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A Index Advertising to immigrants: of ships, 6, 102; of railroads, 94, 97, 98-99; of jobs, 70, 77; of events, 110 AFL-CIO: American Federation of La- bor, 79, 101, 123; Congress of Indus- trial Organizations, 108, 109; Shahn posters for, 111 African slaves, 31, 36-37, 40, 41. See also Wheatley; Black immigrants Agassiz, Louis (Swiss-born zoologist), 100 Aldrich, Thomas Bailey (editor), 145 Allen, Theodore (lessee of Castle Gar- den), 47 America, Central, settlement of, 30-31 America, North, discovery and settle- ment of, 30-34, 92-97 America, South, settlement of, 30-31 American attitudes toward immigrants: history of, 145-150; cartoons of, 144- 150; curiosity in, 14; sympathy in, 23, (song) 56, 138; welcome in, 35; hostil- ity and fear in, 47, 51, 78-79, 116, 119- 123, 127, 132, 135; contempt in, 80; isolationism in, 134-135, 137-138; sus- picion in, 138-139; recognition in, 140. 141, See also Press American Protective Association, 149 American Revolution, 34, 38, 44, 63, 65, 92, 100, 123 Amish immigrants, 34 Anarchists, immigrants as: excluded by law, 22, 123, 132; "Red Scare" of, 103, 123-125. See also Berkman; Gold- man "Anderson's Island" (Elks Island), 64 Andros, Sir Edmund (Governor of New England), grant of Ellis Island to, 64 Antic, Mary (Polish-born author), 61 Antwerp, Belgium (port of departure), 9, 57, 74, 113 Arabic immigrants, 145; Mohammedans, 23 Architects at Ellis Island, 23, 69; Boring & Tilton as, 72-73, (plan by) 72; Frank Lloyd Wright as, 140; Philip Johnson as, 141 Arizona, immigrants in, 31 Armenian immigrants, 61 Artists, immigrants as, 55, 100, 135. See also Keppler; Leutze; Morgan; Saint- Gaudens; Shahn; White Asian immigrants, ancestors of Indians, 30. See also Chinese; Japanese Astor, John Jacob (German-born trader), 100 Atlantic crossing. See Transatlantic Audubon, John James (French-born or- nithologist), 100 Australian immigrants, 54 Austrian immigrants, 8, 54, 86; from Salzburg, 35. See also Frankfurter; Keppler Austo-Hungarian empire, immigrants from, 26, 28, 70. See also Czech; Hun- garian B Baggage of immigrants, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 20, 20, 39, 40, 42, 51, 53, 55, 58, 70, 105, 109 Balboa, Vasco Nunez de (Spanish con- quistador), 31 Baltimore, Lord (Cecilius Calvert, 2d Baron),33 Baltimore, Maryland: as a port of ar- rival, 43, 53; immigrants in, 81 Baptist immigrants, 33 Barge Office: ferry landing at, 19, 20, 21, 118; as an immigrant depot, 54, 69-70, 70, 71-72, 107 Barnum, Phineas T. (showman), 46 Bartholdi, Frederic Auguste (French sculptor), 54 Battery Park: as a resort, 44; immigrants in, 20-21, 47, 50, 55, 107, 110, 116; mention of, 51, 54, 69, 70, 71, 76, 107 Bedloe's Island, New York, 50, 54, (map) 62, 63, 117; hospital on, 64; fort on, 65-66 Belgian immigrants, 54 Bell, Alexander Graham (Scottish-born inventor), 100, 104 Berkman, Alexander (Lithuanian-born anarchist), 103, 125 Berlin, Irving (Russian-born songwriter), 105, 105 Black immigrants, 28; black migrants, 150. See also African; Garvey; McKay; Wheatley Black Star shipping line, 114 Black Tom explosions, Ellis Island, 116- 118 Blackwell, Elizabeth (English-born phy- sician), 100 Boarding houses for immigrants: in Europe, 9; in America, 43, 76, 79, 79, 97, 107, 132; Lutheran Pilgrim House, 21 Boards of Special Inquiry, Ellis Island, 21-22, 22, 24, 73, 130 Boats. See Ships Bohemian (Czech) immigrants, 48, 54, 60, 84, 93, 97. See also Czech Bok, Edward (Dutch-born editor), 91 Boone, Daniel (frontiersman), 92, 93 Boring & Tilton (architects of Ellis Island), 72-73; drawing by, 72 Boston, Mass.: as a port of arrival, 43, 48, 53, 100; immigrants in, 81, 90; police strike in, 123 Bremen, Germany (port of departure), 9, 39, 94, 115 British immigrants, 27, 70, 119, 130, 144. See also English; Scottish; Welsh Brooklyn, New York: mention of, 10, 102; immigrants in, 110 Brown, Ford Madox (English artist), painting by, 57 Bry, Theodore de (Flemish engraver), prints by, 31, 33 Bryson, Bernarda (Mrs. Ben Sheha), 111; print by, 59 "Bucking Island" (Ellis Island), (map) 62, 64 Businessmen, immigrants as. See Astor; Carnegie; Knudsen; Salomon; Sarnoff C Cabin-class passengers, 9-10, 11, 12, 39, 52, (famous) 100, 125, 134; on Liver- pool, 40; tax on, 42; Barge Office for, 69-70 Caboto, Giovanni (John Cabot, Italian- English explorer), 32 Cabral, Pedro (Portuguese navigator), 31 Cabeini, Saint Frances Xavier (Italian- born nun), 60, 100, 100 Cahan, Abraham (Lithuanian-born jour- nalist), 60, 91 Calais, France (port of departure), 57 California: immigrants in, 81, 94; promo- tion of, 98-99; railroad to, 77 Calvinist immigrants, 34 Canada: Indians in, 30; exploration of, 30-32; immigrants in, 34; shipwreck off, 41 Canadian immigrants. See Pickford Cape Cod, Mass., as "Vinland," 30 Carnegie, Andrew (Scottish-born indus- trialist), 39, 100 Cartier, Jacques (French explorer), 32 Cartoons an immigration, 144-150 Castle Clinton, 44, 54, 65. See also Castle Garden; West Battery Castle Garden: as a resort, 44, 44, 46, 46-48; as an immigrant depot, 45, 47- 54, 47-54, 56, 58, (famous immigrants landing) 100-104; mention of, 38, 60, 69; as aquarium and monument, 21, 54 Castle Williams, Governor's Island, 67 Cathcart, Vera, Countess of, 149 Cather, Willa (novelist), 60 Catholic immigrants. See Roman Catholic Chaplin, Charlie (English-born actor), 107 Chicago, Ill.: immigrants going to, 21, 74; immigrants in, 80, 81, 87, 95, 105; World's Fair at (1893), 58, 105, 106 Children, immigrants as, 107 Children of immigrants: