NTIS order number:
PB88-237599
Price codes:
A03 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
An Analysis of Closures of Industries in SIC 24 and 25 As a Result of Proposed OSHA Regulation
Policy Planning and Evaluation Inc.
1988.[23]p. Contract awarded in FY 1985 to Policy Planning and
Evaluation Inc., 8521 Leesburg Pike, Suite 310, Vienna, VA 22180.
Regulations proposed in 1988 by the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration to revise standards for air contaminants
would require many industries to purchase and install air
pollution control equipment. Some firms may be excessively
burdened by the costs of complying with the regulations, even to
the point of closing down. This paper focuses on the tests used
to determine the financial ability of firms in SIC 24 (lumber and
wood products) and SIC 25 (furniture and fixtures) to bear the
costs imposed by the proposed OSHA regulations.
NTIS order number:
PB81-116410
Price codes:
A03 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
Analysis of Regulatory Cost on Establishment Size for the Small Business Administration
Michael E. Simon and L. Ross Beard
1979. 38p. Contract awarded in FY 1979 to Arthur Andersen & Company, 1666 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20006.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the cost impact of
government regulation by size of business. The electrical
machinery industry was selected as an industry that showed
meaningful regulatory cost trends. Incremental costs of
regulations, as well as trends in regulatory costs, are shown by
business size.
NTIS order number:
PB84-136662
Price codes:
A06(Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
An Analysis of the Use of Regulation A for Small Public Offerings
William C. Dale, Ulysses G. Lupien, Robert E. Zweig
1982. 108p. Contract awarded in FY 1981 to the Securities and
Exchange Commission, Directorate of Economic Research,
Washington, DC 20549.
The Regulation A exemption from the registration provisions of the Securities Act of 1933 provides small stock issuers with a simplified procedure for selling a limited dollar amount of securities in a public offering without having to incur the full expense and delay of the complete registration process. Using data from SEC filings, this study examines the general operation of Regulation A by focusing on the characteristics of the issuers and offerings using the exemption. It also examines the effects of the increase in the Regulation A ceiling amount that came into effect in 1978.
A companion report to this study, entitled Report of the Use of the Rule 146 Exemption in Capital Formation is described in this document.
NTIS order number:
PB83-218701
Price codes:
A03 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
RS number: 75
Asset Size and Alternative Policy Criteria in Securities Regulation
Alfred E. Osborne, Jr.
1983. 35p. Contract awarded in FY 1979 to A. E. Osborne
Associates, 3350 Coy Drive, Sherman Oaks, CA 91423.
The study surveyed 265 firms, approximately 77 percent of all small high technology firms reporting to the SEC in 1977. Three-quarters of the firms had stock market values below their book values. The average value of holding per shareholder was one-tenth that of the New York Stock Exchange's average.
NTIS order number:
PB83-126102
Price codes:
A10 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
Complying with Government Requirements: The Costs to Small and Larger Businesses
Roland J. Cole and Paul Sommers
1981. 211p. Contract awarded in FY 1980 to the Battelle
Memorial Institute, Human Affairs Research Center, 4000 NE 41st
Street, Seattle, WA 98105.
During the 1970s, government requirements increased the cost of doing business in all industries. Government requirements pose special problems for small businesses because they cost more per dollar of revenue than in moderate-sized or large firms. This report assesses the cost impact of government regulations on small business.
NTIS order number:
PB90-250465
Price codes:
A03 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
RS number: 103
Cost and Impact of Federal Regulation on Small versus Large Business Retirement Plans
Arnold Brooks, John Gibson, Dave Kennell, Terry Savela, and John
Trutko
1990. 19p. Contract awarded in FY 1988 to James Bell Associates,
Arlington, VA 22201 and Lewin/1CF, Washington, DC 20005.
Small businesses face a variety of regulatory and administrative barriers to establishing and maintaining pension benefits for employees. Per-participant set-up costs for defined benefit plans are considerably higher for small plans than for intermediate-sized plans--$81 compared with $21. Per-participant annual administrative costs are $71 for small plans compared with $25 for intermediate-sized plans. Small firms face additional per-participant administrative costs to keep up with the many changing laws and regulations affecting private pension plans.
NTIS order number:
PB94-181062
Price codes:
A03 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
The Cost of Government Regulation on Small Business: An Update
Robert E. Berney
1980. 40p. Contract awarded in IFY 1980 to Robert E. Berney,
Department of Economics, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
99163.
