted.]

Stoddard, Ellwyn R., and Gustavo M. Quesada

    1983             Health and health care. In Borderlands sourcebook, edited by Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, pp. 248-251. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. [The Papago-related published reports of Kahn and others (1975), Rabeau and Rund (1971) and Waddell (1970) are cited in a paragraph discussing the reservation and off-reservation health services available to American Indians.]

Stone, Charles P.

    1861             Notes on the State of Sonora. Washington, Henry Polkinhorn Printers. 28 pp. [There is a brief section entitled AThe Papagoes@ and which chiefly concerns Father Eusebio Kino=s work among them as a missionary.]

Stone, Claudia

    1980             Preliminary assessment of the geothermal potential at the Papago Farms, Papago Indian Reservation, Arizona. [Tucson, Arizona, Bureau of Geology and Mineral Technology.] Maps, ills., bibl. vii + 53 pp. [The title is the abstract. Papago Farms are located on the Sells portion of the Papago Indian Reservation south of Pisinemo.]

Stone, Jerome

    1941             AThe history of Fort Grant.@ Master=s thesis, Department of History, The University of Arizona, Tucson. Map, bibl. 164 pp. [The role of Papagos from the San Xavier community in the Camp Grant massacre of April, 1871 is recounted in detail (pp. 45-50). It includes mention of Francisco, the presumed chief of the San Xavier Papagos.]

Stone, Margaret

    1943             Bean people of the cactus forest. Desert Magazine, Vol. 6, no. 11 (September), pp. 5-10. El Centro, California, Desert Publishing Company. [This is a brief general ethnographic account of Papagos and their reservation. It includes considerable information on the harvesting and utilization of saguaro cactus fruit and on basketry. There are good photographs of family scenes and scenes around the home as well as of saguaro fruit harvesting.]

Stoner, Victor

    1935             Recent jewelry find. Kiva, Vol. 1, no. 3 (November), p. 4. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Reported here is the finding by a road worker of three rather unusual necklaces near Santa Rosa, a Papago village west of Tucson on the Papago Indian Reservation. The beads were found in a red earthenware jar and were probably prehistoric.]

    1936             The Spanish missions of the Santa Cruz Valley. Kiva, Vol. 1, no. 9 (May), pp. 1-4. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This is a brief history of the Spanish missions of the Santa Cruz Valley, including those of San Xavier del Bac, Tumacacori, Guevavi, and Calabasas. Jesuit missionary Eusebio Kino and Franciscan missionary Francisco Garcés are mentioned as is the Pima Revolt of 1751 and the Papagos= successful defense of San Xavier del Bac against Apaches after the departure of the missionaries.]

    1937a           Original sites of the Spanish missions of the Santa Cruz Valley. Kiva, Vol. 2, nos. 7-8 (April/May), pp. 25-32. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This is a review of the missions and mission visitas of Guevavi, Sonoita, Tubac, Calabasas, Tumacacori, and San Xavier del Bac. Stoner writes, Anot one of the mission buildings now standing is on its original site@ (p. 25).]

    1937b           AThe Spanish missions of the Santa Cruz Valley.@ Master=s thesis, Department of Archaeology, University of Arizona, Tucson. Map, illus., bibl. 142 pp. [Most of this thesis is concerned with San Xavier del Bac (pp. 84-133), while the rest covers Tumacacori, Guevavi, Calabasas, and San Jose del Tucson. Stoner provides a detailed description of San Xavier including its plan, façade, mortuary chapel and yard, interior, main altar, chapel of Our Lady of Sorrows, sacristy, baptistery, choir loft, bells towers and roof, court and cloisters, and the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes. He also gives a history of the mission school. This is a primary source on the subject by a knowledgeable secular priest.]

    1938             Catholic churches in Tucson. Tucson, Vol. 11, no. 1 (March), pp. 5-9. Tucson, Chamber of Commerce. [Includes here are discussions of the histories of Mission San Xavier del Bac and of what Stone called Mission San Jose (San Agustín), both of which administered to O=odham]

    1939             Introduction. In The City of Tucson, its foundation and origin of its name, by Merrill P. Freeman, pp. 1-3. Tucson, Acme Printing Company. [Stoner makes passing mention of what he calls the Agilded stories,@ i.e., unsupported legends, of Tucson=s past, including the story of the unfinished bell tower at Mission San Xavier del Bac. AToday,@ he writes, Athese things are regarded as innocent hoaxes, intentional or unintentional ... .@]

    1954             Canyon story continued. Arizona Highways, Vol. 30, no. 5 (May), p. 40. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [In this letter to the editor responding to a March, 1954 article in Arizona Highways about the Grand Canyon, Father Stoner quotes from the 1775 diary of Francisco Garcés concerning Father Garcés's first view of the canyon. "But probably if we had ridden a mule from San Xavier (in midsummer) to Yuma, to Fresno, California; to the Grand Canyon, to Oraibi, and back to San Xavier, maybe we wouldn't have been enthusiastic either!"]

