ITEMS FROM THE UKRAINE

YURJEV PLANT PRODUCTION INSTITUTE

National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine, Moskovs'kiy pr., 142, Kharkiv, 61060, Ukraine.

Some supplemental recommendations for the optimum moisture content of wheat seed for long-term storage. [p. 203-204]

O.A. Zadorozhna.

Recommendations for the long-term storage of wheat seed are about 5±1 % (according to gene bank standards) or 8-9 % (according to VIR, N.I. Vavilov recommendations). As a rule, no specifications are made for long-term seed storage for the different species and subspecies of wheat. Questions about the lowest moisture content should be discussed. The aim of our work was to determine the optimum moisture content for long-term seed storage for some species and subspecies of wheat.

Samples of different wheat subspecies used in our research were T. aestivum velutinum (Velutinum 863411), grecum (Grecum 114), erythrospermum (Tsilynna 20), caesium (Tsesium 111), and cinereum (Tsinereum 2841); and T. durum hordeiforme (Kharkivska 46, Kharkivska37), leucurum (Kharkivska 27), australe (Mekki 440), and apulicum (Apulicum 185/88). Investigations of optimum moisture content were conducted under conditions of artificial aging. Seed sumples were kept at +35°C in boxes with the help of chemical solutions to keep the relative humidity (RH) at 5.5, 29.5, 32.5, 50.5, 62, 75, and 85 %. Seeds were kept under artificial aging conditions for a period of 120 days. Seed viability and moisture content were monitored during this time. After 20 days, the moisture content was at equilibrium. Prior to the experiment, the wheat seeds had a high viability and moisture content 9-12 % (Table 1). After 120 days, the moisture level of the seed was determined. According to RH in the box, the seed could be separated into seven groups and had moisture contents from 5-18 % (Table 1).

Our experiments show that durum wheat seeds, with m.c. of 5-7 %, store better than seeds with a higher moisture content. One exception was the cultivar Mekki 440 (australe), which had a reliably low viability level (16 % lower then initial). In this case, seeds had an m.c. of 5.4 %. Mekki 440 did not have a decrease in seed viability after 120 days of storage and was in the group at 7-9 %. On the basis of these data, we concluded that it is necessary to dry the seed of Mekki-440 and similar cultivars to a moisture content of less than 7 %. Durum wheat seed, which have a higher m.c. (9-18 %) lost viability more rapidly than seed with lower moisture contents. Bread wheat seed has a good level of storability at an moisture content of 5-9 % (Table 1). At a higher moisture content, we can control a rapid loss in viability. Some cultivars are more sensitive to storage (Tsesium 111).

On the basis of our experiments, we can conclude that wheat is more sensitive to higher moisture content than durum wheat (Table 1). We can explain this fact by the properties of endosperm of bread and durum wheat. We can not recommend durum wheat seed similar to Mekki 440 be stored at an moisture content less than 7 %. The optimum moisture content for long-term storage for wheat seed is 5-7 %, but we recommend different optimum moisture contents for durum and bread wheat seed. We recommend the drying of bread wheat seed to a lower moisture content.

Potential resistance to harmful organisms and performance of new spring bread wheat genepool from CIMMYT international nurseries in the eastern forest-steppe of Ukraine. [p. 205-206]

V.V. Sotnikov, T.M. Yevlanova, and T.Yu. Markova.

In the introductory/quarantine nursery of the Yuriev Plant Production Institute, we conducted a quarantine control and primary investigation of the biological peculiarities and the main characteristics of productivity in 273 accessions from CIMMYT 2000. The introduced material was represented by some International nurseries such as 8th Semi-Arid Wheat Yield Trials (8th SAWYT, 49 accessions), the 21st Elite Spring Wheat Yield Trials (21th ESWYT, 49 accessions), the 8th High Rain Wheat Yield Trials (8th HRWYT, 49 accessions), the 8th Septoria Monitoring Nursery (8th SMN, 31 accessions), and the 5th Stripe Rust Screening Nursery (5th SRSN, 44 accessions), and a set of cultivars (Ukr. Nursery / V. Golik, 51 accessions) received by personal request.

The cultivar Kharkovskaya 6 was used as a local standard. Resistance to pests was evaluated by their nature of development on a scale of 1-9: 1 = very high susceptibility, 5 = moderate susceptibility, 6 = moderate resistance, 9 = very high resistance. The yield level was considered to be very low if it was less than 76 % of the standard Kharkovskaya 6, low = 76-95 %, average = 96-115 %, high = 116-135 %, and very high = more than 135 %. The size of the plots were 0.45 sq. m. Field trials were conducted under arid conditions with a forecrop of clean fallow.

The yield level was limited to a certain extent by pests (fruit fly), by disease (powdery mildew and brown rust), and to a great extent by unfavorable climatic factors (heat, prolonged spring and ground frosts at night, increased daily temperature, and a deficit of soil water from the stage of sprouting to heading). The abovementioned factors resulted in negative effects on grain yield of wheat, it was rather low. Grain yield of the local standards and the controls was 282 g/m2 in Kharkovskaya 6, 324 g/sq. m. in Kharkovskaya 18, 151 g/sq. m. in Rannya 93 and 287 g/sq. m. in Sunnan. The introduced cultivars headed similar to the standard Kharkovskaya 6 (heading for 48 days, 42 %) and later (38 %). Among 20 % of those that headed earlier, low-yielding cultivars prevailed. The cross 'NG8319//SHA4/LIRA' (cross number CMBW90M2302-6M-010M-010Y-015M-6Y-0M-1SCM) and Flycatcher (cross number CM43598-II-8Y-1M-1Y-3M-3Y-0B-7M-0Y), both from the 5th SRSN, had an average grain yield only (269-273 g/sq. m.).

The pests differed as in their effect on wheat. Ninety-eight percent of cultivars were susceptible to the larvae of the fruit fly (1-5 scale), 57 % were affected by mildew pathogen, and 68 % were susceptible to brown rust from all the nurseries. The highest susceptibility was found in wheats from the UKR/V.Golik - (fruit fly), the 8th HRWYT (powdery mildew), and the 8th HRWYT and 5th SRSN (to brown rust) nurseries.

Complex, group, and individual resistance to pests was determined in 167 samples (61 % of those investigated). The portion of the resistant lines was 65 % in the 8th SAWYT Nursery, including group resistance to mildew and brown rust of 12 %, individual resistance to mildew of 69 %, and brown rust resistance of 19 %. In the 21st ESWYT, the percent of resistant lines was 57 %, including 25 % with group resistance to disease, 18 % with individual resistance to mildew, 46 % to brown rust, 11 % and to fruit fly. In the 8th HRWYT there was 35 % resistant lines, including 6 % with complex resistance to brown rust and fruit fly, group resistance to disease of 18%, and individual resistance to mildew of 29 %, brown rust of 41 %, and to fruit fly of 6 %. In the 8th SMW, 58 % of the lines were resistant, including 44 % with individual resistance to mildew and 56 % to brown rust. In the 5th SRSN, 48 % of the lines were resistant, including 5 % with group resistance to disease, 57 % with individual resistance to mildew, 33 % with resistance to brown rust, and 5 % resistant to fruit fly. The UKR/V.Golik was 100 % resistant lines, including 53 % with group resistance to disease and 47 % of the individuals resistant to mildew. Most of the isolated resistant cultivars are low-yielding. Only 8 % of the resistant cultivars in the nurseries had average to high levels of grain yield, these were cultivars from the 8th SAWYT, 21st ESWYT, 8th SMN, and 5th SRSN. No cultivars among those in the nurseries possessed complex resistance to the pests or group resistance to diseases.

Grain yield was rated as average (260­300 g/sq. m., *), high (327­351 g/sq. m., **), and very high (407 g/sq. m., ***). Lines with individual pest resistance and their grain yield include Pastor (cross number CM85295-0101TOPY-2M-0Y-0M-1Y-0M-0SY, *, 8th SAMYT), Super SERI #2 (cross number CRG 2468-I-3Y-5B-0Y, *, 21st ESWYT), 'NS732/HER//KAUZ' (cross number ICW91.0253-0TS-1AP-0TS-0AP-0SY, **, 8th SAWYT), and 'ALUKAN//KEA/GHK' (cross number CMBW89M3765-5M-0AL-2AL-4B-0Y-2SCM, **, 5th SRSN) for powdery mildew; 'LAJ 3302/2*MO88' (cross number CMSS92Y01621T-9Y-010M-010Y-010Y-5M-0Y, *, 21st ESWYT), 'SIBIA/PAVON/3/HE1/3*CNO79//2*SERI' (CMSS92Y01575T-5Y-010M-010Y-010Y-1M-0Y, *, 21st ESWYT), 'TURACO/2*BORL95' (cross number CMBW91M02705M-0TOPY-58M-010Y-010M-010Y, *, 21st ESWYT), Flycatcher (CM43598-II-8Y-1M-1Y-3M-3Y-0B-7M-0Y, *, 5th SRSN), 'IAS20*3/H567.71//SARA' (cross number CM81021-7Y-04M-0Y-1M-0Y, **, 8th SMN), and BR14/CEP847 (cross number B31615-0A-0Z-1A-15A-0A, **, 8th SMN) for brown smut; and 'WUH1/VEE#5//CBRD' (cross number CMSS92M01863S-015M-0Y-050M-0Y-1M-0Y-3SCM, ***, 5th SRSN) for fruit fly resistance.

