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1. ATSDR > Public Health Assessments & Consultations

PUBLIC HEALTH ASSESSMENT

Bloomington PCB Sites
Bloomington, Monroe County, Indiana
and
Spencer, Owen County, Indiana

ANDERSON ROAD LANDFILL (Monroe County)

BACKGROUND

A. Site Description and History

The Anderson Road Landfill, currently operated as the Monroe County Landfill, is a sanitary landfill approximately 11 miles northeast of Bloomington in Monroe County, Indiana (see Figure 1). An approximate 3/4-acre area at this landfill was used by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation in the 1960s and early 1970s for disposal of PCB-contaminated capacitors and materials. Only the portion of the site where PCB-contaminated materials were disposed has been remediated under the Consent Decree (U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Indiana. Consent Decree. 1985). Contaminated soil removed from the site (1987) was transported to the Interim Storage Facility of the Winston-Thomas Sewage Treatment Plant. There was also a pond on-site which was drained and the water and silt were transported to the Winston-Thomas Sewage Treatment Plant's Tertiary Lagoon and Interim Storage Facility, respectively. (IDEM. General Overview of Consent Decree Sites. July 1992.)

Interim Measures

All interim measures required under the Consent Decree for this site were completed by Westinghouse in 1987. These measures included:

1. the excavation and transportation of 4,847 tons of PCB-contaminated capacitors, soil, and materials to the Interim Storage Facility;

2. the removal and transportation of all water and silt from an on-site pond to the Winston-Thomas Tertiary Lagoon and Interim Storage Facility, respectively;

3. the regrading and backfilling of all excavated areas; and

4. the placement of a soil cover capable of supporting vegetation on top of the final clay cap installed by Monroe County.

Closure

In 1989, the IDEM approved a request from Monroe County to use the remediated Anderson Road Landfill site for future solid waste disposal as part of the Monroe County Landfill operation.

Current Status

As of July 1992, there was no change in status.

B. Site Visit

On January 28, 1993, Ms. Dollis Wright and Mr. Garry Mills of the ISDH, and staff from the IDEM and Westinghouse visited the Consent Decree sites. Observations made during the site visit to the Anderson Road Landfill site are listed below.

1. The site is accessible from the north.

2. The Anderson Road Landfill is now operating as the Monroe County Landfill.

3. The area on the back side where the Anderson Road Landfill was formerly located has been remediated.

4. There were residences located east and west within a ¼- to ½-mile radius of the landfill.

C. Demographics, Land Use, Natural Resource Use, and Environmental Setting

Demographics

The Anderson Road Landfill site is in a sparsely populated area of Monroe County. The population within a ½-mile radius of Anderson Road Landfill consists of approximately 30-45 people. The population in the area is predominantly white. There are no sensitive populations (schools, nursing homes, parks, hospitals) in the immediate vicinity of the site. Residences closest to the site are located east and west within a ¼- to ½-mile radius.

Land Use

The area around the Anderson Road Landfill site is mainly farm land.

Natural Resource Use

Aquifer units in the area of Anderson Road Landfill yield very little water. This is due to the find-grained nature of the surface soil material, and the impermeable nature and thickness of the bedrock found in this area.

Data logs of private wells within a 1-mile radius of the site indicate that most of the wells penetrate into and derive very little water from the shale and siltstone bedrock.

Washington Township Water Company supplies water to the homes along Anderson, Lydy, and Fish Roads. Future groundwater use in this are is expected to be very limited (Monroe County Solid Waste Management District. Permit Application for Anderson Road Landfill 1990 Expansion)

Environmental Setting

Shale and siltstone underlie Anderson Road Landfill. This geological material is relatively impermeable and forms a confining layer for water flow. Groundwater flow is toward the southeast. Although the soils are in general impermeable, leachate seeps may develop due to the contrast between the native soil materials and the solid waste buried there.

Boring data indicates that there are four geological units under the site. Units one and two are the principle zones for lateral water movement because of their coarser texture and because they overlie impermeable siltstone and shale bedrock. Units one and three are believed to be semi-confined and hydraulically connected. Leakage into the bedrock along fractures and bedding planes is believed to occur. (Monroe County Commissioners. 1988. Geologic and Hydrogeologic Evaluation of the Monroe County Anderson Road Landfill.)

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND OTHER HAZARDS

A. On-site Contamination

Ambient Air

Air sampling for PCBs was conducted at the Anderson Road Landfill site by Westinghouse during September of 1986, and May through August of 1987. Sampling was done east, west, north, and south at the perimeter of the site. The method of sampling was not reported in the data. No PCBs were detected in any samples. (Sara Technologies. Anderson Road Landfill, June 1987 through August 1987, personnel, site and perimeter air monitoring results during remediation. January 1988.)

Surface Soil

Soil samples were collected by EPA at six locations at the Anderson Road Landfill site in March 1987. Sample locations and depths are unknown due to the absence of a summary sheet and a site map being attached to the raw data. Samples were analyzed for solvents, total PCBs, and pesticides. Seven solvents and total PCBs were detected. Pesticide levels were below their respective detection limits. PCBs shown in Table 1 were the only chemicals of concern. (Gulf Coast Laboratories Inc. Analytical Report)

Table 1. On-Site Surface Soil Sample Results for Anderson Road
Landfill, March 1987

D = Results are on a dry weight basis

Subsurface Soil

In November 1981 a soil investigation study for PCBs was conducted by a private contractor for the City of Bloomington (see Figure 2). The scope of the study included the investigations of four areas at the site property. At each location a core soil sample from the ground surface to a depth of 2 feet was collected. (A-1 Disposal Corporation. Letter to Monroe County Commissioner regarding PCB Contamination, Monroe County Landfill.)

Area A -	The temporary storage area for open and leaking capacitors and soil. Soil samples were collected at five locations (A-1,-2,-3,-4,-5,) within this area. At the center of this area, an additional soil sample was collected from 2 to 3 feet. PCBs were detected from 2,400 - 3,600 ppm.
Area B -	This area was possibly contaminated as a result of movement of the capacitors and soils to Area A. Soil samples were collected at six locations (B-6 - 11) within this area. PCBs were detected at 60 ppm (B-10).
Area C -	This area was possibly contaminated due to vehicular traffic. Soil samples were collected at ten locations (C-12 - 21) within this area. PCBs were detected at 50 ppm (C-19).
Area D -	This is the original dump site. Soil samples were collected at 16 locations (D-22 - 37) within this area. At four locations, an additional core soil sample from 2 to 4 feet was collected. PCBs were detected at 180 ppm (D-26).

Soil Gas

Soil gas sampling at the Anderson Road Landfill was conducted by Westinghouse in May 1987. Eighteen samples (SG51 - 68) were collected, plus one blank sample, and analyzed for volatile organic chemicals(VOCs) only. Sample depths are unknown due to the absence of information detailing the procedures used. A total of 13 VOCs were detected during sampling. Chemicals of concern in soil gas sampling are shown in Table 2.

Table 2. On-Site Soil Gas Organic Sample Results for Anderson
Road Landfill, May 1987

Chemical	Sample Number	Concentration Range (ppm)	Comparison Value
			ppm	Source
1,1-dichloroethane	SG58-SG62	3-16	*
trans-1,2-dichloroethene	SG60-SG55	6-53	10	CREG
fluorotrichloromethane	SG65-SG67	2-2,100	*
vinyl chloride	SG59-SG65	46-180	2 ppb	EMEG
xylene	SG64-SG65	10-700	*

* No comparison value available

Groundwater - Monitoring Wells

Groundwater samples were collected for PCB analyses from three monitoring wells (MW # 1, 2, & 3) by Monroe County Health Department on May 1982 through August 1983. PCBs were not detected until 1983, when results showed concentrations of 0.5 ppb and 0.2 ppb, respectively, in monitoring well numbers 2 and 3. (Monroe County Health Department. Letter regarding test results for Monroe County Landfill. 12/2/83.)

In May and August of 1985, monitoring well numbers 1, 2, and 3 were tested once again. The highest levels of PCBs that were detected in these wells was 0.1 ppb, 0.2 ppb, and 0.3 ppb, respectively.

Testing of these same wells in May of 1986 revealed no PCBs. In 1987, all analysis of samples taken from monitoring well numbers 1, 2, and 3 were non-detect for PCBs (<0.1 ppb). (Monroe County Solid Waste Management District. Letter to Indiana State Department of Health regarding groundwater and leachate data. 2/16/94.)