on journey, 9; at Ellis Island, 18, 22, 23, 27, 29; in America, 86-87, 89-91, 90, 91; labor done by, 83-84, 84 Chinese immigrants, 23, 54, 77-78, 82, 89, 139, 143, 149; excluded by law, 52, 78, 139 Cholera, epidemic of 1892, 70. See also Diseases Chotzinoff, Samuel (Russian-born musi- cian), 106, 106-107 Cigar Makers Union, 101 Cincinnati, Ohio, immigrants in, 81 Citizenship, American: colonial laws on, 38; forged, 74; granted to immigrants, 86, 89, 91, 100; withheld, 78, 139, 145, 149; Homestead Act clause on, 94, 149; jobs requiring, 135 Civil War, 49, 68, 77, 80-81; draft riots, 101 Cleveland, Grover (President), 52, 54, 120 Cleveland, Ohio, immigrants in, 28, 81 Clinton, George (Governor of New York), 44, 65, 65 Clothing of immigrants, briefly described, 8, 10, 14, 21, 27, 86, 91, 102, 103 Coast Guard. See United States Coleman, Samuel (painter), 55 College, immigrants at. See Schools Colonists. See Immigration: earliest Colorado, immigrants in, 94, 95 Columbus, Christopher (Italian explorer), 30-32; third voyage of, 31 Commissioners of Emigration of New York State, 42-44, 47-48, 51-53, 68-69 Commissioners of Immigration at Ellis Island, 22-24, 129. See also Corsi; Cur- ran; Fitchie; Howe; Reimer; Tod; Wallis; Watchorn; Weber; Williams Concessionaires at Ellis Island, 73-74, 75, 116; railroad, 20; food and baggage, 20; dining, 23, 73 Coney Island, New York, mention of, 12, 54 Congressional investigations: of "coffin ships" (1854), 41, 48-49; of Castle Garden (1888), 52-53; of Ellis Island site (1890), 54, 63; of Barge Office (1900), 72 Connecticut, immigrants in, 34 Constantinople, Turkey (port of depar- ture), 9, 61, 113 Contract Labor Law, 21-22, 70, 79 Convicts, immigrants as: in 1700's-1800's, 35, 38; excluded by law, 22, 42, 52; "moral turpitude" clause on, 70, 143, 149; potential, 120. See also Berkman; Goldman; Garvey; Sacco and Vanzetti Copenhagen, Denmark (port of depar- ture), 9 Coronado, Francisco (Spanish explorer), 31 Corruption. See Congressional investiga- tions; Immigrants: abusive treatment Corsi, Edward (Italian-born Commis- sioner of Ellis Island), 131, 132, 134, 135; quoted, 103 Cortes, Hernan (Spanish conquistador), 31 Costumes of immigrants. See Clothing Cravecoeur, Hector St. John (French- born author), 35 Criminals, immigrants as: 127; excluded by law, 22, 42, 70; in slums, 84, 86. See also Convicts Croker, Richard (Irish-born politician), 149 Crossing. See Transatlantic Curran, Henry (Commissioner of Ellis Island), 129 Currier, Nathaniel, and Ives, J. Merritt (lithographers), prints by, 41, 46, 50 Customs: William Dyre, collector, 64; manifests given to collectors, 41, 49; inspection, 13, 53, 69; building, 73 Czech (Bohemian) and Slovak immi- grants, 8, 26, 34, 48, 54, 60, 84, 91, 93, 97; Moravian (United Brethren), 34 D Danish immigrants, 34, 54, 123. See also Knudsen; Riis Daughters of the American Revolution, 115 Delaware, immigrants in (New Sweden), 34, 93, 103 Delmonico, Lorenzo (Swiss-born hotel- ier), 47 Deportation of immigrants, 11, 12, 18, 22-23, 24, 26, 70, 116, 123, 124-125, 131, 133; See also Berkman; Garvey; Goldman; Immigration laws; Immigra- tion statistics Depressions, financial: (1908) 24; (1893) 70; (1873) 78; (1929) 109, 130, 131-132, 134, 135 De Soto, Hernando (Spanish explorer), 31 Detention: of immigrants, 12, 18, 19, 22, 21-24, 27, 70, 71, 71, 73, 73-74, 103, 115-116, 124-125, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 138-139, 139; of enemy aliens, 118-119, 136-137; ended on Ellis Island, 139. See also Deportation Discrimination. See American attitudes Diseases: in Europe, 38, 115; on ships, 11-12, 39, 42, 49-50, 51; as cause for deportation, 12, 18, 22, 52, 70; in America, 33, 82; epidemic, 11, 41, 42, 51, 70, 115, 127; tuberculosis, 18, 82, 134; mental, 14, 18, 52, 117-118. See also Medical examinations; Mentally ill; Mortality rate Displaced Persons, 137-138, 138, 150 Doctors at Ellis Island, 14, 18, 18, 71, 117-118, 118, 126, 127, 128 Donato, Pietro di (Italian-American writer), 60 Drake, Sir Francis (English navigator), 32 Dubinsky, David (Polish-born labor leader), 58-59, 83, 112, 112-113 Dunker (German Baptist) immigrants, 34 DuPont de Nemours, Eleuthere (French- born chemist), 100 Dutch explorers, 32 Dutch immigrants, 29, 34, 54, 63-64, 97. See also Bok; Gompers; Van Loon Dyre, William (owner of Ellis Island), 64 E Eastern Orthodox immigrants, 86 East River, New York: docks on, 43; immigrants swimming across, 52; de- fense of, 65; mention of, 42, 43, 52 Educational Alliance, New York; immi- grants at, 91, 110 Einstein, Albert (German-born physi- cist), 58, 100, 104, 135 Ellis, Samuel (owner of Ellis Island), 64-66 Ellis Island: fishing on, 63-64, 67; early owners of 64-67; executions on, 64, 67-68; government purchase of, 65-67; size of, 63, 66-67, 69, 134-135; 1776 map of, 62 - fort and magazine, 50, 54, 63, 66, 67, 68 - immigrant depot: views of, 12, 126; es- tablishment of, 54, 63, 68, 135; con- struction and renovation of, 22, 23-24, 63, 69, 71, 71-73, 130, 132-134, (plan) 134-135, 139; crowding in, 11, 13-15, 19, 23-24, 73, 125, 127, 136, 139; im- migrants at, 13-24, 13-20, 22-29, 27, 70-75, 71, 73, 115, 115-119, 117-120, 124-130, 127-130, 131-139, 133, 137, 139; fire in, 70-71, 107, 118; Com- munipaw explosion at, 118; Black Tom explosion at, 116-118; famous immigrants landing at, 105-114; as "Island of Tears," 12, 131; abandon- ment of, 139-143, 140-143 - immigrant facilities, 140; baggage rooms, 20, 20, 69; Baggage & Dormi- tory Building, 23, 116, 118, 119, 126, 134, 135; dining hall, 23, 