Special attention needs to be given to the samples that although they have a very low grain yield (56­189 g/sq. m., *) or low grain yield (204249 g/sq. m., **) have complex and group resistance to pests, including 'CAR 422/ANA//YACO/3/KAUZ*2/TRAP//KAUZ' (cross number CG84-099Y-099M-1Y-3M-5Y-0B, **, 8th HRWYT) resistant to the fruit fly and brown rust; and 'BR14/CEP84' (cross number 7B31615-0Z-0Z-1A-4A-3M-010Y-0M-4PZ-0Y-0S..., *, 5th SRSN), 'Pastor*2/Opata' (cross number CMBW89Y00835-0TOPM-0Y-010M-010SY-010M-0..., *, 8th SAWYT), 'SRMA/TUI' (cross number CMBW89Y1888-8Y-010M-010Y-010M-0M-0SY-20..., *, 8th SAWYT), 'VEE/LIRA//BOW/3/BCN/4/KAUZ' (cross number CMBW89Y00834-0TOPM-48Y-010M-0SY-010M..., *, 8th SAWYT), 'Altar 84/Ae. tauschii//Opata' (CMBW89Y3514-4Y-010M-010Y-10M-1Y-0M-0SY, *, 8th SAWYT), 'SNI/YACO//BAV92' (cross number CG29-099Y-099M-10Y-3M-1Y-0B-0SY, *, 8th SAWYT), 'Altar 84/ Ae. tauschii//Opata (cross number CMBW89Y3514-4Y-010M-010Y-62M-5Y-0M-0SY, *, 8th SAWYT), Super SERI #1 (CRG2468-I-3Y-2B-0Y, *, 21st ESWYT), 'PFAU/MILAN' (cross number CMSS92Y02937S-91Y-95M-010Y-010Y-7M-0Y, *, 21th ESWYT), 'Weaver/WL3926//SW89.3064' (cross number CMSS92Y01054T-18Y-010M-010Y-010Y-10M-0Y, *, 21st ESWYT), 'Oasis/2*BORL95' (cross number CMBW91M02624M-0TOPY-16M-010Y-010M-010Y-..., *, 21st ESWYT), 'Oasis/5*BORL95' (cross number CMSS93Y04059M-4M-0Y-1Y-0B, **, 21st ESWYT), CHIL/ESDA/3/HE1/3*CNO79//2*SERI (cross number CMSS92Y01422T-36Y-010M-010Y-010Y-10M-0Y, **, 21st ESWYT), 'Oasis/4*BORL95' (cross number CMSS92M04418M-1Y-1M-2Y-0Y, 21st ESWYT), ORL9285 (cross number -0BRA, **, 8th HRWYT), and 'BH1146*3/ALD//BUC/3/BAU' (cross number CMBW89M3985-2M-0AL-10AL-2B-0Y-6SJ-0Y, **, 8th HRWYT) all resistant to powdery mildew and brown rust.

HMW-glutenin subunits 17+18 in bread wheat cultivars: their source, chronology, and geography of use in breeding worldwide. [p. 206-217]

S.V. Rabinovich, O.Yu. Leonov, and V.N. Bondarenko; and R.J. Pena (CIMMYT, Lisboa 27, Colonia Juares, Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico).

We collected from 44 literature sources published worldwide between 1985-00, nearly 200 spring and winter wheat cultivars containing HMW-subunits 17+18. These cultivars were bred in 27 countries between 1945-00. The pedigrees of 161 of these cultivars are known.

The HMW-glutenin subunits are determined by genes at the Glu-A1, Glu-B1, and Glu-D1 loci on chromosomes 1A, 1B, and 1D, respectively (Payne et al. 1983). Allelic variation at each locus (Lawrence et al. 1980, Payne et al. 1982) produces extensive variability in wheat cultivars. The assigning of a score to each HMW subunit permits a statistical evaluation of the variation grade in bread-making quality attributable to the HMW-glutenin subunits (Payne et al. 1987). According to Payne et al., the quality score (QS) of HMW-glutenin subunit 17+18 is estimated to be a mark 3, which is high for Glu-B1, and its presence is evidence of high-quality glutenin in a cultivar.

According to Payne et al. (1983, 1987), Ng et al. (1988), Graybosch (1992), and Bushuk (1998), a positive correlation exists between high bread-making quality and the presence of the HMW-glutenin subunits 1 and/or 2* of Glu-A1; 7+9, 7+8, and /or 17+18 of Glu-B1; and 5+10 of Glu-D1. In our collection, subunits 17+18 combine in many cultivars with subunits 1 or/and 2* in Glu-A1 and 5+10 (and 2+12) in Glu-D1. Such cultivars have the highest quality score (9-10 marks). Panin (1999) recommends HMW-glutenin subunits 17+18 and 5+10 for increasing bread-making quality in the Volga Region.

The HMW-glutenin structure are known for 23 spring and winter wheat cultivars of six western, eastern, and southern European countries is (Boggini et al. 2000, Branlard et al. 1985, CIMMIT 1997, Cooke 1995, Groger et al. 1997, Jackson et al. 1996, Kazman et al. 1996, Rabinovich et al. 2000, Anonymous 1996), for six spring cultivars of the Ukraine and Russian Federation (Rabinovich et al. 1998), for 40 cultivars from five Asian and nine varieties from five African countries (CIMMYT 1997, Zhong-Hu et al. 1992, Randal et al. 1993, Silvera et al. 1993, Tahir et al. 1995), for 33 cultivars from two countries of North and 29 varieties of six countries of South America (CIMMIT 1996, 1997; Khan et al. 1989; Lukow et al. 1989; Randal et al. 1993; Redaeli et al. 1997; Resultados 1999; Silvera et al. 1993; Tahir et al. 1995); and for 60 Australian cultivars (Cornish et al. 1993, 1995-1998; Graybosch 1992; Lawrence 1986).

The genealogy of wheat from many countries of world is analyzed according to CIMMYT 1995; Kohli 1986; Martynov et al. 1990; Rabinovich 1972; Rabinovich et al. 1998, 2000; Villareal et al. 1988; and Zeven et al. 1976, 1991.

Analysis of HMW-glutenin subunits in wheat with 17+18 at Glu-1B is evidence that the subunits only are absent (N) for Glu-1A in 12 (70 %) of 17 cultivars from Great Britain, France, and Germany and also in isolated cultivars from China, South Africa, and Australia. Subunits 17+18 are found, more often than not, in combination with 2* and 2+12, then with subunits 1 and 5+10.

The Canadian spring wheat Stanley was released in Canada in 1895 (Lukow et al. 1998), has a QS = 6 (N.17+18.2+12), and was the first wheat with subunits 17+18 at Glu-1B known to us. Descendants of this cultivar are not known. Ardito, a cultivar from the eminent plant breeder N. Strampelli with a QS = 6 (N.17+18.2+12), was released in Italy in the early 1920s (Boggini et al. 2000). Ardito was grown in a number of countries around the world. One hundred derivatives and descendant s are found in many countries of the world, including the famous Russian winter wheat Bezostaya 1, were created using Ardito as a parent. However, even after studying the literature, we found no descendants of Ardito with the subunits 17+18.

Research to determine HMW-glutenin subunits has been done by Lawrence et al. (1980 ) and Payne et al. (1982, 1983) at the beginning of the 1980s. In breeding programs in Mexico and Australia, the first economically significant cultivars with HMW-glutenin subunits 17+18, Timstein and Gabo, were used for the first time in the late 1940s and early 1950s, i.e., more than 30 years earlier when little was known about the genetics of glutenin composition. These cultivars were used as sources of resistance to lodging and rust.

The first cultivars with subunits 17+18 of Glu-1B having economic significance probably were bred in the 1930s in Australia. Later, through the Australian wheats Timstein and Gabo, these subunits entered in to the pedigrees of tall cultivars bred in Mexico at the beginning of the 1950s (Yaqui 53 and Yaqui 54), and their derivatives contributed to the spread of cultivars with subunits 17+18 in many countries of the world.

The Australian cultivar Gabo (1942) has pedigree: 'Bobin/Gaza, Palestine, T. durum//Bobin sel'. From old data, the cultivar Timstein (1940s) is a derivative of Steinwedel (AFR/T. timopheevi) is a sister line of Gabo. Peterson (1958) suggested that the pedigree of the U.S. cultivar Lee 'Hope/Timstein', and Brigle and Reitz (1963) 'Hope//2*Bobin/Gaza', which are the same.

The HMW-glutenin composition of Gabo is 2*.17+18.2+12, QS = 8, but we did not find glutenin composition of Timstein in an Australian publication. Graybosch (1992) stated that Timstein also has a HMW-glutenin composition of 2*.17+18.2+12 (QS = 8). Lukow et al. (1998) cited two variations of glutenin compositions for Timstein 2*.17+18.2+12 (QS = 8, seed sample of unknown origin) and 2*.7+9.2+12 (QS = 7, seed from two Australian samples).

We found that the HMW-glutenin composition of the cultivar Lee was N/2*.20?+10 (QS = 7) only in Lukow et al. (1998).

Wrigley et al. (1997) studied the pedigree of Gabo and discovered that many years ago the parental line Bobin (Thew/Steinwedel, AFR, may in fact be Gular (Wagga 13/Marshall's No.3). Quite likely, Gular was used in the pedigrees of Timstein and Lee but not Bobin. The Australian cultivar Gular has the Australian wheat Zaff (a derivative of local Indian variety Muzaffar Nagar) in its pedigree. We think that may be the source of subunits 17+18 in Gular (1930s), Timstein, and Gabo, and its derivatives.

The first cultivars with HMW-glutenin subunits 17+18 at Glu-B1 that were used successfully in breeding progress of CIMMYT, Mexico, were the Australian varieties Timstein and Gabo. In the 1950s in Mexico, Yaqui 53 and Yaqui 54 were bred and then came Gabo 55 and Gabo 56. Because named cultivars and their descendants were used in the crosses, widespread distribution of wheats with subunits 17+18 around the world began.

We analyzed the pedigrees of more than 150 varieties from the nearly 200 cultivars available with HMW-glutenin subunits 17+18 at Glu-1B. Among these pedigrees we selected genetic resources of subunits 17+18 and gave them a stock name. For example, Timstein is a known stock of 17+18 in the pedigree of Yaqui 53 as is Gabo for Gabo 55.