    1959             Fray Pedro de Arriquibar, chaplain of the royal fort at Tucson. Edited by Henry F. Dobyns. Arizona and the West, Vol. 1, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 71-79. Tucson, The University of Arizona. [This article is based on the last will and testament of Fray Pedro de Arriquibar, a Franciscan missionary who worked among the Northern Piman Indians at Tumacácori and San Ignacio before becoming military chaplain for the Spanish presidio of San Agustín del Tucson. Editor Dobyns also includes information about the service of Fray Francisco Garcés and Fray Félix Gamarra at Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Stout, Irving W.; Josiah Moore, and Grace Langdon

    1965             Report of a survey to determine the educational needs of Papago children and adults with recommendations for the fulfillment of those needs. Tempe, Arizona State University. Illus. 110 pp. [This is a report of a survey conducted by Arizona State University for the Papago Tribe through the federal Office of Economic Opportunity.]

Stout, J.H.

    1877             Report of the United States Indian Agent for the Pimas, Maricopas, and Papagos. In Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1877, pp. 31-34. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Dated August 31, 1877 and written at the Pima Agency, this report is addressed to Commissioner of Indian Affairs E.A. Hayt. It notes that Papagos are under the care of the Pima Agency. It says of Papagos that many have gone to the hills to escape the contagion of smallpox; that they are generally industrious, honest, and well behaved; that the head men have requested that the school (at San Xavier) should be reopened; Mexicans still occupy lands and use water on the Papago (San Xavier) Reservation; there are fewer Apache raids; and drought is creating problems. Stout recommends that each family head and male person of adult age be given forty acres of arable land with a title to the land inalienable for at least twenty years, and that their reservation be held for them as asylum in case they are cheated out of these localities (pp. 33-34).]

    1878             Report of the United States Indian Agent for the Pimas, Maricopas, and Papagos. In Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1878, pp. 2-6. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Dated August 15, 1878 and written at the Pima Agency, this report is addressed to Commissioner of Indian Affairs E.A. Hayt. Stout writes that Papagos, Pimas, and Maricopas number a combined 11,000 and occupy two reservations (San Xavier and Gila River) about 100 miles apart. They have always been friendly to Whites. He says of Papagos that they number 6,000; have a 70,000-acre reservation on the Santa Cruz River (San Xavier); are a pastoral people who do some farming; are a quiet and peaceable laboring race; there are no government buildings on the reservation other than a school building (the convento wing of the church) claimed by the Catholic Church; thirty Mexican families live on the Papago (San Xavier) Reservation much to Papagos= annoyance; and Papagos have had the services of a physician available to them. It is Stout=s recommendation that Papagos be removed to Indian Territory.]

Strand, Jennifer

    2000a           President's message. Glyphs, Vol. 51, no. 5 (November), p. 2. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Notice is given here of a field trip by members of the Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society to Sells on November 11, 2000, "a fun field trip that will offer a special look at the Tohono O'odham way of life." A further note on page 10 indicates that Tohono O'odham Danny Lopez will meet with the group, and there is a photo on page 10 by Suzanne Fish of a "saguaro fruit gathering ramada at Sells."]

    2000b           President's message. Glyphs, Vol. 51, no. 6 (December), p. 2. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Notice is given that Tohono O'odham Danny Lopez will be the speaker at the December, 2000 meeting of the Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society.]

[Straub], Giles

    1920a           New mission church dedicated. Franciscan Herald, Vol. 8, no. 5 (May), pp. 218-219. Chicago, Friars Minor of the Sacred Heart Province. [Fr. Giles quotes from a letter from Father Augustine Schwarz telling about the dedication of the new church at Pisinemo on the Papago Reservation. Three photos are included.]

