U.S. Dept Commerce/NOAA/NMFS/NWFSC/Publications
NOAA-NMFS-NWFSC TM-32: Status Review of Chum Salmon


Citations

Allen, J.E., M. Burns, and S.C. Sargent. 1986. Cataclysms on the Columbia: A layman's guide to the features produced by the catastrophic Bretz floods in the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press, Portland, OR, 213 p.

Allen, M.J., and G.B. Smith. 1988. Atlas and zoogeography of common fishes in the Bering Sea and northeastern Pacific. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 66, 151 p.

Allendorf, F.W., and N. Ryman. 1987. Genetic management of hatchery stocks. In Ryman, N., and F. Utter (eds.), Population genetics and fishery management, p. 141-159. Univ. Wash. Press, Seattle.

Alt, D., and D.W. Hyndman. 1984. Roadside geology of Washington. Mountain Press, Missoula, MT, 289 p.

Altukhov, Y.P., and E.A. Salmenkova. 1994. Straying intensity and genetic differentiation in salmon populations. Aquacult. Fish. Manage. 25 (Suppl. 2):99-120.

Altukhov, Y.P., E.A. Salmenkova, G.D. Ryabova, and N.I. Kulikova. 1980. Genetic differentiation of chum salmon populations and effectiveness of some acclimatization measures. Sov. J. Mar. Biol. [Engl. transl., Biol. Morya 6:125-138]

Ames, J. 1983. Salmon stock interactions in Puget Sound: A preliminary look. In Miller, M.A. (ed.), Southeast Alaska coho salmon research and management review and planning workshop, May 18-19, 1982, p. 84-95. Alaska Dep. Fish Game.

Andersen, F.M . 1983. Upper Yukon test fishing studies, 1982. Div. Commer. Fish., Alaska Dep. Fish Game, Fairbanks, 24 p.

Anderson, A.D., and T.D. Beacham. 1983. The migration and exploitation of chum salmon stocks of the Johnstone Strait-Fraser River study area, 1962-1970. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1166, 125 p.

Aro, K.V., and M.P. Shepard. 1967. Pacific salmon in Canada. Salmon in the North Pacific Ocean. Part V. Spawning populations of north Pacific salmon. Int. North Pac. Fish. Comm. Bull. 23:225-327.

Ashbrook, C., and H.J. Fuss. 1996. Hatchery operation plans and performance summaries (Annual Report 1996). II(2): Coast. Wash. Dep. Fish Wildl., 600 Capitol Way N., Olympia, WA 98501-1091.

Atkinson, C.E. 1960. Fisheries research: Its organization and program within the USSR. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull., 276 p.

Atkinson, C.E. 1964. The salmon fisheries of the Soviet far east. M.S. thesis, Univ. Wash., Seattle, 137 p.

Atkinson, C.E. 1983. Asian USSR. In Brown, E.E. (ed.), World fish farming: Cultivation and economics, 2nd ed., p. 297-305. AVI Publ. Co., Westport, CT.

Atkinson, C.E., J.H. Rose, and T.O. Duncan. 1967. Salmon of the North Pacific Ocean. Part IV. Spawning populations of the North Pacific salmon. 4. Pacific salmon in the United States. Int. North Pac. Fish Comm. Bull. 23:43-223.

Bachen, B. 1994. The impacts of success: A case history of Hidden Falls hatchery. In name (editor), Proceedings of the 16th Northeast Pacific Pink and Chum Salmon Workshop, February 24-26, 1993, Juneau, AK, p. 47-56. Rep. 94-02, Alaska Sea Grant Prog., Univ. Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 755040, Fairbanks, AK 99775-5040.

Bachen, B., and T. Linley. 1995. Hidden Falls Hatchery chum salmon program. In Schramm, H.L., and R.G. Piper (eds.), The uses and effects of cultured fishes in aquatic ecosystems, p. 564-656. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 15.

Bailey, D.D. 1995. Cook Creek chum mark mortality study. In Fuss, H., and G. Graves (eds.), Proceedings of the 17th Northeast Pacific Pink and Chum Salmon Workshop, Mar. 1-3, 1995, Bellingham, WA. p. 186-194. Northwest Indian Fish. Comm. and Wash. Dep. Fish Wildl.

Bailey, J.E. 1964. Intertidal spawning of pink and chum salmon at Olsen Bay, Prince William Sound, Alaska. Manuscr. Rep. MR 64-6, 23 p. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Lab., Auke Bay, AK.