Table 2 lists cultivars with subunits 17+18, the year of their release, source of information, and also genetic source of 17+18. The sources are designed by the number (for cultivar names corresponding to the numbers, see Table 2). For many of the 50 cultivars given in the Table 2, we do not know the pedigree. These cultivars designated in Table 2 with a '-'. This table also lists 15 cultivars of known pedigree, but the source of 17+18 is not revealed in the ancestors back to the 3rd or 4th generation. These cultivars are designated with a question mark in Table 3.

Table 2 lists the number of cultivars created from each source of 17+18, the countries of origin, and year of release. In the breeding of these cultivars with known sources of subunits 17+18 are 47 known stocks (2-48), including 17 from Australia, 22 from Mexico, and eight from Great Britain, India, Pakistan, and Chile. Thirty-one possible sources include one from the U.S., 18 from Mexico, and 13 of eight other countries (51-81, numbers 49, 50 are absent in Table 3).

Among varieties with known sources of 17+18, the majority were bred from known sources of Mexican origin: Sonora 64, 26 cultivars from nine countries; II 8156 (a descendant of Gabo 55), 10 cultivars from five countries; Siete Cerros 66 (from II 8156), 11 cultivars from seven countries; Ciano 67 (from Sonora 64), 17 cultivars from six countries; Bluebird (from II 8156, Sonora 64, and Ciano 67), 20 cultivars from eight countries; and Yecora 70 (from Bluebird); Bluejay (from Siete Cerros and Paloma); and Pavon 76 (from Ciano 67 S and Bluebird). And finally, four to five cultivars from three to four countries from different continents.

The country with the second highest number of known stocks with subunits 17+18 is Australia. From the cultivar Gular, Timstein, Gabo, and possibly more four cultivars were created in Australia. Timstein, two cultivars from Mexico was released in 1953-54; Gabo, with cultivars from Mexico was released in 1955-56; and 10 cultivars from Australia were released between 1960-82. Seven cultivars in Australia were bred with Gamenya (a derivative of Gabo, 1965-82) and Kite (derivative of Gular through Eagle, 1980-93). Falcon, Charter, Eagle (a derivative of Gular), Gamut, Bokal, Madden, Eradu (a descendant of Gabo) have from one to three Australian cultivars in their pedigrees. Between 1974-81, the Australian cultivar Mengavi helped breed one cultivar in the U.S. and Mexico and one in Italy with the participation of Mendos.

Cultivars from CIMMYT (Sonora 64, Siete Cerros 66, Ciano 67, and some others) were used as sources of 17+18 in breeding of Australian cultivars created in the early 1980s. The primary stocks of subunits 17+18 for wheats bred in Asia and Europe also are from CIMMYT.

Pedigrees of cultivars that are described as possible sources of the 17+18 subunits include from one to four cultivars with these subunits in their pedigree, but the glutenin composition of these sources or is not known or they have other subunits (7+8, 7+9, 20 or another) at Glu-B1. In some cases, only these questionable sources are the only possible source subunits 17+18 in the cultivar.

We are not sure of the nature of HMW glutenin subunits 17+18, but can attempt two explanations. First, parental forms were present in a population of biotypes, one of which had and the others lacked the subunits. The literature did not report the presence of subunits 17+18 in the biotype, but they were present in the biotypes used for the actual breeding. Second, in the parental lines, genes determining subunits 17+18 are suppressed sustained as a result of recombination.

An example of possible source, which may be a real source of subunits 17+18 in Glu-B1, is in the pedigree of Sonora 64. The subunits could have been inherited only from Timstein, through the Mexican wheat Yaqui 54 (Yaqui 48//Timstein/Kenya). The glutenin composition of Yaqui 54 is unknown. In Timstein, there are two pedigrees and two variants of the subunits, 17+18 and 7+8 at Glu-1B, in seed of different origin. Twenty-six wheats from nine countries on five continents (from Ukraine to Australia) had subunits 17+18 from Sonora 64 than more likely from Timstein. Sonora 64 must be the known source for each of these wheats and their derivatives.

In the cultivars Alidos and Kontrast released in 1987 and 1990, respectively, in the former East Germany, the source of subunits 17+18 may be only the Zimbabwean cultivar Lundi, which contains Lee in the pedigree. The source of 17+18 in cultivars Kafue from Zimbabwe, and Estanzuela Dakuru from Uruguay, also may be only Lee. The Lee derivative Gular(or Bobin) with 17+18 at Glu-1B has the HMW-glutenin composition N/2*.20?.5+10 from the Canadian wheats (Lukow et al. 1998).

Among the 31 possible sources of subunits 17+18, 18 were created at CIMMYT (Mexico), three in Zimbabwe, three in Australia, and seven others in six different countries. In the pedigrees of these possible sources, the primary stocks were represented by CIMMYT cultivars, among which five possible sources were created using Sonora 64, five lines with II 8156 and cultivars selected from it, four lines from Ciano 67; four from Bluebird, and only seven from the Australian Gabo.

We considered the winter wheat cultivars with HMW-glutenin subunits 17+18 Torfida and Rialto and spring wheat Solitaire (QS = 10, 1.17+18.5+10) in Great Britain and two Russian spring wheats Yershovskaya 32 (QS = 10, 2*.17+18.5+10,) as the most significant achievements in breeding of the cultivars with 17+18 subunits.

We agree with Panin (1999) about the possibility for using HMW-glutenin subunits 17+18 and 5+10 for increasing the bread-making quality of bread wheats. These subunits also will be useful in the Ukraine. At the National Centre of Plant Genetics Resources of Ukraine, a collection of spring and winter wheat cultivars with HMW-glutenin subunits 17+18 is maintained. Seed of the most promising lines may be available to specialists for breeding and genetical research. A number of these lines have high productivity, resistance to rust diseases and other economic valuable traits.

Acknowledgments. The authors are thankful to G.B. Cornish (Grain Quality Laboratory, SARDI, Waite Research Precinct, Australia) and C.W. Wrigley (CSIRO, Division of Plant Industry, North Ryde, NSW 2133 Australia) for kindly suppling reprints of the publications containing important information and for their useful consultation and correspondence.

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Genes for disease and pest resistance in winter and spring wheat cultivars and their genetic stocks. [p. 217-220]

S.V. Rabinovich, Eyu. Afonskaya, and I.N. Chernyaeva.

The most effective way to decrease losses to diseases and pests and to increase yield stability is through the use of identified resistance genes in breeding programs. At present (McIntosh 1988, McIntosh et al. 1996-00), a number of disease resistance genes have been identified in bread wheat. Among these genes are 58 genes for resistance to leaf rust (Lr1-Lr49 and nine alleles); 48 genes for stem rust resistance (Sr2-Sr49 and 11 alleles); 33 genes for yellow rust resistance (Yr1-Yr28 and five alleles); 41 genes for powdery mildew resistance (Pm1-Pm28 and 13 alleles), and three genes for eyespot resistance (Pvh1-Pch3). Other pest resistance genes include Cmc1-Cmc2 for wheat curl mite colonization, the vector of WSMV and WSpM, and genes Gb1-Gb6 for resistance to greenbug (McIntosh et al. 1998b).

A number of genes with temporary designations are identified: five Lr, 15 Sr , 25 Yr, and 15 Pm genes (McIntosh 1988, McIntosh et al. 1996-2000).

A majority of known genes for disease resistance are present in wheat cultivars as isolines. At the same time, some genes complexes are present in certain cultivars as transferred by means of wheat­alien translocations. The linked genes Lr26, Sr31, Yr9, and Pm8 are found in many varieties with T1BL·1RS (Zeller 1973, McIntosh 1988, Rabinowich 1998). A four disease-resistance gene complex, Sr+, Pm17, Gb2, and Cmc is found in the cultivars with T1AL·1RS (The et al. 1992). Resistance to two diseases via Lr24 and Sr24 is found in varieties with a wheat-Thinopyrum translocation (McIntosh et al. 1976).

The gene Lr9 was introduced into bread wheat Chinese Spring from Ae. umbellulata, and a line with translocation 47 (Sears 1956) is known as Transfer (T. dicoccum/Ae. umbellulata) Chinese Spring (Lr12 + Lr27 + Lr31 Lr34; Sr9f; and Pm11). Lr9 is found most often in soft winter wheats of U.S., Abe and Arthur 71 (both with Lr9, Pm2, and Pm6); Oasis (Lr9 Lr11, Pm2, and Pm6); Cocer 9733 and Cocer 9777 (both with Lr9 Lr24, and Sr24); Terral 101 (Lr9, Lr11, Lr18, Lr24, and Sr24). Lr9 was introduced into the isogenic line Egisar 29 (Saratovovskay a 29*9//Thatcher*6 /Transfer) in Saratov. Resistance genes from different origins are combined in Abe, Arthur 71, and Oasis (T. timopheevi and Ae. umbellulata); in Coker 9733 and Coker 9777 (Ae. umbellulata and Th. ponticum); and from all three in Terral 101.

The gene Lr10 (Choudhuri 1958) was first used in the wheats Gabo and Timstein (both Lr10, Lr23, and Sr11) from Australia and Lee (Lr10, Lr23, Sr9g Sr11, Sr16, and Yr7) from the U.S. Cultivars having this gene are wide spread in many countries. Lr10 is linked with Gli-Al and Hg (ear hairness). Hg is linked with a Pm3 gene for powdery mildew resistance. Among the Lr10-derived wheats, the North American spring wheat cultivars of Selkirk (Lr10, Lr14a, Lr16, Sr2, Sr6, Sr7b, Sr17, and Sr23) and Waldron (Lr2a, Lr10, Lr16, Lr23, Sr5, Sr11, Sr41, SrWld1, and SrWld2) are of the greatest interest for geneticists and breeders. Genes Sr2 and Sr17, which were identified in Selkirk, were inherited to from T. diccocum.