    1920b           Tears and smiles. Franciscan Herald, Vol. 8, no. 6 (June), pp. 262-263. Chicago, Friars Minor of the Sacred Heart Province. [Illustrated with an excellent picture of the new church, this is about the construction and dedication of the chapel of St. Maurice at ASild Nakya@ on the Papago Indian Reservation. Information is contained in a letter quoted from Fr. Nicholas Perschl. The dedication took place March 24, 1920.]

    1920c           A veteran missionary on mission needs. Franciscan Herald, Vol. 8, no. 4 (April), pp. 173-175. Chicago, Friars Minor of the Sacred Heart Province. [Included here is a discussion of missionary work and school construction by Franciscans in the Papago country. Costs are given for the salaries of teachers and an appeal for money is made.]

Stricklen, E.G.

    1923             Notes on eight Papago songs. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 20, pp. 361-366. Berkeley, University of California Press. [These eight melodies were transcribed from recordings performed as unaccompanied solos by Papago Indian Juan Dolores. They were recorded by J. Alden Mason. Only the musical transcriptions, with no words, are presented here.]

    1965             Notes on eight Papago songs. New York, Kraus Reprint Corporation. 7 pp. [A reprint of Stricklen (1923).]

Strong, Hal

    1952             Mission ... Desert Magazine, Vol. 15, no. 5 (May), p. 21. Palm Desert, California. Desert Press, Inc. [This is a black-and-white photograph of the south-southeast elevation of Mission San Xavier del Bac and of the adjoining Indian school and nuns= living quarters.]

Strong, William D.

    1927             An analysis of Southwestern society. American Anthropologist, Vol. 29, no. 1 (January/March), pp. 1-61. Menasha, Wisconsin, American Anthropological Association. [There are references here to Papago social organization (p. 6); moieties (pp. 11, 12, 57); clan organization (p. 23); village exogamy (p. 38); village settlement pattern, including the big house (p. 39); exogamous clans (p. 48); and village units (p. 50). It is said Papagos possessed a group house, fetish and priest complex in full form (p. 38). Papagos are also included in a chart showing distribution of social factors and in another of a theoretical reconstruction of Southwestern society (p. 55).]

    1929             Aboriginal society in southern California. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 26, pp. 1-358. Berkeley, University of California Press; London, Cambridge University Press. [Cahuilla Indian and Papago fish traps, the latter as reported by Lumholtz (1912), are compared (p. 258), and Pima and Papago are included in a chart listing Amoiety Alignment of Natural Phenomena@ where they are listed as ARed@ and AWhite@ (p. 341). Strong also writes, A... it is possible that the origin stories of the Colorado River peoples were taken over from the Luiseño and their neighbors, or from the Pima and Papago, whose creation myths in turn resemble those of southern California@ (p. 326).]

Strotz, Charles R., and Gregory I. Shorr

    1973             Hypertension in Papago Indians. Circulation, Vol. 48, no. 6 (December), pp. 1299-1303. Durham, North Carolina, American Heart Association. [Computerized data from the U.S. Indian Health Service data bank on Papago Indians are used to show that hypertension is present in 20% of the Papago population. Prevalence of hypertension peaked in young adulthood and showed very little increase in older age groups.]

Strub, Celestine V.

    1918a           A voice from the wilderness. I. Franciscan Herald, Vol. 6, no. 10 (October), pp. 402-405. Teutopolis, Illinois, Franciscan Fathers of the Sacred Heart Province. [Here are general comments abut Papago and Pima Indian schooling and about the deplorable state of the health of these Indians, including a high incidence of tuberculosis.]

    1918b           A voice from the wilderness. II. Franciscan Herald, Vol. 6, no. 11 (November), pp. 437-440. Teutopolis, Illinois, Franciscan Fathers of the Sacred Heart Province. [This is an overview of Franciscan missionary work among Papagos, one which mentions the building of seven churches and five schools by friars in seven years. Also mentioned is the fact that Franciscans took over administration of Mission San Xavier del Bac in the fall of 1911. Three photos accompany the article.]

    1918c           A voice from the wilderness. III. Franciscan Herald, Vol. 6, no. 12 (December), pp. 472-477. Teutopolis, Illinois, Franciscan Fathers of the Sacred Heart Province. [Included here is a discussion of the terrain, temperature, and flora of the Papago and Pima country.]

Strub, Martin

    1922             My visit to Arizona missions. Franciscan Herald, Vol. 10, no. 7 (July), pp. 299-301. Teutopolis, Illinois, Franciscan Fathers of the Sacred Heart Province. [Among the missions visited and reported on by Father Provincial Strub were San Solano and its outliers in Papago country and Mission San Xavier del Bac. The trip took place May 10-13, 1922.]

