Technical Notes & Publications

The following are electronic versions of selected publications written by NIST staff which are frequently requested by colleagues elsewhere. If you are searching for a particular publication that is not included in this list, please contact us an we will try to provide it for you. Our publications have been declared the work of the U.S. Government and as such, they are not subjected to copyright protection in the United States.

Please select a topic from the following

Air Speed
Critical Nozzles
Exhaust Meter Calibration Facility
Gas Flow Calibrations
Gas-Metal Atomization
Fluid Properties
Hydrometry

Installation Effects
Laboratory Comparisons
Laminar Flow Meters
Liquid Flow Calibrations
Liquid Volume
Tele-Calibrations
Ultrasonic Flow Meters
Uncertainty & Traceability

Air Speed

V. E. Bean, and J. M. Hall "New Primary Standards for Air Speed Measurement at NIST," Proceedings of the 1999 NCSL Workshop and Symposium (Charlotte, NC: NCSL 1999).

V. E. Bean, J. M. Hall and G. E. Mattingly "Preliminary Results from Interlaboratory Comparison of Air Speed Measurements Between 0.3 m/s and 15 m/s," Proceedings of the 1999 NCSL Workshop and Symposium (Charlotte, NC: NCSL 1999).

N. E. Mease, W. G. Cleveland, Jr., G. E. Mattingly, and J. M. Hall, "Air Speed Calibrations at the National Institute of Standards and Technology," Proceedings of the 1992 Measurement Science Conference (Anaheim, CA: MSC 1992), pp. 315-326.

Uncertainty & Traceability

J. D. Wright and A. N. Johnson "Uncertainty in Primary Gas Flow Standards Due to Flow Work Phenomena," Proceedings of FLOMEKO 2000 (Salvador, Brazil: IPT 2000).

J. D. Wright, D. B. Ward, and G. E. Mattingly "Validating uncertainty analyses for Gas flow standards via intra- and Inter-laboratory comparisons," Proceedings of the 1999 NCSL Workshop and Symposium (Charlotte, NC: NCSL 1999).

J. D. Wright and G. E. Mattingly "NIST Calibration Services for Gas Flow Meters: Piston Prover and Bell Prover Gas Flow Facilities," NIST SP 250-49 (Gaithersburg, MD: NIST 1998).

B. N. Taylor and C. E. Kuyatt, "Guidelines for the Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results," NIST TN-1297 (Gaithersburg, MD: NIST 1994).

Critical Nozzles

J. D. Wright "Gas Property Equations for the NIST Fluid Flow Group Gas Flow Measurement Calibration Services," (Gaithersburg, MD: NIST 2004).

J. D. Wright, A. N. Johnson, M. R. Moldover, and G. M. Kline "Gas Flowmeter Calibrations with the 34 L and 677 L PVTt Standards," NIST SP 250-63 (Gaithersburg, MD: NIST 2004).

J. D. Wright, "What is the “Best” Transfer Standard for Gas Flow?," Proceedings of the 2003 FLOMEKO (Groningen, Netherlands: Gasunie 2003).

J. D. Wright, A. N. Johnson, and M. R. Moldover, "Design and Uncertainty Analysis for a PVTt Gas Flow Standard," NIST J. of Res., 108, 1 (2003), pp. 21-47.

A. N. Johnson, "Numerical Characterization of the Discharge Coefficient in Critical Nozzles", Ph.D. Dissertation, Pennsylvania State Univ., College Station, PA, 2000.

A. N. Johnson, J. D. Wright, S. Nakao, C. L. Merkle, and M. R. Moldover, "The Effect of Vibrational Relaxation on the Discharge Coefficient of Critical Flow Venturis," Flow Measurement and Instrumnetation, 11 (2000), pp. 315-327.

A. N. Johnson, P. I. Espina, G. E. Mattingly, J. D. Wright and C. L. Merkle, "Numerical Characterization of the Discharge Coefficient in Critical Nozzles," Proceedings of the 1998 NCSL Workshop and Symposium (Albuquerque, NM: NCSL 1998).