The gene Lr12 was in the first identified in two spring wheats (Dyck et al. 1966). Chinese Spring (Lr12, Lr27, Lr31, Lr34, Sr9f, Pm11) from China and Canadian Exchange (Lr10, Lr12, Lr16, Sr23, and SrMcN) are sources of Lr12 in the pedigrees of a series of cultivars. The intermediate lines of U.S. red wheat CI12632 and CI12633 with genes Lr12, Sr36, Pm2, and Pm6 are of great interest for breeding. Both were selected from the cross (Illinois 1/Chinese Spring*3//T. timopheevi). The U.S. lines inherit resistance to leaf rust from Chinese Spring and resistance to stem rust and powdery mildew from T. timophevii.

The genes Lr13, LrT3, and Lr34 were described first by Dyck et al. (1966), Dyck (1987), Dyck et al. (1982), respectively, in the Brazilian wheat Frontana (Lr13, Lr34, LrT3, Sr8a, Sr9b, Yr6, and Yr18; pedigree Fronteira BRA/Mentana ITA). This cultivar has adult, in addition to seedling resistance to leaf rust.

Frontana was developed in Brazil as a consequence of a damaging epidemic of stripe rust. Following the release of Frontana in 1943, stripe rust was no longer a problem in Brazil and its resistance has apparently been durable. Gene Yr6 was first identified in Frontana and designated YrB (Zadock 1973, Macer 1966). Yr6 has not been used internationally. Common in the spring wheats of South American origin, Singh (1992) and McIntosh (1992) independently showed that Lr34 was associated with adult plant resistance to stripe rust conferred by Yr18, the second stripe rust-resistance gene in Frontana. Yr18 was identified by Singh in 1992. The history of Yr18 presumably is identical to that of Lr34. Lr34 was identified in 1987 (Dyck 1987). Up to this time, it was designated as LrT2 (Dyck et al. 1982). Lr34 was transferred to a wide range of CIMMYT-generated germ plasm, North American wheats, and many others. The Argentinian variety Klein 33 is the source of Lr34 in the Russian cultivar Bezostaya 1, which was released in 1959.

The gene Lr13 was used widely for many years in breeding programs of a number of countries. An interaction of Lr13 with other genes, for example Lr16 in the Canadian spring wheat Columbus and with Lr34 in Frontana and numerous it derivatives, was revealed. Singh and Gupta (1991) suggest the possibility of interaction between Lr13 with other unknown genes of adult resistance to Lr13-virulent pathotypes in Indian bread wheat cultivars. Lr3T enhanced the resistance of Lr34, previously named LrT2. Sr8a probably has limited effect on the field response to stem rust, whereas Sr9b, linked with Lr13, has been effective in many countries.

The gene Lr19 (Browder 1972, McIntosh et al. 1976) from Th. ponticum to cultivars Agrus and Agatha (Agrus/2*Thatcher) was introduced into a few commercial varieties of spring wheat. Lr19 is linked with Sr25. The Lr19 gene is the source of resistance in the spring wheats Sunnan (Lr19, Pm1, Pm2, Pm4b, and Pm9, Sweden) (Knott 1989) and Oasis 86 (Lr13 and Lr19, Mexico) (Singh and Rajaram 1991). The Russian isogenic lines Pysar 29 (Saratovskaya 29*7//Thatcher*6/Agatha) with Lr19 was created in Saratov and PPG 596 and Zhemchuzhina Povolzhya (both with the same pedigree) in Samara. Genes Lr19d and Sr25d were identified in South African variety Indis (INIA 66/Th. distichum), which had resistance to two rust species from Th. distichum, but not from Th. ponticum (Marais 1990). The Swedish variety Sunnan inherited Lr19 from Th. ponticum. The gene Pm2 is from T. timopheevi through CI 12633. Pm4b is from T. carthlicum through the German cultivar Els. Pm1 and Pm9 are found in Swedish common wheats.

The gene Lr23 (McIntosh et al. 1975) was transferred from T. durum to the Palestinian wheat Gaza and Austraralian spring common wheats Gabo and Timstein, the Canadian wheat Lee, and Kenya Farmer (Lr10 and Lr23). Through these cultivars and derivatives, Lr23 entered into dozens of varieties in Australia, India, and Mexico. Lr23 is linked (on T1BL·1RS) with Lr26, Sr31, Yr9, and Pm8 in Mexican cultivars (Singh and Rajaram 1991) Glenson 81, Mexico 82, Seri 82, and Curinda 87 (Lr34). Mexican wheats inherited this wheat-rye translocation from the German wheat Neuzuch (created from the German winter rye Petkus) through the Russian cultivar Kavkaz (Rabinovych 1998).

The closely linked genes Lr24 and Sr24 (McIntosh et al. 1976), from Th. ponticum, were introduced into commercial cultivars through Agent (T. aestivum/Th. ponticum//6*Triumph). These genes, in various combinations, are present in many U.S. winter wheat cultivars: JRL 926050 (Lr1, Lr2a, Lr24, Lr26, Sr24, Sr31, and Yr9); Century (Lr3a, Lr10, Lr24, Sr24, Pm17, and Gb2); Siouxland (Lr3a, Lr24, Lr26, Sr5, Sr24, Sr31, and Yr9); Arapahoe (Lr10, Lr16, Lr24, and Sr24); and NE 89526 (Lr10, Lr24, Lr26, Sr24, Sr31, Yr9, and Pm8). The disease resistance genes in Terral are described in the paragraph about gene Lr9. In JRL 926050, Siouxland, and NE 89526, resistance genes were from wheat-Thinopyrum and T1B·1R, and in Century from wheat-Thinopyrum and T1A·1R (Pm17 and Gb2).

The genes Lr24 and Sr24 are identified in NILs of the spring wheat Saratovskaya 55 from Russia (Sibikeev et al. 1997), Karee, Kinko, Palmiet, Wilga, SST 25, SST 44, and SST 102 from South Africa (Le Roux et al. 1987), and in the Australian wheats Cunningham (Lr24, Sr5, Sr8a, Sr12, and Sr24), Gorote (Lr24, Sr5, Sr8a, Sr12, and Sr24), Sunco (Lr24, Sr12, and Sr36), Sungelg (Lr24, Sr24, and Sr26) (McIntosh 1996). Triticum durum is present in the pedigrees of the three first Australian cultivars with gene Sr12 and the last has Sr26 from Th. ponticum.

The North-American intermediate wheat Amigo (Teewon/triticale (8x Gaucho) ((Chinese Spring/rye (2x Insafe) F1 + kolkhitcin)/wheat 63PC42-4/Teewon sib) has the genes Sr+, Pm17, Gb2, and Cmc has the wheat-rye translocation T1A·1R, and genes Lr24 and Sr24 from a wheat-Thinopyrum translocation (The et al. 1992). These translocations arose by means of irradiating populations. The triticale cultivar Gaucho is an 8x (2n = 56) amphiploid of Chinese Spring wheat and the Portugese rye Insafe, the source of greenbug resistance. The pedigree of Teewon has been given as 'Triticum species/Thinopyrum ponticum//Pawnee (= TAP 48, 2n = 44)/3/Wichita (pollen irradiated) /4/Wichita/5/Triumph 64'. TAP 48 is known to have chromosome 3Ag with Lr24 and Sr24. TAP 48 is closely related to the alien substitution line TAP 67. The winter varieties TAM 107, Century, TAM 200, OH 416, KS92WGRC21, KS92WGRC22, Nekota, and Neobara were created using Amigo in 1980-90s in the U.S. Amigo is the source of Lr24 and Sr24 in these cultivars. Insafe F.A. also has the wheat-rye translocation T1AL·1RS with the genes Sr+, Pm17, Gb2, and Cmc on short arm of rye chromosome. In our experiments under artifical infection, the cultivar Century was immune to loose smut, and TAM 200 was resistant to loose smut and common bunt.

The genes Lr37, Sr38, and Yr17 are closely linked in one block (Bariana 1991; Bariana et al. 1993, 1994). These genes originated from Ae. ventricosa and were introduced into the commercial cultivars through the French line VPM 1 (Ae. ventricosa (Lr37, LrVPM, Sr38, Yr17, and Pch1)/T. carthlicum (Pm4b)//3*Marne). A derivative of VPM, Rendezvouz (Lr37, Sr38, Yr17, Pm2, Pm4b, Pm6, and Pch1) and its descedants Beaford, Brigadier, Hussar, Lynh, and Torfida from Great Britain; Hyak and Madsen (both Sr38, Yr17, and Pch1) from the U.S.; Sunbri (Lr3a, Sr5, Sr12, Sr36, Sr38, and Yr17), Sunstate (Lr1, Lr3, Sr2, Sr5, Sr8a, Sr12, Sr38, and Yr17) and Trident (Sr12, Sr38, and Yr17) from Australia also are in production in 1990s. In our tests, Madsen (VPM 1/Moisson), FRA//2*Hill 81, and Yamhil/Hyslop (Bt1 and Bt4) are resistant to bunt and loose smut in artificial inoculation. The cultivar Rendezvouz has genes Pm2 and Pm6 from T. timpoheevi, Sunstate has Sr2 from T. dicoccum, Sunstate and Sunbri have a gene from T. durum, and Sunbri has Sr36 from T. timopheevi.

References.

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The history of winter wheat cultivars from the Breeding and Genetics Institute of UAAN between 1912-2001: an analysis of their genealogy, HMW-glutenin composition, and ability for use in breeding new cultivars. [p. 220-230]

S.V. Rabinovich, O.Yu. Leonov, I.A. Panchenko, R.G. Parchomenko, and Z.V. Usova.

