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Toxic Substances Hydrology Program

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Crude Oil Contamination in a Shallow Outwash Aquifer — Bemidji, Minnesota

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A

Aiken, G., 1996,
Studies of the molecular size of dissolved organic carbon fractions downgradient from the oil body at Bemidji, Minnesota, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015, v. 2, p. 641-646.
Aiken, G.R., Capel, P.D., Furlong, E.T., Hult, M.F., and Thorn, K.A., 1991,
Mechanisms controlling the transport of organic chemicals in subsurface environments, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 633-637.
Aiken, G.R., and Thorn, K.A., 1989,
Variability in the chemistry of nonvolatile organic acids downgradient from the oil body at Bemidji, Minnesota, in Mallard, G.E., and Ragone, S.E., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, September 26-30, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4220, p. 35-40.
Aiken, G.R., Thorn, K.A., and Brooks, M.H., 1987,
Nonvolatile organic acids in ground water contaminated with crude oil, in Franks, B.J., ed., U.S. Geological Survey Program on Toxic Waste--Ground-Water Contamination--Proceedings of the third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-109, p. C-31-C-32.
Amos, R.T., 2006,
Integrated investigation of natural attenuation in a petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated aquifer: Vancouver, BC, Canada, University of British Columbia, Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Ph.D. thesis.
Amos, R.T., and Mayer, K.U., 2006,
Investigating ebullition in a sand column using dissolved gas analysis and reactive transport modeling: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 40, p. 5361-5367, doi:10.1021/es0602501.
Amos, R.T., and Mayer, K.U., 2006,
Investigating the role of gas bubble formation and entrapment in contaminated aquifers--Reactive transport modeling: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 87, p. 123-154, doi:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2006.04.008.
Amos, R.T., Mayer, K.U., Bekins, B.A., Delin, G.N., and Williams, R.L., 2005,
Use of dissolved and vapor-phase gases to investigate methanogenic degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in the subsurface: Water Resources Research, v. 41, no. 2, W02001, doi:10.1029/2004WR003433.
Anderson, R.T., and Lovley, D.R., 2000,
Hexadecane decay by methanogenesis: Nature, v. 404, p. 722-723.
Anderson, R.T., Rooney-Varga, J.N., Gaw, C.V., and Lovley, D.R., 1999,
Aromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbon degradation under Fe(III)-reducing conditions, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 3 of 3--Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018C, p. 177-186.
Anderson, R.T., Rooney-Varga, J.N., Gaw, C.V., and Lovley, D.R., 1998,
Anaerobic benzene degradation in the Fe(III) reduction zone of petroleum-contaminated aquifers: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 32, no. 9, p. 1222-1229, doi:10.1021/es9704949.
Appenzeller, T., 1992,
Deep-living microbes mount a relentless attack on rock: Science, v. 258, p. 222.