Stucki, Larry R.

    1970             AThe entropy theory of human behavior: Indian miners in search of the ultrastable during a prolonged copper strike.@ Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Colorado, Boulder. [The prolonged copper strike is one which took place in Ajo, Arizona in the 1960s. The Indians are chiefly Papagos whose livelihoods depended on work in the mines. Stucki interviewed some 250 people to gather data for this dissertation.]

    1973             Who controls the Indians? Social manipulation in an ethnic enclave. Institute Monograph Series, no. 4, pp. 28-50. Lafayette, Indiana, Institute for the Study of Social Change, Department of Anthropology, Purdue University. [This is one of the chapters from Stucki (1970). It examines the formation and function of the early 1960s AIntertribal Community Council@ in Ajo, Arizona, a council comprised largely of Papago Indians.]

Study Group for Indian Policy

    1983             San Xavier: impacts of long term leasing. Tucson, Study Group for Indian Policy. 53 pp. [This is a study compiled in response to a proposed lease by Santa Cruz Properties, Inc., of lands on the San Xavier Indian Reservation for development of a non-Indian community which could eventually accommodate as many as 100,000 people.]

Stull, Donald D.

    1973             AModernization and symptoms of stress: attitudes, accidents and alcohol use among urban Papago Indians.@ Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder. [This dissertation examines the extent and effect of individual modernization upon Papagos residing in Tucson, Arizona. It also examines accidental injury and alcohol use as a means of providing the social indicators of stress.]

    1975             Urban Papago: a comparative study of enclave residents and recent suburban migrants in Tucson, Arizona. In Abstracts of 32^nd Annual Meeting of the Society for Applied Anthropology, edited by Deward Walker, p. 61. Tucson, Society for Applied Anthropology.

    1977             New data on accident victim rates among Papago Indians: the urban case. Human Organization, Vol. 36, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 395-398. Washington, D.C., Society for Applied Anthropology. [A high rate of accidents among Tucson Papagos correlates with high rates of Amodern@ (as opposed to traditional) Papagos on the reservation.]

    1978             Native American adaptation to an urban environment: the Papago of Tucson, Arizona. Urban Anthropology, Vol. 7, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 117-136. Brockport, New York, State University of New York (SUNY) at Brockport. [Demographic changes among Papagos living in Tucson, Arizona from 1960 through 1972. Employment practices are also considered.]

Stull, Donald D.; Ralph Patrick, H.A. Tyroler, C. Roderick Wilson, and Mary M. Gallagher

    1972             Victims of modernization: accident rates and Papago Indian adjustment. Human Organization, Vol. 31, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 227-240. Washington, D.C., The Society for Applied Anthropology. [This is a study of personal and village modernization, in combination with 1969-70 data on accidental injuries, as an index of stress sustained by Papago Indians. Results show that both traditional and modern individuals in progressive communities had significantly greater accident rates than in conservative communities. The accident rates for both types of individuals were low in conservative communities.]

Sturman, Janet

    1997             Movement analysis as a tool for understanding identity: retentions, borrowings, and transformations in Native America waila. World of Music, Vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 51-69. Basel, Switzerland, Otto-Friedrich University of Bamberg, Department of Ethnomusicology. [Waila, or Achicken scratch,@ music shares roots and performance practices with Chicano norteño music. AThe body movements of performers and dancers provide clues to meaningful differences between the two genres and offer insights into how waila musicians are changing to reach a wider audience. Tables describing the various dance rhythms of the two genres are appended, along with definitions of norteño song types.@]

    1999             From American Indian dance music to video games: re-thinking instructional methods. American Strong Teacher, Vol. 49, no. 1 (February), pp. 78-80, 83-85. Lawrenceville, New Jersey, American String Teachers Association. [The Tohono O=odham are noted for their waila music, a popular instrumental music featuring accordion, saxophone, guitars, and drums. The author writes about the formation Aseveral years ago@ by O=odham of the Young Waila Musicians Workshop, an annual workshop intended to help musicians improve their skills and simply to have a good time. AThe O=odham=s views on learning and tradition may be of value to strong teachers, particularly the ways the tribe recasts instructional procedures in order to preserve fundamental cultural values.@]

Sudman, Natalie

    1997             Counting Kino. Edging West, Spring, pp. 24-25. Portland, Oregon, Edging West Communications, Inc. [This is a quasi-poetic account of the author=s visit to the grave site of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino in Magdalena, Sonora, and her ruminations resulting from that visit. She notes that Father Kino was a Jesuit priest who lived for twenty-four years in northern Sonora / southern Arizona, and that he counted the numbers of Pimans who greeted him such villages as Guevavi, Tumcacori, and San Xavier del Bac.]

