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The nature of business and management research and structure of this book 2 Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill Learning outcomes 2 11 Introduction 2 12 The nature of research 4 1.3 The nature of business and management research 5 1.4 The research process 8 1.5 The purpose and structure of this book 9 1.6 Summary 13 Self-check questions 14 Review and discussion questions 14 References 14 Further reading 15 Self-check answers 15 2 Formulating and clarifying the research topic 18 Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill Learning outcomes 18 21 Introduction 18 2.2 Attributes of a good research topic 19 2.3 Generating and refining research ideas 21 2.4 Turning research ideas into research projects 30 2.5 Writing your research proposal 38 246 Summary 46 Self-check questions 46 Review and discussion questions 47 Progressing your research project: From research ideas to a research proposal 47 References 48 Further reading 49 Case 2: Catherine Chang and women in management 50 Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill Self-check answers 51 U3 Criti ally rev e wir the litera ture 54 Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis, Adrian Thornhill, Martin Jenkins and Darren Bolton Learning outcomes 54 3.1 Introduction 54 32 The critical review 57 3.3 Literature sources available 64 34 Planning your literature search strategy 70 3.5 Conducting your literature search 74 3.6 Obtaiing and evaluating the literature 86 3.7 Recording the literature 88 3.8 Summary 91 Self-check questions 92 Review and discussion questions 93 Progressing your research project: Critically reviewing the literature 93 References 94 Further reading 95 Case 3: National cultures and management styles 96 Mike Savvas Self-check answers 97 4 U n s. re oas iophi aes a p roac i e s 100i Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill Learning outcomes 100 4.1 Introduction 100 4.2 Understanding your research philosophy 101 4.3 Research approaches 117 4.4 Summary 121 Self-check questions 122 Review and discussion questions 122 Progressing your research project: Diagnosing your research philosophy 123 References 124 Further reading 125 Case 4: Marketing music products alongside emerging digital music channels 126 Rick Colbourne Self-check answers 127 5 Forawr.aling the rese arch desi gn 130 Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill Learning outcomes 130 5.1 Introduction 130 5.2 The purpose of your research 132 5.3 The need for a clear research strategy 135 5.4 Multiple methods choices - combining quantitative and qualitative techniques and procedures 145 5.5 Time horizons 148 5. 6 The credibility of research findings 149 5.7 The ethics of research design 153 5.8 Summary 153 Self-check questions 154 Review and discussion questions 155 Progressing your research project: Deciding on your research design 155 References 155 Further reading 1,57 Case 5: The international marketing management decisions of UK ski tour operators 1 5 Angela Roper Self-check answers 160 6 Negotiating access and research ethics 162 Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhi/l Learning outcomes 162 6 1 Introduction 162 6.2 Problems associated with access 163, 63 Strategies to gain access 167 6.4 Research ethics 178 6.5 Summary 195 SeIf-check questions 196 Review and discussion questions 196 Progressing your research project: Negotiating access and addressing ethical issues 197 References 197 Further reading 1 98 Case 6: Mystery customer research in restaurant chains 199 Teresa Smallbone Self-check answers 200 7 Selecting samples 204 Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill Learning outcomes 204 7.1 Introduction 204 72 Probability sampling 208 73 Norn-probability sampling 226 74 Summary 234 Self check questions 235 Review and discussion questions 237 Progressing your research project: Using sampling as part of your research 238 References 238 Further reading 239 Case 7: Auditor independence and integrity in accounting firms 240 Christopher Cowton So,f check answers 242 8 Using secondary data 246 Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis, Adrian Thorhifi. Martin Jenkins and Darren Bolton Learning outcomes 246 8.1 Introduction 246 8.2 Types of secondary data and uses in research 248 83 Locating secondary data 253 84 Advantages and disadvantages of secondary data 257 8.5 Evaluating secondary data sources 263 8.6 Summary 272 Self-check questions 273 Review and discussion questions 273 Progressing your research project: Assessing the suitability of