B

Baedecker, M.J., Back, W., and Cravotta III, C.A., 1994,
Consequences of energy use on water, in Carter, L.M.H., ed., Tenth V.E. McKelvey Forum, Energy and the Environment - Application of geosciences to decision making: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1108, p. 34-36.
Baedecker, M.J., and Cozzarelli, I.M., 1994,
Biogeochemical processes and migration of aqueous constituents in ground water contaminated with crude oil, in Dutton, A.R., ed., Toxic Substances and the Hydrologic Sciences--Proceedings of the conference, Austin, Texas, April 10-13, 1994: Minneapolis, Minn., American Institute of Hydrology, p. 69-79.
Baedecker, M.J., and Cozzarelli, I.M., 1992,
The determination and fate of unstable constituents of contaminated groundwater, in Lesage, S., and Jackson, R.E., eds., Groundwater contamination and analysis at hazardous waste sites: New York, Marcel Dekker, Inc., p. 425-462.
Baedecker, M.J., and Cozzarelli, I.M., 1991,
Geochemical modeling of organic degradation reactions in an aquifer contaminated with crude oil, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 627-632.
Baedecker, M.J., Cozzarelli, I.M., Bennett, P.C., Eganhouse, R.P., and Hult, M.F., 1996,
Evolution of the contaminant plume in an aquifer contaminated with crude oil, Bemidji, Minnesota, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015, v. 2, p. 613-620.
Baedecker, M.J., Cozzarelli, I.M., Evans, J.R., and Hearn, P.P., 1992,
Authigenic mineral formation in aquifers rich in organic material, in Kharaka, Y.K., and Maest, A.S., eds., Low temperature environments, v. 1 of Water-rock interaction--Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction--WRI-7, Park City, Utah, July 13-18, 1992: Rotterdam, A.A. Balkema, p. 257-261.
Baedecker, M.J., Cozzarelli, I.M., and Hopple, J.A., 1987,
The composition and fate of hydrocarbons in a shallow glacial-outwash aquifer, in Franks, B.J., ed., U.S. Geological Survey Program on Toxic Waste--Ground-Water Contamination--Proceedings of the third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-109, p. C-23-C-24.
Baedecker, M.J., Cozzarelli, I.M., Siegel, D.I., Bennett, P.C., and Eganhouse, R.P., 1993,
Crude oil in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer--III, Biogeochemical reactions and mass balance modeling in anoxic ground water: Applied Geochemistry, v. 8, no. 6, p. 569-586, doi:10.1016/0883-2927(93)90012-6.
Baedecker, M.J., and Eganhouse, R.P., 1991,
Partitioning and transport of hydrocarbons from crude oil in a sand and gravel aquifer, in Preprints of Papers Presented at the 201st ACA National Meeting, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Atlanta, Georgia, April 14-19, 1991: Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society, v. 31, no. 1, p. 463-466.
Baedecker, M.J., Eganhouse, R.P., and Lindsay, S.S., 1984,
Organic geochemistry of crude-oil contaminants--Preliminary results and project plan, in Hult, M.F., ed., Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site--U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Waste--Ground-Water Contamination Study--Papers presented at the toxic-waste technical meeting, Tucson, Arizona, March 20-22, 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4188, chap. E, p. 65-79.
Baedecker, M.J., Siegel, D.I., Bennett, P.C., and Cozzarelli, I.M., 1989,
The fate and effects of crude oil in a shallow aquifer--I, The distribution of chemical species and geochemical facies, in Mallard, G.E., and Ragone, S.E., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, September 26-30, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4220, p. 13-20.
Baehr, A.L., and Hult, M.F., 1991,
Evaluation of unsaturated zone air permeability through pneumatic tests: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 10, p. 2605-2617, 91WR01655, doi:10.1029/91WR01655.