J. D. Wright, "The Long Term Calibration Stability Of Critical Flow Nozzles And Laminar Flowmeters," Proceedings of the 1998 NCSL Workshop and Symposium (Albuquerque, NM: NCSL 1998).

Laminar Flow Meters

Fluid Properties

J. D. Wright "Gas Property Equations for the NIST Fluid Flow Group Gas Flow Measurement Calibration Services," (Gaithersburg, MD: NIST 2004).

J. Hilsenrath, C. W. Beckett, W. S. Benedict, L. Fano, H. J. Hoge, J. F. Masi, R. L. Nuttall, Y. S. Touloukian, and H. W. Woolley, "Tables of Thermal Properties of Gases," NBS Circular 564 (Washington D. C.: NBS 1955).

Cover Page, Preface, Contents, Introduction, and References

Properties of Air

Properties of Argon

Properties of Carbon Dioxide

Properties of Carbon Monoxide

Properties of Hydrogen

Properties of Nitrogen

Properties of Oxygen

Properties of Steam

Appendix

J. F. Swindells, J. R. Coe, Jr., and T. B. Godfrey, "Absolute Viscosity of Water at 20ºC," NBS J. of Res., 48, 1 (1952), pp. 1-31.

Gas Flow Calibrations

J. D. Wright "Gas Property Equations for the NIST Fluid Flow Group Gas Flow Measurement Calibration Services," (Gaithersburg, MD: NIST 2004).

J. D. Wright, A. N. Johnson, M. R. Moldover, and G. M. Kline "Gas Flowmeter Calibrations with the 34 L and 677 L PVTt Standards," NIST SP 250-63 (Gaithersburg, MD: NIST 2004).

A. N. Johnson, J. D. Wright, M. R. Moldover, and P. I. Espina, "Temperature Characterization in the Collection Tank of the NIST 26 m³ PVTt Gas Flow Standard," Metrologia, 40 (2003), pp. 211-216.

J. D. Wright, "What is the “Best” Transfer Standard for Gas Flow?," Proceedings of the 2003 FLOMEKO (Groningen, Netherlands: Gasunie 2003).

J. D. Wright, A. N. Johnson, and M. R. Moldover, "Design and Uncertainty Analysis for a PVTt Gas Flow Standard," NIST J. of Res., 108, 1 (2003), pp. 21-47.

J. D. Wright and P. I. Espina, “Flow Calibration Services at NIST,” Proceedings of the ISA 46th International Instrumentation Symposium (Seattle, WA: ISA 2000).

J. D. Wright and A. N. Johnson "Uncertainty in Primary Gas Flow Standards Due to Flow Work Phenomena," Proceedings of FLOMEKO 2000 (Salvador, Brazil: IPT 2000).

S. Nakao, J. D. Wright, J. Barbe, B. Niederhauser, M. Quintilii, and D. Knopf, "Intercomparison Tests of the NRLM Transfer Standard with the Primary Standards of NIST, BNM-LNE, OFMET and PTB for Small Mass Flow Rates of Nitrogen Gas," Proceedings of the Metrologie '99 Conference (Paris, France: 1999).

J. D. Wright, G. E. Mattingly, S. Nakao, Y. Yokoi, and M. Takamoto, "International Comparison of a NIST Primary Standard with an NRLM Transfer Standard for Small Mass Flow Rates of Nitrogen Gas," Metrologia, 35 (1998), pp. 211-221.

J. D. Wright and G. E. Mattingly "NIST Calibration Services for Gas Flow Meters: Piston Prover and Bell Prover Gas Flow Facilities," NIST SP 250-49 (Gaithersburg, MD: NIST 1998).

Liquid Flow Calibrations

T. T. Yeh, P. I. Espina, G. E. Mattingly, N. R. Briggs, and J. Aguilera, "An Uncertainty Analysis of a NIST Hydrocarbon Liquid Flow Calibration Facility," Proceedings of HT/FED'04 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference (Charlotte, NC: 2004).