23, 69, 73, 118, 141-142; dormitories, 14, 24, 69, 71, 73, 111, 116, 117, 118, 125, 139; ferry slip, 14, 69, 71, 131; Ferry House, 134; hospitals, 12, 14, 23, 69, 71, 72- 73, 117, 118, 119, 125; Immigrant Building, 134, 135; information office, 24, 129; kitchens, 69, 73; main build- ing (first) 69, 71, (second) 13, 29, 72, 72-73, 118, 119, 130, 131, 134, 137, (proposed new) 126; Money Ex- change, 19-20, 73; Post Office, 20, 73; railroad room, 20, 73; Registry Hall (first) 69, (second) 14, 15, 16- 17, 18-19, 19, 22, 24, 73, 115, 117, 118, 119, 131, 133, 136, 137, 139, 141, 142; roof garden, 22, 23 - national monument, 140-141 Ellis Island (ferry), 20-21, 21, 23, 116, 135, 140 "Embarkation Number One" (Ellis Is- land), 119 Emigrant Hospital & Refuge, Ward's Island, 42, 52. See also Ward's Island Emigrants: defined vs. "immigrants", 54 Engineers, immigrants as. See Ericsson; Sarnoff; Sikorsky; Steinmetz; Von Karman English explorers, 32 English immigrants, 27, 32-35, 38, 43, 49, 54, 57, 93, 125-126, 143; from Sussex, 40; from Staffordshire, 56; from Corn- wall, 77. See also British Immigrants; Blackwell; Chaplin; Gompers; Morgan; Penn; Rolfe; Watchorn; White Ericsson, John (Swedish-born engineer), 100 Ericsson, Leif (Viking explorer), 30 Erie Canal, 77-78 Espionage Act, 123, 143 Ethnic societies. See Societies Europe: departure from, 7-9, 55-56, 57, 61, 106, 112, 115; life in, 7, 8, 13, 14, 27, 38, 84, 86, 87, 88, 93, 101, 102, 104, 105, 108, 111, 112. See also Im- migrants: motives; Transatlantic cross- ing Exclusion of immigrants. See Deporta- tion; Immigration laws; Immigration statistics Explorers of North America, 30-32 F Families of immigrants: separation of, 11, 18, 23, 27, 79, 86-87, 115, 125; life in America for, 88-89. See also Children; Letters; Relatives; Wives Farmers, immigrants as, 31, 32, 33, 34, 60, 80-81, 93-97, 96, 103; in Europe, 27, 28, 34, 38, 102 Fermi, Enrico (Italian-born physicist), 135 Ferries: to ships, 9; to Castle Garden, 53; to Ellis Island from docks, 13, 13; from Ellis Island to Manhattan, 19, 20-21, 21, 23, 59, 70, 86, 118; Ellis Island, 21, 21, 23, 116, 135; John G. Carlisle, 71; to railroad stations, 20 Filmore, Millard (President), 149 Film producers, immigrants as. See Chaplin; Goldwyn; Kazan; Skouras Finnish immigrants, 34, 93 Fires: on ships, 50, 39; at Castle Garden, 51, 54; on Ellis Island, 70-71, 117-118; in New York City, 82, 83, 113; prairie, 97 Fish, Hamilton (U.S. Senator), 41 Fitchie, Thomas (Commissioner at Ellis Island), 72, 75 Fiume, Yugoslavia (port of departure), 9 Flanagan, Father Edward (Irish-born social worker), 109, 109 Florida: as port of arrival (Key West), 42, 53; immigrants in, 31, 32 Food eaten by immigrants: on journey, 7-8, 20, 39, 49-50, 106, 113; at Ellis Island, 23, 73, 111, 126; in America, 33, 88, 88, 89, 91 Fort Gibson. See Ellis Island - fort Fort Wadsworth, Staten Island, 68 Fort Wood, Bedloe's Island, 50 Frankfurter, Felix (Austrian-born jurist), 106, 106 Fremstad, Olive (Swedish-American singer), 60 French explorers, 31-32 French immigrants, 32, 32, 34, 35, 54, 60, 92, 97. See also Audubon; Creve- coeur; Du Pont. French West Indian immigrants, 28 French, Philip (co-manager of Castle Garden), 44, 47 Frobisher, Sir Martin (English mariner), 32 Frontier. See West Galveston, Texas (port of arrival), 53 G Gamow, George (Russian-born physi- cist), 135 Garment workers, immigrants as, 58-59, 82-83, 84, 103. See also Dubinsky Garvey, Marcus (Jamaican-born political leader), 28, 114, 114 George III, King of England, 38 Georgia: immigrants in, 34, 35; Atlanta Penitentiary in, 114; detention camp in, 119; lynching in, 119 German Emigrant Society, 42 German immigrants, 10, 12, 20, 26, 29, 34, 35, 43, 49, 53, 54, (song) 56, 70, 77, 84, 88, 91, 93, 95, 96, 97, 119, 121, 123, 129, 134-135, 136, 137, 144, 150; Bremen newspaper for, 94; cartoon of, 148; Russian-German immigrants, 29, 97. See also Astor; Einstein; Leu- tze; Mann; Schurz; Steiner; Steinmetz; Tillich; Zenger "Gibbet Island" (Ellis Island), 64: gib- bet tree on, 66, 68 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey (English ex- plorer), 32 Glasgow, Scotland (port of departure), 9, 39, 101 Gold, immigrants' search for, 31-33, 93, 94 Goldman, Emma (Russian-born anar- chist), 103, 103-104, 124-125 Goldwyn, Samuel (Polish-born film pro- ducer), 107, 107 Gompers, Samuel (English-born labor leader), 101, 101 Governor's Island, New York, 50, 54, (map) 62; fort on, 65-67; ferries to, 69 Grant, Madison (anthropologist), 119- 120 Great Britain, immigrants from. See British; English; Scottish; Welsh Great Lakes, 77, 93 Great Plains: Indians on, 31; immigrants on, 55, 94, 97 Greek immigrants, 14, 27, 54, 61, 91, 112, 143. See also Kazan; Skouras Greenland, colonists from, 30 "Gull Island" (Ellis Island), 63 Gypsy immigrants, 14, 26 H Halifax, Nova Scotia (port of arrival), 41, 48 Hamburg, Germany (port of departure), 7-9, 12, 14, 18, 41, 48, 102, 106, 109, 115 Handlin, Oscar (historian), 100, 127 Harding, Warren (President), 127, 128 Harriot, Thomas (English colonist), 33 Harrison, Benjamin (President), 54, 135 Hawkins, Sir John (English mariner), 32 Hearings. See Boards of Special Inquiry; Congressional investigations; Deporta- tion; Detention Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, 21, 113 Heiser, Christopher (co-manager of Cas- tle Garden), 44, 47 Henry Street Settlement, New York, 90 Heriulfson, Biarni (Viking explorer), 30 Hine, Lewis W. (photographer), 27; photos by, 13, 14, 20, 24, 25, 26, 78, 79, 80, 81, 84, 86, 87, 90, 115, 128, 129 