Summer Institute of Linguistics

    n.d.a             Chuuwy ch-ban. s.l., s.n. 9 pp. [A basic Papago reader for preschoolers or first graders.]

    n.d.b             O=odham kuinta. Santa Ana, California, Summer Institute of Linguistics. [Basic materials for teaching Papago and English numeral systems.]

    n.d.c Ha=ichu doakam. s.l., s.n. [There are pictures of sixteen animals with the Papago word for the animals printed on the facing page.]

    n.d.d             Ha=ichu doakam o=ohon. s.l., s.n. [Pictures of fifteen animals are shown with the Papago word for the animal on the facing page.]

    1960             O=odham o=ohon. Santa Ana, California, Summer Institute of Linguistics. 5 pp. [Contains material for learning the Papago alphabet as well as months and days of the week in Papago.]

    1966a           Papago reading manual. Sells, Arizona, Summer Institute of Linguistics. [This is a primary reading manual for Papago.]

    1966b           Julia ch Pancho. Santa Ana, California, Summer Institute of Linguistics. Illus. 15 pp. [A brief primary Papago reader with English translations of the Papago.]

Summer, John

    2003             Peace ...and all good! The Franciscans, March 5, pp. 1-3. Oakland, California, Franciscan Friars of California, Inc. [This newsletter has a photo on page 2 of a group of friars who were Asimply professed@ in 1938 at Old Mission San Luis Rey, California. Among them is the man who became Father Theodore Williges who served as pastor of Mission San Xavier del Bac from 1961 to 1964.]

Summers, Richard A.

    1937             The Devil=s Highway. New York, Thomas Nelson and Sons. Map, illus. 299 pp. [This is a fictionalized version of the activities of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino and Father Agustín Campos, Jesuit missionaries among the northern Piman Indians in the late 17^th and early 18^th centuries. The Devil=s Highway is the Camino del Diablo of northwest Sonora over which Kino traveled. The book ends with Kino=s death in Magdalena, Sonora in 1711.]

Sumner, John S.

    1987             A bibliography of the geographics of the Tohono O=odham Nation, Arizona. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Department of Geosciences. [The title is the abstract.]

Sunnyside Unified School District No. 12

    1994             1994-95 calendar. Tucson, Sunnyside Unified School District No. 12. Illus. [This school-year calendar includes art by students in the Sunnyside School District. Among these are renderings of a ATohono O=odham Singer with Head in Clouds@ by Brandon Carlos; a drawing with a Tohono O=odham basket design in the background, by Maggie Alvarez; and a Arendering of the San Xavier Mission@ by Robby Carrasco.]

Sunset Books and Sunset Magazine Editors

    1970             Southwest Indian country. Menlo Park, California, Lane Books. Maps, illus., index. 79 pp. [A chapter titled AThe Pimas & the Papagos@ provides information on early history, basketry, Papago Indian Reservation, contemporary Papago life, map of the Papago Reservation, accommodations and camping, hunting, Sells, Topawa Mission, Kitt Peak National Observatory, and Mission San Xavier del Bac. There are six black-and-white photos relating to Papagos and their reservations.]

Supernaugh, William R.

    1939             Organ Pipe Cactus. Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, October, pp. 275-276. [Coolidge, Arizona], United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service. [Supernaugh, the first full time custodian (superintendent) of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, notes that on October 24, 1939, "the Arizona State Highway Department completed the oiling of the Ajo-Tucson road so far as the (Papago) Indian Reservation" between Ajo and the western reservation boundary.]

    1940a           Organ Pipe Cactus. Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, February, pp. 81-83. [Coolidge, Arizona], United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service. [Mention is made of the fact that an O'odham named Jose Juan, who had a home at Quitobaquito inside Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, helped clear away the "improvements" that had been built near Quitobaquito by a squatter named Albert Jenkins who had claimed rights there. Jenkins had died in the previous month.]