V. Gowda, T. T. Yeh, P. I. Espina, and N. P. Yende, “The new NIST Water Flow Calibration Facility,” Proceedings of the 2003 FLOMEKO (Groningen, Netherlands: Gasunie 2003).

T. T. Yeh, N. P. Yende, and P. I. Espina, “Theoretical Self-Error-Canceling Diverters for Liquid Flow Calibration Facilities,” Proceedings of the 2003 FLOMEKO (Groningen, Netherlands: Gasunie 2003).

T. T. Yeh, N. P. Yende, A. Johnson, and P. I. Espina, “Error Free Liquid Flow Diverters for Calibration Facilities,” Proceedings of the 2002 ASME Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting (Montreal, Quebec, Canada: ASME 2002), FEDSM2002-31085.

J. D. Wright and P. I. Espina, “Flow Calibration Services at NIST,” Proceedings of the ISA 46th International Instrumentation Symposium (Seattle, WA: ISA 2000).

G. E. Mattingly, "The Characterization of a Piston Displacement-Type Flowmeter Calibration Facility and the Calibration and Use of Pulsed Output Type Flowmeters," NIST J. of Res., 97 5 (1992), pp. 509-531.

Hydrometry

J. C. Hughes, "Testing of Hydrometers," NBS Circular 555 (Washington D. C.: NBS 1954).

G. K. Burgess, "Standard Density and Volumetric Tables," NBS Circular 19, 6^thed. (Washington D. C.: NBS 1924).

Liquid Volume

J. M. Maldonado, R. Arias, H.-H. Oelze, V. E. Bean, J. F. Houser, C. Lachance and C. Jacques, "International comparison of volume measurement standards at 50 L at the CENAM (Mexico), PTB (Germany), Measurement Canada and NIST (USA)," Metrologia, 39 (2002), pp. 91-95.

J. C. Hughes, "Testing of Glass Volumetric Apparatus," NBS Circular 602 (Washington D. C.: NBS 1959).

Laboratory Comparisons

J. D. Wright, "What is the “Best” Transfer Standard for Gas Flow?," Proceedings of the 2003 FLOMEKO (Groningen, Netherlands: Gasunie 2003).

J. M. Maldonado, R. Arias, H.-H. Oelze, V. E. Bean, J. F. Houser, C. Lachance and C. Jacques, "International comparison of volume measurement standards at 50 l at the CENAM (Mexico), PTB (Germany), Measurement Canada and NIST (USA)," Metrologia, 39 (2002), pp. 91-95.

G. E. Mattingly, “Flow Measurement Proficiency Testing for Key Comparisons of Flow Standards among National Measurement Institutes and for Establishing Traceability to National Flow Standards,” Proceedings of the ISA 2001 Conference (Houston, TX: ISA 2001).

V. E. Bean, J. M. Hall and G. E. Mattingly, "Preliminary Results from Interlaboratory Comparison of Air Speed Measurements Between 0.3 m/s and 15 m/s," Proceedings of the 1999 NCSL Workshop and Symposium (Charlotte, NC: NCSL 1999).

J. D. Wright, D. B. Ward, and G. E. Mattingly, "Validating uncertainty analyses for Gas flow standards via intra- and Inter-laboratory comparisons," Proceedings of the 1999 NCSL Workshop and Symposium (Charlotte, NC: NCSL 1999).

G. E. Mattingly, "A Round Robin Flow Measurement Testing Program Using Hydrocarbon Liquids: Results of First Phase Testing," NISTIR 88-4013 (Gaithersburg, MD: NIST 1988).

G. E. Mattingly, W. C. Pursley, R. Paton, and E. A. Spencer, "Steps Toward an Ideal Transfer Standard for Flow Measurement," Flow Measurement of Fluids, eds. H. H. Dijstelbergen and E. A. Spencer, (Amsterdam, The Netherlands: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1978), pp. 543-552.

G. E. Mattingly, P. E. Pontius, H. H. Allion, and E. F. Moore, "A Laboratory Study of Turbine Meter Uncertainty," NBS SP 484 (Gaithersburg, MD: NBS 1977), pp. 33-54.