Hispaniola (Haiti): colonists on, 31 Hoboken, New Jersey: railroads in, 20; Dutch purchase of, 63; immigrants landed at, 102, 107 Hoffman Island, New York: quarantine on, 11 Holland, immigrants from. See Dutch Homestead Act, 94, 96, 149 Hoover, Herbert (President), 106, 132, 134 Hospitals: Bellevue, 71; Hoffman Island, 11; Marine, 42; New York City, 71; Swinburn Island, 11. See also Bedloe's Island; Ellis Island; Ward's Island Howe, Frederic C. (Commissioner of Ellis Island), 115-117, 124 Hudson, Henry (English explorer), 32 Hudson River, New York: docks on, 12, 43; discovery of, 32; mention of, 34, 63, 69, 73, 77 Huguenot immigrants, 32, 34 Hull House, Chicago, 90 Hungarian immigrants, 7, 8, 14, 20, 28, 54, 80, 143. See also Pulitzer; Szilard; Teller; Von Karman. Hurok, Sol (Ukrainian-born impresario), 109, 109-110 I Illinois; immigrants in, 34, 93. See also Chicago Immigrant (inspectors' boat), 10 Immigrant receiving stations, 11, 43, 47, 63. See also Castle Garden; Ellis Is- land Immigrants - abusive treatment of, 13, 39, 43, 48, 52-53, 71, 72, 73-75, 106, 116, 124-125, 128, 145, 149. See also American attitudes; Steerage - contributions by, 31, 77-84, 89, 91, 97, 100-114. See also Labor - emotional adjustment to America of, 21, 27, 79, 84, 86-90 - hardships endured by, 27, 32-33, 38-42, (song) 56, 61, 77-90, 94-97. See also Deportation; Detention; Transatlantic crossing - motives for emigrating of, 7, 25-29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 38, 43, 92, 134-135, 145; famous immigrants, 100-114 - physical appearance of, 14, 21, 27, 86. See also Clothing - In art, music, fiction, 55-61, 55-61, 110, 111, 113-114 - other aspects. See Advertising to; An- archists; Artists; Baggage of; Boarding houses for; Businessmen; Children; Citizenship; Colleges; Convicts; Crim- inals; Diseases; Engineers; Families; Farmers; Film Producers; Food of; Garment workers; Inspection; Journal- ists; Land; Language; Letters to and from; Literacy; Money; Mortality; Music; Politics; Relatives; Religion; Social workers; Wives Immigration: earliest, 30-43. 92; "intel- lectual," 100, 135; "old" vs. "new," 70, 74, 119-120, 127, 129, (cartoon)144 Immigration laws: Alien Registration Act, 136, 138; Chinese and, 78; colon- ial, 38; Contract Labor, 21-22, 70, 79; deportation under, 18, 19, 22-23, 38, 42, 52, 53, 70, 120, 123, 131, 132, 134, 135, (cartoon) 149; Displaced Persons Act, 137-138, 143; Internal Security Act, 138-139; literacy and, 120, 127, 149; manifests under, 11, 14, 49; McCarran and, 139, 143, (car- toon) 150; quotas under, 127-128, 129- 130, 135, 137, 139, 143, 149; revised (1965), 143, 149; ships and, 8, 39-40, 41-42, 48-49; stowaways and, 26; taxes and, 42, 51, 52, 53; War Brides and, 137 Immigration Restriction League, 120, 149 Immigration statistics: on arrivals, 11, 23, 24, 38, 39, 43, 44, 48, 49, 51, 52, 54, 59, 70, 73, 115, 125, 131, (Ellis Island total), 137; on deportations, 22- 23, 131; on detentions, 23, 138; and hearings, 22. See also specific nation- alities Indentured servants, 41 Independence: Declaration of, 38, 110; War of, 34, 38, 44, 63, 65, 92, 100, 123 Indians, American, 30-34, 31, 32, 55, 64, 78, 92, 93, 94, 97, 105, 149, 150; and sale of Ellis Island, 63; on Ellis Island, 142 Inspection of immigrants: in Europe, 8, 8, 23, 70, 128, 129, 130; on ships, 11, 42, 43, 49-50, 51, 52, (fraudulent) 74, 100, 119, 127, 130; at Ellis Island, 12, 14, 18-19, 21-24, 18, 19, 22, 73, 126- 127, 128, 130; at Castle Garden, 48, 51, 52-53; at Barge Office, 69, 71-72; on docks, 71, 119; cartoon of 149 International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU), 58-59, 83, 89, 113 International Workers of the World ("Wobblies"), 124 Interpreters at Ellis Island, 14, 18, 19, 19, 21, 22, 22, 74; Fiorello La Guardia as an, 19 Investigations. See Congressional Iowa, land sold to immigrants in, 97 Irish Emigrant Society, 42 Irish immigrants, 38, 40, 42, 43, 48, 49, 53, 54, 55, (song) 56, 70, 77-79, 86, 105, 121, 143, 145, 150; cartoon of 146. See also Scotch-Irish; Croker; Flanagan; Kearney; Saint-Gaudens. "Island of Tears" (Ellis Island), 12, 131 Italian explorers, 30-32 Italian immigrants, 11, 12, 13, 19-23, 20, 34, 54, 60, 70, 73, 76, 80, 81, 81, 82, 84, 86, 88, 88, 89, 91, 129, 131, 136, 143, 150. See also Cabrini; Corsi; Fermi; Sacco and Vanzetti Italian Opera Company of Havana, 44, 46 J Jackson, Andrew (President), 44 Jamaican immigrants, 28. See also Gar- vey; McKay Jamestown, Va., 33-34 James W. Wadsworth (quarantine boat), 11, 11 Japanese immigrants, 18, 136 Jefferson, Thomas (President), 93, 149 Jersey City, New Jersey: railroad station at, 20; immigrants in, 63 Jewish immigrants, 18, 21, 25, 27, 27, 28, 29, 34, 59, 60, 60, 82, 86, 88, 89, 91, 119-120, 121, 134-135, 138, 150. See also Antin; Berkman; Berlin; Bok; Cahan; Dubinsky; Einstein; Frank- furter; Goldman; Goldwyn; Gompers; Hurok; Meyerowitz; Salomon; Shahn; Yezierska Johnson, Lyndon (President), 141 Johnson, Philip (architect), 141 Journalists, 91. See also Berkman; Ca- han; Keppler; Pulitzer; Riis; Schurz K Kampf, Arthur (German painter), print by, 57 Kansas: "Gieat American Desert" of, 94; immigrants in, 97 Karlsefni, Thorfinn (Icelandic explorer), 30 Kazan, Elia (Greek-born director), 61, 113, 113-114 Kearney, Dennis (Irish-born political agitator), 78 Kennedy, John F. (Irish-American Presi- dent), 143 "Kennedy's Island" (Bedloe's Island), (map) 62 Kentucky; immigrants in, 92 Keppler, Joseph (Austrian-born pub- lisher), 91; cartoons by, 147, 148 Key West, Fla. (port of arrival), 53 "Kioshk