Disclaimer: These guidelines were developed under contract using generally accepted secondary sources. The protocol used by the contractor for surveying these data sources was developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the Department of Energy (DOE). The information contained in these guidelines is intended for reference purposes only. None of the agencies have conducted a comprehensive check of the information and data contained in these sources. It provides a summary of information about chemicals that workers may be exposed to in their workplaces. The secondary sources used for supplements 111 and 1V were published before 1992 and 1993, respectively, and for the remainder of the guidelines the secondary sources used were published before September 1996. This information may be superseded by new developments in the field of industrial hygiene. Therefore readers are advised to determine whether new information is available.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH GUIDELINE FOR FLUOROTRICHLOROMETHANE
INTRODUCTION
This guideline summarizes pertinent information about fluorotrichloromethane
for workers and employers as well as for physicians, industrial hygienists,
and other occupational safety and health professionals who may need such
information to conduct effective occupational safety and health programs.
Recommendations may be superseded by new developments in these fields;
readers are therefore advised to regard these recommendations as general
guidelines and to determine whether new information is available.
SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION
* Formula
CCl(3)F
* Structure
(For Structure, see paper copy)
* Synonyms
Freon 11, FKW 11, R 11, halocarbon 11, monofluorotrichloromethane,
trichlorofluoromethane, trichloromonofluoromethane, algofrene type 1, arcton
9, ledon 11
* Identifiers
1. CAS No.: 75-69-4
2. RTECS No.: PB6125000
3. DOT UN: 1078 12 (refrigerant gases, n.o.s.)
4. DOT label: Nonflammable gas
* Appearance and odor
Fluorotrichloromethane is a colorless, nonflammable, liquid or gas
with a faint ether-like odor. It has an air odor threshold concentration of
5.0 parts per million (ppm) parts of air
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
* Physical data
1. Molecular weight: 137.38
2. Boiling point (at 760 mm Hg): 23.7 degrees C (74.66 degrees F)
3. Specific gravity: 1.494 at 17.2 degrees C (62.96 degrees F)
4. Vapor density: 5.04
5. Melting point: -111 degrees C (-167.8 degrees F)
6. Vapor pressure at 25 degrees C (77 degrees F): 796 mm Hg
7. Solubility: Practically insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, ether,
and other organic solvents.
8. Evaporation rate (butyl acetate = 1): 63
* Reactivity
1. Conditions contributing to instability: Heat.
2. Incompatibilities: Fluorotrichloromethane reacts with chemically active
metals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, powdered aluminum, zinc,
magnesium, barium, and lithium
3. Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic gases and vapors (such as
hydrogen chloride, phosgene, and hydrogen fluoride) may be released in a fire
involving fluorotrichloromethane.
4. Special precautions: None reported.
* Flammability
The National Fire Protection Association has not assigned a
flammability rating to fluorotrichloromethane. Other sources rate
fluorotrichloromethane as nonflammable.
1. Flash point: Not applicable.
2. Autoignition temperataure: Not applicable.
3. Flammable limits in air: Not applicable.
4. Extinguishant: Use an extinguishant that is suitable for the materials
involved in the surrounding fire.
Fires involving fluorotrichloromethane should be fought upwind from
the maximum distance possible. Isolate the hazard area and deny access to
unnecessary personnel. Firefighters should wear a full set of protective
clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving
fluorotrichloromethane.
EXPOSURE LIMITS
* OSHA PEL
The current Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
permissible exposure limit (PEL) for fluorotrichloromethane is 1000 ppm (5600
milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m(3))) as an 8-hour time-weighted average
(TWA) concentration [29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1].
* NIOSH REL
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
has established a recommended exposure limit (REL) for fluorotrichloromethane
of 1000 ppm (5600 mg/m(3)) as a ceiling which should not be exceeded during
any part of the working exposure [NIOSH 1992].
* ACGIH TLV
The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
(ACGIH) has assigned fluorotrichloromethane a threshold limit value (TLV) of
1000 ppm (5600 mg/m(3)) as a ceiling limit value ()which should not be
exceeded during any part of the working exposure [ACGIH 1994, p.