Baehr, A.L., and Hult, M.F., 1989,
Determination of the air-phase permeability tensor of an unsaturated zone at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site, in Mallard, G.E., and Ragone, S.E., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, September 26-30, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4220, p. 55-62.
Baehr, A.L., and Hult, M.F., 1987,
Mathematical modeling of hydrocarbon and oxygen transport coupled with microbial degradation in the unsaturated zone, in Franks, B.J., ed., U.S. Geological Survey Program on Toxic Waste--Ground-Water Contamination--Proceedings of the third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-109, p. C-27-C-28.
Bekins, B., Rittmann, B.E., and MacDonald, J.A., 2001,
Natural attenuation strategy for groundwater cleanup focuses on demonstrating cause and effect: Eos, v. 82, no. 5, p. 53, 57-58.
Bekins, B.A., 2003,
2004 Birdsall Dreiss Lecturer Announced: GSA Today, v. 13, no. 8, p. 26.
Bekins, B.A., 2000,
Groundwater and microbial processes theme issue - Guest editor's preface: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 8, no. 1, p. 2-3, doi:10.1007/s100400050002.
Bekins, B.A., Cozzarelli, I.M., and Curtis, G.P., 2005,
A simple method for calculating growth rates of petroleum hydrocarbon plumes: Ground Water, v. 0, no. 0, doi:10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00093.x.
Bekins, B.A., Cozzarelli, I.M., Godsy, E.M., Warren, E., Essaid, H.I., and Tuccillo, M.E., 2001,
Progression of natural attenuation processes at a crude oil spill site--II, Controls on spatial distribution of microbial populations: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 53, no. 3-4, p. 387-406, doi:10.1016/S0169-7722(01)00175-9.
Bekins, B.A., Cozzarelli, I.M., Godsy, E.M., Warren, E.M., Tuccillo, M.E., Essaid, H.I., and Paganelli, V.V., 1999,
Chemical and physical controls on microbial populations in the Bemidji Toxics Site crude-oil plume, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 3 of 3--Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018C, p. 133-142.
Bekins, B.A., Cozzarelli, I.M., Warren, E., and Godsy, E.M., 2002,
Microbial ecology of a crude-oil contaminated aquifer, in Thornton, S.F., and Oswald, S.E., eds., Natural and Enhanced Restoration of Groundwater Pollution: International Association of Hydrological Sciences IAHS Red Book Series 275, p. 57-63.
Bekins, B.A., Godsy, E.M., and Warren, E., 1999,
Distribution of microbial physiologic types in an aquifer contaminated by crude oil: Microbial Ecology, v. 37, no. 4, p. 263-275, doi:10.1007/s002489900149.
Bekins, B.A., Hostettler, F.D., Herkelrath, W.N., Delin, G.N., Warren, E., and Essaid, H.I., 2005,
Progression of methanogenic degradation of crude oil in the subsurface: Environmental Geosciences, v. 12, no. 2, p. 139-152, doi:10.1306/eg.11160404036.
Bennett, P.C., 1991,
The chemistry of silica-organic complexation in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 638-640.
Bennett, P.C., 1991,
Quartz dissolution in organic-rich aqueous systems: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, no. 7, p. 1781-1797, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(91)90023-X.
Bennett, P.C., 1989,
Silica mobility in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer, in Mallard, G.E., and Ragone, S.E., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, September 26-30, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4220, p. 5-11.
Bennett, P.C., 1987,
Solid phase studies of aquifer sediments, Bemidji, Minnesota, research site, in Franks, B.J., ed., U.S. Geological Survey Program on Toxic Waste--Ground-Water Contamination--Proceedings of the third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-109, p. C-21-C-22.
Bennett, P.C., 1985,