Bakkala, R.G. 1970. Synopsis of biological data on the chum salmon, (Oncorhynchus keta) (Walbaum) 1792. FAO Fish. Synop. 41, U.S. Fish. Wildl. Serv. Circ. 315, 89 p.

Bakun, A. 1973. Coastal upwelling indices, west coast of North America, 1946-71. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS-SSRF-671, 103 p.

Bakun, A. 1975. Daily and weekly upwelling indices, west coast of North America, 1967-73. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS-SSRF-693, 114 p.

Bams, R.A. 1976. Survival and propensity for homing as affected by presence or absence of locally adapted paternal genes in two transplanted populations of pink salmon. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 33(12):2716-2725.

Banford, C., and D.D. Bailey. 1979. Blaney Creek chum project, 1972-1977. Manuscr. Rep. 1537, Can. Fish. Mar. Serv., 53 p.

Bax, N.J. 1982. Seasonal and annual variations in the movement of juvenile chum salmon through Hood Canal, Washington. In Brannon, E.L., and E.O. Salo (eds.), Proceedings of the Salmon and Trout Migratory Behavior Symposium, June 3-5, 1981, Seattle, WA, p. 208-218. School of Fisheries, Univ. Wash., Seattle.

Bax, N.J. 1983a. The early marine migration of juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) through Hood Canal - its variability and consequences. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Wash., Seattle, 196 p.

Bax, N.J. 1983b. Early marine mortality of marked juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) released into Hood Canal, Puget Sound, Washington, in 1980. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40:426-435.

Bax, N.J., and C.J. Whitmus. 1981. Early marine survival and migratory behavior of juvenile salmon released from the Enetai Hatchery, Washington, in 1980. Rep. FRI-UW-8109, 48 p. Fish. Res. Inst., Univ. Wash., Seattle.

Bax, N. J., E.O. Salo, and B.P. Snyder. 1979. Salmonid outmigration studies in Hood Canal. Final report, phase VI. FRI-UW-7921, 89 p. Fish. Res. Inst., Univ. Wash., Seattle.

Bax, N.J., E.O. Salo, and B.P. Snyder. 1980. Salmonid outmigration studies in Hood Canal. Final report, phase V, January to July 1979. FRI-UW-8010, 55 p. Fish. Res. Inst., Univ. Wash., Seattle.

Beacham, T.D. 1984. The status of the chum salmon fishery and stocks of British Columbia. Report to the annual meeting of the International North Pacific Fisheries Commission, Vancouver, B.C., October 1984. Pac. Biol. Stn., Dep. Fish. and Oceans, Nanaimo, B.C., Canada, 29 p.

Beacham, T.D., and C.B. Murray. 1986. Comparative developmental biology of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta ) from the Fraser River, British Columbia. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43(2):252-262.

Beacham, T.D., and P. Starr. 1982. Population biology of chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, from the Fraser River, British Columbia. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43:252-262.

Beacham, T.D., A.P. Gould, R.E. Withler, C.B. Murray, and L.W. Barner. 1987. Biochemical genetic survey and stock identification of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in British Columbia. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44:1702-1713.

Beacham, T.D., C.B. Murray, and R.E. Withler. 1988. Age, morphology, developmental biology, and biochemical genetic variation of Yukon River fall chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, and comparisons with British Columbia populations. Fish. Bull., U.S. 86:663-674.

Beall, E. P. 1972. The use of predator-prey tests to assess the quality of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) fry. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Wash., Seattle, 105 p.

Beamish, R.J. 1993. Climate and exceptional fish production off the west coast of North America. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50.

Beamish, R J., and D.R. Bouillon. 1993. Pacific salmon production trends in relation to climate. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50:1002-1016.

Beechie, T. et al. 1994. Estimating coho salmon rearing habitat and smolt production losses in a large river basin, and implications for habitat restoration. North Am. J. Fish. Manage. 14(4):797-811.

Berg, L.S. 1934. Vernal and hiemal races among anadromous fishes. J. Fish Res. Board Can. 16(1959):515-537.

Big Eagle & Associates and LGL Ltd. 1995. Chum salmon catch, escapement and historical abundance data. Electronic database of chum salmon abundance, containing data from WDF et al. (1993), Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission run reconstruction, and Coordinated Information System (CIS) escapement data. Report to NOAA, NMFS, January 1995, 16 p. + appendices. Environmental and Technical Services Division, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., 525 NE Oregon St., Portland, OR 97232.