34].
* Rationale for Limits
The NIOSH limit is based on the risk of narcotic effects; asphyxia
at high concentrations [NIOSH 1992].
The ACGIH limit is based on the risk of systemic effects and acute
cardiac sensitization [ACGIH 1991, p. 1621].
HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION
* Routes of Exposure
Exposure to fluorotrichloromethane can occur through inhalation,
ingestion, and eye or skin contact [Sittig 1991].
* Summary of toxicology
1. Effects on Animals: Fluorotrichloromethane causes narcosis, cardiac
arrhythmias, and cardiac sensitization. Cardiac arrhythmia and respiratory
depression are the most serious signs of toxicity. The lowest lethal
concentration in rats is 130,000 for a 15-minute exposure [ACGIH 1991].
()Anesthetized dogs, rats, mice, monkeys, hamsters, and rabbits exposed to
concentrations ranging from 54,000 to 150,000 ppm exhibited various
cardiovascular and circulatory abnormalities [ACGIH 1991]. At high doses,
the animals experienced labored breathing, twitching, unresponsiveness, and
unconsciousness. Cardiac arrhythmias were induced in dogs at 3,500 to 6,100
ppm for a duration of 5 minutes. In monkeys, the minimum dose producing
cardiac arrest was 50,000 ppm [Hathaway et al. 1991]. In a subchronic study,
rats and rabbits exposed to 50,000 ppm for one hour twice daily for 15 days
showed increased blood glucose and lactic acid, decreased oxygen uptake, and
other biochemical changes consistent with slowing of cellular oxidation
[ACGIH 1991]. In animals with pre-existing lung or heart conditions,
fluorotrichloromethane is significantly toxic and may cause toxicity at lower
doses [Clayton and Clayton 1982]. In hamsters with hereditary heart defects,
a concentration of only 2 percent was lethal. In rats with emphysema,
respiratory problems can be observed at a concentration of 2.5 percent
[Clayton and Clayton 1982]. Nine application of 0.1 ml drops during an
eleven-day period in the eye of rabbits produced nothing more than hyperemia
(lasting several hours), and mild inflammation of the eyelids [Grant 1986].
2. Effects on Humans: By analogy with effects seen in animals,
fluorotrichloromethane (freon-11) is expected to cause cardia arrhythmias and
cardia sensitization in humans. The concentrations of Freon-11 that are
required to produce cardiac sensitization are well above those normally
encountered in industrial use [Parmeggiani 983]. Exposure to 1,000 ppm
fluorotrichloromethane for 8 hours/day, 5 days/week for 18 exposures produced
no ill effects on humans [NLM 1992]. Exposure to 1,700 ppm fluorocarbon
gases from a distance of 50 centimeters for periods of 15 to 60 seconds
induced biphasic change in ventilatory capacity, bradycardia and
electrocardiogram changes [NLM 1992]. This chemical is a defatting agent and
may cause dermatitis if the liquid contacts the skin [NLM 1992].
* Signs and symptoms of exposure
1. Acute exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to
fluorotrichloromethane are lightheadedness, dizziness, shortness of breath,
and disorientation. Cardiac effects may cause sudden collapse with cardiac
arrest, or the victim may complain of an irregular heartbeat or palpitations,
dizziness, fatigue, or weakness.
2. Chronic exposure: Fluorotrichloromethane is a defatting agent and may
cause dermatitis after repeated exposure.
EMERGENCY MEDICAL PROCEDURES
* Emergency medical procedures: [NIOSH to supply]
5. Rescue: Remove an incapacitated worker from further exposure and
implement appropriate emergency procedures (e.g., those listed on the
Material Safety Data Sheet required by OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard
[29 CFR 1910.1200]). All workers should be familiar with emergency
procedures, the location and proper use of emergency equipment, and methods
of protecting themselves during rescue operations.