From October 1989 through June 1993, groundwater monitoring was done for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), and inorganic chemicals. All chemicals were below their respective detection limit and/or comparison value. (Monroe County Solid Waste Management District. Letter to Indiana State Department of Health regarding groundwater and leachate data. 2/16/94.)

In January 1987, a private contractor for the City of Bloomington collected water samples for dioxin and furan congener groups at the Anderson Road Landfill site. Samples were collected from the surface of the east leachate pond and a "pop up" of leachate which drained into the west leachate pond.

Congeners are chemical compounds that are closely related to one another by virtue of their chemical makeup and the effects they exert on each other as well as other chemicals. As certain chemicals show similar properties, they are assumed to produce similar health effects. A toxic equivalency factor is a number that has been assigned to a chemical that represents its relative degree of toxicity (ATSDR. Interim Procedures for Estimating Risks Associated with Exposure to Mixtures of Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxin and Dibenzofurans. 1989 Update). This number is then multiplied by the concentration of the chemical found in the media. The product is the toxic equivalency factor concentrations for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Three congeners, heptachloro-dioxin at 27 ppt, hepatachloro-dibenzofuran at 5 ppt, and octachloro-dioxin at 74 ppt were detected. Heptachloro-dibenzofuran and heptachloro-dioxin were the only congeners found at a level of concern. (Analytical Services Inc. Analysis of Samples for Dioxins and Furans Tetrachloro through Octachloro Congener Groups, Water Samples #S-1 and S-2. January 16, 1987.; Monroe County Health Department. Letter to Mr. Lamb regarding Consent Decree; Monroe County Solid Waste Management District. Groundwater data at the Monroe County Landfill. March 1993.) Chemicals of concern in these media are shown in Table 3. Dioxins and furans have not been detected in any subsequent leachate analysis taken from 1990 to 1993.

Table 3. On-Site Surface Water Sample Results for East and West
Leachate Ponds for Dioxin and Furan at Anderson Road
Landfill, January 1987

* Toxic equivalency factor
** Toxic equivalency factor concentration
*** 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin

B. Off-Site Contamination

In November of 1983, results of samples taken from off-site monitoring wells by the City of Bloomington Utilities revealed PCBs at <0.1 ppb at monitoring wells 1 and 3, and PCBs at 0.2 ppb in monitoring well 2 (see Figure 31). (Monroe County Health Department. Letter to ISDH Division of Land Pollution Control regarding November 1983 results of water quality monitoring program for Monroe County Landfill. 2/29/84.)

PCB analysis of samples taken in December of 1983 from the leachate collection system revealed 1.2 ppb, and analysis of samples from the leachate pond revealed a concentration of 1.6 ppb (Monroe County Health Department. Letter to Purdue University regarding test results for Monroe County Landfill, 12/83.)

Analysis of the leachate effluent at Monroe County Landfill from 1990 to 1992 were all non-detect for PCBs and/or below the detection limit for cadmium, chromium copper, lead, nickel, silver, zinc, and cyanide (Monroe County Solid Waste Management District. Letter to Indiana State Department of Health regarding groundwater and leachate data. 2/16/94.)

C. Quality Assurance and Quality Control

Acetone and methylene chloride were detected in the blank, as well as the soil samples collected in March 1987. These two chemicals are present in all laboratories. Low levels of these contaminants in the blanks as well as the unknown samples indicate a possible/probable blank contamination.

D. Physical and Other Hazards

This site is accessible on the northside. Per the site visit on January 28, 1993, however, there were no apparent physical hazards. The buildup of methane gas in the soil can be a problem at municipal solid waste landfills. No information was found at the time of the writing of the report on methane gas sampling.

PATHWAYS ANALYSES

A. Completed Exposure Pathways

On-site Ambient Air

Prior to the remediation of this site, capacitors and related debris were located in areas of Anderson Road Landfill. Landfill workers and scavengers for capacitor metals and trespassers could potentially have been exposed to air contaminated with PCBs. PCBs can be released into the environment from poorly maintained hazardous waste sites. PCBs do not readily evaporate; they bind very strongly to soil particles and can become airborne as a result of blowing dust. PCBs in air can be present as both airborne solid and liquid particles, and vapor that eventually returns to the land and water by settling snow, and rainwater.

Air is a past completed inhalation exposure pathway for landfill workers, and for individuals who scavenged capacitors and trespassed on the Anderson Road Landfill.

On-site Surface Soil

Before the remediation of Anderson Road Landfill, PCB-contaminated capacitors, soil, and materials were located on this site. As the site was accessible, on-site scavenging of PCB capacitors and general trespassing occurred. Surface soil is a past completed exposure pathway for landfill workers, scavengers, and trespassers through ingestion and dermal contact, and inhalation due to off-gassing of soils.

The landfill is currently accessible on the north side. All remedial measures required under the Consent Decree were completed in 1987. The site has been capped with clay, and soil has been placed on top of the cap to support vegetation. This remediation measure eliminates surface soil as an exposure pathway.

Table 4. Completed Exposure Pathways for Anderson Road Landfill

* Possibly exposed at all Consent Decree sites

B. Potential Exposure Pathways

Off-site Groundwater - Private Wells

At the time of the writing of this report, limited data was found for off-site groundwater. No sampling data was found for private wells. The direction of groundwater flow in this area is toward the southeast. The closest residence is about ½ mile from the site. All on-site groundwater samples were non-detect to less than 1 ppb for PCBs. Volatile chemicals were found in the soil gas analysis; however, residential wells have not been sampled for these volatile organic chemicals. For individuals who live downgradient from the site, there is a potential exposure pathway through the ingestion of private well water.

Although the soils in this area are, in general, impermeable, leachate seeps could develop. Leakage into the bedrock is believed to occur. Data logs of private wells within a 1-mile radius indicate, however, that most of the wells derive very little water from the shale and siltstone bedrock. Available logs of private wells indicate that there are approximately six wells within a 1-mile radius of the site. The closest wells (W3 & W5) are upgradient from the site. Only two wells (W1 & W6) could potentially be affected by on-site contamination migrating off-site. The actual purpose of these wells are unknown as they are located in the state forest.

On-site Surface Water

The on-site pond contained PCB-contaminated debris, and capacitors. This pond was not supportive of aquatic life. Photographs revealed a murky, uninviting pond of water. It is assumed that no one would want to wade in this water. On-site activities of scavengers and trespassers may have involved dermal contact with the water in this pond. PCBs do not readily evaporate; they bind very strongly to soil particles and can become airborne as a result of blowing dust. PCBs in air can be present as both airborne solid and liquid particles, and vapor that eventually returns to the land and water by settling snow, and rainwater.

The water and silt from this pond was removed during the remediation of this site and placed in the Winston-Thomas Tertiary Lagoon and Interim Storage Facility respectively. The surface water in this pond is a past potential exposure pathway for inhalation of contaminated liquid and particles due to off-gassing of the pond, and incidental dermal contact. Consumption of game such as rabbit, raccoon, and squirrel that may have roamed Anderson Road Landfill are past potential exposure pathways for people who ate them.

Based on a pilot study on the use of animal sentinels in environmental health, dogs that roamed these Consent Decree sites had elevated PCB serum levels (Schillig et al. 1988). Excretion of PCBs is slow, so accumulation occurs even at low exposure levels. The higher the chlorination, the longer it takes to be excreted by the body. If wild game forage in the brush on the site, the accumulation of PCBs is very likely.

Table 5. Potential Exposure Pathways for Anderson Road Landfill

* Possibly exposed at all Consent Decree sites

BENNETT STONE QUARRY (Monroe County)

BACKGROUND

A. Site Description and History

The Bennett Stone Quarry site, also known as Bennett's Dump, is in central Monroe County, Indiana about 2½ miles northwest of Bloomington (see Figure 1). The dump is adjacent to Star Quarry, an active limestone quarry, and consists of a 3½-acre main site, an adjacent smaller ½-acre site, and a very small area to the north of the two main fill areas. Stout's Creek runs north along the west side of the site. Stout's Creek formerly was used for the watering of cattle as well as being used for mud baths by several of the local residents who would go to this area to swim and bathe in the quarries. This site was used for the dumping and scavenging of PCB-contaminated electrical capacitors manufactured by Westinghouse and was discovered in 1983 through a citizen complaint to the Monroe County Board of Health. A site assessment was made by the EPA in May 1983 which resulted in a Federal Emergency Cleanup Action in June 1983. At the time of the site assessment, surface samples were contaminated with PCBs at concentrations ranging from non-detectable levels to 380,000 ppm. Formerly, there was a small pond on the site. The pond water and pond sediments were also contaminated at concentrations of 7 ppb and 102 ppm respectively. Stream sediment samples taken from Stout's Creek had concentrations of PCBs ranging up to 5 ppm. This site was subsequently listed on the NPL in September 1984. (IDEM. General Overview of Consent Decree Sites. July 1992.)

