Artificial propagation - Any assistance provided by man in the reproduction of Pacific salmon. This assistance includes, but is not limited to, spawning and rearing in hatcheries, stock transfers, creation of spawning habitat, egg bank programs, captive broodstock programs, and cryopreservation of gametes.

Bottleneck - A sharp reduction of a breeding population's size to a few individuals. The genetic consequences of a bottleneck, especially the loss of genetic variability, depend on both its magnitude and its duration.

Captive broodstock program - A form of artificial propagation involving the collection of individuals (or gametes) from a natural population and the rearing of these individuals to maturity in captivity. For listed species, a captive broodstock is considered part of the evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) from which it is taken.

Crossbreeding - Reproduction between two distinct conspecific gene pools (compare with "hybridization," which generally refers to reproduction between distinct species or higher taxa). With respect to listed species of Pacific salmon, crossbreeding generally refers to interbreeding between individuals from different evolutionarily significant units (ESUs).

Cryopreservation - Preservation of gametes at very low temperature (e.g., use of liquid nitrogen to freeze sperm for later propagative use).

Domestication selection - Natural selection that operates on a population during artificial propagation to produce adaptations to the culture environment (Doyle 1983). Domestication selection typically requires more than one complete life cycle to produce a permanent phenotypic response. Domestication selection tends to eliminate fish that cannot adapt well to the captive environment, which may include some fish that are well-adapted to their natural environment.

Effective population size (N_e) - A mathematical construct that takes into account skewed sex ratio and variance in progeny number, as well as the actual number of breeders, to estimate the number of effectively breeding individuals in a population. Ne is the size of an idealized population (i.e., one in which sexes are equally represented, parents are randomly mated, and numbers of progeny are randomly distributed among families) that shows the same rate of loss of genetic variability as the observed population (Falconer 1981, Lande and Barrowclough 1987).

Evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) - A population or group of populations that is considered distinct (and hence a "species") for purposes of conservation under the Endangered Species Act. To qualify as an ESU, a population must 1) be reproductively isolated from other conspecific populations, and 2) represent an important component in the evolutionary legacy of the biological species (Waples 1991a). (In this document, the term "stock" is synonymous with "population.")

Fitness - An individual's contribution, relative to other individuals, to the breeding population in the next generation. Measures of an individual's reproductive success such as its survival, fertility, and age at reproduction, are typically used as indicators of fitness. The fitness of a group of individuals (e.g., a population) may be defined as the group's ability to maintain itself in its environment. It is therefore a composite measure of individual reproductive success. Endler (1986) discusses the fitness concept further.

Full-sib family - A group of individuals that shares the same two parents (i.e., brothers and sisters). Members of a half-sib family, by contrast, share only one parent.

Genetic drift - The stochastic process of genetic change through random shifts in allele frequencies. These changes can lead to loss (or, alternatively, fixation) of alleles. Genetic drift can eliminate gene polymorphisms and thereby erode genetic variability, and its effects are greatest in populations of small size.

Hatchery - An artificial propagation facility designed to produce fish for harvest or spawning escapement. A conservation hatchery differs from a production hatchery in that it specifically seeks to supplement or restore naturally spawning populations.

Inbreeding depression - A reduction in fitness resulting from mating between close relatives that occurs by chance in small populations or by assortative mating in large populations. Inbreeding depression is a consequence of the expression of deleterious recessive alleles as homozygosity increases; therefore, it depends largely on dominance, or interactions between alleles within loci (Falconer 1981, Lynch 1991).

Introgression - Incorporation of genetic material from one gene pool into another by hybridization or crossbreeding, followed by backcrossing between crossbred individuals and fish from the parental population(s).

Jeopardy - The National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service have defined the phrase "jeopardize the continued existence of [a listed species]" to mean "to engage in an action that reasonably would be expected, directly or indirectly, to reduce appreciably the likelihood of both the survival and recovery of a listed species in the wild by reducing the reproduction, numbers, or distribution of that species" (50 CFR 402.02).

Listed species/listed population/listed evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) - For Pacific salmon, any ESU that has been determined to be threatened or endangered under Section 4 of the Endangered Species Act.

Natural fish - Fish that are progeny of naturally spawning parents (Waples 1991a). Natural fish thus spend their entire life cycle (except perhaps for brief periods in conservation facilities such as fish ladders or transportation barges) in natural habitat. (See Bjornn and Steward (1990) for a suggested distinction between the terms "natural" and "wild" fish.)

Outbreeding depression - A reduction in fitness that results from mating between unrelated or distantly related individuals (see crossbreeding). Outbreeding depression may result from loss of local adaptation (see Taylor 1991 for a review of local adaptation in salmon) or from the breakup of gene combinations favored by natural selection; in the latter case, the effects of outbreeding depression are thought to depend on epistasis, or interactions between different loci (Lynch 1991).

Recovery/restoration - The reestablishment of a threatened or endangered species to a self-sustaining level in its natural ecosystem (i.e., to the point where the protective measures of the Endangered Species Act are no longer necessary).

Recovery program - A strategy for the conservation and restoration of a threatened or endangered species. An Endangered Species Act recovery plan refers to a plan prepared under Section 4(f) of the Act and approved by the Secretary, including 1) a description of site-specific management actions necessary for recovery, 2) objective, measurable criteria that can be used as a basis for removing the species from threatened or endangered status, and 3) estimates of the time and cost required to implement recovery. (For Pacific salmon, "Secretary" refers to the Secretary of Commerce.)

Self-sustaining population - A population that perpetuates itself, in the absence of (or despite) human intervention, without chronic decline, in its natural ecosystem. A self-sustaining population maintains itself at a level above the threshold for listing under the Endangered Species Act. In this document, the terms "self- sustaining" and "viable" are used interchangeably.

Species - "Any subspecies of fish or wildlife or plants, and any distinct population segment of any species of vertebrate fish or wildlife which interbreeds when mature" (Endangered Species Act, Sec. 3 (15)). For Pacific salmon, this includes any distinct population segment that meets the qualifications of an ESU (Waples 1991a). A listed species is one determined to be threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act.

Stock transfer - Transfer of fish from one location to another. This includes any fish originating outside the geographical boundary of an ESU and transferred into it, any fish transferred out of an ESU's range or between areas occupied by different ESUs, or any fish transferred into vacant habitat.

Supplementation - The use of artificial propagation to reestablish or increase the abundance of naturally reproducing populations (c.f. recovery/restoration).

Take - To "harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect, or to attempt to engage in such conduct" (Endangered Species Act, Sec. 3(18)). See Part V for the regulation of take during artificial propagation.

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