Bigler, B.S. 1983. Kotzebue Sound chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) forecast. Norton Sound/Kotzebue Resource Rep. 12, 20 p. Avail. Environ. Tech. Serv. Div., Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., Portland OR 97232.

Bigler, B.S. 1985. Kotzebue Sound chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) escapement and return data, 1962-1984. Tech. Data Rep. 149, 112 p. Alaska Dep. Fish Game.

Bigler, B.S., and D. Burwen. 1984. Migratory timing and spatial entry patterns of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in Kotzebue Sound. Inf. Leafl. 238, 23 p. Alaska Dep. Fish Game.

Bigler, B.S., and J.H. Helle. 1994. Decreasing size of north Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.): Possible causes and consequences. Unpubl. manuscr., 34 p. Wards Cove Packing Co., P.O. Box c-5030, Seattle, WA 98105.

Bigler, B.S., D.W. Welch, and J.H. Helle. 1996. A review of size trends among North Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53(2):455-465.

Birman, I.B. 1951. Qualitative characteristics of the stocks and the dynamics of abundance of the autumn chum salmon of the Amur River. Vopr. Ikhtiol. 35:17-31. [Fish. Res. Board Can. Transl. Serv. 103, 1957, W.E. Ricker, translator, Nanaimo, B.C.]

Birman, I.B. 1956. Local stocks of autumn chum salmon in the Amur Basin. Vopr. Ikhtiol. 7:158-173. [Fish. Res. Board Can. Transl. Serv. 349, 1961, W.E. Ricker, translator, Nanaimo, B.C.]

Blair, S. 1991. Fed by glaciers. In Brody, J. (ed.), Hood Canal: Splendor at risk, p. 17-33. The Sun newspaper, Bremerton, WA.

Bortelson, G.C., M.J. Chrzastowski, and P. Hickey. 1980. Historical changes of shoreline and wetland at eleven major deltas in the Puget Sound region, Washington. Atlas HA-617, Dep. Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Wash. DC.

Bostick, W.E. 1955. Duwamish River seining studies. In Puget Sound stream studies, p. 5-6. Wash. Dep. Fish, Olympia. Avail. Wash. Dep. Fish Wildl., 600 Capitol Way N., Olympia, WA 98501-1091.

Boule, M.E., N. Olmstead, and T. Miller. 1983. Inventory of wetland resources to develop an evaluation of wetland management in Western Washington. Final report to Wash. Dep. Ecology, Olympia, 102 p.

Brady, J.A. 1983. Lower Yukon River salmon test and commercial fisheries, 1981. Tech. Data Rep. 89, 91 p. Alaska Dep. Fish Game, Juneau.

Brannian, L.K., and D.G. Gnath. 1988. Subsistence harvest of Pacific salmon in the Yukon River Drainage, Alaska, 1986 with an historical review. Rep. 88-03, 50 p. Div. Commer. Fish., Alaska Dep. Fish Game, Juneau.

Brix, R. 1981. Data report of Grays Harbor juvenile salmon seining program, 1973-1980. Wash. Dep. Fish. Prog. Rep. 141, 78 p.

Brodeur, R.D., and D.M. Ware. 1992. Interannual and interdecadal changes in zooplankton biomass in the subartic Pacific Ocean. Fish Oceanogr. 1:32-38.

Brusca, R.C., and B.R. Wallerstein. 1979. Zoogeographic patterns of idoteid isopods in the northeast Pacific, with a review of shallow water zoogeography of the area. Bull. Biol. Soc. Wash. 3:67-105.

Buklis, L.S. 1981. Yukon and Tanana River fall chum salmon tagging studies, 1976-1980. Inf. Leafl. 194, 40 p. Alaska Dep. Fish Game, Juneau.

Buklis, L.S., and L.H. Barton. 1984. Yukon River fall chum salmon biology and stock status. Inf. Leafl. 239, 67 p. Alaska Dep. Fish Game, Juneau.

Burns, R. 1985. The shape and form of Puget Sound. Univ. Wash. Press, Seattle, 100 p.

Busack, C., and J.B. Shaklee (editors). 1995. Genetic diversity units and major ancestral lineages of salmonid fishes in Washington. Tech. Rep. RAD 95-02, 188 p. Fish Manage. Prog., Resource Assess. Div., Wash. Dep. Fish Wildl., 600 Capitol Way N., Olympia, WA 98501-1091.

California State Lands Commission. 1993. Californiaís rivers: A public trust report. 2nd ed., 334 p. Calif. State Lands Comm., 1807 13th St., Sacramento, CA 95814.