Solid phase studies of quartz and aluminosilicates in an aquifer contaminated by crude petroleum: Syracuse, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, unpublished M.S. thesis, 110 p.
Bennett, P.C., and Hiebert, F.K., 1996,
Investigations of microbial weathering of minerals, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015, v. 2, p. 671-677.
Bennett, P.C., and Hiebert, F.K., 1992,
Microbial mediation of silicate diagenesis in organic-rich waters, in Kharaka, Y.K., and Maest, A.S., eds., Low temperature environments, v. 1 of Water-rock interaction--Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction--WRI--7, Park City Utah, July 13-18, 1992: Rotterdam, A.A. Balkema, p. 267-270.
Bennett, P.C., Hiebert, F.K., and Choi, W.J., 1997,
Rates of microbial weathering of silicates in ground water: Chemical Geology, v. 132, no. 1, p. 45-53.
Bennett, P.C., Hiebert, F.K., and Rogers, J.R., 2000,
Microbial control of mineral-water equilibria--Macroscale to microscale: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 8, no. 1, p. 47-62, doi:10.1007/s100400050007.
Bennett, P.C., Melcer, M., Siegel, D.I., and Hassett, J., 1988,
The dissolution and solubility of quartz in dilute aqueous solution of organic acids at 25°C: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 52, no. 6, p. 1,521-1,530, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(88)90222-0.
Bennett, P.C., Rogers, J.R., and Hiebert, F.K., 1999,
Microbial weathering of silicates--a strategy for releasing essential nutrients from rocks, in International Symposium on Environmental Biogeochemistry.
Bennett, P.C., Rogers, J.R., Hiebert, F.K., and Choi, W.J., 1999,
Mineralogy and mineral weathering--Fundamental components of subsurface microbial ecology, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 3 of 3--Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018C, p. 169-176.
Bennett, P.C., and Siegel, D.I., 1989,
Silica-organic complexes and enhanced quartz dissolution in water by organic acids, in Miles, D.L., ed., Water-Rock Interaction--WRI-6--Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction, Malvern, England, August 3-8, 1989: Rotterdam, A.A. Balkema, p. 69-72.
Bennett, P.C., and Siegel, D.I., 1987,
Increased solubility of quartz in water by organic compounds: Nature, v. 326, p. 684-687.
Bennett, P.C., Siegel, D.I., Baedecker, M.J., and Hult, M.F., 1993,
Crude oil in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer--I, Hydrogeology and inorganic geochemistry: Applied Geochemistry, v. 8, no. 6, p. 529-549, doi:10.1016/0883-2927(93)90012-6.
Bennett, P.C., Siegel, D.I., Hill, B., and Glaser, P., 1991,
The fate of silicate minerals in a peat bog: Geology, v. 19, p. 328-331.
Berndt, M.P., 1987,
Metal partitioning in a sand and gravel aquifer contaminated by petroleum: Syracuse, N.Y., Syracuse University, unpublished M.S. thesis, 57 p.
Berndt, M.P., 1987,
Metal partitioning in aquifer sediments, Bemidji, Minnesota, research site, in Franks, B.J., ed., U.S. Geological Survey Program on Toxic Waste--Ground-Water Contamination--Proceedings of the third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-109, p. C-17-C-19.
Bilir, S.I., 1992,
Hydrogeologic characterization of a glacial aquifer contaminated by crude oil near Bemidji, Minnesota: University of Texas at Austin, unpublished M.A thesis, 223 p.
Bisdorf, R.J., 1999,
Electrical geophysics at the Bemidji Research Site, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 3 of 3--Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018C, p. 187-193.
Burton, B.L., Olhoeft, G.R., and Powers, M.H., 2004,
Frequency spectral analysis of GPR data over a crude oil spill, in Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar, Delft, The Netherlands, June 21-24, 2004: Delft University of Technology, p. 267-270.