It is the hypothesis of this study that a regressive regulatory
burden exists under most individual regulations and certainly
exists when all regulations are added together; the direct costs
to the smaller firm are larger per dollar of sales than they are
for larger firms. The author argues that existing regulatory
policies need to be modified so that the burdens are more equally
distributed.
NTIS order number:
PB80-197155
Price codes:
A03 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
Costs of Compliance in Small and Moderate Sized Businesses
Roland J. Cole and Paul Sommers
1980. 47p. Contract awarded in IFY 1979 to the Battelle Memorial
Institute, Seattle, WA 98105.
This paper considers theoretical reasons for expecting small
businesses to have more variable--but on average proportionately
higher--costs of compliance with government requirements than
moderate-sized businesses. Small businesses are more likely not
to comply because they are less likely to be detected, but when
they do comply, their costs are proportionately higher.
Empirical tests of this theory for a Washington State sample of
small- and moderate-sized businesses confirm that small
businesses report higher mean costs but greater variability
across firms.
NTIS order number:
PB85-171171
Price codes:
A11 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
RS number: 73
The Economic Impact of Workman's Compensation and Unemployment Insurance Programs on Small Business
M. Brian McDonald
1982. 249p. Contract awarded in FY 1980 to University of New
Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131.
In all of the seven states studied in this paper, firms with fewer than 100 employees paid higher premiums but filed fewer claims for workers' compensation than larger firms. In five of the states, small firms paid more for unemployment compensation but also used it more. Experience-rated firms paid less.
NTIS order number:
PB85-178861
Price codes:
A07 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
RS number: 52
Economies of Scale in Regulatory Compliance: Evidence of the Differential Impacts of Regulation by Firm Size
Todd A. Morrison
1984. 147p. Contract awarded in FY 1983 to Jack Faucett
Associates, Inc., 5454 Wisconsin Avenue, Chevy Chase,
MD 20815.
A disproportionate burden is placed on small business by federal regulations, according to this report. Studies of 14 regulations in 150 three-digit SIC code industries showed that the median small firm experiences an average cost per employee greater than three times the large firm.
NTIS order number:
PB83-218610
Price codes:
A02 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
RS number: 30
An Estimate of Compliance Costs Under the Periodic Reporting Requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission for Small High-Technology Companies
Alfred E. Osborne, Jr.
1983. 6p. Contract awarded in FY 1979 to A. E. Osborne
Associates, 3350 Coy Drive, Sherman Oaks, CA 91423.
This study of 265 companies showed that reporting costs for quarterly 10-Q and annual 1O-K reports were over $50,000. The disclosure requirements impose a heavier burden on small companies than on large companies because the costs are largely fixed.
NTIS order number:
PB83-113597
Price codes:
A09 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
Federal Regulation of Small Business William A. Brock and David
S. Evans
1982. 187p. Contract awarded in FY 1980 to Chicago
Economic Research Association, 240 Lee Street, Evanston,
IL 60202.
As a result of legislation passed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, federal regulation of businesses increased dramatically. During the 1970s the federal regulatory budget grew sixfold and federal regulatory employment nearly tripled. Also during the 1970s, evidence indicated that uniform application of regulatory requirements increases the minimum size of firms that can compete effectively in the regulated market. This study describes small business' role in the economy and examines the impact of federal regulations and taxes on businesses of different sizes.
NTIS order number:
PB82-137613
Price codes:
A07 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
RS number: 51
The Impact of Federal Regulations on Small Firms in the New England Fishing Industry
Catherine P. Wiggins
1981. 128p. Contract awarded in FY 1980 to the University of New
Haven, 300 Orange Avenue, West Haven, CT 06516.
This study examined the effects of the Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976, and found that it reversed the decline of the New England fishing industry by reducing competition from foreign vessels. However, small fishermen did not have a voice in fishery management planning.
NTIS order number:
PB81-147167
Price codes:
A05 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
The Impact of Federal Regulations on the Small Coal Mine in Appalachia
Bernard Davis and Raymond Ferrell
1980. 91p. Contract awarded in FY 1980 to the Appalachian
Development Center, Vaughn Drive, Morehead, KY 40351.
This study addresses two specific issues influencing the production of coal from small mines: (1) the direct costs and other effects of governmental regulation and deregulation on coal operators in general, and (2) the effects of governmental policies on the productivity by size class of small coal mines. Permitting costs, productivity data, and operating and compliance costs were examined for sample groups of small mines in Kentucky.