According to Payne et al. (1987), an index of quality (Quality Score (QS)) is defined for each subunit or group of subunits of HMW-glutenin. In this report, high positive correlations were detected between the presence of subunits 1 or 2* (QS = 3) at locus Glu-A1; 7+8 (QS = 3), 7+9 (2) and /or 13+16 (QS = 3), and 17+18 (QS = 3) at Glu-B1; and 5+10 (QS = 4) at Glu-D1 and high baking properties (Lukow et al. 1989, Bushuk 1988). The quality scores for wheats include QS = 10, alleles 1 or 2* and 7+8, 17+18, or 13+16 and 5+10; QS = 9, 1 or 2*, 7+9, and 5+10; QS = 8, N, 7+8, 17+18, or 13+16, and 5+10; QS = 7, 1 or 2*, 6+8, 7, or 20, and 5+10 or N, 7+9, and 5+10 or 1 or 2, 7+9, and 2+12; QS = 6, N, 6+8, 7, or 20, and 5+10 or 1 or 2*, 6+8, 7, or 20, and 2+12; and QS = 5, N, 7+9, and 5+10.

The HMW-glutenin composition of winter wheat cultivars from Odessa and its winter and spring ancestors and derivatives in countries of the former USSR were deduced from data of the Grain Quality Department at our Institute. Some data on HMW-glutenin composition is taken from Rabinovich et al. (1997). Breeding history of the Odessa wheats and descendants is from publications of the Odessa breeders F.G. Kyrychenko, S.P. Lyfenko, and M.A. Lytvynenko, and also from Rabinovich (1972), Dorofeev at al. (1976), Manzyuk et al. (1985), Anonymous (1987), Rabinovich et al. (1997), and Anonymous (2000).

The breeding of winter wheat at the Breeding and Genetic Institute, previously called the Odessa Experimental Station, began in 1912 under guidance of Andriy Opanasovych Sapegin, the first to breeder in the southern Ukraine. Sapegin, who later became a member of the of the Ukrainian Science Academy, thought that the breeding process must begin with the selection of pure lines with the greatest number of useful traits from local populations. Three cultivars of winter wheat that he created by means of selection from landraces in the 1920s are Zemka (an individual selection from a local wheat of Odessa region), Kooperatorka (an individual selection from Krymka 15 of the Kherson Experimental Station), and Stepnjachka (an individual selection from Banatka). These cultivars were released in former USSR at the first official regional assignment in 1929. The cultivar Stepnjachka was grown by rural farmers until 1954, Zemka to 1960, and Kooperatorka until the 1970s (Manzyuk et al. 1985).

The first wheat crosses for breeding purposes were made by Sapegin in 1915. In 1928 and 1929, when areas of winter wheat in the Ukraine perished because of frost, Sapegin successfully crossed drought-resistant, nonwinterhardy varieties with the highly winterhardy variety from the Volga region Hosianum 237. The last variety bred in Saratov by selection from a winterhardy local wheat was Kharkivs'ka (Rabinovich 1972). Among the hybrids combinations were 'Kooperatorka/Hostianum 237' (RUS, QS = 6.5) and 'Zemka/Hostianum 237' (RUS).

Each Odessa breeder who worked or worked after A.O. Sapegin aspired to name their cultivars with personal themes. F.G. Kyrychenko, especially in the later years, used name connected with the sea, for example, Prybiy (in Ukrainian means surf) and Chayka (seagull). D.O. Dolgushin named his cultivars with the word 'Odes'ka' an ordinal number S.P. Lyfenko gave his cultivars names consisting of 1-2 Ukrainian words, but rarely used the name Odes'ka with ordinal number. M.A. Lytvynenko, since the 1980s, added the word 'Odes'kyj' or 'Odes'ka' to the name of each of his cultivars. The only exceptions are two of his newest cultivars, Leleka and Panna.

The significant contribution in cereal breeding during 1930-80s made an academician of Vaskhnil Fedir Grygorovych Kyrychenko (Kirichenko 1955, 1974, 1975, 1983; Manzyuk et al. 1985). By the selection from the aforementioned hybrids created by Sapegin, breeders under the guidance of Kyrychenko created the cultivars Odes'ka 3 (QS = 9) and Odes'ka 12 (QS = 9), (see Table 4). Later, by selection from Odes'ka 12, the free pollinating created the cultivar Odes'ka 16 (QS = 9). These cultivars were released in the Ukraine and the Russian Federation in 1938, 1947, and 1952. The area sown to Odes'ka 3 was 6.6 x 10^6^ ha in 1959 and Odes'ka 16 occupied 1.4 x 10^6^ ha in 1962. The cultivar Prybiy (QS = 9) was fairly widely distributed in the 1970s (to 0.7 x 10^6^ ha). Grown on the field varieties Odes'ka 26 (QS = 9), Chayka (QS = 9), Progres (QS = 9), and Stepnjak. The last variety was selected from Prybiy.

Abbreviated names of countries: BLG, Bulgaria; GBR, Great Britain; IND, India; MEX, Mexico; MLD, Moldova; RUS, Russian Federation; KOR, South Korea; USA, United States of America; and ZMW, Zimbabwe.

The work of Kyrychenko is characterized by the use of pair crosses, mainly with cultivars of his own breeding. Most of the cultivars, whose glutenin composition is known, are monotypic, have only by one subunit or one subunit group at each locus, and most have a QS = 9. However, the wheats Novostepnjacka and Zaliv have the subunit composition 7+8/7+9 at Glu-1B and a QS = 9 or 5 balls.

Kyrychenko also used the Russian wheats Bezostaya 1 (QS = 9) and its dwarf mutant Karlik 1 (QS = 8.5) from Krasnodar, Hostianum 237 from the Volga region (QS = 6.5), and the Croatian wheat Zlatna Dolina, as initial breeding material. All of these lines are descendants of Ukrainian cultivars.

At present, not one cultivar created by Kyrychenko has been grown on rural farms. The cultivar Fedorivka (QS = 9.5; pedigree: 'Erythrospermum 1022-79/Brygantina') has been grown in the steppe region of the Ukraine since 1992. Fedorivka was named in honor of Fedir Grygorovych Kyrychenko. By the end of the 1990s, M.A. Lytvynenko, a disciple of Kyrychenko, bred Pryma Odes'ka (QS = 10), a derivative of variety Fedorivka.

Among the wheat varieties created by this collective, Odes'ka 16 had the greatest capacity as material for creating new cultivars. Prybiy, Chayka, Progres, and Odes'ka 95, released in the 1970-80s, were derived from Odes'ka 16. Under Dolgyshin, Odes'ka 51 (QS = 9.5; pedigree: 'Odes'ka 16/Bezostaya 1') was released by the end of 1960s. This cultivar also was good parental material for breeding programs. Derivatives of Odes'ka 16 from the Institute of Land Use for Irrigation (Kherson) were Lutescens 15 and Khersons'ka 84 and from the Donetsk Institute of Agroindustrial Production were Donets'ka 38 (QS = 9) and Donets'ka 79 (through the Krasnodarian cultivar Stepnaya 30). Two descendants of Donets'ka 79 were Poshuk from Belarus and Bazal't from the Voronezh Region of the Russian Federation.

Derivatives of Odes'ka 16 are Stavropol'skaya 35 and it descendant Starnad 1 from the Stavropol Experimental Plant Breeding Station; Barkad 2 from the Autonomous Republic Alaniya of North-Caucasian Region; Krasnodarskaya 46 (QS = 9) and its derivatives from the 1980-90s Goryanka (QS = 5), Demetra (QS = 10), Zamena (QS = 8), Kupava (QS = 7), Naslednitsa (QS = 9), Rada (QS = 9), Umanka (QS = 9) and Zimorodok (QS = 8) from the P.P. Luk'janenko Krasnodar Agricultivar Institute; Voronezhkaya 6 (through Krasnodarskaya 46) from Orenburg; and Orenburgskaya 105, through the Odessa variety Yuzhanka from the Voronezh Agricultivar Institute. Odes'ka 3 (QS = 9) is in the pedigree of some Krasnodarian varieties. In the genealogy of Kishinevskaya 3 from Moldavia is the Odessa wheat Novostepnyachka, a descendant of Odes'ka 16.

Between 1960­90, several varieties were created using Odes'ka 16 and Odes'ka 3 among them the Ukrainian cultivar Donets'ka 72 from Donets'k; the Russian wheats Donskaya ostistaya (QS = 9) and its derivative Stanichnaya from the Rostov Experimental Plant Breeding Station (formerly the Zernograd Plant Breeding Station and Donskoy Breeding Centre); and Donskaya bezostaya (QS = 9) and it descendants Zernogradka 3, Zernogradka 6 (QS = 9), and Donshchina (QS = 9) it derivatives Ermak and Rosinka Tarasovskaya, and Zernogradka 8 (QS = 9), Rostovchanka 2 (QS = 9), Donskaya Yubileynaya (QS = 9), Donsimb (QS = 9), Don 95 (QS = 9), Donskoy Mayak (QS = 9), Zernogradka 10, and Ershovskaya 9 from the Volga Region. The new variety from the Volga Region, Levoberezhnaya 1, has Donskaya ostistaya (QS = 9) and Donskaya bezostaya (QS = 9) in the pedigree. Both of these wheats are derivatives of Odes'ka 16 and Odes'ka 3. Donskoy Mayak (QS = 9) is a descendant of Odes'ka 16 and Odes'ka 3 two times, first in a cross with Donskaya bezostaya and the second in a cross with a breeding line. Donskoy Sjurpriz, a new cultivar from the Rostov Station, is a derivative of Zernogradka 3 and Zernogradka 8 (QS = 9) and Zernogradka 11 are from Zernogradka 6 (QS = 9) and Donshchina (QS = 9).