Island" (Ellis Island), 63 Knights of Labor, 79 Know-Nothings (Native American Par- ty), 145-149 Knudsen, William S. (Danish-born in- dustrialist), 107, 107-108 Kosciusko, Thaddeus (Polish general), 38 Kossuth, Louis (Hungarian revolution- ary), 44 Ku Klux Klan, 119 L Labor: immigrants', 31, 33, 34, 48, 55, 58-59, 76, 77, 80, 81, 8V, 76-84, 89; indentured servants', 41; famous im- migrants', 100-114 Labor Exchange, Castle Garden, 47, 48, 51, 54, 76, 101, 102 Labor leaders, immigrants as. See Dubin- sky; Gompers; Murray Labor unions, 78-80, 82-83, 89, 101, 103, 108-109, 111, 112, 113, 120, 123-124, 125, 149 Labrador, Canada, explorers in, 30, 31 Lafayette, Marie, marquis de (French general), 44 La Guardia, Fiorello (Italian-American mayor of New York); at Ellis Island, 19; La Guardia Field, 137 Land: immigrants' desire for, 77, 80-81, 84; purchase of, 93-94, 96-97 Language barriers, 20, 27, 34, 76, 80, 81, 82, 88, 89, 97, 104, 120, 123, 145 Laning, Edward (painter), 55; mural by, 143 Las Casas, Bartolome de (Spanish his- torian), 31 "Latin" immigrants, 120, 149. See also Italian; Portuguese; Spanish Laws. See Immigration laws Lazarus, Emma (poet), 105, 143 Le Havre, France (port of departure), 8, 9, 18, 49 Letters: from immigrants, 20, 24, 31, 38- 40, 89; to immigrants, 7, 38, 48, 52, 88 Leutze, Emanuel (German-born painter), 55 Lewis, Allen (artist) woodcut by, 60 Lewis and Clark expedition, 93 Lewisohn Stadium, New York, 91 Liberty Island (Bedloe's Island), 63 Lilien, Ephraim Mose (Ukrainian art- ist), print by, 59 Lincoln, Nebraska: immigrants going to, 20; immigrants in, 97 Lind, Jenny (Swedish singer), 44-45, 46, 48 Literacy: of immigrants, 10, 81, 89, 102; tests, 119, 120, 125, 127, 149 Lithuanian immigrants, 91. See also Berkman; Cahan; Shahn "Little Oyster Island" (Ellis Island), 63- 65 Liverpool, England (port of departure), 9, 41 Lloyd, Thomas and Patience (owners of Ellis Island), 64 Lodge, Henry Cabot (U.S. Senator), 149 London, England: as a port of departure, 41, 106; Sunset display in, 98-99 Louisiana: immigrants in, 34, 77; Pur- chase, 93. See also New Orleans Lower East Side, New York, 61, 82-83, 85, 88, 89, 91, 105, 106, 113, 121-122 Lutheran immigrants, 34, 35, 86, 97, 123; and Lutheran Pilgrim House, 21 M McCarran, Pat (U.S. Senator), 138, 150, (cartoon) 150 McCarthy, Joseph (U.S. Senator), 138, 139, 150 McKay, Claude (Jamaican-born poet), 28 McKinley, William (President), 75 McPherson, John (U.S. Senator), 54, 68 McSweeney, Edward (Assistant Commis- sioner at Ellis Island), 75 Maine: immigrants in, 33; as port of ar- rival, 42, (Portland) 53 Manhattan: Dutch immigrants in, 34. See also New York City; Nieuw Am- sterdam Manifests, 8, 11, 14, 19, 41, 49, 75; num- ber tags for, 14, 19 Mann, Thomas (German-born writer), 135 Marriages: at Ellis Island, 21; in Amer- ica, 31, 33, 88, 89 Maryland, immigrants in, 33-34, 81, 109 Massachusetts: as "Vinland," 30; immi- grants going to, 20, 21-22; immigrants in, 33, (Fall River) 80, 92. See also Boston; New England Massachusetts Bay Colony, 33 Medical examination of immigrants: in Europe, 8, 8; on ships, 11, 42, 50, 51, 52; at Ellis Island, 14, 18, 18, 24, 118, 120, 126, 127. See also Inspection; Quarantine Mennonite immigrants, 34, 51, 97 Mentally-ill immigrants: detained and deported, 18, 22, 52; on Ellis Island, 23, 117-118, 120; in slums, 86 Meyerowitz, William (Ukrainian-born artist), etching by, 60 Military service: in Europe, 7, 29, 102, 107, 112; in America, 49, 103, (A.E.F.) 118, 121, 135 Minnesota, immigrants in, 60, 94 Missionary societies. See Societies Missouri, immigrants in, 92, 93, 94. See also St. Louis Money: brought by immigrants, 7, 10, 11, 18-22, 25, 27, 42, 76, 102, 104, 107, 113; earned by immigrants, 77-84, 88- 89, 104, 105, 107, 108, 113, (cartoon) 145; exchanges, 19-20, 48, 53, 73-74 Monroe, James (President), 44 Montez, Lola (Irish dancer), 47 Montreal, Canada (port of arrival), 100 Moravian (United Brethren) immigrants, 34 Morgan, Matthew (English-born artist), cartoon by, 144 Mormon immigrants, 94 Morse, Samuel (inventor), 145 Mortality rate of immigrants: on ships, 39-42, 49; on slave ships, 35; and Ward's Island, 52; in slums, 82; and suicides at Ellis Island, 131 Moslem (Mohammedan) immigrants, 23 Muir, John (Scottish-born naturalist), 100 Mulberry Bend, New York, 84-85 Murray, Philip (Scottish-born labor leader), 108, 108-109 Music: of immigrants, 6, 7, 10, 91, 110, 123; at Ellis Island, 116, 117; about immigrants, 56, 56, 78 Musicians, immigrants as, 100, 135. See also Berlin; Chotzinoff; Stravinsky; Zimbalist Muskie, Edmund (Polish-American U.S. Senator), 141 N Narrows, 10, 128, 129. See also New York harbor Nativists. See American attitudes Naturalization of immigrants: colonial, 38; restrictions on, 145, 149. See also Citizenship Navy. See United States Nebraska: "Great American Desert" of, 94; immigrants going to, 20, 48; immi- grants in, 60, 93, 96, 97, 109; railroads to, 77, 94, 97 NEGRO (National Economic Growth & Reconstruction Organization), 143 Netherlands, immigrants from. See Dutch New England: immigrants going to, 20, 33; immigrants in, 34, 80, 149; nativ- ists in, 120, 145 Newfoundland, Canada, exploration of, 32 New Hampshire, immigrants in, 34 New Jersey: immigrants in, 34, 58-59, 63, 93, 103; Ellis's farm in, 64; close- ness to Ellis Island, 54, (map) 62, 63, 68, 117; claim on Ellis Island, 140; Black Tom, Communipaw explosions in, 116-118; railroads in, 20, 54 "New Netherland" colony, 34 New Orleans, La.: as port of arrival, 43, 53; immigrants in, 77, 81 "New