C

Chang, F.H., Bullert, J., and Denzin, B., 1990,
Effect of environmental parameters on biodegradation of crude oil and model hydrocarbon in groundwater environment, in Flierman, C.B., and Hazen, T.C., eds., Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Microbiology of the Deep Subsurface, Orlando, Fla., January 15-18, 1990: p. 7-53-7-65.
Chang, F.H., and Ehrlich, G., 1984,
Microbial reconnaissance at the site of a petroleum spill near Bemidji, Minnesota--Preliminary results and project plan, in Hult, M.F., ed., Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site--U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Waste--Ground-Water Contamination Study--Papers presented at the toxic-waste technical meeting, Tucson, Arizona, March 20-22, 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4188, chap. H, p. 97-107.
Chang, F.H., Hult, M., and Noben, N.N., 1987,
Quantitative studies of biodegradation of petroleum and some model hydrocarbons in ground water and sediment environments, in Fairchild, D.M., ed., National Conference on Ground-Water Quality and Agricultural Practices--Proceedings of Ground-Water Quality and Agricultural Practices, Norman Okla., May 1-2, 1986: Chelsea, Mich., Lewis Publishers, p. 295-318.
Chang, F.H., Noben, N.N., Brand, D., and Hult, M.F., 1988,
Microbial degradation of crude oil and some model hydrocarbons, in Ragone, S.E., ed., U.S. Geological Survey Program on Toxic Waste--Ground-Water Contamination--Proceedings of the second technical meeting, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 21-25, 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-481, p. C-33-C-42.
Chang, F.H., Noben, N.N., and Bullert, J.A., 1987,
Microbial degradation of petroleum in subsurface environments, Bemidji, Minnesota, research site, in Franks, B.J., ed., U.S. Geological Survey Program on Toxic Waste--Ground-Water Contamination--Proceedings of the third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-109, p. C-35-C-39.
Chang, F.H., Wang, H., Denzin, B., and Buller, J., 1991,
Kinetics of crude-oil biodegradation by bacteria indigenous to sediment and ground water, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 646-649.
Chapelle, F.H., 1999,
Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated ground water--The perspectives of history and hydrogeology: Ground Water, v. 37, no. 1, p. 122-132, doi:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb00965.x.
Chaplin, B.P., Delin, G.N., Lahvis, M.A., and Baker, R., 2002,
Long term evolution of biodegradation and volatilization rates in a crude-oil-contaminated aquifer: Bioremediation Journal, v. 6, no. 3, p. 237-255.
Chiou, C.T., and Kile, D.E., 2000,
Contaminant sorption by soil and bed sediment--Is there a difference?: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 087-00, 4 p.
Coontz, R.J., 1990,
Simulation of groundwater flow at the Bemidji, Minnesota crude-oil spill site, and implications for advective transport of dissolved contaminants: Stanford, Calif., Stanford University, M.S. thesis, 80 p.
Cozzarelli, I.M., Baedecker, M.J., Aiken, G., and Phinney, C., 1996,
Small-scale chemical heterogeneities in a crude-oil-contaminated aquifer, Bemidji, Minnesota, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015, v. 2, p. 647-652.
Cozzarelli, I.M., Baedecker, M.J., Eganhouse, R.P., and Goerlitz, D.F., 1994,
The geochemical evolution of low-molecular-weight organic acids derived from the degradation of petroleum contaminants in groundwater: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 2, p. 863-877, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(94)90511-8.
Cozzarelli, I.M., Baedecker, M.J., Eganhouse, R.P., Tuccillo, M.E., Bekins, B.A., Aiken, G.R., and Jaeschke, J.B., 1999,
Long-term geochemical evolution of a crude-oil plume at Bemidji, Minnesota, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 3 of 3--Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018C, p. 123-132.
Cozzarelli, I.M., and Baehr, A.L., 2003,
Volatile fuel hydrocarbons and MTBE in the environment (chapter 12), in Lollar, B.S., ed., Treatise on Geochemistry: Elsevier, v. 9 of 10 volumes, p. 433-474, ISBN:9780080437514.
Cozzarelli, I.M., Bekins, B.A., Baedecker, M.J., Aiken, G.R., Eganhouse, R.P., and Tuccillo, M.E., 2001,
Progression of natural attenuation processes at a crude-oil spill site--I, Geochemical evolution of the plume: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 53, no. 3-4, p. 369-385, doi:10.1016/S0169-7722(01)00174-7.
Cozzarelli, I.M., Eganhouse, R.P., and Baedecker, M.J., 1990,
Transformation of monoaromatic hydrocarbons to organic acids in anoxic ground-water environment: Environmental Geology and Water Science, v. 16, no. 2, p. 135-141.
Cozzarelli, I.M., Eganhouse, R.P., and Baedecker, M.J., 1989,
The fate and effects of crude oil in a shallow aquifer--II, Evidence of anaerobic degradation of monoaromatic hydrocarbons, in Mallard, G.E., and Ragone, S.E., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, September 26-30, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4220, p. 21-33.
Curtis, G.P., 2003,
Comparison of approaches for simulating reactive solute transport involving organic degradation reactions by multiple terminal electron acceptors: Computers and Geosciences, v. 29, no. 3, p. 319-329, doi:10.1016/S0098-3004(03)00008-6.
Curtis, G.P., Cozzarelli, I.M., Baedecker, M.J., and Bekins, B.A., 1999,
Coupled biogeochemical modeling of ground water contamination at the Bemidji, Minnesota, crude oil spill site, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 3 of 3--Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018C, p. 153-158.