The Russian wheat Prikumskaya 110, derived from Donskaya ostistaya, and the cultivars Strizhament, Terchanka (QS = 6), and Samarjanka, derived from Donskaya bezostaya, are all derivatives of Odes'ka 16, Odes'ka 3, Prikum-skaya 110, and Odes'ka 21 (pedigree: 'Hybrid 481, RUS/Odes'ka 12). Odes'ka 21 also is an ancestor of the new cultivar Prikumskaya 986. Ershovskaya 11, through Donskaya ostistaya (QS = 9) and Donskaya bezostaya is found twice as a descendant of Odes'ka 16 and Odes'ka 3.

Derivatives of Odes'ka 3 include Kharkivs'ka 81 (QS = 9) and its derivative Mogutnya (QS = 9) from Kharkiv; Donets'ka 61 and its Russian descendant Dokuchaevskaya Yubilejnaya; Donets'ka 65, Donets'ka 5 (QS = 9) and its derivatives Donets'ka 46 (QS = 9) and Donets'ka 48 (QS = 9) from Donets'k; the Russian wheat Tarasovskaya 87 (QS = 9.5); and the Moldovan cultivars of Bel'chanka and Moldova, which are derivatives of Odes'ka 3. Odes'ka 3 also is ascenstor of Krasnodarian wheat Severo-kubanka (QS = 6) across Krasnodarskya 6 (QS = 8) and Rostovian Kolos Dona (QS = 9). The old wheat Tarasovskaya 84 (QS = 9) from the Rostov Region and two new Rostovian varieties Severodonskaya 14 and Dar Zernograda, and also Prikumskaya 98 from North Caucasia and Bezenchukskaya 380 (QS = 9) from the Volga Region are descendants of Odes'ka. Prestizh and Kolos Dona, across the Zernogradian cultivar Urozhaynaya also are derivatives of Odes'ka 3. Odes'ka 12 is used in pedigree of Moldovan wheats Bel'ts'kaya 32 and Gloriya.

Prybiy, with parental lines Odes'ka 16 and Bezostaya 1, also is of great use in a cultivar-breeding program. The Kharkiv varieties Kharkivs'ka 75 (QS = 9) and derivative Slovyanka (QS = 9.5); Kharkivs'ka 11 (QS = 9); Poltavian Poltavs'ka 42 and descendant Ukrainka Poltavs'ka (QS = 9.5); and Kolomak 5 (QS = 9.5). Wheats from Myronivka of Kyiv region include Myronivs'ka 60 (QS = 9), Myronivs'ka 28 (QS = 9), Myronivs'ka 31 (QS = 9) (which is released in all three regions of the Ukraine), Myronivs'ka 27 (QS = 9) and derivatives Myronivs'ka 30 (QS = 9), Myronivs'ka 32 (QS = 9), Myrych (QS = 7), and Myronivs'ka 65 (QS = 9). The Ukrainian-Russian cultivar Snezhinka (Chayka (QS = 9) in pedigree) was bred in Myronivka and the Samara Region. All 15 wheats were bred in the 1980­90s. The Myronivka cultivars are descendants of Prybiy. The winter wheat Prybiy is used also in the breeding of spring wheat s of the Northern Trans-Ural Region including Serebrina, which was bred in 2000.

The new spring variety SKENT 2 is from Institute of Northern Trans-Ural Region and Kazakhstanian Institute of Land Use and has the Odessa winter wheat Chayka (QS = 9) in the pedigree and SKENT 3 and SKENT 5 have the winter wheats Chayka and Storm (pedigree: Aurora, RUS (QS = 8)/Yuzhanka (derivative of Odes'ka 16). In the genealogy of the new spring wheat Tyumenskaya 99 from the Institute of North Behind-Ural Region and State University from Omsk is present in the winter wheat variety Chayka.

A noted specialist in the field of wheat plant ontogenesis and an academician of VASKHNIL, Donat Oleksandrovych Dolgushin, who for many years was a companion of the academician of AN USSR and President of VASKHNIL T.D. Lysenko, set out to do wheat breeding in his declining years. The characteristic HMW-glutenin composition of the wheats created by Dolgushin in the 1960-90s (Table 5) differs significantly from those of other breeders of Odessa, because he aimed at creating multiline cultivars.

Under the guidance of Dolgushin between 1967-94, 12 cultivars of winter wheat were bred and transferred to the State Variety Trials (see Table 5). Six of these varieties were wide spread in rural farming of the Ukraine between 1969-97 (Dolgushin 1983, 1989; Dolgushin et al, 1989). Odes'ka 51 is widely grown in the Steppe and Forest-Steppe regions of the Ukraine and in the North-Caucasian region of Russian Federation. Odes'ka 66 is grown in the Steppe and Forest-Steppe regions of the Ukraine and in Kazakhstan. The cultivars Odes'ka 162 and Odes'ka 267 now are grown in the Steppe and Forest-Steppe regions of the Ukraine and Odes'ka 265 only is grown in Steppe region of the Ukraine. Dolgushin are helped to breed Odes'ka 3, which was more wildely grown in the past (6.6 million ha in 1959) (Manzjuk et al. 1985).

The QS of an overwhelming majority of cultivars ranges from 9.5 to 10 marks and only Odes'ka 117 has a QS = 9. Among these varieties Odes'ka 51 (QS = 9.5), Odes'ka 120 (QS = 10), Odes'ka 160 (QS = 9.5), Odes'ka 162 (QS = 9.5), and Odes'ka 268 (QS = 10) are heterogenous with respect to their HMW-glutenin composition at Glu-A1 (1/2*), seven of 12 cultivars are heterogeneous at Glu-B1 (7+8/7+9), and all the varieties from this breeder only have subunits 5+10 at Glu-D1. Cultivars of Dolgushina obligatory typically have the high-quality subunits 7+8 at locus Glu-B1. Only Odes'ka 117 has HMW-glutenin subunits 7+9 at this locus. All of the varieties of Dolgushin only have subunits 5+10 at Glu-D1.

As initial breeding material, Dolgushin always used his 'firstlings', which were Odes'ka 51 (pedigree: Odes'ka 16 (QS = 9)/Bezostaya 1, QS = 9.5) and its descendant Odes'ka 66 (QS = 9.5). These cultivars were used simultaneously and most frequently in the pedigrees of a majority of the cultivars he was creating, and also in Odes'ka 130 (QS = 9.5). In the pedigree of Odes'ka 130 is Odes'ka 267, which is being grown in the Steppe and Forest-Steppe of the Ukraine, also is found Zirka (QS = 9.5) and Ol'viya (QS = 9) bred in the 1980s by Lyfenko.

The highly frost-hardy Ukrainian wheat Myronivs'ka 808 (QS = 9) was the initial breeding material for Dolgushin and was used in the Russian cultivars Bezostaya 1, Avrora, and Kavkaz (QS = 8) from Krasnodar and Rostovchanka (QS = 9), a derivative of Myronivs'ka 264 (QS = 9) from Rostov' and the short-stalk spring wheats INIA 66 (QS = 10) from Mexico and WS 1877 from the USA.

Odes'ka 51 has a very high rating as a parental line in a breeding program. All cultivars of Dogushin, some wheats from department of Kyrychenko, and 10 cultivars of Lyfenko can be traced to Odes'ka 51. Among Lyfenko's releases are Odes'ka Napivkarlykova (QS = 9), Obriy (QS = 9.5) and Ol'viya (QS = 9). Other cultivars include Bilotserkivs'ka 56 from Odessa SKHI at Khlibodarka; Donets'ka 18, Donets'ka 58 (QS = 9), and Donchanka 3 (QS = 9, Obriy also in pedigree) from Donets'k; Khersons'ka 552, Nakhodka, and Khersons'ka 94 (QS = 9) from Kherson; and the Moldovan varieties Glyja, Bel'tskaya 60, Budzhak (QS = 8.5), Piticul (sibs of Odes'ka Napivkarlykova), Bel'tchanka 3, and Bel'tshanka 5 (QS = 10, also in pedigree of Obriy).

Odes'ka 51 is in the genealogy of wheats from Rostov Region of Russia including Zernogradka 9 (QS = 9) and Zernogradka 10 through the Ukrainian cultivar Khersons'ka 552; in the variety Tarasovskaya 97 (QS = 10) through the Moldovian wheat Belchanka 5 (QS = 10), and in the Krasnodar cultivars Olympia 2 (QS = 10) and derivative Delta (QS = 8) and Terchanka (QS = 6).

The variety Odes'ka 66 (QS = 9.5) also rates high as a cultivar parent. Using Odes'ka 66, Dolgushin produced Prokof'evka (QS = 9) and Khvylya (QS = 9.5); Lyfenko the Ukrainian cultivars Ivanivs'ka 16 (QS = 10) and Dniprovs'ka 710 and also Krasnodar wheats Aliza and Soratnitsa (QS = 9) and its derivatives of the 1990s Lira Krasnodara (QS = 9), Krasnodarskaya 99, Nak, Selyanka (Krasnodarskaya, QS=10), and Rosinka Tarasovskaya. The last was bred at the Severo-Donetskaya Experimental Station. Dolgushin used Odes'ka 51 and Odes'ka 66 to produce the new Russian variety BELNIISKH 2 of Belgorod Institute of Agriculture. Dolgushin's cultivars Odes'ka 120 and Odes'ka 130 and also some of varieties bred by other Odessa breeders are in the genealogy of BELNIISKH 1.

By the end of 1960s, Lyfenko, who later the academian of the UAAN, began the task breeding dwarf wheats for arid southern Ukraine. This part of the Ukraine is characterized by severe winter conditions. At present, he has created more 30 cultivars of winter wheat of which 18 were recommended to rural farmers in 1979-00 (Table 6). The most wide-spread cultivars used by farmers in different years were Odes'ka napivkarlykova, Obriy, Yuvileyna 75 (the last two in the Ukraine and the north-caucasian region of Russian Federation), Odes'ka 132, and Odes'ka 161 and Tira in all the three regions of the Ukraine (Lyfenko 1987, 1989; Zhivotkov et al. 1989).