Spain" colony, 31 Newspapers. See Press "New Sweden" colony, 34, 93 New York City: immigrants going to, 20, 38, 43, 48; immigrants in, 34, 42, 55, (song) 56, (novels) 60-61, 63-64, 79, 81-91, 81-86, 88-89, 91, 121-122, 136, 138; famous immigrants in, 101, 103, 105, 106-107, 110, 113, 114; as lessor of Castle Garden, 44, 47; skyline (1907), 12. See also Barge Office; Bat- tery; Castle Garden; East River; Hud- son River; Riker's Island; Ward's Island New York City Hall, immigrants married in, 21 New York harbor, 10-11, 12, 42, 43, 44, 48, 50, 52, 54, (map) 62, 63; discov- ery of, 31-32; fortification of, 65-67; collisions of ships in, 128 New York Public Library, immigrants at, 90-91, 106 New York State: immigrants in, (Am- sterdam) 20, (Albany) 34, 78, 81, 92, 93, (Rochester) 103, (Schenectady, Yonkers) 104, (Buffalo) 108. See also New York City New York State: ownership of Ellis Island by, 65-67; control of immigra- tion by, 42, 47, 51-52, 69. See also Commissioners of Emigration New York State Barge Canal, 78 Nieuw (New) Amsterdam, 34, 63-64, 64 Norsemen. See Vikings North Carolina: immigrants in, 32-34. 33; detention camp in, 119 North Dakota: immigrants going to, 29; immigrants in, 60, 96 "North" River (Hudson River), 63, 64, 65 Norwegian explorers (Viking), 30 Norwegian immigrants, 34, 54, 60, 97, 123. See also Rockne; Rolvaag Nova Scotia, Canada: as "Vinland," 30; shipwrecks off, 32, 41 Novels about immigrants, 56, 60-61 O Ohio: immigrants in, (Youngstown) 80, 93; Ohio River Valley, 92. See also Cleveland Oklahoma: "Great American Desert" of, 94 Old Northwest, 78, 93 Omaha, Nebraska: immigrants in, 109; railroad to, 93 Orchard Street, New York, 82-83, 88, 121-122 Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, 145 Order of United Americans, 145 Oregon: explorers in, 31, 93; immigrants in, 94 "Oyster Islands" (Ellis & Bedloe's is- lands), 62, 63-65 P Paauw, Mynher Michel (owner of Ellis Island), 63 Padrone system of labor, 22, 79 Palmer, A. Mitchell (Attorney General), 124, 124 Patras, Greece (port of departure), 111 Patroon system of estates, 34, 63 Paupers, immigrants as, 22, 35, 38, 42; alleged, 120. See also Immigration laws: Deportation; Money Pavonia colony, 63 Penn, William (English-born colonist), 34 Pennsylvania, immigrants in, 34-35, 77- 78, 80, 93, 101, 108, 123, 149. See also Philadelphia; Pittsburgh Philadelphia, Pa.: immigrants in, 7, 34, 81, 110; as port of arrival, 43, 53, (song) 56, 100; railroad to, 77 Photographers of immigrants, 27. See also Hine; Riis; Sherman Pickford, Mary (Canadian-born actress), 107 Pietist immigrants, 34 "Pilgrim Fathers," 34 Piraeus, Greece (port of departure), 9 Pirates, hanged on Ellis Island, 64, 66, 68 Pitkin, Thomas M. (historian), 75, 130 Pittsburgh, Pa.: immigrants going to, 20; immigrants in, 81; railroad to, 77; Fort Pitt in, 92 Pizarro, Francisco (Spanish conquista- dor), 31 Plymouth, England (port of departure), 34 Pocahontas (American Indian), 33 Poilpot, Theophile, Jr. (French artist), painting by, 57 Police: American, 43, 52, 123, 124, 132; European, 7, 22, 112, (cartoon) 146 Polish immigrants, 11, 23, 28, 34, 51, 54, 70, 77, 79, 81, 82, 86, 91, 97, 120, 130, 138, 143, 150. See also Antin; Dubin- sky; Goldwyn; Salomon; Yezierska Politics, immigrants' participation in, 86, 103, 104, 114, 121, 124, 135, 138-139, 145, 149. See also Citizenship Polk, James Knox (President), 44 Polygamists, immigrants as, 22, 70. See also Immigration laws: deportation Ponce de Le6n, Juan (Spanish explorer), 31 Portland, Maine (port of arrival), 53 Portuguese immigrants, 31, 34, 54, 81 Potato famine in Ireland, 38, 55 Poverty of immigrants. See Money; Pau- pers; Slums Powderly, Terence V. (Commissioner- General of Immigration), 75 Prairies: immigrants on, 60, 94, 95, 96, 97; Lewis and Clark on, 93; railroad on, 77 Prejudice. See American attitudes Presbyterian immigrants, 33, 34 Press: on immigrants, 23, 27, 47, 121, 145; on Ellis Island, 68, 75, 125, 127, 138. See also American attitudes Press, foreign-language, 23, 49, 60, 86, 91, 110, 123, 147. See also Journalists, im- migrants as Prisoners-of-war on Ellis Island: in War of 1812, 67; in World War I, 118-119; in World War II, 136 Prohibition, 123, 131 Prostitutes, immigrants as, 21-22, 24, 42, 52, 116. See also Immigration laws: deportation Protestant immigrants, 32, 33, 34, 35, 51, 86, 93, 94, 97. See also Tillich Public Health Service. See United States Puerto Rican immigrants, 150 Pulaski, Casimir (Polish general), 38 Pulitzer, Joseph (Hungarian-born editor), 52, 91, 100; Pulitzer Prize, 103 Pupin, Michael I. (Serbian-born phys- icist), 102, 102-103 Puritan immigrants, 33, 34, 149 Q Quaker immigrants, 33, 34, 93. See also Pennsylvania Quarantine, 10, 11, 11, 42, 48, 50, 51, 52, 70, 74 Queenstown, Ireland (port of departure), 109 Quota system. See Immigration laws: Quota R Radicals. See Anarchists Railroads: European, 7-8, 38; American, 55, 75, 76, 77-78, 80, 94-97, 98, 108; at Castle Garden, 48, 52, 53; at Ellis Island, 20, 74-75, 116, 118, 129; sta- tions, 20, 54, 86, 93, 95 Raleigh, Sir Walter (English colonizer), 32 Redemptioners (indentured servants), 41 "Red Scare," 103, 123-125 Refugees. See Displaced persons Registry Hall. See Ellis Island Reimer, Rudolph (Commissioner of Ellis Island), 68, 135 Reinhart, Benjamin Franklin (painter), 55 Relatives and friends of immigrants, help and welcome from, 7, 20-22, 24, 27, 52, 76, 106, 113, 129 Religion in immigrants' life, 84, 86, 89, 90, 103. See also Jewish; Moslem; Protestant; Roman Catholic Religious persecution: of