W. J. Youden, "Statistical Aspects of the Cement Testing Program," Proceedings of the Am. Soc. Testing Mats., 59 (1959), pp. 1120-1128.

W. J. Youden, "Evaluation of Chemical Analyses on Two Rocks," Technometrics, 1, 4 (1959), pp. 409-417.

Ultrasonic Flow Meters

P. I. Moore, U. Piomelli, A. N. Johnson and P. I. Espina, "Simulations of Ultrasonic Transit Time in a Fully Developed Turbulent Flow using a Ray-Tracing Method," Proceedings of North Sea Flow Measurement Workshop (St Andrews, Scotland: NEL 2002).

T. T. Yeh and P. I. Espina, “Special Ultrasonic Flowmeters for In-Situ Diagnosis of Swirl and Cross Flow,” Proceedings of the 2001 ASME Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting (New Orleans, LA: ASME 2001), FEDSM2001-18037.

T. T. Yeh, P. I. Espina, and S. A. Osella, “An Intelligent Ultrasonic Flow Meter for Improved Flow Measurement and Flow Calibration Facility,” Proceedings of the 19th IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (Budapest, Hungary: IMTC 2001), IMTC2001-3112.

G. E. Mattingly and T. T. Yeh, "NIST's Ultrasonic Technology Assessment Program to Improve Flow Measurements," NIST TN-1429, 2000.

P. I. Espina, T. T. Yeh, P. I. Rothfleisch, and S. A. Osella, "Tele-Metrology and Advanced Ultrasonic Flow Metering (updated version)," Proceedings of the International Conference on Metrology (Jerusalem, Israel: INPL 2000), pp. 137-147, and Proceedings of FLOMEKO 2000 (Salvador, Brazil: IPT 2000).

P. I. Espina, P. I. Rothfleisch, T. T. Yeh, and S. A. Osella, "Tele-Metrology and Advanced Ultrasonic Flow Metering," Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Fluid Flow Measurement (Denver, CO: NAFFMC 1999).

T. T. Yeh and G. E. Mattingly, "Ultrasonic Technology: Prospects for Improving Flow Measurements and Standards," Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Fluid Flow Measurement (Denver, CO: NAFFMC 1999), and Proceedings of FLOMEKO 2000 (Salvador, Brazil: IPT 2000)..

T. T. Yeh and G. E. Mattingly, "Ultrasonic Flow Measurement Technology: Prospects for Transfer and Primary Standards," Proceeding of FLOMEKO 98 (Lund, Sweden:1998).

J. D. Wright, "The Performance of Transit Time Flowmeters in Heated Gas Mixtures," Proceedings of the 1998 ASME Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting (Washington, DC: ASME 1998), FEDSM98-5290.

T. T. Yeh and G. E. Mattingly "Computer Simulations of Ultrasonic Flow Meter Performance in Ideal and Non-Ideal Pipeflows," Proceedings of the 1997 ASME Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting (Vancoover, BC: ASME 1997), FEDSM97-3012.

Tele-Calibrations

P. I. Espina, "Flow Tele-Metrology," To be presented at the 16th IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (Venice, Italy: IMTC 1999).

P. I. Espina, "Tele-Calibration of Gas Flow Meters," Proceedings of the 1999 Measurement Science Conference (Anaheim, CA: MSC 1999). Winner of the 1999 MSC "Best Paper Award."

P. I. Espina, "Tele-Metrology: Remote Flowmeter Calibration," Flow Control Magazine, 5, 1, (1999), pp. 16-21.

Exhaust Meter Calibration Facility

J. D. Wright and P. I. Espina, “Flow Calibration Services at NIST,” Proceedings of the ISA 46th International Instrumentation Symposium (Seattle, WA: ISA 2000).

J. D. Wright, "The Performance of Transit Time Flowmeters in Heated Gas Mixtures," Proceedings of the 1998 ASME Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting (Washington, DC: ASME 1998), FEDSM98-5290.

J. D. Wright and P. I. Espina, "Flowmeter Calibration Facility for Heated Gas Mixtures," Proceedings of the 1997 NCSL, Vol. I, (Atlanta, GA: NCSL 1997), pp. 401-421.