EXPOSURE SOURCES AND CONTROL METHODS
The following operations may involve fluorotrichloromethane and lead to
worker exposures to this substance:
* The manufacture and transportation of fluorotrichloromethane
* Formerly used as a propellant in aerosols for insecticides,
pharmaceuticals (such as medicated propellant sprays for bronchial asthma),
floor waxes, paint, and perfumes
* Use as a refrigerant, as a blowing agent for polymeric foams, as a
solvent for cleaning and degreasing, in the production of polymeric resins,
and as a dielectric fluid in bubble chambers and in wind tunnels
* Use as a sulfonation solvent in chemical synthesis, and as a chemical
intermediate
* Use as a fire-extinguishing liquid
* Use in food processing
Methods that are effective in controlling worker exposures to
fluorotrichloromethane, depending on the feasibility of implementation, are
as follows:
* Process enclosure
* Local exhaust ventilation
* General dilution ventilation
* Personal protective equipment
Workers responding to a release or potential release of a hazardous
substance must be protected as required by paragraph (q) of OSHA's Hazardous
Waste Operations and Emergency Response Standard [29 CFR 1910.120].
Good sources of information about control methods are as follows:
1. ACGIH [1992]. Industrial ventilation--a manual of recommended
practice. 21st ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists.
2. Burton DJ [1986]. Industrial ventilation--a self study companion.
Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial + Hygienists.
3. Alden JL, Kane JM [1982]. Design of industrial ventilation systems.
New York, NY: Industrial Press, Inc.
4. Wadden RA, Scheff PA [1987]. Engineering design for control of
workplace hazards. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
5. Plog BA [1988]. Fundamentals of industrial hygiene. Chicago, IL:
National Safety Council.
MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE
OSHA is currently developing requirements for medical surveillance. When
these requirements are promulgated, readers should refer to them for
additional information and to determine whether employers whose employees are
exposed to fluorotrichloromethane are required to implement medical
surveillance procedures.
* Medical Screening
Workers who may be exposed to chemical hazards should be monitored
in a systematic program of medical surveillance that is intended to prevent
occupational injury and disease. The program should include education of
employers and workers about work-related hazards, early detection of adverse
health effects, and referral of workers for diagnosis and treatment. The
occurrence of disease or other work-related adverse health effects should
prompt immediate evaluation of primary preventive measures (e.g., industrial
hygiene monitoring, engineering controls, and personal protective equipment).
A medical surveillance program is intended to supplement, not replace, such
measures. To detect and control work-related health effects, medical
evaluations should be performed (1) before job placement, (2) periodically
during the term of employment, and (3) at the time of job transfer or
termination.
* Preplacement medical evaluation
Before a worker is placed in a job with a potential for exposure to
fluorotrichloromethane, a licensed health care professional should evaluate
and document the worker's baseline health status with thorough medical,
environmental, and occupational histories, a physical examination, and
physiologic and laboratory tests appropriate for the anticipated occupational
risks. These should concentrate on the function and integrity of the
respiratory system and heart. Medical surveillance for respiratory disease
should be conducted using the principles and methods recommended by the
American Thoracic Society.
A preplacement medical evaluation is recommended to assess medical
conditions that may be aggravated or may result in increased risk when a
worker is exposed to fluorotrichloromethane at or below the prescribed
exposure limit. The health care professional should consider the probable
frequency, intensity, and duration of exposure as well as the nature and
degree of any applicable medical condition. Such conditions (which should not
be regarded as absolute contraindications to job placement) include a history
and other findings consistent with diseases of the respiratory system and
heart.
* Periodic medical evaluations
Occupational health interviews and physical examinations should be
performed at regular intervals during the employment period, as mandated by
any applicable Federal, State, or local standard. Where no standard exists
and the hazard is minimal, evaluations should be conducted every 3 to 5 years
or as frequently as recommended by an experienced occupational health
physician. Additional examinations may be necessary if a worker develops
symptoms attributable to fluorotrichloromethane exposure. The interviews,
examinations, and medical screening tests should focus on identifying the
adverse effects of fluorotrichloromethane on the respiratory system or heart.
Current health status should be compared with the baseline health status of
the individual worker or with expected values for a suitable reference
population.
* Termination medical evaluations
The medical, environmental, and occupational history interviews, the
physical examination, and selected physiologic or laboratory tests that were
conducted at the time of placement should be repeated at the time of job
transfer or termination to determine the worker's medical status at the end
of his or her employment. Any changes in the worker's health status should
be compared with those expected for a suitable reference
population.
* Biological monitoring
Biological monitoring involves sampling and analyzing body tissues
or fluids to provide an index of exposure to a toxic substance or metabolite.
No biological monitoring test acceptable for routine use has yet been
developed for fluorotrichloromethane.
WORKPLACE MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
Determination of a worker's exposure to airborne fluorotrichloromethane is
made using a charcoal tube (400/200 mg sections, 20/40 mesh). Samples are
collected at a maximum flow rate of 0.05 liter/minute (ceiling or TWA) for a
minimum collection time of 15 minutes. The sample is then treated with
carbon disulfide. Analysis is conducted by gas chromatography using a flame
ionization detector (GC/FID). This method is fully validated and is
described in the OSHA Computerized Information System [OSHA 1994] and in
NIOSH Method No. 1006 [NIOSH 1994].
PERSONAL HYGIENE PROCEDURES
If fluorotrichloromethane contacts the skin, workers should flush the
affected areas immediately with plenty of luke warm water, followed by
washing with soap and water.
Clothing contaminated with fluorotrichloromethane should be removed
immediately, and provisions should be made for the safe removal of the
chemical from the clothing. Persons laundering the clothes should be
informed of the hazardous properties of fluorotrichloromethane.
A worker who handles fluorotrichloromethane should thoroughly wash hands,
forearms, and face with soap and water before eating, using tobacco products,
using toilet facilities, applying cosmetics, or taking medication.
Workers should not eat, drink, use tobacco products, apply cosmetics, or
take medication in areas where fluorotrichloromethane or a solution
containing fluorotrichloromethane is handled, processed, or stored.
STORAGE
Fluorotrichloromethane should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area
in tightly sealed containers that are labeled in accordance with OSHA's
Hazard Communication Standard [29 CFR 1910.1200]. Containers of
fluorotrichloromethane should be protected from physical damage and should be
stored separately from chemically active metals such as sodium, potassium,
calcium, powdered aluminum, zinc, magnesium, barium, and lithium
SPILLS AND LEAKS
In the event of a spill or leak involving fluorotrichloromethane, persons
not wearing protective equipment and clothing should be restricted from
contaminated areas until cleanup has been completed. The following steps
should be undertaken following a spill or leak:
1. Notify safety personnel.
2. Remove all sources of heat and ignition.
3. Ventilate potentially explosive atmospheres.
4. Do not touch the spilled material; stop the leak if it is possible to
do so without risk.
5. Use non-sparking tools.
6. For dry spills, use a clean shovel and place the material into a clean,
dry container; cover and remove the container from the spill area.
7. For liquid spills, take up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent
material and place into closed containers for later disposal.
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requirements for emergency
planning, reportable quantities of hazardous releases, community
right-to-know, and hazardous waste management may change over time. Users are
therefore advised to determine periodically whether new information is
available.
* Emergency planning requirements
Fluorotrichloromethane is not subject to EPA emergency planning
requirements under the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA)
(Title III) in 42 USC 11022.
* Reportable quantity requirements for hazardous releases
A hazardous substance release is defined by EPA as any spilling,
leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting,
escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment (including the
abandonment or discarding of contaminated containers) of hazardous
substances. In the event of a release that is above the reportable quantity
for that chemical, employers are required to notify the proper Federal,
State, and local authorities [40 CFR 355.40].
Employers are not required by the emergency release notification
provisions in 40 CFR Part 355.40 to notify the National Response Center of an
accidental release of fluorotrichloromethane; there is no reportable quantity
for this substance.
* Community right-to-know requirements
Employers are not required by EPA in 40 CFR Part 372.30 to submit a
Toxic Chemical Release Inventory form (Form R) to EPA reporting the amount of
fluorotrichloromethane emitted or released from their facility
annually.