Federal Immediate Action Cleanup

The EPA conducted an Immediate Removal Action at the Bennett Stone Quarry site in June and July 1983. This action included:

1. removal of 252 visible capacitors and grossly contaminated soils;

2. aerial photographic, geophysical, and soil sampling surveys to determine the extent of PCB contamination;

3. installation of a 14- to 16-inch clay cap and 6-inch top soil cover over the site; and

4. construction of security fencing around the contaminated areas.

Interim Removal and Remedial Measures

Pursuant to the Interim Remedial Measures defined in the Consent Decree, Westinghouse has complied with the posting of PCB warning signs along the length of Stout's Creek bordering the Bennett Stone Quarry, and has maintained the integrity of the clay and vegetative cap over this site. During the preliminary remediation of the sites, in order to facilitate the fencing of the site, areas with stands of trees were included. Open areas, where significant contamination existed, were covered with a clay cap. The cap was subsequently seeded. Currently the site is covered with grass. Also required under the Consent Decree was the removal of PCB-contaminated stream sediments from Stout's Creek. A Westinghouse contractor hydro-vacuumed stream sediment from 1,600 linear feet of Stout's Creek in 1987 and transported this material to the Interim Storage Facility to await incineration. Westinghouse must also monitor stream sediments in Stout's Creek for PCB contamination during the excavation of the Bennett Stone Quarry. In order to establish pre-closure baseline PCB data, Westinghouse conducted PCB sampling of indicator sediment areas in Stout's Creek in June 1988.

Final Removal Measures

An estimated 55,000 cubic yards of material will be excavated for incineration by Westinghouse. This will include all solid waste plus an additional 2-foot depth of soil to bedrock as a buffer zone.

Current Status

The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) is considering a new proposal for the construction of an interchange for State Roads 46 and 37 in Monroe County. This project is part of a proposal for improvements to State Road 46 between Bloomington and Ellettsville that will traverse within about 250 feet of the Bennett Stone Quarry site.

This new proposal being studied includes the construction of an underpass below State Road 37, which will require the removal of 600,000 cubic yards of material over an old quarry known as Mule Hole #2. This quarry is alleged by scavengers to be a Westinghouse PCB dump site and is listed on the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act Information System (CERCLIS) list. In January and March 1991, IDEM and the EPA, respectively notified INDOT of their agencies' general concerns about this new proposal. Both agencies have asked for more information and plans so that detailed comments can be provided.

The Monroe County Health Department submitted a letter to INDOT on June 4, 1993 regarding this problem. Their recommendation to INDOT was to conduct an environmental impact statement for this project, paying close attention to groundwater contamination, the presence of products of incomplete combustion, and other contaminants besides PCBs.

The IDEM did receive additional information on the INDOT project after completion of the data gathering phase of this report. The IDEM submitted comments on July 26, 1993, to INDOT concerning a draft boring location, sampling, and testing plan. A report has not been prepared for potential human exposure pathways.

B. Site Visit

On January 28, 1993, Ms. Dollis Wright and Mr. Garry Mills of the ISDH, and staff from IDEM and Westinghouse visited the Consent Decree sites. Observances made during the site visit to the Bennett Stone Quarry site are listed below.

1. Access to the site is restricted by a locked chain-link fence with posted warning signs.

2. The site has a clay cap with vegetation and trees on it. There are also areas within the boundaries of the site, adjacent to the cap, where trees are growing.

3. There was an active stone-cutting operation (Star Quarry) near Stout's Creek, which is located southwest of the site.

4. The closest residence, which may be vacant, is located ¼ mile northwest of the site.

5. A quarry adjacent to the site (east) is partially fenced with posted warning signs. It was reported that this quarry was used in the past for swimming by students.

C. Demographics, Land Use, Natural Resource Use, and Environmental Setting

Demographics

The Bennett Stone Quarry site is in a sparsely populated area. Less than 10 people live within a ½-mile radius of the site. Sensitive population areas (high school) are within a ½- to 2-mile radius of the site. The population in the site area is predominantly white.

Land Use

Historically, land in the vicinity of the site has been used for quarry operations. There is an active stone mill within 50 feet of the southwest corner of the site. Properties to the west and northwest are farms raising beef cattle. There is a quarry immediately east of the site that has been used occasionally by local residents for swimming and hiking. Warning signs prohibiting swimming are posted. Light manufacturing and some retail business are also in the area. A residential development has been proposed in the area immediately west of Stout's Creek across from the site.

Natural Resource Use

Stout Creek flows north along the west side boundary and ultimately empties into Bean Blossom Creek 4 miles to the north. Water from Stout Creek was and may be used by cattle raised on the farm to the west and northwest of the site. According to county health officials, residents to the north along Stout Creek are not currently serviced by public water supplies and use groundwater wells. There are still an unknown number of residential wells being used in the immediate vicinity of the site.

Environmental Setting

The Bennett Stone Quarry is on relatively flat terrain with moderate slopes. Underneath the soil layer there are three different types of rock. The first rock layer is limestone. The second layer is a fine grain calcite; and the third layer, which is less than 3-feet thick, is grey/black shale.

On-site groundwater is 2.5 to 14 feet below the soil surface. Recharge to the groundwater occurs through the quarries located around the site. The number and depth of aquifers below the site were not provided in the reviewed data. The major origin of water in the quarries is believed to be through groundwater. The major discharge for site groundwater is believed to be Stout Creek. Two seeps within the main fill are also discharge points. Groundwater flow at this site is west-northwest toward Stout Creek.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND OTHER HAZARDS

A. On-site Contamination

On May 12, 1983, the Monroe County Health Department, the ISDH, and the EPA conducted a site assessment tour of the Bennett Stone Quarry. The inspection team collected a total of nine multi-media samples for PCB analysis. All collections of soil, water, and creek sediments (Table 6) were grab samples (see Figure 3). (EPA. Site Assessment and Emergency Action Plan for Bennett's Quarry. May 1983.)

Table 6. On-Site Multi-Media Sample Results from Bennett Stone Quarry,
May 1983

* Depth not specified

Surface Soil

Two soil samples were collected in October 1984 and one composite soil sample was taken by EPA in November 1984 for dioxins and dibenzofurans from east/northeast of the former fill area. These three samples are considered surface soil samples as depths are unknown. A background sample was collected from a nearby city park for baseline data comparison.

Sample results show that two separate dioxin isomers hepta (0.04-0.3 ppt) and octa (1.3-3.3 ppt) are present in the soils at the Bennett Stone Quarry site. The higher chlorinated isomers, in particular the octa form, were more prevalent. The octa isomer was also present in the background sample (0.3 ppt) from the park. All samples were below a level of concern. (EPA. Final report on Bennett Stone Quarry dioxin sampling. March 1986)

In May 1992, Westinghouse collected soil samples for PCB analysis on-site along the security fence of the satellite area of Bennett's Dump. All samples were non-detect for PCBs.

Subsurface Soil

In June 1983, EPA collected 60 soil borings from this site. PCBs in soils ranged from 0 to 52,332 ppm. No site sampling map was provided with this information.

In May 1984, Westinghouse collected 27 soil boring samples throughout the site. No map was provided with this information. Boring depths ranged from 0 to 12 inches with a concentration of <1 ppm. The higher concentrations were found in 0 to 6-inch samples (<1-3 ppm). At boring depths of 0 to 3 inches, PCBs were found at <1 to 3 ppm. PCBs in select samples ranged from 1 to 3 ppm. (Westinghouse. Phase I Progress Report on Winston-Thomas Facility and Bennett's Dump. January 1987.)

The EPA conducted sampling activities at the Bennett Stone Quarry in November 1984. The primary objective of the work was to obtain representative soil samples to be analyzed for dioxins and dibenzofurans (results not reported in document). Auger cuttings from the borehole contained evidence of likely PCB-contaminated refuse, including pieces of capacitors, capacitor binding, insulation, pieces of brown ceramic insulators, and oil. PCBs were found in this debris at a concentration range of non-detect to 3.3 ppm. No split spoon samples could be retrieved below 4 feet due to the debris encountered.