NTIS order number:
PB92-101914
Price codes:
A07(Paper)
A02 (Microfiche)
RS number: 115
The Impact of the Motor Carrier Act of 1980 on Small and Medium Sized Freight Carriers
Richard Beilock and James Freeman
1991. 148p. Contract awarded in FY 1988 to the Commonwealth
Group, Lexington, KY 40502.
The purpose of this study was to provide a case study of deregulation by examining the effects of the 1980 regulatory reform of interstate trucking on small and medium-sized motor carriers. The study found that deregulation improved the efficiency of the motor carrier industry by increasing equipment utilization. Many new carriers entered the market as it opened up and many small carriers, especially fleets, grew in gross revenues and in the number of power units. Consumers benefited as freight rates declined in real terms.
NTIS order number:
PB84-161850
Price codes:
A19 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
RS number: 48
The Impact of OSHA on Small Manufacturers James W. Knight and
Douglas J. Harju
1982. 448p. Contract awarded in FY 1980 to the University of
Missouri, 11 EE Building, Columbia, MO 65211.
Small firms are less able to change workers' compensation premiums based on OSHA performance; good performers subsidize poor performers, according to this report. Small firms are less aware of the sources of technical information and of their performance relative to other firms.
NTIS order number:
PB89-109128
Price codes:
A10 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
RS number: 90
The Impact of Telephone Deregulation on Small Business
J. A. Montanye
1988. 209p. Contract awarded in FY 1987 to Cornell Consulting
Group Inc., 7635 Trail Run Road, Falls Church, VA 22042.
This study looks at prevailing regulatory issues at the state and
federal levels in the telecommunications industry in the late
1980s. It attempts to assess the potential impact of regulatory
reform on the price and availability of telecommunications
services used by small businesses. Case studies of the
telecommunications regulation experiences of Nebraska, Vermont,
and Colorado are included.
NTIS order number:
PB81-195075
Price codes:
A09 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
RS number: 9
Improving Economic Impact Analyses of Government Regulations on Small Business
Charles R. Marshall
1981. 197p. Contract awarded in FY 1980 to the JACA Corporation,
550 Pinetown Road, Fort Washington, PA 19304.
The study concludes that the costs of required reporting, record keeping, and testing should be included in cost estimates. These costs are higher per unit for smaller firms. The study recommends the "model plant" approach.
NTIS order number:
PB83-181859
Price codes:
A03 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
RS number: 50
Industry Rivalry and Strategy in the Regulatory Process
Sharon Oster
1980. 26p. Contract awarded in FY 1979 to Yale University, 28
Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511.
The study shows how a firm might support regulations that differentially damage its rivals. A firm's incentive to engage in strategic regulatory investments depends on the nature of the proposed regulation and barriers to entry and mobility.
NTIS order number:
PB87-213633
Price codes:
A04 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
The "Liability Insurance Crisis" and Small Business
Theodore M. Hammett and Taylor McNeil
1987. 67p. Contract awarded in FY 1987 to ABT Associates, 55
Wheeler Street, Cambridge, MA 02138-1168.
Small firms were found by this report to have greater difficulty obtaining liability insurance than larger firms. Cost was a bigger problem than availability. Many smaller firms (about 75 percent) were going "bare," reportedly as a result of cost increases. The data were from Massachusetts.
NTIS order number:
PB92-181197
Price codes:
A08 (Paper)
A02 (Microfiche)
RS number: 123
Measuring the impacts of Non-Uniform Product Liability Laws on the Cost of U.S. Goods
Thomas J. Micheli, Kathleen Segerson, and Arthur W. Wright
1992. 164p. Contract awarded in FY 1990 to Arthur Wright and
Associates, 147 Hillynclale Road, Storrs, CT 06268.
This study is the first part of a two-stage research project. The first stage was designed to review product liability laws in each state, review relevant literature on product liability laws, and develop an economic model by which the effects of these laws could be assessed. The second stage would be the testing of the economic model.
NTIS order number:
PB86-246071
Price codes:
A04 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
RS number: 57
Pension Laws and Regulations Affecting Small Business Plan Decisions
Anthony J. Sulvetta, Christopher M. Niemczewski, and Martha A.
Solt
1986. 51 p. Contract Awarded in FY 1985 to Justin Research
Associates, 1815 H Street NW, Suite 100, Washington, DC 20006.
This study finds that frequently changing pension laws and regulations require small firms to hire specialists, which increases costs and deters firms from offering pension plans. Burdensome regulations include reporting and disclosure requirements; top-heavy rules; and fiduciary, funding, and vesting requirements.
