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Airborne Trailblazer

Source Notes Chapter 3:
Revolution in the Cockpit: Computerization and Electronic Flight Displays

  1. Benjamin M. Elson, "Digital Technology Gaining Acceptance," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 7 November 1977, 131-134, and "767 Digital Avionics Stress Flexibility," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 4 September 1978, 181-188, and "Analog to Digital Systems Switch Seen," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 23 October 1978, 115-121; Barry Miller, "Wider Use of Digital Techniques Seen," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 10 November 1975, 90-95.
  2. Earl L. Wiener and Renwick E. Curry, Flight Deck Automation: Promises and Problems, NASA-TM-81206, June 1980.
  3. Walter B. Gartner and Larry L. Jenney, Display Requirements and Concepts for Space Shuttle Recovery and Landing, NASA CR-123151, July 1971.
  4. Report of the Department of Transportation Air Traffic Control Advisory Committee, Vol. 1 (Washington D.C., December 1969), 3-6; D.K. Graham, Transport Airplane Flight Deck Development Survey and Analysis: Report and Recommendations, NASA CR-145121, January 1977, 9-10; John P. Reeder, Robert T. Taylor, and Thomas M. Walsh, New Design and Operating Techniques for Improved Terminal Area Compatibility, SAE Paper 740454, (presented to the Society of Automotive Engineers Air Transportation Meeting, Dallas, Texas, 30 April - 2 May 1974); Robert Dunn, Flight Displays for the Next Generation Aircraft, SAE Paper 760930, (presented at the Society of Automotive Engineers Aerospace Engineering and Manufacturing Meeting, San Diego, California, 29 November - 2 December 1976).
  5. J. Wyall and D. Eastman, Flight Test Demonstration of Selected Curved-Segmented Approach Paths Based on Microwave Landing System Guidance, AFFDL-TR-76-43, January 1976; and D. Eastman, MLS Project Engineer, AFFDL FGR: "MLS Simulation Results," unpublished memorandum.
  6. Peter R. Kurzhals, "New Directions in Civil Avionics," Astronautics & Aeronautics, March 1978, 40.
  7. Duncan McIver and Jack J. Hatfield, "Coming Cockpit Avionics," Astronautics & Aeronautics, March 1978, 54-63; Graham, Flight Deck Survey, 8-10; Gartner and Jenney, Display Requirements for Shuttle; John P. Reeder, "Flight Experiments with Electronic Displays Having Predictive Information," (paper, presented at Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA) conference, Washington, D.C., November 18-19, 1976); Samuel A. Morello, Recent Flight Test Results Using an Electronic Display on the NASA B-737, AGARD-CP-240, August 1978.
  8. Samuel A. Morello, interview with author, 8 April 1993; ATOPS office flight records.
  9. Reeder, "Experiments with Electronic Displays."
  10. Lee H. Person, Jr. and George G. Steinmetz, "The Integration of Control and Display Concepts For Improved Pilot Situational Awareness," (paper, presented at a Flight Safety Foundation seminar, Acapulco, Mexico, 9 - 12 November 1981); G.G. Steinmetz, L.H. Person and S.A. Morello, Have We Overlooked the Pilot's Role in an Automated Flight Deck? AIAA Paper No. 81-2262, (presented in St. Louis, Missouri, November 17-19, 1981); Wiener and Curry, Flight Deck Automation.
  11. Steinmetz, Person, and Morello, Have We Overlooked the Pilot's Role.
  12. Lee H. Person and Kenneth R. Yenni, interview with author, Hampton, Virginia, 7 April 1993.
  13. A Category II landing is one performed with a 100-foot ceiling and only a quarter mile of forward visibility.
  14. George G. Steinmetz, et al., A Piloted-Simulation Evaluation of Two Electronic Display Formats for Approach and Landing," NASA-TN-D-8183, April 1976; Samuel A. Morello, Charles E. Knox, and George G. Steinmetz, Flight-Test Evaluation of Two Electronic Display Formats for Approach to Landing Under Instrument Conditions, NASA-TP-1085, December 1977; Reeder, "Flight Experience with Electronic Displays," 1976; Person and Yenni, interview, 7 April 1993.
  15. Although the electronic flight display research went on throughout the life of the program,1978 is considered the end of the initial research phase for CRT displays for several reasons. In addition to the fact that the basic technology had been proven and several technical papers were published on the subject, 1978 was the year Boeing made the decision to apply the technology into its next commercial airplane.
  16. Lee H. Person, Jr. and Kenneth R. Yenni, "Flying NASA's Terminal Configured Vehicle Against the Microwave Landing System," Society of Experimental Test Pilots, Technical Review, Vol. 14, No. 2, 1978, 110-123; Morello, interview, 8 April 1993; Person and Yenni, interview, 7 April 1993.
  17. John Whitfield, Lockheed L-1011 program manager, phone interview with author, 6 October 1993.
  18. Elson, "Technology Gaining Acceptance," 131-134; Society of Engineering Test Pilots, Technical Review, Vol. 14, No. 2, 1978, 124+; John Whitfield, Lockheed L-1011 program manager and Don Moore, Lockheed L-1011 chief pilot, phone interview with author, 15 June 1993.
  19. "Airline Experiments Mini-Symposium" Held at the Hilton "1776" Inn, Williamsburg, Virginia, 24 - 26 January 1975. Letter of Invitation from John P. Reeder, chief, Terminal Configured Vehicle Program, to Mr. J. Wyld, Director Flight Technical, Air Canada, with schedule of events and partial list of antendees (from personal files of S. Salmirs).