Groundwater - Monitoring Wells

Four quarterly groundwater sampling events were conducted at the site during the period from March to December 1988. Analyses of the samples were performed by EMS Laboratories, Inc. Groundwater sampling events are presented in Figure 4.

All wells installed at the Bennett Stone Quarry, except for Well MW-5, were sampled during each sampling round. Well MW-5 was not sampled during the June, August, and December sampling rounds because oil was observed in this well during the March 1988 first quarterly event, and all samples were considered invalid. The top of the water column in this well was examined and found to exhibit an oily sheen; however, no product layer of globules was noted in a sample that was withdrawn for closer visual examination. The PCB levels of concern from the groundwater monitoring well samples are listed in Table 7. (Westinghouse Environmental Services. Quarterly Groundwater Sampling Results, December 5-7, 1988, for Bennett's Dump and Winston-Thomas Facility Supplemental Hydrogeologic Investigation, Bloomington, Indiana. January 1989.)

Table 7. On-Site Groundwater PCB Sample Results for Bennett Stone Quarry, 1988

Location	Latest PCB Concentration December 1988 (ppb)	Concentration Range March - December 1988 (ppb)	Comparison Value
			ppb	Source
MW-3	ND	ND-0.1	0.05	EMEG
MW-5	NS	1,100,000*	0.05	EMEG
MW-6I	21	2-21	0.05	EMEG
MW-61 Duplicate	27	1-27	0.05	EMEG
MW-6D	2	0.3-7	0.05	EMEG

NS = not sampled
ND = non-detect
* = sampled on 03/09/88

B. Off-site Contamination

Groundwater - Residential Wells

In June 1983, residential water sampling was done in homes surrounding the Bennett Stone Quarry site (see Figure 5). The selection process for these homes was not provided. These samples were taken from yard faucets and cold-water taps in garages. PCBs were detected at concentrations from non-detect to less than 1 ppb.

In November 1986, the Indiana University School of Public and Environmental Affairs in Bloomington conducted a well user survey of approximately 70 residential wells within 5,000 feet of the Bennett Stone Quarry site. Samples were collected at faucets nearest to the well head for drinking water and were analyzed for PCBs. Documentation for the well user survey did not include a location map of the residences sampled. PCBs were detected from non-detect to less than 1 ppb. (Indiana University. Collection and Analysis of Drinking Water Well Samples for PCB Content. November 1986.)

In August 1988, the residential wells sampled in 1983 were sampled again. PCBs were the only parameter analyzed. All samples had a PCB concentration of less than 1 ppb.

Surface Water - Stout's Creek

Stream samples for PCB analysis were collected by IDEM and Westinghouse in June 1988. These samples were taken to determine baseline PCB concentrations prior to any excavation activities. The area sampled at Stout's Creek was just downstream of the site. Five samples were taken upstream, and five samples were taken downstream. All samples were non-detect. (IDEM. Memorandum to Westinghouse CERCLA File regarding indicator stream area sampling, Bennett's Dump - Stout's Creek. June 30, 1988.)

Sediment - Stout's Creek

On June 21, 1988, IDEM and Westinghouse sampled indicator sediment areas as designated by the state and required by the Consent Decree. All samples were taken at or below the water line on the north bank. All samples were non-detect. (IDEM. Memorandum to Westinghouse CERCLA File regarding PCB sampling of Stout's Creek. June 30, 1988.)

Fish

Fish sampling of Stout's Creek taken in 1984 consisted of eleven creek chubs (5-7" long) and was conducted at Acuff Road downstream of the Bennett Stone Quarry site and Bean Blossom Creek. The PCB concentration detected (6.5 ppm) was above the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) action level of 2 ppm and is indicative of contamination (Table 8). Fish from the Bean Blossom Creek sample had low levels of PCBs and are not indicative of serious contamination from Stout's Creek. (Indiana State Board of Health Memorandum, March 5, 1984)

Table 8. Off-Site Fish PCB Sample Results, Bennett Stone Quarry, March 1984

Concentrations listed as one number indicate only a single sample at that location.

C. Quality Assurance and Quality Control

Data from the groundwater residential well samples collected in August 1988 were reviewed and fulfilled all requirements for QA/QC. All duplicates (field and lab), blanks (field and lab), reference standards, associated retention times, matrix spike and matrix spike duplicates, and surrogates detection limits were met.

A review of the 1984 data from the soil samples collected for dioxin and dibenzofuran analysis revealed the tetra isomer as an estimate only, not a true detection level. All other samples were deemed acceptable for use.

Invalid data were found in the March 1988 groundwater monitoring well sample results and are listed as non-detect in the data range as there was suspected cross contamination caused from well MW-5 at the site.

D. Physical and Other Hazards

Per the site visit on January 28, 1993, there were no apparent physical hazards. This site is accessible only by key.

PATHWAYS ANALYSES

A. Completed Exposure Pathways

On- and Off-site Ambient Air

PCBs can be released into the environment from poorly maintained hazardous waste sites that contain PCBs. PCBs in air can be present as both airborne solid and liquid particles, and vapor that eventually return to the land and water by settling, snow, and rainwater. This settling can be assumed to occur off-site as well as on-site.

Before June 1983 (interim remediation) there were areas at Bennett Stone Quarry where the soils were visibly stained with PCB oils. Burning of PCB-contaminated debris was also reported. There is no documentation of the degree of ambient air contamination on the site. Due to the stained soil, as well as the burning, there is a past completed exposure pathway through inhalation for landfill workers, scavengers, and trespassers.

A 14- to 16-inch clay cap and 6 inches of top soil were placed on Bennett Stone Quarry. This interim remedial measure removes the potential for volatilization of PCBs from contaminated surface soil to the air.

On-site Surface Soil

Before the remediation of Bennett Stone Quarry, PCB-contaminated capacitors, soil, and materials were located on this site. As the site was accessible, on-site scavenging of PCB capacitors and general trespassing to access the quarries for swimming occurred. Surface soil is a past completed exposure pathway for landfill workers, scavengers, and trespassers through ingestion and dermal contact, and inhalation due to off gassing of soils.

Soil samples taken after the remediation of the site all revealed chemical samples below a level of concern. The clay cap and 6 inches of clean top soil, along with the preliminary remediation of this site, remove the potential for exposure to surface soil.

Off-site Surface Water - Stout's Creek/Quarries

Swimming was reported to have occurred in the quarries (Stehr et al. 1986). It is possible that the quarries northwest of Bennett Stone Quarry may have PCB contamination due to groundwater being the primary origin of water. These quarries are considered to be past completed exposure pathways for anyone coming into contact with the waters.

As previously mentioned, groundwater from Bennett Stone Quarry discharges directly into Stout's Creek. Sediments at the bottom of a body of water like Stout's Creek or the quarries generally act as a reservoir from which PCBs may be slowly released over a long period of time into the water. The latest water sampling performed at Stout's Creek (June 1988) was non-detect for PCBs. Surface water is a past completed exposure pathway for individuals participating in recreational activities in Stout's Creek through dermal contact and incidental ingestion.

Off-site Sediment

The sediment route of entry to the human body would be through incidental or accidental ingestion of stream water and/or absorption of the chemicals through the skin. It is important to note that these chemicals are bound to soil particles, considerably reducing the amount of human skin and stomach absorption. Swimmers, especially young children, could swallow water containing these sediments. The amount of sediment ingested during swimming, wading, and mud bathing is expected to be minimal.

The primary discharge of groundwater from Bennett Stone Quarry is to Stout's Creek. Recharge to the groundwater occurs through the quarries located around the site.

Sediments were removed from a 1,600-foot section of Stout's Creek. Stream sediment samples taken from Stout's Creek had PCB concentrations ranging up to 5 ppm. The latest stream sediment sampling data (June 1988) showed all samples were non-detect for PCBs. Sediments found in Stout's Creek presented a past completed exposure pathway through dermal contact and incidental ingestion for individuals who participated in recreational activities in Stout's Creek and the quarries. Due to an ever changing ecosystem, the current concentrations of PCBs in stream sediments are unknown.

Table 9. Completed Exposure Pathways for Bennett Stone Quarry

* Possibly exposed at all Consent Decree sites

B. Potential Exposure Pathways

On-site Surface Water

Based on photographs of the site prior to the interim remediation, there were areas of the site where water pooled and formed a sludge. These areas appeared to be in locations where there was a lack of, or distressed, vegetation possibly due to PCB contamination. Because of the scavenger and trespasser activities on the site, surface water is a past exposure pathway through dermal contact. The site is currently capped, removing on-site surface water as an exposure pathway.