The first semidwarf cultivars Odes'ka 75 (QS = 9) and Odes'ka napivkarlykova (QS = 9) were created in 1977 using the Krasnodar wheat Karlik 1 (QS = 8.5) as the donor of shortness. The recipient cultivar was Odes'ka 51, released in the late 1960s. Over the next few years, new sources of shortness genes were used successfully from the CIMMYT cultivar Red River 68 (QS = 10) in the Odessa wheats Promin (QS = 9), Obrij, Ol'viya, Prokof'evka, Odes'-ka 133 (QS = 10), Chervona (QS = 8), and Strumok (QS = 9); Lerma Rojo 64 as a source in Peresvit (QS = 9), Prometey (QS = 9), Odyseya (QS = 9), Yuvilejna 75 (QS = 9), and Chervona (QS = 8); Azteca 67 as a source in Stepovychka (QS = 10); and Chhoti Lerma in Zirka (QS = 9.5).

Early in his breeding career, Lyfenko widely used Odessa wheats previously bred by others as parents including Odes'ka 51, from which he created 10 wheats and Prybiy, an ancestor of Odessa varieties Pivdenna Zorya (QS = 9), Lan (QS = 9), Yuvileyna 75 (QS = 9), Tira, and Strumok (QS = 9). Also found in the pedigrees are Odes'ka 66 of Dolgushin, Odes'ka 16 and Chayka (QS = 9) of Kyrychenko, and Yunat odes'kyj of Lytvynenko. By the end of 1970s, short-stemmed wheat cultivars of other breeders were in use as initial breeding material. With participation of Odes'ka 75, Promin (9), Lan, Peresvit, Yuvileyna 75, and Odes'ka 132, one to two new varieties were created and three new cultivars were bred from the wheat Zirka.

An overwhelming majority of these cultivars are monotypic for their HMW-subunit composition at each locus. Only in Odyseya, Yuvileyna 75, Darunok, Odes'ka 161, and Chervona do we observe polymorphism in HMW-glutenin composition at Glu-A1 (1/2* or 2*/N) in Khvylya (QS = 9.5) or at Glu-B1 (7+8/7+9) in Obrij and Zirka at the both loci; heterogeneous at Glu-A1 and Glu-B1. A majority of cultivars have 7+9 or 7+8 /7+9 and only six cultivars have 7+8 at Glu-B1 (Table 3). These cultivars include Promin and Odes'ka 133, which inherited subunits 7+8 from Red River 68 and Odyseya; the Japanese cultivar Norin 10 (N 7+8 2+12, QS = 6) from Lerma Rojo 64; and Selyanka (Odes'ka, QS = 10), Lelya (QS = 10), and Nikoniya (QS = 10) from Albatros odes'kyj (QS = 10). All the varieties bred by Lyfenko have only subunits 5+10 at Glu-D1.

The cultivar Odes'ka Chervonokol10) is of great interest in breeding because it possesses a very high flour strength and excellent for bread making. Poporelya et al. (1998) identified this cultivar as a super strong wheat. The new Odessa wheats Leleka (QS = 10), Panna (QS = 10), and Kuyal'nyk QS = (9) are descendants of Odes'ka Chervonokolosa.

In wheats bred by leadership of Lyfenko, Odes'ka Napivkarlykova (QS = 9), Obrij, and Ol'viya are the best for use in breeding programs. From Odes'ka Napivkarlykova were obtained the Odessa cultivars Lan, Yuvileyna 75 and derivative Kirija, Chervona (QS = 8), Khvylya (QS = 9.5), Selyanka (QS = 10), a cultivar of Lytvynenko Yunat odes'kyj (QS = 10) and two descendants, and a new Krasnodar cultivar Khazarka (QS = 9). Obrij is used in the pedigrees of the Odesa cultivars of Lyfenko Odes'ka 161, Stepovychka (QS = 9), Lelya (QS = 10), and Kirija; in Lytvynenko's cultivars Zoryjanka odes'ka (QS = 9.5) and Znakhidka odes'ka (QS = 10), and in the Krasnodar' wheats Krasnodarskaya 90 (QS = 9.5), Leda (QS = 9.5), Nika Kubani (QS = 9), Pobeda 50 (QS = 9.5), Rufa (QS = 9.5), Yuna (QS = 10) and Krasnodarskaya 99 (bred in the 1990s). Using Ol'viya, Lyfenko created Zlagoda (QS = 9), Zolotava (QS = 9), Porada (QS = 9), Khvylya (QS = 9.5), Selyanka (QS = 10), Lelya (QS = 10), Kujal'nik (QS = 9) and Poshana (QS = 10) and Lytvynenko released Lada odes'ka (QS = 9.5).

In the 1990s, Lyfenko used the new cultivar of his colleague Lytvynenko Albatros odes'kyj (QS = 10) as initial material in combination with her previously released cultivars. New wheats from the late 1990s to early 2000 bred from Albatros odes'kyj include Selyanka (odes'ka), Lelya, Nikoniya (QS = 10), Povaga (9), Poshana, and Kujal'nik (QS = 9).

Table 6. High-molecular-weight glutenin subunit composition of winter bread wheats bred at the Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute in Odessa. Semidwarf cultivars for fallow areas bred by the leadership of UAAN-Academician S.P. Lyfenko. Quality scores according to Payne (1987). Abbreviated country names are given in the footnote to Table 4.

Year of release	Cultivar/pedigree	Glutenin subunits			Quality score
		Glu-A1	Glu-B1	Glu-D1
1979	Odes'ka 75 (Karlik 1, RUS (8.5)/Odes'ka 51 (95))	2*	7+9	5+10	9
1980	Odes'ka napivkarlykova (Karlik 1, RUS (8.5)/Odes'ka 51 (9))	2*	7+9	5+10	9
1970s	Promin (Red River 68, USA-CIMMYT (10)/Odes'ka 51 (9))	2*	7+9	5+10	9
1983	Obrij (Red River 68, USA-CIMMYT (10)/Odes'ka 51 (9))	2*/1	7+8/7+9	5+10	9.5
1983	Pivdenna Zorya (Prybiy (9)//unknown/Bezostaya 1, RUS (9))	1	7+9	5+10	9
1980s	Lan (Odes'ka napivkarlykova (9)/Prybiy (9))	1	7+9	5+10	9
1984	Zirka (Odes'ka 16 (9)/Shhoti Lerma, IND)	1/2*	7+8/7+9	5+10	9.5
1987	Peresvit (Lerma Rojo 64, MEX (8)/Kavkaz, RUS//Kavkaz, ROS (8))	2*	7+9	5+10	9
1987	Prometey (Lerma Rojo 64, MEX (8)/Kavkaz, RUS (8)//Odes'ka 51 (9.5))	1	7+9	5+10	9
1987	Ol'viya (Bezostaya 1, RUS (9)/Red River 68, USA-CIMMYT (10)/Odes'ka 51 (9.5))	2*	7+9	5+10	9
1980s	Odes'ka (Chervono-Odes'ka 75 (9)/Purdue 4930, USA//Ferrugikolosa neum 407-74/3/Chayka (9))	2*	7+8	5+10	10
1980s	Prokof'evka (Red River 68, USA-CIMMYT (10)/Odes'ka 51 (9.5)//Odes'ka 66 (9.5))	2*	7+9	5+10	9
1980s	Odyseya (Lerma Rojo 64, MEX (8)/Kavkaz, RUS (8) //Odes'ka 51 (9.5))	1/2*	7+9	5+10	9
1992	Yuvileyna 75 (TP 114-65A, GBR/Prybiy (9)//Odes'ka napivkarlykova (9)/3/Lerma Rojo 64, MEX (8)/2*Kavkaz, RUS (8))	2*/1	7+9	5+10	9
1990s	Darunok (Peresvit (9)/Promin' (9)//Tarasovskaya 29, RUS (9))	1/2*	7+9	5+10	9
1993	Odes'ka 133 (Red River 68, USA-CIMMYT (10)/2*Odes'ka 51 (9)//Olesen's dwarf, ZMW/Odes'ka 16 (9))	1	7+8	5+10	10
1994	Odes'ka 132 (selection from Lan (9))	2*	7+9	5+10	9
1995	Odes'ka 161 (Saratovskaya 8, RUS/Obriy (9.5))	1/2*	7+9	5+10	9
1990s	Chervona (Lerma Rojo 64, MEX (8)/2*Kavkaz, RUS (8)//Red River 68, USA-CIMMYT (10)/2*Kavkaz, RUS (8)/3/Odes'ka napivkarlykova (9))	2*/N	7+9	5+10	8
1990s	Zlagoda (Lan (9)/Ol'viya (9))	2*	7+9	5+10	9
1990s	Zolotava (Donskaya polukarlikovaya, RUS (9)/Ol'viya (9))	2*	7+9	5+10	9
1997	Porada (Fen Kong, KOR/Ol'viya (9))	2*	7+9	5+10	9
1997	Tira (Odes'ka 75 (9)/Velutinum 97, RUS//Prybiy (9)/3/Promin' (9)/4/Yunat odes'kyj (9))	1	7+9	5+10	9
1998	Strumok (Red River 68, USA-CIMMYT (10)/2*Odes'ka 51 (9)//Prybiy (9)/3/Pivdenna Zorjya (9))	2*	7+9	5+10	9
1998	Khvylya (Odes'ka napivkarlykova (9)/Velutinum 97, RUS//Odes'ka 66 (9.5)/3/Zirka (9)/4/Ol'viya (9))	2*	7+8/7+9	5+10	9.5
1990s	Stepovychka (Obriy (9.5)//Azteka 67, MEX/Avrora, RUS (8)/3/Zirka (9.5)/4/Odes'ka 132 (9))	1	7+8	5+10	10
1990s	Selyanka (Odes'ka napivkarlykova (9)/Ol'viya (9)//Albatros odes'kyj (10))	2*	7+8	5+10	10
2000	Lelya (Obriy (9.5)/Pivdenna Zorya (9)//Ol'viya (9)/Donskaya polukarlikovaya, RUS (9)/3/Al'batros odes'kyj (10))	1	7+8	5+10	10
2000	Nikoniya (Al'batros odes'kyj (10)/Yuvileyna 75 (9))	1	7+8	5+10	10
2000s	Kirija (Obriy (9.5)/Pivdenna Zorya (9)//Lan (9)/3/Yuvileyna 75 (9))	2*	7+9	5+10	9
2000s	Kuyal'nyk (Odes'ka chervonokolosa (10)/Ol'viya (9)//Al'batros odes'kyj (10))	2*/N	7+8	5+10	9
2000s	Povaga (DC 16-87/Al'batros odes'kyj (10))	1/2*	7+9	5+10	9
2000s	Poshana (Donskaya polukarlikovaya (9.5)/Ol'viya (9)//Al'batros odes'kyj (10))	2*	7+8	5+10	10

Other wheats from Russia were used by Lyfenko in breeding cultivars including Bezostaya 1 and it dwarf mutant Karlik 1 (QS = 8.5) from Krasnodar; Avrora, Kavkaz, and the sources of early-maturing and shortness Donskaya polukarlikovaya, Rusalka (BLG/Severodonskaya (QS = 9) a derivative of Bezostaya 1) and Myronivs'ka 808, in the varieties Zolotava and Lelya.