D

Delin, G.N., Essaid, H.I., Cozzarelli, I.M., Lahvis, M.H., and Bekins, B.A., 1998,
Ground water contamination by crude oil near Bemidji, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS-084-98, 4 p.
Delin, G.N., and Herkelrath, W.N., 2005,
Use of soil moisture probes to estimate ground water recharge at an oil spill site: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 41, no. 6, p. 1259-1277, doi:10.1111/j.1752-1688.2005.tb03799.x.
Delin, G.N., and Herkelrath, W.N., 1999,
Long-term monitoring of unsaturated-zone properties to estimate recharge at the Bemidji crude-oil spill site, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 3 of 3--Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018C, p. 143-151.
Delin, G.N., and Risser, D.W., 2007,
Ground-water recharge in humid areas of the United States--A summary of Ground-Water Resources Program studies, 2003-2006: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2007-3007, 4 p.
Dillard, L.A., 1998,
Investigating the physics of dissolution of nonaqueous phase liquids--simulation from pore network to field scale: Stanford, Calif., Stanford University, Ph.D. Thesis, 178 p.
Dillard, L.A., 1993,
Multiphase flow modeling of a crude-oil spill site using geostatistical simulation of soil hydraulic properties: Stanford, Calif., Stanford University, M.S. thesis, 115 p.
Dillard, L.A., and Blunt, M.J., 2000,
Development of a pore network simulation model to study nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 2, p. 439-454, 1999WR900301, doi:10.1029/1999WR900301.
Dillard, L.A., Essaid, H.I., and Blunt, M.J., 2001,
A functional relation for field-scale nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution developed using a pore network model: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 48, no. 1-2, p. 89-119, doi:10.1016/S0169-7722(00)00171-6.
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Mass transfer at the alkane-water interface in laboratory columns of porous media, in Ragone, S.E., ed., U.S. Geological Survey Program on Toxic Waste--Ground-Water Contamination--Proceedings of the second technical meeting, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 21-25, 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-481, p. C-29-C-32.
Phinney, C.S., and Cozzarelli, I.M., 1992,
A comparison of analytical techniques for measurement of volatile hydrocarbons in ground water, in Proceedings of the 40th American Society of Mass Spectrometry Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, Washington, D.C., May 31-June 5, 1992: American Society of Mass Spectrometry, p. 659-660.
Piatt, J.J., Eisenriech, S.J., Backhus, D.A., and Capel, P.D., 1996,
Sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to aquifer materials containing a low-organic carbon content from Bemidji, Minnesota, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015, v. 2, p. 663-670.
Pollock, D.W., 1984,
Use of computer for simulation for evaluating the movement of petroleum in the shallow subsurface, in Hult, M.F., ed., Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site--U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Waste--Ground-Water Contamination Study--Papers presented at the toxic-waste technical meeting, Tucson, Arizona, March 20-22, 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4188, chap. B, p. 17-21.