  20. H. W. Withington, former vice president of engineering and Robert Dunn, former chief engineer of systems technology for the Boeing Commercial Airplane Company, interview with author, Seattle, Washington, 27 April 1993.
  21. Delmar Fadden, chief engineer, avionics/flight systems, Renton Division, Boeing Commercial Airplane Company, interview with author, Seattle, Washington, 27 April 1993; John Warner, vice president of Boeing Computer Services, interview with author, Seattle, Washington, 28 April 1993; Dunn and Withington, interview with author, 27 April 1993; Richard A. Peal, director of systems engineering, Boeing Commercial Airplane Company, interview with author, Seattle, Washington, 28 April 1993.
  22. This evolution was related to the author in more than 20 separate interviews with managers at the NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia and the Boeing Commercial Airplane Company in Seattle, Washington.
  23. The prevalent nature of these kinds of concerns about new flight deck technology is also supported in Graham, Flight Deck Survey.
  24. Air Transport Association, Flight Systems Integration Committee Memorandum No. 77-22, "Report of the Thirteenth Meeting of the Committee," 7-8 September, 1977 (from personal files of S. Salmirs).
  25. Peal, interview, 28 April 1993; Jerry Moore, Honeywell, Inc., phone interview with author, 18 June 1993; David Nakamura, Boeing Commercial Airplane Company, phone interview with author, 18 June 1993; Arvind J. Dandekar, director of international marketing and business, Collins Commercial Avionics, phone interview with author, 10 June 1993; Fadden, interview, 27 April 1993; Morello, interview, 8 April 1993.
  26. Elson, "767 Digital Avionics," 181.
  27. "Coordination Sheet," on cost of ownership comparison of CRT displays and electromechanical instruments, Boeing internal document, 1978; Peal, interview, 28 April 1993; Dandekar, phone interview, 10 June 1993; Nakamura, phone interview, 18 June 1993; Moore, phone interview , 18 June 1993.
  28. Fadden, interview, 27 April 1993; Bernard Hainline, interview with author, Seattle, Washington, 26 April 1993; Morello, interview, 8 April 1993; Flight manifests and records from the ATOPS office, Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia.
  29. Hainline, interview, 26 April 1993; Peal, interview , 28 April 1993; Elson, "767 Digital Avionics," 181-188.
  30. Dandekar, phone interview, 10 June, 1993; Peal, interview, 28 April 1993; Dan Martinec, Chairman, Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee, ARINC, phone interview with author, 16 June 1993; Moore, phone interview, 18 June 1993; Nakamura, phone interview, 18 June 1993.
  31. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd ed., Foundations of the Unity of Science Series: Vol. 2, No. 2 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970); Joel Arthur Barker, Future Edge: Discovering the New Paradigms of Success (New York: William Morrow & Company, 1992).
  32. Warner, interview, 27 April 1993; Fadden, interview, 27 April 1993; Morello, interview, 8 April 1993.
  33. Elson, "Spaciousness Key to 767 Flight Deck," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 16 April 1979, 57-63; Morello, interview, 8 April 1993; Fadden, interview, 27 April 1993.
  34. Several people from the Langley Research Center served on this task force, including researchers who had worked with the ATOPS program.
  35. "IFALPA To Boycott Two-Man-Cockpit Aircraft," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 26 March 1979, 32; "German Pilot Association Opposes Two-Man Crew" and "ALPA Crew Position," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 20 July 1981, 36; Richard G. O'Lone, "767 Program Altered for Two-Man Crew," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 7 December 1981, 26-27.
  36. Wiener and Curry, Flight Deck Automation; Steinmetz, Person and Morello, Have We Overlooked the Pilot's Role; Graham, Flight Deck Survey; Morello, interview, 8 April 1993; Fadden, interview, 27 April 1993; Warner, interview, 27 April 1993.
  37. David Hughes, "Glass Cockpit Study Reveals Human Factors Problems," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 7 August 1989, 32-36; Hughes, "Pilots, Research Studies Give Mixed Reviews to Glass Cockpits," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 23 March 1992, 50-51.
  38. Bruce A. Smith, "Flight Management System Adds Roles," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 16 April 1979, 64-65.
  39. Graham, Flight Deck Survey.
  40. Graham, Flight Deck Survey; Morello, interview, 8 April 1993; Thomas M. Walsh, interview with author, Hampton, Virginia, 6 April 1993.
  41. Fadden, interview, 27 April 1993; Morello, interview, 8 April 1993; Walsh, interview, 6 April 1993; Hughes, "Glass Cockpit Study," 32-36; Hughes, "Pilots Give Mixed Reviews," 50-51.
  42. Morello, interview, 8 April 1993.
  43. Walsh, interview, 6 April 1993; Morello, interview, 8 April 1993; Breck W. Henderson, "NASA Ames Pushes Automation Toward Human-Centered Design," and Edward H. Phillips, "Pilots, Human Factors Specialists Urge Better Man-Machine Cockpit Interface," Aviation Week & Space Technologyq, 23 March 1992, 67-70.
  44. NTSB accident records, 1982-1993; Hughes, "Glass Cockpit Study," 32-36.
  45. H.W. Withington, vice president - engineering, Boeing Commercial Airplane Company, letter to Mr. John P. Reeder, Chief, Terminal Configured Vehicle Program Office, NASA Langley Research Center, 6 June 1979.

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