Off-Site Groundwater

Based on the 1986 well users survey performed on a 5,000-foot radius of Bennett Stone Quarry, there are approximately 75 private wells in use. Presently, municipal water is supplied to the general area, but there are an unknown number of individuals continuing to use private wells for potable water.

Groundwater flow is west-northwest toward Stout's Creek. The primary discharge of groundwater is to Stout's Creek, with some discharge to two seeps within the main fill area. The number and depth of aquifers below the site were not provided in the reviewed data. There is a past, present, and future potential for private wells that are west and northwest of Bennett Stone Quarry to be contaminated by on-site PCB-contaminated groundwater. Off-site groundwater is a past, present, and future potential pathway for individuals using private wells for potable water.

Table 10. Potential Exposure Pathways for Bennett Stone Quarry

* Possibly exposed at all Consent Decree sites

LEMON LANE LANDFILL (Monroe County)

BACKGROUND

A. Site Description and History

Lemon Lane Landfill is an approximate 10-acre landfill located on the northwest side of the City of Bloomington in Monroe County, Indiana (see Figure 1). The site is adjacent to a residential neighborhood to the east and within 1,000 feet of a residential neighborhood to the southwest. A railroad line and a cemetery are adjacent to the site on the south. The City of Bloomington operated the landfill from 1950 to 1964 as a municipal waste landfill and accepted PCB-contaminated electrical capacitors from Westinghouse from 1957 to 1964. Lemon Lane Landfill was opened in 1933 as a refuse dump in a large elongated compound sinkhole and valley approximately 30 feet deep. No records of types or quantities of wastes disposed at this site were kept during its operation. In addition to the original compound sinkhole, other Karst and surface water features identified around Lemon Lane Landfill include numerous smaller sinkholes, a few caves, three creeks, 14 perennial springs, 14 intermittent springs, and one sinking stream. (IDEM. General Overview of Consent Decree Sites. July 1992.)

Immediate and Interim Removal and Remedial Measures

The EPA contracted for the installation of a security fence around the perimeter of the site in June 1983. Following the approval of the Lemon Lane Grading Plan pursuant to the Consent Decree, interim removal and remedial measures began in May 1987. The site was first cleared of all trees and vegetation, and all exposed capacitors were removed and transported to the Interim Storage Facility. Once the eroded south slope was stabilized with a clay cap, the entire site was covered with a synthetic liner (TYPAR), followed by 30,000 tons of clean fill and a 36 mil plastic membrane (HYPALON) cover. Gas collection and filter systems were installed on top of the 488,000 square feet of HYPALON cover to complete the immediate and interim removal measures in September 1987.

Westinghouse began hydrogeological investigations in the summer of 1987 as part of the interim remedial measures. These investigations resulted in the installation of three new on-site groundwater monitoring wells and two additional off-site monitoring wells. Westinghouse conducted a high-flow dye trace study in April 1989, which revealed that during high-flow conditions, there are hydrologic connections between Lemon Lane Landfill and about a dozen springs that discharge within 6,000 feet of the landfill. Based on this dye trace study, Westinghouse determined the original tier-level monitoring well plan outlined under the Consent Decree to be inadequate to detect PCB contaminant migration from this site. To further characterize the groundwater flow around this site and to determine the possible impact on area residential water wells, a second dye trace study was conducted in the summer of 1990. The tracer dye was injected into three monitoring wells around the landfill and then the springs, and approximately 80 residential wells were monitored for eight weeks for the presence of dye. When dye was found, EPA sampled for priority pollutants including dioxins and furans. Only two abandoned residential wells were found to contain the dye in addition to several springs. This study revealed that 97% of the dye recovered from the Lemon Lane Landfill discharged at Quarry Spring southeast of the landfill.

Currently, IDEM staff are working with the EPA and Westinghouse to draft a new spring-based monitoring plan for the Lemon Lane Landfill site.

Adjacent to the site was a former farm where cattle were raised. A small pond was on the farm near the site and was used as a source of drinking water for the cattle. Westinghouse purchased this property prior to the implementation of the interim removal measures.

Final Removal Measures

Ultimately, approximately 176,000 cubic yards of materials will be excavated for incineration by Westinghouse. This will include excavation of refuse to the pre-Westinghouse landfilling depths plus a 3-foot buffer zone of soil.

B. Site Visit

On January 28, 1993, Ms. Dollis Wright and Mr. Garry Mills of the ISDH, and staff from IDEM and Westinghouse visited the Consent Decree sites. Observances made during the site visit to the Lemon Lane Landfill site are listed below.

1. Access to the site is restricted by a locked 6-foot chain-link fence with posted warning signs.

2. A synthetic membrane cap covers the entire site. In addition, there is a clay cover on the south slope underneath the membrane cap.

3. There was a gas venting system for the site.

4. The sampling locations at Quarry Springs A, B, and C southwest of the site near railroad tracks were identified.

5. Coyotes were seen off-site to the south.

6. The closest residences in the area are located adjacent to the site. Businesses are also within ½- to 1-mile of the site.

7. An off-site fenced farm pond that was formerly used as a source of drinking water for cattle was seen to the northwest.

C. Demographics, Land Use, Natural Resource Use, and Environmental Setting

Demographics

The Lemon Lane Landfill site is adjacent to a residential neighborhood to the east and within 1,000 feet of a residential neighborhood to the southwest. Approximately 300 residences are within 2,000 feet of the site. Sensitive population areas (students at schools) are located within a 1- to 1½- mile radius of the site. Indiana University is located 2 miles east of the site. The population in the site area is predominantly white.

Groundwater flow within the shallow zone during low-flow conditions is interpreted to flow to the southeast and eventually drain at a series of springs. A minor amount of groundwater from beneath the site is believed to flow to the northwest and discharge at the following springs: Slaughterhouse, Packing House Road, Packing House Culvert, and to other headwaters of Clear Creek. During low-flow periods, groundwater flow in the deeper, lower zone beneath the site is generally to the north/northwest. During high-flow periods, the groundwater flow in the lower zone is interpreted as being to the east.

Land Use

Within several hundred feet to the west of the site is undeveloped land owned by Westinghouse. Other properties in the area include a commercial area and a cemetery south of the site. The Bennett Stone Quarry Superfund site lies approximately ¾ mile northwest of the site.

Natural Resource Use

Residences and businesses within the immediate vicinity and downgradient of the site are served by a municipal water supply. There is only one residential well still in operation in the area. This well is on the east side of the site. Testing has indicated that no PCBs are present in this well. The owner of this well had declined to be connected to the municipal water supply. As of April 19, 1993, ISDH representatives were informed this individual has agreed to have his residence connected to the municipal water.

Environmental Setting

The soils at the Lemon Lane Landfill consist of fill material and native soils ranging in depth from 10.5 to 43 feet. The soil under the fill is made up of indigenous red clay. Two different types of sedimentary rock underlie the soil, St. Louis Limestone and Salem Limestone. St. Louis Limestone is composed of gray to yellow-brown limestone, dolostone, and shale, with a water-bearing zone. Salem Limestone is composed of light grayish and yellow to gray, thick cross-bedded calcarenite (Indiana Limestone). The bedrock at this site dips west to southwest at approximately 30 feet per mile.

The primary recharge to the groundwater flow system occurs through sinkholes and swallowholes. Some recharge does occur via rain percolation through the soils adjacent to the landfill.

Two aquifers exist below the site. The shallow aquifer is located at approximately 11 to 22 feet below the surface with the deep aquifer occurring at 38 to 50 feet below the soil surface. The shallow aquifer flows to the southeast and drains at a series of springs during low-flow periods. During high-flow periods, water from the shallow aquifer flows to the northwest discharging at the slaughterhouse, Packinghouse Road, Packinghouse Culvert, springs, and to other springs of Clear Creek.

Based on hydraulic testing, the deeper zone is less transmissive than the shallow zone. During low-flow periods, the deep aquifer flows to the north and northwest. During high-flow periods, the flow is to the southeast.

Springs and surface streams associated with this site include, but are not limited to the following:

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND OTHER HAZARDS

A. On-site Contamination

Ambient Air

During June and July 1983, EPA conducted a pre-cleanup on-site air monitoring study for PCBs at the Lemon Lane Landfill site (see Figure 6). Airborne PCB measurements were collected at three on-site locations (A, B, & C). Locations A and B were atop a large bank of capacitors which extended along the southern edge of the site. Location C was alongside the west boundary toward the south end of the site.