NTIS order number:
PB83-218602
Price codes:
A04 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
A Preliminary Examination of the Quality and Performance of S-18
Offerings and Securities
Alfred E. Osborne, Jr.
1983. 55p. Contract awarded in FY 1979 to A. E. Osborne
Associates, 3350 Coy Drive, Sherman Oaks, CA 91423.
In 1979, the Securities and Exchange Commission, through the adoption of Form S-18, announced simplified registration and reporting requirements for the sale of securities--not to exceed $5 million--by certain small issuers. This preliminary study looked at the experiences of six companies that filed S-18 registrations and were subsequently listed in The Wall Street Journal It sought to determine: (1) the investment quality of the issues; (2) the costs of effecting S-18 offerings of securities in contrast to comparable initial public offerings; and (3) the aftermarket performance of each company.
NTIS order number:
PB83-218628
Price codes:
A02 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
RS number: 76
The Relationship Between Asset Size and the Number of Shareholders for SEC Reporting Companies
Alfred E. Osborne, Jr.
1983. 13p. Contract awarded in FY 1979 to A. E. Osborne
Associates, 3350 Coy Drive, Sherman Oaks, CA 91423.
For small firms, unlike for large firms, the costs of meeting SEC reporting requirements outweigh the benefit to shareholders of the reported information. This study recommends the establishment of exemptions from SEC reporting requirements based on asset size.
NTIS order number:
PB84-135755
Price codes:
A04 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
Report of the Use of the Rule 146 Exemption in Capital Formation
Ulysses Lupien and John Matthews
1983. 55p.Contract awarded in FY 1981 to the Securities and
Exchange Commission, Office of Economic Research, Washington, DC
20549.
The Rule 146 exemption from registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933 was available from 1974 to 1982. It was adopted to provide greater certainty in exempted nonpublic offerings by establishing more objective standards upon which stock issuers could rely in raising capital. This study examines the general operation of Rule 146 in the capital formation process, using SEC records and a survey of sampled issuers who made Rule 146 offerings during 1980.
A companion report to this study, entitled An Analysis of the Use of Regulation A for Small Public Offerings is described in this document.
NTIS order number:
PB89-215065
Price codes:
A13 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
The Role of Intermediaries in Unregulated Markets: Transportation Brokers
Terence A. Brown
1989. 277p. Contract awarded in FY 1987 to Penn State University
at Harrisburg, Middletown, PA 17057.
Industry deregulation and the Motor Carrier Act of 1970 created an opportunity for the trucking brokerage industry to grow. This study found that in July 1988 there were 4,200 active brokers with 24,000 employees booking $5.9 billion, about 15 percent of total revenue for the trucking industry.
NTIS order number
PB82-146317
Price codes:
A05 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
Small Business and Motor Carrier Regulatory Reform
Michael W. Pustay
1981. 100p. Contract awarded in FY 1979 to Texas A&M;University,
College Station, TX 77843.
This research explores the impacts on the small business community of U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) regulation of the interstate motor carrier industry and recent reforms of ICC motor carrier regulation. Three areas are examined in depth: the provision of motor carrier service to small businesses in small communities, protection for small businesses from discriminatory pricing by ICC-regulated motor carriers, and ensuring equal access for small businesses to the services of small contract carriers.
NTIS order number:
PB83-218719
Price codes:
A04 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
RS number: 82
Towards a Definition of "Small" for Reporting Purposes Under the Security Laws
Alfred E. Osborne, Jr.
1983. 63p. Contract awarded in FY 1979 to A. E. Osborne
Associates, 3350 Coy Drive, Sherman Oaks, CA 91423.
The asset-revenue relationship for all firms was found by this study to be more consistent than the asset employment relationship. Suggested break points for reporting were at asset ranges of $10 million to $15 million: somewhat higher for high technology firms, and somewhat lower for manufacturing.
NTIS order number:
ADA-163233
Price codes:
A08 (Paper)
A01 (Microfiche)
Unemployment Insurance and Firm Size
Marianne Bowes, Louis S. Jacobson, and Frank P. R. Brechling 1985. 158p. Contract awarded in FY 1983 to Public Research Institute, Center for Naval Analyses, 2000 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311.
Most state governments establish their own policies and rates for unemployment insurance, New firms are usually taxed at a higher rate than older, larger firms. Rates of layoff for small firms compared to large firms were found to differ by region.