Canning, D. 1997. Habitat loss and change on Puget Sound shorelines. Puget Sound Notes 40:1-2. Wash. Dep. Ecology

Carlisle, E. 1970. The coho. Salmon Trout Steelheader 4(2):13.

Caughly, G. 1994. Wildlife ecology and management. Blackwell Sci. Publ., Boston, 334 p.

Cavalli-Storza, L.L., and A.W.F . Edwards. 1967. Phylogenetic analysis: Models and estimation procedures. Evolution 21:550-570.

Chakvaborty, R. 1980. Gene diversity analysis in nested subdivided populations. Genetics 96:721-726.

Chatters, J.C. 1995. Population growth, climatic cooling, and the development of collector strategies on the Southern Plateau, western North America. J. World Prehistory 9(3):341-399.

Chatters, J.C., V.L. Butler, M.J. Scott, D.M. Anderson, and D.A. Neitzel. 1995. A paleoscience approach to estimating the effects of climatic warming on salmonid fisheries of the Columbia River basin. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 721, p. 489-496.

Chilcote, M.C., C. Dale, K. Kostow, H. Schaller, and H. Weeks. 1992. Wild fish management policy. Biennial Prog. Rep., 31 p. Oreg. Dep. Fish Wildl., P.O. Box 59, Portland, OR 97207.

Clark, J.E., and J.L. Weller. 1986. Age, sex, and size of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta Walbaum) from catches and escapements in southeastern Alaska, 1984. Tech. Data Rep. 168, 288 p. Alaska Dep. Fish Game.

Cleaver, F.C. (editor). 1951. Fisheries statistics of Oregon. Oreg. Fish Comm. Contrib. 16, 176 p.

Cliff, A.D., and J.K. Ord. 1981. Spatial processes: Models and applications. Pion Press, London, 266 p.

Cline, D. 1982. Council grounds of the eagles. Alaska Fish Tales Game Trails (Winter):22-25.

Clocksin, T., B. Tweit, D. Milward, and J. Anderson. 1991. Incidence of immature chinook in the 1990 all-citizen commercial purse seine fishery for chum salmon in Hood Canal. Wash. Dep. Fish. Prog. Rep. 284, 60 p. Avail. Wash. Dep. Fish Wildl., 600 Capitol Way N., Olympia, WA 98501-1091.

COHMAP Members. 1988. Climatic changes of the last 18,000 years: Observations and model simulations. Science (Wash. DC) 241:1043-1052.

Cole, D.L., R.M. Comstock, and B. Harrington-Tweit. 1986. The Nisqually chum salmon run: A status report. Report to the Bureau of Indian Affairs and U.S. Department of the Interior, 78 p. U.S. Dep. Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Fishery Resource Office, 2825 Parkmont Lane, Bldg. A, Olympia, WA 98502.

Congleton, J.L. 1979. Feeding patterns of juvenile chum in the Skagit River salt marsh. In Lipovsky, S.J., and C.A. Simenstad (eds.), Fish food habits studies: Proceedings of the second Northwest Technical Workshop, Maple Valley, WA, p. 141-150. Publ. WSG-WO-79-1, Wash. Sea Grant Prog., Univ. Wash., Seattle.

Congleton, J.L., S.K. Davis, and S R. Foley. 1982. Distribution, abundance and outmigration timing of chum and chinook salmon fry in the Skagit salt march. In Brannon, E.L., and E.O. Salo (eds.), Proceedings of the Salmon and Trout Migratory Behavior Symposium, Seattle, p. 153-163. School of Fisheries, Univ. Wash., Seattle.

Cook, F.R. 1984. Introduction to Canadian amphibians and reptiles. National Museum of Natural Sciences, National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, 200 p.

Cook-Tabor, C.K. 1994. Summer chum salmon in Hood Canal. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., 52 p. Western Washington Fishery Resource Office, U.S. Dep. Interior, Fish. Wildl. Serv., 2825 Parkmont Lane, Bldg. A, Olympia, WA 98502.

Cook-Tabor, C. 1995. Hood Canal. In Boomer, R.S. (ed.), Annual station report: Fiscal year 1995, p. 2-8. Western Washington Fishery Resource Office, U.S. Dep. Interior, Fish Wildl. Serv., 2826 Parkmont Lane, Bldg. A, Olympia, WA 98502.

Cooney, C.X., and S.E. Jacobs. 1994. Oregon coastal salmon spawning surveys, 1992. Info. Rep. 94-2, 103 p. Oreg. Dep. Fish Wildl., Portland.