Battery operated, personal-type pump systems were used to sample during 8-hour, low-volume daytime periods at a fixed height above the sample locations. High-volume systems were employed to sample for 24-hour periods.

Sample location A, for the 8-hour low-volume period, had a concentration detection range of 30-89 µg/m³ (micrograms per cubic meter); B showed 60-194 µg/m³; and C showed 6-20 µg/m³.

Sample location A, for the 24-hour high-volume period, had a concentration detection range of 43-45 µg/m³; B showed none; and C showed 13-34 µg/m³.

Because there are no health-based comparison values for PCBs in air, and in accordance with ATSDR guidelines, the public health implications of the levels of PCBs found in ambient air at this site will be discussed later in this report. The levels of PCBs found in the ambient air at this site are considered to be of concern as there is no health-based comparison value for PCBs in air.

Soil Borings

In March 1984, soil samples were collected by Westinghouse from three boring locations (B-1,-2,-3) in the fill material of the Lemon Lane Landfill site and were analyzed for PCBs. A total of eight samples were collected at depths ranging from 12 to 24 feet at B-1, 4 to 32 feet at B-2, and 6 to 12 feet at B-3. PCBs were found (Table 11) at all three boring locations with a concentration range of less than 1 to 22 ppm (4 to 6 feet). The detection limit was 1 ppm. (Blasland & Bouck Engineers, P.C. Letter to U.S. Department of Justice regarding laboratory analysis of Lemon Lane refuse samples. 5/2/84.)

Table 11. On-Site Soil Boring PCB Sample Results for Lemon Lane
Landfill, March 1984

In early October 1984, two on-site soil samples were collected by EPA at the site, and were analyzed for dioxins and dibenzofurans (see Table 12). The samples collected by EPA were documented as surface soil. Polychlorinated-dibenzodioxins and furans were detected in only one of the samples at 0.002 ppm and 0.001 ppm respectively.

In late October 1984, additional on-site sampling was conducted by EPA at the site. Three samples were collected from two different boreholes. Sampling also included one blank sample (E-26). All seven samples were analyzed for dioxins and dibenzofurans (see Table 12). Dioxins were detected in one sample at 0.002 ppm. Dibenzofurans were detected in three other samples with a concentration range of 0.0002 to 0.002 ppm.

As certain chemicals show similar properties, they are assumed to produce similar health effects. A toxic equivalency factor is a number that has been assigned to a chemical that represents its relative degree of toxicity compared to the most toxic congener of the chemical family. This number is then multiplied by the concentration of the chemical found in the media. The product is the toxic equivalency factor concentrations for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Based on the respective toxic equivalency factor for dioxins and furans, the levels found are at the comparison value for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2E^-6 ppm). These chemicals are therefore considered to be at a level of health concern.

Table 12. On-Site Surface Soil/Boring Sample Results for Dioxins and Furans,
October 1984

* = Toxic equivalency factor
** = Toxic Equivalency Factor Concentration

Subsurface Soil

Four on-site subsurface soil samples were collected at the site by the ISDH and the City of Bloomington in June 1981. All samples were found to contain PCBs. Because the sample depths ranged from surface to 5 feet, all samples are considered subsurface. Samples contained PCBs ranging from 1,700 to 330,000 ppm (Table 13).

Table 13. On-Site Subsurface Soil Total PCB Sample Results for Lemon Lane Landfill, June 1981

In June/July 1981, on-site soil samples were collected by EPA at the site and were analyzed for PCBs, VOCs, SVOCs, and pesticides (see Figure 7). Soil samples were collected from nine locations (81CL06S01 -81CL06S09) with a sample depth range of surface to 5 feet. Therefore, all soils will be considered subsurface, unless otherwise indicated. Two sample locations (81CL06S08 and 81CL06S09) were capacitor areas.

PCBs were detected at all nine locations with a concentration range of 0.1 to 57,000 ppm (Table 14). No other chemicals were reported at their respective detection limits. (EPA. Memorandum to chief of Water and Hazardous Materials Enforcement Branch regarding data results from Lemon Lane Landfill in Bloomington, Indiana. September 9, 1981.)

Table 14. EPA On-Site Subsurface Soil PCB Sample Results for
Lemon Lane Landfill, June/July 1981

Soil Gas

On-site soil gas sampling was conducted at the site in April 1987 (see Figure 8). The purpose of the sampling was to detect and characterize vapors in the soil pore space at the site. The results were analyzed for VOCs. A total of 23 samples were collected from 15 locations. VOCs were not detected in any samples. (Westinghouse. Letter to EPA, 1987).

Groundwater - Monitoring Wells

Between December 1982 and January 1983, on-site groundwater samples were collected by Westinghouse at the site (see Figure 9). Samples were collected for PCB analysis at four locations: MW-3, -4 (shallow), -4 (intermediate), and -4 (deep). Sample depths ranged from 105 feet in MW-3, 80 feet in MW-4 (shallow), and 99 feet in MW-4 (intermediate, and in excess of 123 feet in MW-4 (deep).

Total PCBs were detected in all wells except MW-4 (intermediate) with a concentration range of 1 ppb in MW-3 and MW-4 (shallow) to 2 ppb in MW-4 (deep).

In February 1983, on-site groundwater samples were collected by Westinghouse at the site. Samples were collected at MW-3, MW-4 (shallow, intermediate, and deep), and were analyzed for total PCBs. Total PCBs were detected in MW-4 (intermediate) at 2 ppb. All other samples were detected at less than 1 ppb.

Sediment

In March 1987, on-site sediment samples were collected by EPA from 18 locations at the site and analyzed for total PCBs, VOCs, and SVOCs.

A total of 22 solvents and 17 PCBs (total) were detected in March 1987. Chemicals of concern in sediment samples are shown in Table 15. No congener-specific analyses were available for these samples. Data for dibenzofurans were only reported as total dibenzofurans. Therefore, we cannot apply toxic equivalency factors to these data. (EPA. Letter to Westinghouse Bloomington Project Manager regarding analytical data for Anderson Road Landfill and sulfide data from Lemon Lane Landfill. April 10, 1987.)

Table 15. On-Site Sediment Sample Results for Lemon
Lane Landfill, March 1987

Concentrations listed as one number indicate only a single sample at that location.
* No comparison value available
** These two parameters are reported as a total

B. Off-site Contamination

Ambient Air

During June and July 1983, EPA conducted a pre-cleanup off-site air monitoring study for PCBs at the Lemon Lane Landfill site. Airborne PCB measurements were collected at three off-site locations upwind and downwind (locations 1 and 2, see Figure 6). Downwind locations 1 and 2 were situated in the yards of residences that border the north side of the site. The upwind monitoring location was located at a cemetery behind a mausoleum near the southern edge of the site boundary.

Battery-operated, personal pump systems were used to sample during 8-hour, low-volume daytime periods. High-volume systems were employed to sample for 24-hour periods. Sample locations upwind for the sample type 8-hour low-volume period showed a concentration range detection of less than 1 µg/m³. No 8-hour low-volume period measurement was taken for the downwind locations.

The upwind location for the sample type 24-hour high-volume period also had a concentration range of less than 1 µg/m³; downwind locations 1 and 2 for the sample type 24-hour high-volume period had a concentration range of less than 0.3 - 1 µg/m³.

Ambient air monitoring samples were collected by personal and perimeter air monitoring at the site by Westinghouse from June to September 1987. All samples were analyzed for PCBs. Concentration ranges detected in June and September 1987 for personal air monitors were 30 µg/m³ in June to 1 µg/m³ in September. Concentration ranges detected from June-September 1987 for the perimeter air monitoring were 1 µg/m³ (July 1987, east) to 21 µg/m³ (August 1987, west). Details of how the samples were taken, and the height at which the samples were taken were not provided with these data. (Sara Technologies. Lemon Lane Landfill, June 1987 through September 1987, personnel, site, and perimeter air monitoring during remediation. January 1988.)

Surface Soil

Surface soil samples were collected by the City of Bloomington at a private residence in June 1981 and in a wooded depression area in February 1982. One of the two samples from the private residence detected PCBs at 3,500 ppm. This sample was collected from a junk disposal site north of the residence. Five samples were taken in the wooded depressions southeast of the site. These depressions flood during periods of wet weather resulting from a combination of surface runoff and spring flow. All samples detected PCBs ranging from 0.2 to 360 ppm.