R

Rees, T.F., and Ranville, J.F., 1987,
Characterizing colloids in natural water, in Franks, B.J., ed., U.S. Geological Survey Program on Toxic Waste--Ground-Water Contamination--Proceedings of the third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-109, p. C-33.
Revesz, K., Coplen, T., Baedecker, M.J., and Hult, M., 1996,
Use of carbon and hydrogen stable isotopes to investigate the production and fate of methane at a toxic waste site, Bemidji, Minnesota, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015, v. 2, p. 653-662.
Revesz, K., Coplen, T.B., Baedecker, M.J., Glynn, P.D., and Hult, M., 1996,
Investigation of methane production and consumption by use of stable isotopes, in Isotopes in Water Resources Management: Vienna, International Atomic Energy Agency, v. 1, p. 381-387.
Revesz, K., Coplen, T.B., Baedecker, M.J., Glynn, P.D., and Hult, M.F., 1995,
Methane production and consumption monitored by stable H and C isotope ratios at a crude oil spill site, Bemidji, Minnesota: Applied Geochemistry, v. 10, no. 5, p. 505-516, doi:10.1016/0883-2927(95)00021-6.
Rittmann, B.E., Kremer, F., and Bekins, B.A., 2004,
Monitored natural attenuation forum--A panel discussion: Remediation Journal, v. 14, no. 2, p. 153-158, doi:10.1002/rem.20007.
Rizk, Z.E., 1986,
Oil spills weathering: Minneapolis, University of Minnesota, M.S. thesis, 84 p.
Roberts, J.A., 2004,
Inhibition and enhancement of microbial surface colonization--The role of silicate composition: Chemical Geology, v. 212, no. 3-4, p. 313-327, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.08.021.
Roberts, J.A., Bennett, P.C., Gonzalez, L.A., Macpherson, G.L., and Milliken, K.L., 2004,
Microbial precipitation of dolomite in methanogenic groundwater: Geology, v. 32, no. 4, p. 277-280, doi:10.1130/G20246.2.
Rogers, J.R., 2002,
Why do bacteria colonize aquifer surfaces? Geochemical and nutrient controls of bacterial colonization of silicate surfaces, in Aiken, G., and Kuniansky, E.L., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Artificial Recharge Workshop Proceedings, Sacramento, California, April 2-4, 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-89, 51-54 p.
Rogers, J.R., 2000,
Nutrient-driven colonization and weathering of silicates: University of Texas at Austin, Unpublished dissertation, 239 p.
Rogers, J.R., and Bennett, P.C., 2004,
Mineral stimulation of subsurface microorganisms--Release of limiting nutrients from silicates: Chemical Geology, v. 203, no. 1-2, p. 91-108, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.09.001.
Rogers, J.R., Bennett, P.C., and Choi, W.J., 2001,
Enhanced weathering of silicates by subsurface microorganisms--a strategy to release limiting inorganic nutrients?, in Cidu, R., ed., Water-Rock Interaction, Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction WRI-10, Villasimus, Italy, July 10-15, 2001: A.A. Balkema, p. 5.
Rogers, J.R., Bennett, P.C., and Choi, W.J., 1998,
Feldspars as a source of nutrients for microorganisms: American Mineralogist, v. 83, p. 1532-1540.
Rogers, J.R., Bennett, P.C., and Hiebert, F.K., 1999,
Patterns of microbial colonization on silicates, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 3 of 3--Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018C, p. 237-242.
Ryan, J.N., Aiken, G.R., Backhus, D.A., Villholth, K.G., and Hawley, C.M., 1999,
Investigating the potential for colloid- and organic matter-facilitated transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in crude oil-contaminated ground water, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 3 of 3--Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018C, p. 211-222.

S

Siegel, D.I., 1987,
Geochemical facies and mineral dissolution, Bemidji, Minnesota, research site, in Franks, B.J., ed., U.S. Geological Survey Program on Toxic Waste--Ground-Water Contamination--Proceedings of the third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-109, p. C-13-C-15.
Siegel, D.I., Baedecker, M.J., and Bennett, P., 1986,
The effects of petroleum degradation on inorganic water-rock reactions, in Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction, Reykjavik, Iceland, August 8-17, 1986: International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry, p. 524-527.
Siegel, D.I., Bennett, P.C., Baedecker, M.J., Berndt, M.P., and Franzi, D.A., 1988,
Inorganic geochemistry of ground water and aquifer matrix--First-year results, in Ragone, S.E., ed., U.S. Geological Survey Program on Toxic Waste--Ground-Water Contamination--Proceedings of the second technical meeting, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 21-25, 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-481, p. C-17-C-20.
Siegel, D.I., and Franzi, D.A., 1984,
Inorganic geochemistry of ground-water and sediments in an aquifer contaminated by crude oil--Preliminary results and project plan, in Hult, M.F., ed., Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site--U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Waste--Ground-Water Contamination Study--Papers presented at the toxic-waste technical meeting, Tucson, Arizona, March 20-22, 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4188, chap. G, p. 87-95.
Smith, S.E., and Hult, M.F., 1993,
Hydrogeologic data collected from a crude-oil spill site near Bemidji, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-496, 158 p.
Snoeyenbos-West, O.L., Nevin, K.P., Anderson, R.T., and Lovley, D.R., 2000,
Enrichment of Geobacter species in response to stimulation of Fe(III) reduction in sandy aquifer sediments: Microbial Ecology, v. 39, no. 2, p. 153-167, doi:10.1007/s002480000018.
Strobel, M.L., Delin, G.N., and Munson, C.J., 1998,
Spatial variation in saturated hydraulic conductivity of sediments at a crude-oil spill site near Bemidji, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4053, 13 p.
Strobel, M.L., Strobel, C.J., and Delin, G.N., 1998,
Design for a packer/vacuum slug test system for estimating hydraulic conductivity in wells with LNAPLs, casing leaks, or water tables intersecting the screens: Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, v. 18, no. 4, p. 77-80.