Cooney, R.T., D. Urquhart, R. Neve, J. Hilsinger, R. Clasby, and D. Barnard. 1978. Some aspects of the carrying capacity of Prince William Sound, Alaska, for hatchery released pink and chum salmon fry. Publ. 78-4, Alaska Sea Grant Prog., Univ. Alaska, Fairbanks; Publ. R78-3, Inst. Mar. Resour., Univ. Alaska, Fairbanks, 98 p.

Crawford, B.A. 1979. The origin and history of the trout brood stocks of the Washington Department of Game. Wash. Dep. Game, 76 p. Avail. Wash. Dep. Fish Wildl., 600 Capital Way N., Olympia, WA 98501-1091.

Crawford, B.A. 1997. Letter to M. Schiewe, dated April 25, 1997: Response to partial draft of NMFS review of the status of chum salmon, 62 p. + attachments. Avail. Environmental and Technical Services Div., Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., 525 NE Oregon St., Suite 500, Portland, OR 97232.

Dahl, T.E. 1990. Wetlands losses in the United States 1780s to 1980s. U. S. Dep. Interior, Fish Wildl. Serv., Wash. D.C.

Dames and Moore. 1976. Environmental studies report, January-December 1975, Skagit nuclear power project, Northwestern Washington. Report to Puget Sound Power and Light Company, Seattle, WA, 376 p.

Davis, N.D., K.W. Myers, R.V. Walker, and C.K. Harris. 1990. The Fisheries Research Institute's high-seas salmonid tagging program and methodology for scale pattern analysis. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 7:863-879.

Davis, S.K. 1981. Determination of body composition, condition, and migration timing of juvenile chum and chinook salmon in the lower Skagit River, Washington. M.Sc. thesis, Univ. Wash., Seattle, 97 p.

Denman, K.L., D L. Mackas, H J. Freeland, M.J. Austin, and S.H. Hill. 1981. Persistent upwelling and mesoscale zones of high productivity off the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada. In Richards, F.A. (ed.), Coastal upwelling, p. 514-521. Am. Geophys. Union, Wash. D.C.

Disler, N.N. 1954. Development of autumn chum salmon in the Amur River. Tr. Soveshch. Ikhtiol. Kom.. Akad. Nauk SSSR 4:129-143 [in Russian; Engl. transl.TT 63-11100, Clearinghouse Fed. Sci. Tech. Info., Springfield VA 22151].

Dorcey, A.H.J., T.G. Northcote, and D.V. Ward. 1978. Are the Fraser River marshes essential to salmon? Univ. B.C. Press, Vancouver, B.C., 29 p.

Duker, G.J. 1977. Nest site selection by chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in a spawning channel. M.S. thesis, Univ. Wash., Seattle, 113 p.

Duker, G.J. 1982. Instream orientation and species recognition by Pacific salmon. In Brannon, E.L., and E.O. Salo (eds.), Proceedings of the Salmon and Trout Migratory Behavior Symposium, June 3-5, 1981, Seattle, p. 286-295. School of Fisheries, Univ. Wash., Seattle.

Dymond, J.R. 1940. Pacific salmon in the Arctic Ocean. Pac. Sci. Congr. Proc. 3:435.

Eames, M., T. Quinn, K. Reidinger, and D. Harding. 1981. Northern Puget Sound 1976 adult coho and chum tagging studies. Wash. Dep. Fish. Tech. Rep. 64, 217 p.

Eames, M.J., T J. Quinn III, and M. Hino. 1983. 1977 Northern Puget Sound adult coho and chum tagging studies. Wash. Dep. Fish. Tech. Rep. 75, 250 p.

Edwards, R., G. Portes, and F. Fleming. 1992. Regional nonpoint source program summary. Environ. Prot. Agency, Region 10, Seattle, WA.

English, K.K., M.G. Foy, C R. Steward, J. Big Eagle, and C. Huntington. 1995. Chum salmon catch, escapement, and historical abundance data. Report by Big Eagle and Associates and LGL Limited for U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA, NMFS, 43 p. + app. Avail. Environmental and Technical Services Division, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., 525 N.E. Oregon St., Portland, OR 97232.

Evenson, J.R., and J. Calambokidis. 1993. Monitoring of harbor seals at Dosewallips River Delta: September 1992 to July 1993. Final report by Cascadia Research Collective for Wash. State Parks and Recreation Dep., Olympia, 33 p. Wash. State Parks and Recreation Dep., 7150 Cleanwater Lane, KY-11, Olympia, WA 98504.