Jews, 21, 27, 34, 82, 105, 119, 134, 150; of Protes- tants, 33, 34, 35; of Roman Catholics, 33, 145, 150. See also Ku Klux Klan Remington, Frederic (painter), 55 Restrictions, restrictionists. See Amer- ican attitudes; Immigration laws Revolution: American, 34, 38, 44, 62, 65, 92; French (Reign of Terror), 35; German (1848), 43, 135; Hungarian (1848), 44; Industrial, 38; Russian (1905), 26, 28. See also "Red Scare" Rhode Island: immigrants going to, 21; immigrants in, 34 Riis, Jacob A. (Danish-born reformer), 81, 101, 101-102; photos by, 85, 91 Riker's Island, New York, 136 Riots: anarchist, 103; anti-Chinese, 78; Civil War draft, 101; Ellis Island, 127, 128; race, 114, 119, 123; Ward's Is- land, 52 Roanoke Island, North Carolina, 32-33, 33 Rochambeau, Jean B., comte de (French general), 38 Rockne, Knute (Norwegian-born athlete), 105, 105-106 Rocky Mountains, 55 Rolfe, John (English-born colonist, 33 Rolvaag, Ole (Norwegian-born writer), 60 Roman Catholic immigrants, 10, 33, 86, 90, 119, 138, 145, (cartoon) 146, 149, 150; Franciscans, 31. See also Cabrini; Flanagan Roosevelt, Franklin (President), 106, 108, 113, 136 Roosevelt, Theodore (President), 75, 102 Roosevelt, New Jersey, 58-59, 111 Rotterdam, Netherlands (port of depar- ture), 9 Rumanian immigrants, 14, 28 "Runners" (thieves), 43, 43, 48, 52, 71 Russian-German immigrants, 29, 97 Russian immigrants, 7-8, 14, 21, 25, 26, 28, 29, 50-51, 51, 54, 70, 82, 88, 89, 96, 97, 124-125, 130, 150. See also Jewish; Lithuanian; Polish; Ruthenian; Ukrai- nian; Berlin; Chotzinoff; Gamow; Goldman; Stravinsky; Waksman; Zim- balist Ruthenian immigrants, 19 S Sacco, Nicola, and Bartolomeo Vanzetti (Italian-born political activists), 111 Sailing ships. See Ships, sailing Sailors: as stowaways, 26; early, 30-31; taxed, 42; hanged on Ellis Island, 64, 66, 68; detained in war, 118-119, 136; hospitalized, 125; screened, 139. See also United States: Coast Guard; United States: Navy Saint Augustine, Florida: immigrants in, 31-32 Saint-Gardens, Augustus (Irish-born sculptor), 100 Saint Lawrence River, Quebec: discov- ery of, 32 Saint Louis, Missouri: immigrants going to, 95; immigrants in, 81, 111-112, 147 Salomon, Haym (Polish-born financier), 100 Salzburg, Austria: immigrants from, 35 San Francisco, Calif.: immigrants in, 31, 78; as port of arrival, 53, 94 Sarnoff, David (Russian-born broad- caster), 100, 100, 107 Scandinavian immigrants, 23, 43, 70, 77, 91, 94, 96, 119, 144. See also Danish; Norwegian; Swedish; Viking Schools: immigrant children in, 89, 90- 91, 91; evening classes, 7, 91, 103, 107, 110-111; colleges, 91, 103, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110-111 Schurz, Carl (German-born political leader), 43, 91, 100 Scientists, immigrants as, 100, 135. See also Agassiz; Audubon; DuPont; Ein- stein; Fermi; Gamow; Muir; Pupin; Szilard; Teller; Waksman; Engineers Scotch-Irish immigrants, 34, 93, 149 Scottish immigrants, 27, 34, 54, 132. See also Carnegie; Muir; Murray; Tod Serbian immigrants, 14, 26. See also Pupin Settlement houses, 90 Settlers. See Immigration: earliest; West Shahn, Ben (Lithuanian-born artist), 58, 59, 110, 110-111; mural by, 58-59 Sherman, Augustus F. (Chief Clerk at Ellis Island), 12, 27, 118; photos by, 10, 12, 16-17, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 103, 117 Shipping lines, 8, 11, 19, 23, 43, 51-52, 69, 70, 74-75, 115, 116, 127-128, 129; Black Star, 114; French, 7-8, 57; Hamburg-American, 8, 14, 102; Pru- dential-Grace, 112; Red Star, 74, 112; White Star, 41, 109 Ships, sailing, 30-33, 30, 31, 33, 38-41, 43, 49-50, 49, 50, 94; Ambrosia, 43; Atalanta, 49; Braganza, 68; City of London, 49, 101; Discovery, 33; Gloria, 36-37; Godspeed, 33; Half Moon, 32; Howard, 41; Keying, 55; Kossuth, 42; Leibnitz, 49; Mayflower, 34; Niia, Pinta, Santa Maria, 30; Susan Con- stant, 33; Vineyard, 68; William Nel- son, 50; Wiscasset, 39 Ships, steam, 6, 7, 7, 9-13, 40, 49, 50; Atlantic, 41; Bellona, 68; Bohemia, 53; Buford, 103-104, 125, 125; Celtic, 109; Champagne, 104; General Black, 138; Graf Waldersee, 109; Iowa, 101; Italy, 51; Kaiser Wilhelm I1, 73; Korona, 28; Lapland, 112; Liverpool, 40, 40; Lusi- tania, 115; Marsala, 106; Narragansett, 71; Norge, 107; Normandie, 57; Olym- pic, 127; Pretoria, 29; La Provence, 7; Saint Paul, 106; State of Indiana, 53; Themistocles, 111; Umbria, 73; Vic- toria, 51, 73; Vincenzo Floria, 73; Westernland, 74; Westphalia, 102 Shipwrecks, 32, 39, 41 Sikorsky, Igor (Ukrainian-born engi- neer), 100, 100 Skouras, Spyros P. (Greek-born film ducer), 111, 111-112; Charles Skour- as, George Skouras, 111 Slaves: American Indian, 31; African, 31, 36-37, 40, 41. See also Wheatley Slavic immigrants, 14, 79, 79, 80, 120, 149. See also Czech; Polish; Russian; Ukrainian Slums, immigrants in, 81-84, 87-88, 84, 85-86, 87, 90, 101, 102 Social workers, immigrants as. See Ca- brini; Corsi; Flanagan; Riis; Steiner Societies, immigrant-aid, 10, 19, 21, 42- 43, 106, 135, 138; missionaries of, 53 Society for the Protection of Italian Im- migrants, 19 Songs about immigrants, 56, 56, 78 Southampton, England (port of depar- ture), 9 South Carolina; immigrants in, 34 South Dakota: immigrants going to, 93; immigrants in, 60, 96 Spanish explorers, 30-31, 31 Spanish immigrants, 30-32, 34, 54, 119 Spellman, Francis (Cardinal), 138 Staten Island, New York, 10, 11, 42, 50, 63, 68 Statistics of arrivals, departures. See Im- migration statistics Statue of Liberty, 10, 12, 54, 59, 112, 128, 141, 143 Steamships. See Ships, steam Steerage, 6, 7, 9-12, 39, 39-41, 49-51, 57, 74, 74; definition of, 