secondary data for your research 274 References 274 Further reading 276 Case 8: Small firms internationalisation 277 Sharon Loane Self-check answers 279 9 Collecting primary data through observation 282 Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill Learning outcomes 282 9.1 Introduction 282 9.2 Participant observation: an introduction 283 9.3 Participant observation: researcher roles 286 9.4 Participant observation: data collection and analysis 289 9.5 Structured observation: an introduction 293 9.6 Structured observation: data collection and analysis 297 9.7 Summary 302 Self-check questions 302 Review and discussion questions 303 Progressing your research project: Deciding on the appropriateness of observation 303 References 304 Further reading 304 Case 9: Exploring service quality in bank customers' faceato-face experiences 306 Cathy Leng Self-check answers 308 10 Collecting primary data using semi -structured, in depth and group interviews 310 Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill Learning outcomes 310 10.1 Introduction 310 10.2 Types of interview and their link to the purposes of research and research strategy 311 1 3 Situations favouring non-standardised (qualitative) interviews 314 i04 Data quality issues and preparing for the interview 317 10.5 Interviewing competence 329 10 6 Managing logistical and resource issues 335 10.7 Group interviews and focus groups 337 10 8 Telephone, Internet- and intranet-mediated interviews 341 1 09 Summary 344 Self-check questions 344 Review and discussion questions 345 Progressing your research project: Using serni-structured or in-depth interviews in your research 346 References 346 Further reading 348 "Case 10: Equal opportunities in the publishing industry 349 Catherine Cassell Self-check answers 351 1 CO H He ng pri ary data u s 1g questio lnnaires 354 Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhiill Learning outcomes 354 11 1 introduction 354 11.2 An overview of questionnaire techniques 356 11.3 Deciding what data need to be collected 361 11.4 Designing the questionnaire 364 11.5 Administering the questionnaire 387 11.6 Summary 394 Self-check questions 394 Review and discussion questions 396 Progressing your research project: Using questionnaires in your research 397 References 398 Further reading 399 Case 11: Service quality in health care supply chains 400 David Bryde and Joanne Meehan Self-check answers 402 12 An ysi n quantitative data 406 Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis, Adrian Thornhill and Catherine Wang Learning outcomes 406 12.1 introduction 406 12.2 Preparing, inputting and checking data 408 12.3 Exploring and presenting data 420 12.4 Describing data using statistics 433 12,5 Examining relationships, differences and trends using statistics 440 12,6 Summary 458 Self-check questions 459 Review and discussion questions 461 Progressing your research project: Analysing your data quantitatively 462 References 462 Further reading 464 Case 12: The impact of family ownership on financial performance 465 Aleksandar Sevic and Ze/jko Sevi6 Self-check answers 466 13 Analysing qualitative data 470 Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill Learning outcomes 470 13 . ntroduction 470 13.2 Differences between qualitative and quantitative data 472 13.3 Preparing your data for analysis 474 13.4 An overview of qualitative analysis 478 13.5 Approaches to qualitative analysis 487 13.6 Deductively-based analytical procedures 489 13.7 Inductiveiy-based analytical procedures 492 13.8 Quantifying your qualitative data 505 "139 Using CAQDAS for qualitative analysis 505 13.10 Summary 508 Self-check questions 508 Review and discussion questions 508 Progressing your research project: Analysing your data qualitatively 509 References 510 Further reading 511 Case 13: Internet abuse in universities 512 Teresa Waring Self-check answers 515 14 Writing and presenting your project report 518 Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill Learning outcomes 518 14A1 Introduction 518 14.2 Getting started with writing 520 i4.3 Structuring your project report 523 14.4 Organising the project report's content 5533 14.5 Developing an appropriate writing style 536 14,6 Meeting the assessment criteria 540 14.7 Oral presentation of the report 542 14.8 Summary 546 Self-check questions 546 Review and discussion questions 547 Progressing your research project: Writing your project report 547 References 548 Further reading 548 Case 14: Akasma's draft disappointment 550 Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Tlhornhill Self-check answers 551