Concurrent with the spring water sampling in June 1983, soil samples were obtained from points north and south of the railroad embankment adjacent to Illinois Central Spring. The north sample was taken at the inlet where flow from the spring passes under the embankment; the second soil sample was taken at the spring outlet south of the embankment. Soil samples were analyzed for PCBs and VOCs. PCBs were detected at a concentration range of 2.5 ppm in the south sample to 5.8 ppm in the north sample. Methylene chloride was detected at a concentration range of 0.07 ppm at the spring outlet to 0.1 ppm at the north sampling location. Methylene chloride was not found in the laboratory blank.

In early October 1984, six off-site soil samples were collected by EPA from residences in the immediate neighborhood of the site, and were analyzed for dioxins and dibenzofurans. The samples collected by EPA were documented as surface soil; depths were not listed. Dioxins were detected in all six samples with a concentration range of 0.0001 to 0.005 ppm. Dibenzofurans were detected in one sample at less than 0.00002 ppm. Based on the respective toxic equivalency factor for dioxins and furans, the levels found are higher than the comparison value for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2E^-6 ppm). These chemicals are considered to be at a level of health concern.

Groundwater - Monitoring Wells

Between December 1982 and January 1983, off-site groundwater samples were collected by Westinghouse for the Lemon Lane Landfill site (see Figure 9).

Samples were collected for total PCB analysis at nine locations: MW-1 (shallow), MW-1 (deep), MW-8 (deep), MW-2, -5, -6, -7, -8 (shallow), and -9. Sample depths ranged from in excess of 49 feet in MW-1 (shallow), 65 feet in MW-1 (deep), in excess of 121 feet in MW-5, 69 feet in MW-6, in excess of 66 feet in MW-7, 60 feet in MW-8 (shallow), 91 feet in MW-8 (deep), and 107 feet in MW-9. All samples detected total PCBs at less than 1 ppb.

In February 1983, off-site groundwater samples were collected for PCB analysis by Westinghouse at the site. Samples were collected at nine locations: MW-1 (shallow), -1 (deep), -2, -5, -6, -7, -8 (shallow), -8 (deep), -9, plus two duplicates at MW-1 (deep) and -5. All samples detected total PCBs at less than 1 ppb.

Between October 1982 and June 1983, off-site groundwater samples were collected by EPA from around the periphery of the site (see Figure 10). Samples were collected at five locations: MW-B1, -B2, -B3, and -B4, plus a pond on private property (now owned by Westinghouse) directly northwest of the site. These samples were analyzed for VOCs, SVOCs, metals, and cyanide. Sample depths ranged from excess of 47 feet in MW-B1, in excess of 57 feet in MW-B2, in excess of 52 feet in MW-B3, and in excess of 47 feet in MW-B4. Due to a partially clogged screen, MW-B3 contained only enough water for a VOC sample. In addition, the sampling included one duplicate (MW-B4) and one blank. A total of 12 VOCs/SVOCs and six metals were detected with no cyanide in October 1982.

In June 1983, off-site groundwater samples were collected by EPA at MW-B1, -B2, -B3, and -B4. These samples were only analyzed for VOCs/SVOCs and total PCBs. No PCBs were detected, but VOCs/SVOCs and heavy metals were detected in June 1983. Chemicals of concern in groundwater monitoring well samples are shown in Table 16. There was no sampling data found for dioxins and furans in off-site groundwater monitoring wells. (Westinghouse. Phase I Report Supplemental Hydrogeologic Investigation, Lemon Lane Landfill. November 1989; Westinghouse. 1990 Lemon Lane High Flow Tracer Test Report. March 1991.)

Table 16. Off-Site Groundwater Monitoring Well Sample Results for Lemon Lane Landfill, October 1982 and June 1983

Concentrations listed as one number indicate only a single sample at that location.
* No comparison value available

Groundwater - Residential Wells

In June 1981, groundwater samples were collected in the site area by the City of Bloomington Utilities Lab and were analyzed for PCBs (see Figure 10). A total of 17 residences were sampled. All sample results were non-detect. (City of Bloomington Utilities Lab. Laboratory report on surface water and residential well water samples for Lemon Lane Landfill site. June 1981.)

Between June and July 1981, residential well samples were collected by EPA at three residences (samples 81CL06512 to 14) in the site area and were analyzed for PCBs (see Figure 7). All samples were non-detect. The residential well samples collected were part of a soil sampling event in June/July 1981 by EPA. (EPA. Letter to Chief of Water and Hazardous Materials Enforcement Branch regarding data results for Lemon Lane Landfill. September 9, 1981.)

As an addendum to the dioxin soil sampling conducted by EPA in early October 1984, EPA was asked to sample a residential well (junkyard property) near Vernal Pike for PCBs and pesticides. Sample results were non-detect. (EPA. Memorandum to File, December 11, 1983; EPA, Draft Remedial Action Master Plan, June 6, 1983; Indiana University. Collection and Analysis of Drinking Water Well Samples for PCB Content. November 1986.)

In November 1986, the Indiana University School of Public and Environmental Affairs in Bloomington conducted a well user survey of approximately 13 residential wells within 5,000 feet of the site. Samples were collected at faucets (used for drinking water) nearest to the well head. All samples were analyzed for PCBs. Documentation for the well user survey did not include a location map of the residences sampled. Samples detecting PCBs had a concentration range of non-detect to less than 1 ppb. (Indiana University. Collection and Analysis of Drinking Water Well Samples for PCB Content. November 1986.)

Surface Water

In June 1981, off-site surface water samples were collected by the City of Bloomington Utilities Lab in the Lemon Lane Landfill area, and were analyzed for PCBs. Two surface water samples (#1 and #2) were collected from private ponds on the north and northwest side of the site, plus a surface water sample from Hensenberg Creek. The sampling event was conducted in relation to the residential well samples collected in June 1981. All sample results showed non-detect. (City of Bloomington Utilities Lab. Laboratory report on surface water and residential well water samples for Lemon Lane Landfill site. June 1981.)

Between June and July 1981, off-site surface water samples were collected by EPA at the Lemon Lane Landfill area, and were analyzed for PCBs. As part of the EPA soil sampling event in June/July 1981, one surface water sample (81CL06S10) was collected from a private pond 25 yards west of the northwest corner of the site, along with one blank sample. PCBs were detected at 0.9 ppb in the pond water (see Figure 7). There was no sampling data found for dioxins and furans for off-site surface water. (EPA. Letter to Chief of Water and Hazardous Materials Enforcement Branch regarding data results from Lemon Lane Landfill. September 9, 1981.)

Spring Water

In July 1982 nine springs in the vicinity of the site were sampled by EPA (see Figure 11). These sample points were identified as: Stoney Spring East (#1), Stoney Spring West (#2), Illinois Central Spring (#4), Snoddy Spring (#6), Robertson Spring (#8), Packinghouse Road Spring (#9), Slaughter House Spring (#10), Packing Plant Spring (#11), and Detmer Spring (#7). Two additional points, Quarry Spring (#3) and Hinkle W-W Rise (#5), were to be sampled, but were found to be dry. The sampling also included two blank samples.

Samples collected were analyzed for VOCs, semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), inorganic chemicals and PCBs/pesticides. A total of seven VOCs and eight inorganic chemicals were detected. No PCB/pesticides were detected in July 1982. EPA requested a second set of spring samples in December 1982. Quarry Spring and Hinkle W-W Rise were sampled after flow was observed at their originating points. The other nine spring samples were also again sampled. All samples were analyzed for VOCs, SVOCs, PCB/pesticides, inorganic chemicals, and cyanide. Sampling included two blank samples plus a duplicate (Packing Plant Spring). A total of 13 VOCs/SVOCs, one PCB, and 11 inorganic chemicals were detected. No cyanide was detected during sampling. Chemicals of concern in spring water samples are listed in Table 17.

Table 17. Off-Site Spring Surface Water Sample Results for
Lemon Lane Landfill, July/December 1982

* No comparison value available
Concentrations listed as one number indicate only a single sample at that location.

In June 1983, the four springs closest to the site (Stoney Spring East and West, Quarry Spring, and Illinois Central Spring) were sampled for VOCs only. The Hinkle W-W Rise Spring was to be included in this group, but was not flowing at sampling time. Only VOCs, acetone (#2) at 14 ppb and trichloroethylene (#3 & #4) at 12-24 ppb, were detected during sampling.