* Hazardous waste management requirements
EPA considers a waste to be hazardous if it exhibits any of the
following characteristics: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or
toxicity as defined in 40 CFR 261.21-261.24. Under the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act (RCRA) [40 USC 6901 et seq.], EPA has specifically listed
many chemical wastes as hazardous. Although fluorotrichloromethane is not
specifically listed as a hazardous waste under RCRA, EPA requires employers
to treat waste as hazardous if it exhibits any of the characteristics
discussed above.
Providing detailed information about the removal and disposal of
specific chemicals is beyond the scope of this guideline. The U.S.
Department of Transportation, EPA, and State and local regulations should be
followed to ensure that removal, transport, and disposal of this substance
are conducted in accordance with existing regulations. To be certain that
chemical waste disposal meets EPA regulatory requirements, employers should
address any questions to the RCRA hotline at (703) 412-9810 (in the
Washington, D.C. area) or toll-free at (800) 424-9346 (outside Washington,
D.C.). In addition, relevant State and local authorities should be contacted
for information on any requirements they may have for the waste removal and
disposal of this substance.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
* Conditions for respirator use
Good industrial hygiene practice requires that engineering controls
be used where feasible to reduce workplace concentrations of hazardous
materials to the prescribed exposure limit. However, some situations may
require the use of respirators to control exposure. Respirators must be worn
if the ambient concentration of fluorotrichloromethane exceeds prescribed
exposure limits. Respirators may be used (1) before engineering controls
have been installed, (2) during work operations such as maintenance or repair
activities that involve unknown exposures, (3) during operations that require
entry into tanks or closed vessels, and (4) during emergencies. Workers
should only use respirators that have been approved by NIOSH and the Mine
Safety and Health Administration (MSHA).
* Respiratory protection program
Employers should institute a complete respiratory protection program
that, at a minimum, complies with the requirements of OSHA's Respiratory
Protection Standard [29 CFR 1910.134]. Such a program must include
respirator selection, an evaluation of the worker's ability to perform the
work while wearing a respirator, the regular training of personnel,
respirator fit testing, periodic workplace monitoring, and regular respirator
maintenance, inspection, and cleaning. The implementation of an adequate
respiratory protection program (including selection of the correct
respirator) requires that a knowledgeable person be in charge of the program
and that the program be evaluated regularly. For additional information on
the selection and use of respirators and on the medical screening of
respirator users, consult the latest edition of the NIOSH Respirator Decision
Logic [NIOSH 1987b] and the NIOSH Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection
[NIOSH 1987a].
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Workers should use appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment
that must be carefully selected, used, and maintained to be effective in
preventing skin contact with fluorotrichloromethane. The selection of the
appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) (e.g., gloves, sleeves,
encapsulating suits) should be based on the extent of the worker's potential
exposure to fluorotrichloromethane. There are no published reports on the
resistance of various materials to permeation by fluorotrichloromethane.
To evaluate the use of PPE materials with fluorotrichloromethane, users
should consult the best available performance data and manufacturers'
recommendations. Significant differences have been demonstrated in the
chemical resistance of generically similar PPE materials (e.g., butyl)
produced by different manufacturers. In addition, the chemical resistance of
a mixture may be significantly different from that of any of its neat
components.
Any chemical-resistant clothing that is used should be periodically
evaluated to determine its effectiveness in preventing dermal contact.
Safety showers and eye wash stations should be located close to operations
that involve fluorotrichloromethane.
Splash-proof chemical safety goggles or face shields (20 to 30 cm long,
minimum) should be worn during any operation in which a solvent, caustic, or
other toxic substance may be splashed into the eyes.
In addition to the possible need for wearing protective outer apparel (e.g.,
aprons, encapsulating suits), workers should wear work uniforms, coveralls,
or similar full-body coverings that are laundered each day. Employers should
provide lockers or other closed areas to store work and street clothing
separately. Employers should collect work clothing at the end of each work
shift and provide for its laundering. Laundry personnel should be informed
about the potential hazards of handling contaminated clothing and instructed
about measures to minimize their health risk.
Protective clothing should be kept free of oil and grease and should be
inspected and maintained regularly to preserve its effectiveness.
Protective clothing may interfere with the body's heat dissipation,
especially during hot weather or during work in hot or poorly ventilated work
environments.
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