Flow Meter Installation Effects

T. T. Yeh and G. E. Mattingly, "Laser Doppler Velocimeter Studies of the Pipeflow Produced by a Generic Header," NIST IR 1409 (Gaithersburg, MD: NIST 1995).

T. T. Yeh and G. E. Mattingly, "Pipeflow Downstream of a Reducer and Its Effects on Flowmeter," Flow Measurement and Instrumentation Journal, 5, 3, (1994), pp. 181-187.

T. T. Yeh and G. E. Mattingly, "Summary Report of NIST's Industry-Government Consortium Research Program on Flowmeter Installation Effects: The 45 Degree Elbow," NIST IR 1408 (Gaithersburg, MD: NIST 1994).

G. E. Mattingly and T. T. Yeh, "Flowmeter Installation Effects Due to Sevearl Elbow Configurations," Proceedings of the 2th International Symposium on Fluid Flow Measurement (City, State: NAFFMC 1992), pp. 271-283.

G. E. Mattingly and T. T. Yeh, "Summary Report of NIST's Industry-Government Consortium Research Program on Flowmeter Installation Effects with Emphasis on the Research Period February - December 1990: TEE, used as an Elbow Configuration," NIST IR 4753 (Gaithersburg, MD: NIST 1992).

G. E. Mattingly and T. T. Yeh, "Effects of Pipe Elbows and Tube Bundles on Selected Types of Flowmeters," Flow Measurement and Instrumentation Journal: Installation Effects Special Issue, 2, (1991), pp.4-13.

G. E. Mattingly and T. T. Yeh, "Summary Report of NIST's Industry-Government Consortium Research Program on Flowmeter Installation Effects with Emphasis on the Research Period November 1988 - May 1989," NIST IR 4310 (Gaithersburg, MD: NIST 1989).

G. E. Mattingly and T. T. Yeh, "NBS' Industry-Government Consortium Research Program on Flowmeter Installation Effects: Summary Report with Emphasis on Research Period January - July 1988," NIST IR 89-4080 (Gaithersburg, MD: NIST 1989).

G. E. Mattingly and T. T. Yeh, "NBS' Industry-Government Consortium Research Program on Flowmeter Installation Effects: Summary Report with Emphasis on Research Period July - December 1987," NIST IR 88-3898 (Gaithersburg, MD: NIST 1988).

Gas-Metal Atomization

P. I. Espina, S. D. Ridder, U. Piomelli, and F. S. Biancaniello, "Numerical Simulation of Atomization Gas Flows," Proceedings of the 1998 Powder Metallurgy World Congress & Exhibition (Granada, Spain: EPMA 1998).

P. I. Espina and U. Piomelli, "Numerical Simulation of the Gas Flow in Gas-Metal Atomizers," Proceedings of the 1998 ASME Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting (Washington, DC: ASME 1998), FEDSM98-4901.

P. I. Espina and U. Piomelli, "Study of the Gas Jet in a Close-Coupled Gas-Metal Atomizer." AIAA Paper 98-0959.

P. I. Espina, "Study of an Underexpanded Annular Wall Jet Past an Axisymmetric Backward-Facing Step", Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD, 1997.

P. I. Espina and U. Piomelli, "A Validation of the NPARC Code in Supersonic Base Flows." AIAA Paper 97-0032.

S. A. Osella, P. I. Espina, S. D. Ridder, F. S. Biancaniello, and G. E. Mattingly, "Correlation of the Particle Size Distribution with Process Parameters for a Gas-Metal Atomizer," Proceedings of the 1994 Powder Metallurgy World Congress and Exhibition, Vol. I, (Paris, France: SF2M/EPMA, 1994), pp. 391-394.

P. I. Espina, S. A. Osella, S. D. Ridder, F. S. Biancaniello, and G. E. Mattingly, "A Hybrid Model of a Gas-Metal Atomizer and its Application to the Development of a Knowledge-Based Control System," Proceedings of the 1994 Powder Metallurgy World Congress and Exhibition, Vol. I, (Paris, France: SF2M/EPMA, 1994), pp. 349-352.