40; famous immigrants in, 100-114 Steiner, Edward (German-born reform- er), 73-74 Steinmetz, Charles Proteus (German- born engineer), 58, 104, 104-105 Steuben, Friederich, Baron von (Prus- sian general), 38 Story, Enoch and Mary (owners of Ellis Island) 64 Stowaways at Ellis Island, 26, 26, 131 Stravinsky, Igor (Russian-born com- poser), 100 Strikes: coal, 78-79, 108; garment, 82, 112; steel, 109, 123, 123. See also Labor unions Sunset magazine, 98-99 Sweatshops, 83, 84 Swedish immigrants, 21-22, 34, 43, 54, 58, 60, 77, 93, 97, 105, 123. See also Ericsson Swinburn Island, New York: quarantine on, 11 Swiss immigrants, 54, 102, 103. See also Agassiz; Delmonico Syrian immigrants, 89 Szilard, Leo (Hungarian-born physi- cist), 135 T Taft, William Howard (President), 120 Tammany Hall, 149 Taxes on immigrants, 42, 51-53, 138 Teller, Edward (Hungarian-born physi- cist), 135 Tenements, 86, 87, 102; design of, 81-82; work in, 83-84, 84; Tenement House Commission on, 81. See also Slums Texas: as port of arrival (Galveston), 53; land sold to immigrants in, 94 Tillich, Paul (German-born theologian), 135 Tocqueville, Alexis de (French writer), 25 Tod, Robert E. (Scottish-born Commis- sioner of Ellis Island), 128, 129 Tompkins, Daniel (Governor of New York), 67-68 Trains: "emigrant," 7-8, 93, 94-95, 95, 97; "Deportation Special," 131. See also Railroads Transatlantic crossing: by ship, 6, 7, 9-10, 27, 30-31, (slaves) 36-37, 39, 38-42, 49, 49-51, 74, 102, 106, 109, 113, 128, 135; by air, 137. See also Shipping lines; Ships Transcontinental railroad, 77-78, 94, 97; "Deportation Special," 131 Triangle Waist Co., fire, 83, 113 Truman, Harry (President), 137-138, 143 Turkish immigrants, 27, 54, 61, 144 'Tween-decks, 36-37, 39, 40. See also Steerage Tyler, John (President), 44 U Udall, Stewart (Secretary of Interior), 141 Ukrainian immigrants, 8, 117. See also Hurok; Meyerowitz; Sikorsky Ulrich, Charles F. (German-American artist); painting by, 58 Union of Russian Peasant Workers of America, 124 Unions, labor. See Labor unions United Kingdom, immigrants from. See British; Irish United Mine Workers, 80, 108 United States: Army, use of Ellis Island, 66-68, 118-119; Budget Bureau, 135; Coast Guard, 131, 135, 137, 143; Com- merce & Labor Dept., 10, 22; Federal Bureau of Investigation, 136; General Services Administration, 139-140, 141; House Committee on Un-American Activities, 138; Immigration Bureau, 54, 70, 72, 75; Immigration Service, 119, 130, 132, 139; Immigration & Naturalization Service, 136, 137; Jus- tice Dept., 119, 138; Labor Dept., 101, 124, 128, 129, 130, 132, 138; National Park Service, 32, 137, 141; Navy, use of Ellis Island, 54, 67-68, 119; Public Health Service, 11, 14, 50, 118, 128, 130; Senate Appropria- tions Committee, 139; Treasury Dept., 52-54, 63, 69-70, 138; War Dept., 65, 67, 68, 109, 118; Works Progress Ad- ministration, 56, 134 United Steel Workers, 108-109 Universal Negro Improvement Associa- tion, 114 Utah: Mormons going to, 94; railroad to, 77-78 V Vanderbilt, Cornelius (railroad mag- nate), 47 Van Loon, Hendrik (Dutch-born writer), 100 Verrazano, Giovanni de (Italian ex- plorer), 31-32 Vespucci, Amerigo (Italian navigator), 31 Viking explorers and colonizers, 30 Vincent, Charles (French engineer), 65 "Vinland," 30 Virginia: immigrants in, 32-33, 33, 92; railroad to, 74 Visitors to United States: inspected on ships, 11; detained, deported, 131, 138, (sailors) 139; excluded, 149 Von Karman, Theodore (Hungarian- born engineer), 135 W Wadsworth, Major Decius (Army en- gineer), 66-67 Wagon trains, 55, 92, 94; Conestoga wagons, 93 Waksman, Selman (Russian-born micro- biologist), 100 Wallis, Frederick (Commissioner of Ellis Island), 126, 127, 128 War: as cause of emigration, 57, (car- toon) 147; Civil, 49, 68, 77, 80-81; Napoleonic, 38, 44; Russo-Japanese, 26; Spanish-American, 75; Spanish Civil, 104; Thirty Years, 33; Vietnam, 143; of 1812, 44, 66-68; of Indepen- dence, 34, 38, 44, 63, 65, 92, 100, 123; World War I, 24, 101, 103, 115-123, 149; World War II, 57, 100, 108, 112, 134-137, 138 War brides, 137. See also Immigration laws Ward's Island, New York, 42, 47-48, 51-52, 68 Washington, George (President), 145 Washington state: immigrants in, 97, (Seattle), 124 Watchorn, Robert (English-born Com- missioner of Ellis Island), 23-24 Waugh, Samuel Bell (artist): panorama of Battery by, 55 Weber, Col. John B. (Commissioner of Ellis Island), 70 Webster, Daniel (orator), 94 Weidman, Jerome (novelist), 61 Welsh immigrants, 27, 34, 54, 77 West, American, 55, 80, 92-97, 92-99; promotion of, 98-99 West Battery, 44, 65, 67. See also Castle Clinton Westervelt family (owners of Ellis Is- land), 65 West Indian immigrants, 28. See also Garvey Wheatley, Phillis (African-born poet), 100 White, John (English-born colonist), 32; drawing by, 33 Williams, Col. Jonathan (Army engi- neer), 67, 69 Williams, William (Commissioner of Ellis Island), 14, 26, 75 Wilson, Woodrow (President), 115, 120, 127, 128 Wisconsin; immigrants in, 93-94 Wives of immigrants, 7, 8, 11, 19, 21-22, 86, 87, 87-89; separated, 79, 86; labor done by, 79, 82-84, 84; See also Chil- dren; Families Wright, Frank Lloyd (architect), 140 Writers, immigrants as, 60-61, 100, 135. See also Crevecoeur; Goldman; Mann; Pupin; Van Loon; Wheatley; Yexiersa "Yellow Peril," 149. See also Chinese Y Yezierska, Anzia (Polish-born writer), 61 Yugoslavian immigrants, 26. See also Serbian Z Zenger, John Peter (German-born prin- ter), 100 Zimbalist, Efrem (Russian-born violin- ist), 107 160
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