A cultivar from the Volga Region, Saratovskaya 8 (pedigree: Saratovskay 4/Bezostaya 1//Bilotserkivs'ka 198, UKR (QS = 9)), is in the pedigree of Odes'ka 161. In addition to the Ukrainian cultivar Bilotserkivs'ka 198 and Russian wheat Bezostaya 1, the variety Saratovskaya 4 also is present in the pedigree. Saratovskaya 4 is a descendant of two tall-stemmed wheat-rye hybrids Lutescens 230 and Hybrid 434-151. Velutinum 97 (pedigree: Ulyanovka/2*Bezostaya 1), a more winterhardy cultivar from the Volga Region bred by Kinel, is found in the pedigrees of Tira and Khvylya, which were recommended for growing by farmers by the end of the 1990s.

The Kherson wheats Mriya Khersona (QS = 9) and Beryslavka (QS = 9) and two Moldovan wheats Dnestryanka (QS = 10) and Belchanka 5 (QS = 10) are descendants of Odes'ka Napivkarlykova (QS = 9). The Kharkiv cultivars Slovjanka (QS = 9.5), Donchanka 3 (a derivative of Odes'ka 51), and Nakhodka 4 (a derivative of Yunat Odes'kyj bred by Lytvynenko) from Kherson are derivatives of Obriy. Lada Odes'ka is from Ol'viya. The Kharkiv variety Slobozhanka (QS = 9) is from Peresvit (QS = 9); Khersons'ka 86 (QS = 9) from Obriy and Odes'ka Napivkarlykova. Khersons'ka ostysta (QS = 9) is from the varieties Obriy and Piticul from Moldovia (sibs of Odes'ka Napivkarlykova). Finally, Odes'ka 132, Zlagoda, and Kirija are from Lan and Strumok (QS = 9), Lelya (QS = 10) and Kirija from Pivdenna Zorya (cultivar 9) (see Table 7).

Cultivars released by Lyfenko were used in breeding of the Russian wheats Chernozemka 99 (Odes'ka 75); Bezenchukskaya ostistaya (Odes'ka Napivkarlykova) and the derivative Zhneya, both from the Volga Region and through Moldovian variety Belchanka 5 in Tarasovskaya 97 (QS = 10, a derivative of Odes'ka 51), and in Moldovian cultivar Belchanka 7; Lada and Moskovskaya 39 (QS = 9) (Obriy) from the region near Moscow, Zarnitsa and Stanichnaya from Rostov Region, and Yuna; Khutoryanka and Krasnodarskaya 99 (Beltzanka 9); BELNIISKH 1 from Belgorod (Ol'viya); Odessa-Sibirian wheat Odom (Zirka); and the Siberian variety Sibinka (Lan). Volzhskaya 6, Volzhskaya 16, USKHI 293, and a new variety Volzhskaya were obtained by Tupitsyn at the Ul'yanovsk Agricultural Institute in the Volga Region using individual selection from synthetic populations. In creating these populations, winter wheat accessions from the Breeding and Genetics Institute of UAAN were obtained during a post-graduate course in Odessa under the guidance of Lyfenko.

Lytvynenko worked for many years under the guidance of Kyrychenko and is the co-breeder of the cultivars Stepnyak, Chayka (QS = 9) and others. Therefore, he used as initial breeding material cultivars created in the 1970-80s by his department (Table 4) including Prybiy and derivatives Stepnjak, and the wheats Mayak, Chayka (QS = 9), Progress (QS = 9), and some others. Other valuable initial material were cultivars of Lyfenko including Odes'ka Napivkarlykova, Promin, Obriy, Zirka, Peresvit, Odes'ka Chervonokolosa, the Moldovian variety Piticul (selected from the same hybrid combination as Odes'ka Napivkarlykova), and a variety of Danilchuk's Odes'ka 95. Using each of these cultivars, as well the Dolgushin wheat Odes'ka 51, two varieties were created. He also used the Ukrainian cultivar Zaporiz'ka 60 (QS = 9), the Hungarian GK Protein, and the Croatian Zlatna Dolina, descendant of the high-quality, Canadian spring wheat Marquis (QS = 9).

Yunnat Odes'kyj (QS = 10) and a wheat of Odesa Agricultural Institute Erythrospermum 127 (QS = 9, pedigree: Bezostaya 1/Vygodjans'ka 2 (Odes'ka 3 (QS = 9)/Hostianum 237//Ukrainka (QS = 9))) were used more successfully. Burevisnyk Odes'kyj (QS = 10), Bryz (QS = 10), and Odes'ka ostysta (QS = 9) were bred from Erythrospermum 127. In the pedigrees of two first wheats also are breeding lines of Lytvynenko and in the last one is Odes'ka 51, a cultivar of Dolgushin. The wheats Leleka (QS = 10), Pryma odes'ka (QS = 10), and the Lyfenko cultivar Tira are descendants of Yunnat Odes'kyj. The wheat Brigantina (from Croatia, pedigree: Zlatna Dolina/Odes'ka 51) was created in 1986 and has four varieties including Fregat odes'kyj (QS = 10), Bryz, Fedorovka, and Vympel Odes'kyj (QS = 9).

The HMW-subunit composition of an overwhelming malority of cultivars bred by Lytvynenko are homogenous in each locus. Only seven wheats are heterogeneous for their HMW-glutenin composition at Glu-A1 (1 /2*) and nine at locus Glu-B1 (7+8/7+9). Among them, Symvol Odes'kyj, Viktoriya Odes'ka, Zoryjanka odes'ka, and Lada odes'ka are heterogeneous at both loci. The majority of cultivars released by Lytvynenko have more qualitative subunits 7+8 or 7+8/7+9 at Glu-B1 and only four, Odes'ka ostysta, Charivnytsya Odes'ka, Vympel Odes'kyj, and Mriya odes'ka, have 7+9 in this locus. All the varieties from this breeding program have only subunits 5+10 at Glu-D1.

The most notable achievement in wheat breeding of the last decade at the Breeding and Genetics Institute is the release of Al'batros odes'kyj, under the guidance of Lytvinenko. In the pedigree are three unreleased cultivars; Selena, a chemical mutant of Yuzhnoukrainka (Bezostaya 1/Odes'ka 22 (Skorospelka 3, RUS (QS = 6)/Odes'ka 16) and Odes'ka 16); Mayak, 'Prybiy/Diniprovs'ka 521' (Ukrainka, Elymus sp. and Bezostaya 1 in the pedigree); and Promin (Red River 68/Odes'ka 51). Analysis of the parents of Al'batros odes'kyj indicated they were varieties with highly adaptive and of high use for parental material including the Ukrainian Ukrainka, Odes'ka 16, Odes'ka 51, Prybiy, Bezostaya 1, and Red River 68 (Litvinenko 1990, 1991; Lytvynenko et al. 1993).

Al'batros odes'kyj is grown in steppe and forest-steppe of the Ukraine and in the Central Region of Black-Earth and North Caucasian Regions of the Russian Federation. The cultivar possesses the highest characteristics for use in breeding wheats among the contemporary Ukrainian cultivars. Six Odessa varieties bred by Lyfenko were created using Al'batros odes'kyj between 1990-00. More than 10 cultivars created by Lytvynenko from 1995-01 include Ukrainka Odes'ka (QS = 10), Symvol Odes'kyj (QS = 9.5), Fantaziya Odes'ka (QS = 10), Krasunya Odes'ka (QS = 10), Viktoriya Odes'ka (QS = 9.5), Zoryanka Odes'ka (QS = 9.5), Syrena Odes'ka (QS = 9), Ljubava Odes'ka (QS = 9.5), and Znakhidka Odes'ka (QS = 10).

Al'batros odes'kyj also was used in the breeding of new cultivars created in different regions of Russian Federation, including BELNIISKH 2 (two cultivars of Dolgushin, Brigantina and Erythrospermum 127, in pedigree) at Belgorod, Azau at Krasnodar, Prestizh and Tarasovskaya ostistaya in the Rostov Region, and Malakhit in the Samara Region.

The cultivars of this group are wide spread in all the three regions of the Ukraine including Lada odes'ka and Ukrainka Odes'ka (a selection from Al'batros odes'kyj), the last of which also is grown in the North Caucasian Region of the Russian Federation. We presume that in the next few years, many new cultivars and descendants of Al'batros odes'kyj will be offered to rural farmers of the Ukraine and Russian Federation.

References.

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