P. I. Espina, S. A. Osella, S. D. Ridder, F. S. Biancaniello, and G. E. Mattingly, "The Evolution of Gas-Metal Atomization: From Discrete Jets to Annular Jets via Computational Fluid Mechanics," P/M in Aerospace, Defense and Demanding Applications, ed. F. H. Froes, (Princeton, NJ: MPIF, 1993), pp. 101-107.

P. I. Espina, U. Piomelli and G. E. Mattingly, "A Numerical Investigation of the Compressible Flow Field Produced in an Annular Jet, Close-Coupled, Gas Metal Atomizer," Computational and Numerical Techniques in Powder Metallurgy, ed. D. S. Madan, I. E. Anderson, and W. E. Frazier, (Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1993), pp. 41-53.

S. D. Ridder, S. A. Osella, P. I. Espina and F. S. Biancaniello, "Intelligent Control of Particle Size Distribution During Gas Atomization," Inter. J. of Powder Metall., 28, 2, (1992), pp. 133-147.

S. D. Ridder, S. A. Osella, P. I. Espina and F. S. Biancaniello, "Process Modeling and Control of Inert Gas Atomization", Thermal Structures and Materials for High-Speed Flight, Vol. 140, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, ed. E. A. Thornton, (Washington, DC: AIAA, 1992), pp. 499-521.

P. I. Espina, "An Investigation of the Compressible Flow in a Supersonic Inert Gas Metal Atomizer", M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD, 1991.

S. D. Ridder, S. A. Osella, P. I. Espina and F. S. Biancaniello, "Advanced Sensors and Process Control for Gas Atomization", Advances in Powder Metallurgy-1991, Vol. 5, P/M Materials, (Princeton, NJ: MPIF, 1991), pp. 249-262.

S. A. Osella, S. D. Ridder, F. S. Biancaniello and P. I. Espina, "The Intelligent Control of an Inert Gas Atomization Process", JOM, 43 (1991), pp. 18-21.

S. D. Ridder, S. A. Osella, P. I. Espina and F. S. Biancaniello, "Development of Adaptive Control Strategies For Inert Gas Atomization", Intelligent Processing of Materials, ed. H. P. Wang, (New York, NY: ASME, 1990), pp. 79-88.

S. D. Ridder, S. A. Osella, P. I. Espina and F. S. Biancaniello, "Process Diagnostics, Modeling, and Control for Inert Gas Atomization", Intelligent Processing of Materials, ed. H. N. G. Wadley and W. E. Eckhart, Jr., (Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1990), pp. 41-53.

F. S. Biancaniello, J. J. Conway, P. I. Espina, G. E. Mattingly and S. D. Ridder, "Particle Size Measurement of Inert Gas Atomized Powder", Mat. Sci. Eng., A124 (1990), pp. 9-14.

S. D. Ridder, P. I. Espina and F. S. Biancaniello, "Optimization of Inert Gas Atomization", Physical Chemistry of Powder Metals Production and Processing, ed. W. M. Small, (Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1989), pp. 163-173.

S. D. Ridder, F. S. Biancaniello, P. I. Espina and S. A. Miller, "Laser Holographic Imaging of the Two Fluid Atomization Process", Characterization & Diagnostics of Ceramics & Metal Particulate Processing, ed. E. J. Lavernia, H. Henein, and I. Anderson, (Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1989), pp. 73-86.

P. I. Espina, S. D. Ridder, F. S. Biancaniello and G. E. Mattingly, "Aerodynamic Analysis of the Aspiration Phenomena in a Close-Coupled Inert Gas Atomizer", Characterization & Diagnostics of Ceramics & Metal Particulate Processing, ed. E. J. Lavernia, H. Henein, and I. Anderson, (Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1989), pp. 49-62.

F. S. Biancaniello, P. I. Espina, G. E. Mattingly and S. D. Ridder, "A Flow Visualization Study of Supersonic Inert Gas Metal Atomization", Mat. Sci. Eng., A119 (1989), pp. 159-166.