    1940b           Organ Pipe Cactus. Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, May, pp. 275-276. [Coolidge, Arizona], United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service. ["One official trip was made to Sells, May 6, to work out grazing and range management plans for the portion of the monument east of the Ajos which will be used by the Papagos for grazing. An agreement was formed which will be forwarded as soon as maps can be drawn to accompany it." And "Petitions have been put out around Tucson and Ajo to the state for oiling the approach road from Tucson through the Papago Reservation."]

    1940c           Organ Pipe Cactus. Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, August, p. 110. [Coolidge, Arizona], United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service. ["One party of hunters with small game was caught (inside the boundaries of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument), and as they were Indians (O'odham?), some of illegal entry, satisfactory results were obtained by turning them over to the Immigration Department, which saved costs and uncertain court action."

    "A trip to the Indian Agency at Sells was made in regard to grazing permits which seem to be help (sic) up for approval by the Papago Council and it is hoped that these may come through soon as I have been working on these for about three months."]

    1940d           Organ Pipe Cactus. Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, September, pp. 163-164. [Coolidge, Arizona], United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service. ["During the month the unauthorized Indian (O'odham) settlement at Cipriano Well was removed. This family has returned to Quitobaquita and the house has been removed. It is now hoped that the antelope will return to this area for they had moved farther west with this settlement for somehow it seems that Indians and antelope cannot live in the same locality."]

    1940e           Organ Pipe Cactus. Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, October, pp. 239-240. [Coolidge, Arizona], United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service. [Supernaugh writes that he hopes "I may find time to attend and photograph the Papago Indian fair at Sells held November 9, 10, and 11 as I have received invitations from the Indian Service officials."]

Sutherland, Edwin V.

    1964             "The diaries of John Gregory Bourke: their anthropological and folklore content." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. [Bourke was an army officer who served in Arizona between 1870-75 and again in 1884-86. Based on information other than on his first hand observations, Bourke notes Papagos' burial customs (p. 1136); killing of enemies (p. 1202); orientation of houses (p. 1203); stick-kicking game (p. 1205); warfare with Apaches (pp. 1210, 1222); and language (p. 1280).]

Swadesh, Evangelina Arana de, and others, editors

    1975             Las lenguas de México [México: panorama histórico y cultural, IV y V]. Two volumes. México, Instituto Nacional Antropología e Historia. [Papago language is included in a general survey in volume 4. There are scattered listings including Papago elsewhere.]

Swadesh, Morris

    1954             Comment. American Anthropologist, Vol. 56, no. 4 (August), pp. 639-642. Menasha, Wisconsin, American Anthropological Association. [Here Swadesh comments on an essay by Stanley Newman (1954). He cites as an Aoutstanding case@ of collaboration between a trained linguist and a native speaker of an Indian language that between Alfred L. Kroeber and Papago Indian Juan Dolores. He also cites what he considered to be excellent work on the Papago language by German professor William Kurath. AIt is unfortunate that anthropological linguists were so intent on criticizing a few shortcomings in Kurath=s first published work on Papago that they failed to recognize his excellent potentialities.@]

    1955             Papago stop series. Word, Vol. 11, no. 1 (April), pp. 191-193. New York, The Linguistic Circle of New York. [Swadesh elaborates on Papago stop series which he first discussed in his review in Vol. 10, no. 1 of Word of J. Aden Mason=s (1950) study of the Papago language.]

Swagerty, William R.

    1988      Indian trade in the Trans-Mississippi West to 1870. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevant, Vol. 4, History of Indian White relations, edited by Wilcomb E. Washburn, pp. 351-374. Washington, Smithsonian Institution. [Upper Pima and Papago villages are listed as sixteenth-century secondary centers of trade (pp. 352-253).]

Swan, T.

    1976      America rediscovered: the great Southwest. Better Homes and Gardens, Vo. 54, no. 1 (January), pp. 81-86. Des Moines, Iowa, Meredith Publishing Company. [It is said that Papagos are the only Southwest Indians who presently continue to make fine baskets in any significant quantity (p. 83).]

Swanson, Carl, Sr.

    1972      A bronze statue - a fitting memorial to Padre Kino. Pacific Historian, Vol. 16, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 72-75. Stockton, California, University of the Pacific. [Swanson writes about the placement in 1965 of a bronze statue of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino in Statuary Hall in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington, D.C., noting Father Kino=s accomplishments as explorer, evangelist, and founder of missions among the Northern Piman Indians in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.]

Swanson, Rosemary, and Ronald W. Henderson

    1976      Achieving home-school continuity in the socialization of an academic motive. Journal of Experimental Education, Vol. 44, no. 3 9Spring), pp. 38-44. Washington, D.C., HELDREF Publications. [Report of an experiment in which Papago mothers were trained in ways to encourage their children to read. The efforts resulted in a greater interest in reading among the Papago students.]

    1977      Effects of televised modeling and active participation on rule-governed question production among Native American preschool children. Contemporary Educational Psychology, Vol. 2, no. 4 (October), pp. 345-352. New York and London, Academic Press. [Results of an experiment in teaching Papago children question-asking skills through the use of television.]

    1979             Induction of a concrete operational concept through televised modeling: evidence and speculation on mediational processes. Contemporary Educational Psychology, Vol. 4, no. 3 (July), pp. 202-210. New York and London, Academic Press. [Test with Papago children in using television to teach them the principles of size seriation, i.e., little to large and large to little.]

Swanton, John R.

    1952             The Indian tribes of North America [Bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology, no. 145]. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office. 726 pp. [A section on Papagos (pp. 357-360) includes the name for the tribe as called by themselves and by other Indians, linguistic connections, location, a lengthy list of subdivisions and villages, and population figures. The Sobaipuri are said to be connected with, of not a part of, the Papago (p. 364), and Papagos are included in a list of tribes found in Mexico (p. 630)].

Swanton, John R., and Roland B. Dixon

    1915             Primitive American history. In Anthropology in North America, pp. 5-41. New York, G.E. Stechert & Co. [There is a reference to Papago linguistics on page 38.]

Swarth, Harry S.

    1905             Summer birds of the Papago Indian Reservation and of the Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona. Condor, Vol. 7, no. 1 (January/February), pp. 22-28; no. 2 (March/April), pp. 47-50; and no. 3 (May/June), pp. 77-81). Palo Alto, Cooper Ornithological Club of California. [Swarth visited the mesquite forest (next to the Santa Cruz River south of Martinez Hill) on the San Xavier Reservation in May, 1902 and again in June 1903, getting permission from Farmer-in-charge J.M. Berger to collect birds there. Berger told him to be careful using his shotgun because the Papagos were getting in hay and in the past had been peppered with shot by careless Asportsmen.@ Swarth recorded sixty-four species of birds in the forest.]

Sweeney, Gray

    1996             Drawing borders. Art and the cultural politics of the U.S.-Mexico Boundary Survey, 1850-1853. In Drawing the borderline. Artist-explorers of the U.S.-Mexico boundary survey, edited by Dawn Hall, pp. 23-77. Albuquerque, The Albuquerque Museum. [Included here are a pair of images by John Russell Bartlett of Tucson as seen from Sentinel Peak, one a pencil drawing and the other a pencil and sepia wash, both of which show structures in the foreground of the San Agustín Mission visita which once served Tucson=s Piman Indians. There are also reproductions of a pencil drawing and a watercolor by Henry Cheever Pratt of Mission San Xavier del Bac on pages 53 and 54 as well as a quote from Bartlett=s journal describing San Xavier del Bac, Aa truly miserable place.@]

Sykes, Glenton

    1982             The naming of the boojum. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 23, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 351-356. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [In telling how the boojum plant got its name, Sykes recounts a 1922 trip to the Sonoran gulf coast for which the guide was a man named Antonio, Apart Yaqui and part Papago.@]

Sykes, Godfrey

    1927             The Camino del Diablo: with notes on a journey in 1925. Geographical Review, Vol. 17, no. 1 (January), pp. 62-74. New York, American Geographical Society. [This is a discussion, including its history, of the hazardous 150-mile Aroad@ between Sonoyta, Sonora and the Gila River to Yuma. Sykes states that the road A... is probably the most difficult and dangerous route in the Papago country@ (p. 62). He mentions that a party of Mexicans and Papagos from Sonoyta cleaned out two abandoned wells in the Tule Mountains for the International Boundary Commission.]

Szuter, Christine R.

    1991             Hunting by Hohokam desert farmers. Kiva, Vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 277-291. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Ethnographic data from published sources concerning the Papago Indians are cited concerning the use of weapons used to kill small-sized animals, medium-sized animals, and large game. Nabhan and others (1982) is cited concerning the diversity of animal life fostered by human presence at Quitovac, Sonora (a Papago community), and data are cited from studies made of materials from Ventana Cave on the Papago Indian Reservation.]