Fagen, R., and W.W. Smoker. 1989. How large-capacity hatcheries can alter interannual variability of salmon production. Fish. Res. (Amst.) 8:1-11.

Farley, A.L. 1979. Atlas of British Columbia. Univ. B.C. Press, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, 136 p.

Fast, D.E., and Q.J. Stober. 1984. Intragravel behavior of salmonid alevins in response to environmental changes. Final report for Washington Water Research Center and City of Seattle. Rep. FRI-UW-8414, 103 p. Fish. Res. Inst., Univ. Wash., Seattle.

Favorite, F., and W.J. Ingraham, Jr. 1976. Sunspot activity and oceanic conditions in the northern North Pacific ocean. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn. 32:107-115.

Fisk, L., E. Gerstung, and J. Thomas. 1966. Stream damage surveys-1966. Admin. Rep. 66-10, 15 p. Inland Fish. Div., Calif. Dep. Fish and Game, Sacramento?

Flagg, T.A., F.W. Waknitz, and C.V.W. Mahnken. 1995. The captive broodstock concept: Application to rearing Pacific salmon. In Flagg, T.A., and C.V.W. Mahnken (preparers), An assessment of the status of captive broodstock technology for Pacific salmon, p. 1-1 to 1-60. Final Rep., Proj. 93-56, to the Bonneville Power Adminstration, Portland, OR.

Folsom, W., D. Altman, A. Manuar, F. Nielsen, T. Revord, E. Sanborn, and M. Wildman. 1992. World salmon culture. NOAA Tech. Memo., NMFS-F/SPO-3, Silver Springs, MD, 323 p.

Francis, R.C., and S.R. Hare. 1994. Decadal scale regime shifts in the large marine ecosystems of the northeast Pacific: A case for historical science. Fish. Oceanogr. 3(4):279-291.

Francis, R.C., and N.J. Mantua. In press. Climatic influences on salmon population in the Northeast Pacific. In MacCall, A.D., and T.C. Wainwright (eds.), Assessing extinction risk for west coast salmon: Proceedings of the workshop. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NWFSC.

Francis, R.C., and T.H. Sibley. 1991. Climate change and fisheries: What are the real issues? Northwest Environ. J. 7:295-307.

Franklin, J.F., and C.T. Dyrness. 1973. Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-8, 417 p. Pacific Northwest Reg., U.S. Dep. Agric. Forest Service, Portland, OR. Stock #0101-00329, Supt. of Documents, U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Wash. D.C. 20402.

Fraser, F. J., D.D. Bailey, and M.J. Wood. 1978. Big Qualicum River salmon development project. Vol. III: Experimental rearing of chum salmon juveniles (Oncorhynchus keta) in fresh water (1968-70). Can. Fish. & Mar. Serv. Tech. Rep. 752, 22 p.

Fredin, R.A., R.L. Major, R.G. Bakkala, and G. Tanonaka. 1977. Pacific salmon and the high-seas salmon fisheries of Japan. NWAFC Proc. Rep., 324 p. Northwest Fish. Sci. Cent., NMFS, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112.

Freeland, H.J. 1990. Sea surface temperatures along the coast of British Columbia: Regional evidence of a warming trend. Can J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47:346-350.

Fresh, K.L. 1979. Distribution and abundance of fishes occurring in the nearshore surface waters of northern Puget Sound, Washington. M.S. thesis, Univ. Wash., Seattle, 120 p.

Fresh, K.L., and S.L. Schroder. 1987. Influence of the abundance, size and yolk reserves of juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) on predation by freshwater fishes in a small coastal stream. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44(2):236-243.

Fresh, K.L., D. Rabin, C. Simenstad, E.O. Salo, K. Garrison, and L. Mathesen. 1979. Fish ecology studies in the Nisqually Reach area of southern Puget Sound, Washington. Final rep. FRI-UW-7904, Fish. Res. Inst., Univ. Wash., Seattle, 229 p.

Fresh, K.L., R.D. Cardwell, B.P. Snyder, and E.O. Salo. 1980. Some hatchery strategies for reducing predation upon juvenile chum salmon (Onchorhynchus keta) in freshwater. In Melteff, B.R., and R.A. Neve (eds.), Proceedings of the North Pacific Aquaculture Symposium, Anchorage Alaska, August 18-21, 1980 [and] Newport, Oregon, August 25-27, 1980, p. 79-89. Publ. 82-2, