IIAR Ammonia Refrigeration Piping Handbook.
IIAR. This Handbook is a tutorial and reference book that represents the collective efforts of the most knowledgeable specialists in the ammonia
refrigeration industry.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 - Piping Size
- 1-1, Introduction
- Recommended Method (Based on an economic analysis)
- Conventional Method (Based on pressure loss)
- 1-2, Tables of Recommended Capacities
- 1-4, Vapor Flow Capacity Tables
- 1-6, Liquid Flow Capacity Tables
- 1-6, Hot Gas Defrost and Receiver Equalizer Lines
- 1-7, Flooded Evaporators
- 1-7, Pumped Overfeed Risers
- 1-8, Estimating Pressure Loss in Piping
- 1-8, Pressure Loss in Vapor Piping
- 1-8, Pressure Loss in Liquid Piping
- 1-9, Valve Selection
- 1-10, Hand Stop Valves
- 1-10, Flow-Regulating Hand Valves
- 1-10, Solenoid Valves
- 1-10, Pressure Regulators
- 1-11, Check Valves
- 1-11, Velocity Guidelines
- 1-11, Vapor Velocities
- 1-11, Liquid Velocities
- 1-12, Calculating Velocities
- 1-13, Liquid Flow Formulas
- 1-14, Sample Ammonia Vapor Flow Calculations
- 1-15, Vapor Flow Formulas
- 1-16, Sample Ammonia Vapor Flow Calculations
- 1-17, References
- 1-19, Appendix: Piping Sizing Example Using Tables
- 1-19, Specifications
- 1-20, Low Stage (Booster) Suction (LSS)
- 1-20, Low Stage Booster Discharge (BD)
- 1-21, Compressor High Stage Suction (HSS)
- 1-21, Compressor High Stage Discharge (HSD)
- 1-21, Condenser Drain (CD)
- 1-21, Equalizer (EQ) for High Pressure Receiver
- 1-22, High Pressure Liquid (HPL)
- 1-22, Accumulator Low Pressure Liquid (LPL)
- 1-22, Circulating Pump Suction (LTRL)
- 1-22, Circulating Pump Discharge (LTRL)
- 1-23, Overfeed Return (LTRS)
- 1-23, Overfeed Riser
- 1-25, Tables
- 1-46, Figures
Chapter 2 - Pipe Installation Procedures
- 2-1, Pipe Specifications
- 2-1, Materials
- 2-1, Impact Testing for Low-Temperature Piping
- 2-1, Minimum Pipe Wall Thicknesses
- 2-2, Pipe Connections
- 2-2, Carbon Steel Piping
- 2-2, Stainless Steel Piping
- 2-2, Pipe End Preparation
- 2-2, Welding Standards
- 2-3, Cleanliness
- 2-4, Pipe Hangers and Supports
- 2-4, ANSI/IIAR-2 Requirements
- 2-5, Sway Loads
- 2-5, Rooftop Piping System
- 2-7, Pipe Arrangements
- 2-7, Branch Lines
- 2-7, Penetrations
- 2-7, Thermal Expansion/Contraction
- 2-8, Joint Alignment
- 2-9, Figures
Chapter 3 - Evaporator Piping
- 3-1, Introduction
- 3-1, Evaporator Performance
- 3-2, Safety Considerations in Piping Systems
- 3-3, Evaporator Piping
- 3-3, Liquid Supply Lines
- 3-6, Return Lines
- 3-8, Hot Gas Defrost and Piping
- 3-12, Detailed Piping Recommendations for the Installation of
Air-Cooling Units
- 3-13, Direct Expansion (DX) Air Coolers
- 3-14, Flooded Air Cooling Units
- 3-17, Liquid Recirculation Air Cooling Units
- 3-19, Suction Shutoff/Defrost Pressure Control Arrangements
- 3-21, Defrosting Air-Cooling Units Using Liquid Drainers
- 3-22, Multiple Evaporators Controlled by a Single Group of
Control Valves
- 3-23, Detailed Piping Recommendations for the Installation of
Liquid Chillers
- 3-23, Shell-and-Tube Chillers
- 3-25, Plate-and-Frame Chillers
- 3-25, Special-Purpose Evaporators
- 3-26, Piping and Valve Installation Detail
- 3-26, References
- 3-26, Figures
Chapter 4 - Condenser Piping
- 4-1, Condenser Performance
- 4-1, High Pressure Refrigerant Receivers
- 4-2, Condenser Liquid Drain Piping
- 4-3, Multiple Condensers
- 4-4, Equalizing Lines
- 4-6, Fundamentals of Condenser Piping Design
- 4-6, Condenser Piping Design Procedure
- 4-9, Large Systems with Multiple Evaporative Condensers
- 4-10, Multiple Shell-and-Tube Condensers
- 4-11, Multiple Evaporative Condensers with Shell-and-Tube
Condenser(s) Operating in Parallel
- 4-11, Multiple Evaporative Condensers at Different Elevations
- 4-12, Constant Pressure Receivers and Pilot Receiver/Balance
Tanks
- 4-17, Systems with Heat Recovery
- 4-17, Evaporative Condenser Water Piping
- 4-19, Multiple Receivers
- 4-20, Purging
- 4-20, Purging Evaporative Condensers
- 4-20, Purging Shell-and-Tube Condensers
- 4-20, Piping for Manual and Automatic Piping
- 4-21, Detailed Design and Installation Recommendations
- 4-21, Compressor Discharge/Condenser-Inlet Piping
- 4-21, Liquid Piping at Evaporative Condenser Outlets
- 4-21, Definition of Trap Height
- 4-22, Pipe Size Changes in Condenser Piping Networks
- 4-22, References
- 4-24, Figures
Chapter 5 - Equipment Room Piping
- 5-1, Introduction
- 5-1, Suction Piping
- 5-2, Discharge Piping (High Stage and Booster)
- 5-2, Lubricant Piping
- 5-3, Oil Pot Piping
- 5-4, Liquid Piping
- 5-4, Thermosyphon Piping
- 5-5, Recircular Piping
- 5-6, Interstage Gas and Liquid Cooling
- 5-6, Gas Cooling
- 5-7, Liquid Subcooling and Flash Cooling
- 5-8, Manual Emergency Discharge of Ammonia Refrigerant (When
Required)
- 5-9, Figures
Chapter 6 - Piping for Pressure Relief Devices
- 6-1, Introduction
- 6-1, Definitions
- 6-3, Vapor Relief Device Sizing
- 6-4, Size and Length of Discharge Line Serving One Relief Valve
- 6-6, Discharge Lines for Combined Vapor Flow from Valves with
Different Set Points
- 6-6, Sizing Combined Discharge Lines for Non-simultaneous Releases
- 6-6, When are Releases Expected to be Simultaneous Releases
- 6-6, Sizing the Diameter of Discharge Lines
- 6-7, Size a Common Discharge Line for Two or More Relief Valves
- 6-9, Discharging Relief Valves Into the Lowside
- 6-9, Replacement in Kind
- 6-9, Use of Rupture Discs with Safety Relief Valves
- 6-10, Vent Lines for Relief Valves on Compressors
- 6-10, Liquid Relief Valves, Hydrostatic Relief Valves, and Liquid
Relief Regulators
- 6-10, Application of ASME Liquid Relief Valves
- 6-11, Application of Hydrostatic Relief Valves
- 6-12, Dispersion to the Atmosphere
- 6-12, Dispersion to Water
- 6-12, Appendix A: Effect of Inlet Piping on Relief Valve Capacity
- 6-13, Appendix B: Application of Balanced Relief Valves, Pilot
Operated Relief Valves and Rupture Discs
- 6-13, References
- 6-15, Tables
- 6-19, Figures
Chapter 7 - Insulation for Refrigeration Systems
- 7-1, Introduction
- 7-1, Fundamentals of Insulation
- 7-2, Design Considerations
- 7-3, Insulation Physical Properties
- 7-5, Effect of Water/Ice/Moisture on Insulation Value
- 7-5, Insulation Material Selection
- 7-6, Corrosion Concerns
- 7-7, Carbon Steel
- 7-7, Stainless Steel
- 7-7, Pipe Preparation
- 7-8, Insulation System Components
- 7-8, Insulation
- 7-10, Insulation Joint Sealant
- 7-10, Vapor Retarders
- 7-11, Jacketing (Weather Barrier or Primary Moisture Retarder)
- 7-12, Weather Barrier Joint Sealant
- 7-12, Recommended Practices for Insulation Applications
- 7-13, Insulation Installation Guidelines
- 7-16, Additional Considerations for Vessels
- 7-19, Vapor Retarder-Mastic System (Indoor Service)
- 7-20, Vapor Retarder Mastic (Indoor and Outdoor Service)
- 7-20, PVC Cladding/Jacket (Indoor Service)
- 7-21, Vapor Retarder and Cladding/Jacket (Outdoor Service)
- 7-22, Vapor Retarder-Mastic System (Outdoor Service)
- 7-23, References
- 7-25, Figures
- 7-52, Recommended Thickness Tables
Chapter 8 - Welding Procedures
- 8-1, Introduction
- 8-1, Pertinent ANSI Codes and Standards for Welding
- 8-2, Jurisdictional Acceptance of Standards
- 8-2, Definitions of Terms
- 8-3, Welding Processes
- 8-3, Typical Welding Machines
- 8-3, Typical Pipe Welding Procedures
- 8-3, Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW, or Stick Welding)
- 8-3, Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW, or MIG Welding)
- 8-4, Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
- 8-4, Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW)
- 8-4, Gas Welding (FGW)
- 8-4, Sample Specifications for Welding of Ammonia Piping
- 8-4, Scope
- 8-5, Documentation
- 8-5, Base Metals and Backing Strips
- 8-6, Welding Processes
- 8-6, Filler Metals
- 8-7, Shielding and Purging Gases
- 8-7, Welding Positions and Applications
- 8-8, Preheating
- 8-8, Cleaning
- 8-8, Special Applications and Testing
- 8-8, Sample WPSs and PQRs
- 8-11, Forms
Chapter 9 - Codes and Standards
- 9-1, 1987 Pressure Vessels
- 9-1, 1987 Refrigeration Piping
- 9-1, 1992 Safety Code
- 9-2, 1997 International Mechanical Code
- 9-2, Titles and Sources of Codes, Standards, and Guidelines
Appendix A - Legend and Symbols
Appendix B - Lists of Figures, Tables and Equations
- B-2, List of Figures
- B-10, List of Tables
- B-13, List of Equations
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