T

Thorn, K.A., 1987,
The use of carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the analysis of complex samples of environmental interest, in Franks, B.J., ed., U.S. Geological Survey Program on Toxic Waste--Ground-Water Contamination--Proceedings of the third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-109, p. E-13-E-17.
Thorn, K.A., and Aiken, G.R., 1999,
Polar metabolites of crude oil, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 3 of 3--Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018C, p. 231-235.
Thorn, K.A., and Aiken, G.R., 1998,
Biodegradation of crude oil into nonvolatile organic acids in a contaminated aquifer near Bemidji, Minnesota: Organic Geochemistry, v. 29, no. 4, p. 909-931, doi:10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00167-3.
Thorn, K.A., and Aiken, G.R., 1993,
NMR investigation of the biodegradation of crude-oil into nonvolatile organic acids in a contaminated aquifer, in Preprints of Papers Presented at the 205th ACS National Meeting, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Denver, Colorado, March 28-April 3, 1993: Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society, v. 33, no. 1, p. 165-166.
Thorn, K.A., and Aiken, G.R., 1991,
Sources in crude oil of nonvolatile organic acids downgradient from an oil body at Bemidji, Minnesota, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 654-658.
Thorn, K.A., and Aiken, G.R., 1989,
Characterization of nonvolatile organic acids resulting from the biodegradation of crude oil by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, in Mallard, G.E., and Ragone, S.E., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, September 26-30, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4220, p. 41-51.
Tuccillo, M.E., Cozzarelli, I.M., and Herman, J.S., 1999,
Iron reduction in the sediments of a hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer: Applied Geochemistry, v. 14, no. 5, p. 655-667, doi:10.1016/S0883-2927(98)00089-4.

U

University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2003,
Geochemical plume evolution: Underground Tank Technology Update, v. 17, no. 5, p. 2-4.

W

Warren, E., Bekins, B., Godsy, E., and Smith, V., 2004,
Inhibition of acetoclastic methanogenesis in crude oil- and creosote-contaminated groundwater: Bioremediation Journal, v. 8, no. 1-2, p. 1-11, doi:10.1080/10889860490465840.
Warren, E., Bekins, B.A., Godsy, E.M., and Smith, V., 2003,
Inhibition of acetoclastic methanogenesis in crude oil- and creosote-contaminated groundwater: Bioremediation Journal, v. 7, no. 3-4, p. 139-149.
Warren, E.M., Bekins, B.A., and Godsy, E.M., 1999,
Inhibition of acetoclastic methanogenesis by crude oil from Bemidji, Minnesota, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 3 of 3--Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018C, p. 223-230.
White, D.L., 1991,
Point dilution method determination of groundwater velocities at the Bemidji Research Site: University of Texas at Austin, M.S. thesis, 145 p.
Williams, R.L., Mayer, K.U., Amos, R.T., Blowes, D.W., Ptacek, C.J., and Bain, J.G., 2007,
Using dissolved gas analysis to investigate the performance of an organic carbon permeable reactive barrier for the treatment of mine drainage: Applied Geochemistry, v. 22, no. 1, p. 90-108, doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2006.09.007.

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