Springs and Streams

In November 1991, water samples were collected by EPA from various springs and streams associated with the Lemon Lane Landfill site (see Figure 12). The IDEM collected sediment samples (see sediment section). This project was designed by EPA in conjunction with the IDEM to determine whether PCBs were present in the springs and streams that were believed to possibly be in contact with PCB-contaminated material buried at the Lemon Lane Landfill site.

The collection of stream samples began at the most downstream location to minimize the possibility of cross contamination. When possible, water samples were collected prior to collection of the sediment samples. At some locations it was apparent IDEM would have to try several locations along the stream bed in order to find a sufficient quantity of fine-grained silt. For these locations, IDEM first collected the sediment sample. The water sample was then collected immediately upstream of these locations while IDEM was sampling, or at the location after the water had cleared following the sampling.

The EPA samples 1 through 6 were submitted for analyses of VOCs, SVOCs, pesticides, PCBs, and metals. These six samples included a duplicate from the Swallow Hole (sample 3), a background sample collected from Oard Spring at Oard Road Bridge (sample 5), and a field blank prepared with distilled water (sample 6).

Fifteen additional samples (including three duplicate samples, although duplicates are not listed in the table) were found to contain PCBs. Thus, 14 of the 33 locations sampled (also not including the background sample from Oard Spring) contained detectable levels of PCBs. Fifteen of these locations are from Quarry Springs (including the Illinois Central Springs) or the Quarry Springs Branch.

No VOCs, SVOCs, or pesticides were detected during this sampling. A total of seven metals were detected during sampling at the locations (01, 04, & 05) with a concentration range of 6 ppb (cadmium) to 78,300 ppb (calcium). Chemicals of concern in surface water samples are listed in Table 18.

Table 18. Off-Site Springs & Streams Surface Water PCB Sample Results
from Lemon Lane Landfill, November 1991

Concentrations listed as one number indicate only a single sample at that location.
* No comparison value available

Sediment

In June/July 1981, off-site sediment samples were collected by EPA in the Lemon Lane Landfill area and were analyzed for PCBs. As part of an EPA soil sampling event in June/July 1981, one sediment sample (81CL06S11) was collected from a private pond 25 yards west of the northwest corner of the site, along with one blank sample. PCBs were detected at 0.52 ppm in the pond. (EPA. Letter to Chief of Water and Hazardous Materials Enforcement Branch regarding data results from Lemon Lane Landfill. September 9, 1981.)

In October 1981, off-site sediment samples were collected by EPA at four locations: 1) Stout's Creek, 2) Quarry Spring, 3) Stoney Springs East, and 4) Stoney Springs West. All samples were analyzed for total PCBs and were below the detection limit.

The IDEM conducted two sediment sampling events for total PCB analysis in June 1991 (see Figure 13) and November 1991 (see Figure 14) from various springs and streams associated with the Lemon Lane Landfill site. In June 1991 a total of 15 locations were sampled. Sampling in June 1991 included two duplicate sample locations, both at Illinois Central Spring - midstream. Total PCBs were detected in 11 samples (Table 19) with a maximum concentration of 58 ppm (IDEM. Memorandum. September 23, 1991; IDEM. Memorandum. February 25, 1992).

Table 19. Off-Site Sediment Total PCB Sample Results for
Lemon Lane Landfill, June 1991

In November 1991, sediment samples were collected from various springs and streams associated with the Lemon Lane Landfill site. The IDEM sediment samples were coordinated with the EPA water samples (see Off-Site Springs and Streams subsection). Five IDEM samples were analyzed for PCBs, VOCs, SVOCs, and metals. Lead was the only metal found at a level of concern. No SVOCs were found, and methyl ethyl ketone at very low levels was the only VOC found. All other samples were analyzed for PCBs only. A background sample taken from a spring (Oard Spring at Oard Road Bridge) in the area, that presently has not been linked to any site in this area, was also taken. This sample was below the detection limit and indicates the ambient levels of naturally occurring analytes.

The highest concentrations of PCBs were detected at the Illinois Central Springs. At the Illinois Central bridge north of Allen Street, only one sample had detectable levels of PCBs at 1 ppm. PCBs were indicated both north and south of this junction. Nine samples for PCBs were below the detection limit.

C. Quality Assurance and Quality Control

The July 1982 spring water inorganic sampling results were of questionable validity and were not used. In the March 1987 sediment samples, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate was a suspected laboratory contaminant and therefore not used. Contaminants levels reported to be below the quantifiable detection limit, or were indicated an estimated concentration, were not considered for discussion.

D. Physical and Other Hazards

Per the site visit on January 28, 1993, there were no apparent physical hazards present on this site.

PATHWAYS ANALYSES

A. Completed Exposure Pathways

On- and Off-site Ambient Air

On-site burning of capacitors and PCB-contaminated materials was reported to health officials by nearby residents, and by anecdotal reports from scavengers. Landfill workers, scavengers, trespassers, and individuals living around the site had past completed exposures to PCB-contaminated ambient air through inhalation. PCBs in air can be present in both airborne, solid, and liquid particles, and vapor that eventually return to the land and water from settling snow and rainwater. PCBs can be released into the environment from poorly maintained hazardous waste sites. Sampling of the ambient air was not done during this time. Ambient air on and around the Lemon Lane Landfill is considered to be a past completed exposure pathway through inhalation. The latest air monitoring of this site was non-detect.

On-Site Surface Soil

PCB oil-stained dirt was excavated from this site and moved to the Interim Storage Facility. Before this and other remediation measures were undertaken, this site was accessible to the general public. There were reports of individuals pouring the PCB oils out of capacitors and scavenging them for metal. Surface soil is a past completed exposure pathway for landfill workers, trespassers, and scavengers through dermal contact, and incidental ingestion. Because children have more hand-to-mouth activities than adults, they are of particular concern for this past completed exposure pathway.

On- & Off-site Wild Game

Based on a pilot study on the use of animal sentinels in environmental health, dogs that roamed these Consent Decree sites had elevated PCB serum levels (Schillig et al. 1988). Excretion of PCBs is slow, so accumulation occurs even at low exposure levels. The higher the chlorination, the longer it takes to be excreted by the body. If wild game forage in the brush on the site, or in the springs and/or depressions that are associated with this site, the accumulation of PCBs is very likely. Consumption of game such as rabbit, raccoon, and squirrel that roamed the Lemon Lane Landfill and/or its associated springs and depressions are past, present, and future completed exposure pathways for people who eat them. Staff from the ISDH have had personal contact with individuals undertaking such activities.

Table 20. Completed Exposure Pathways for Lemon Lane Landfill

* Possibly exposed at all Consent Decree sites

B. Potential Exposure Pathways

Off-Site Ambient Air

All of the latest air monitoring for the site is reported to be non-detect for PCBs; air quality around the associated springs and streams is questionable. Anecdotal reports suggest that after major rainfall events, the ambient air in Conard's Branch, the unnamed tributary to Clear Creek, and downstream at the Illinois Central Railroad seep is compromised. Off-site ambient air is a past, present, and future exposure pathway to individuals who live near or the above-mentioned areas.

Off-Site Groundwater

Dye tracer tests were performed at the Lemon Lane Landfill. Two aquifers exist below the site. The shallow aquifer ordinarily flows southeast and drains at a series of springs. During heavy rainfalls, however, the flow is to the northwest toward the site-related springs. The deep aquifer flows northwest ordinarily, but during heavy rainfall flows to the east. The groundwater flow system occurs primarily through sinkholes and swallow holes, and to a lesser extent, by rain percolation through the soils adjacent to the landfill.

The thirteen residential wells that were tested by Indiana University in 1986 were all non-detect or below 0.001 ppb for PCBs. All residents surrounding the site are on municipal water. Off-site groundwater is a past potential exposure pathway for individuals using private wells for potable water.

Off-Site Surface Water/Sediment

The highest reported detection of PCBs in surface water was at the Illinois Central Spring. A fence with warning signs had been constructed around this spring; however, it is in a state of disrepair. There is downstream transport of PCBs. Sampling results indicate that PCB levels in surface water are non-detect in downstream samples taken below Third Street. PCBs bind tighter to sediment than to water. Sediment PCB levels ranged from 0.7 to 58 ppm in samples taken downstream from the site. It has been reported to ISDH staff that children play in and around these springs and streams on a regular basis. Surface water and sediment from Lemon Lane Landfill is a past, present, and future potential exposure pathway through dermal contact for children who play in and around the springs associated with this site.

Table 21. Potential Exposure Pathways for Lemon Lane Landfill

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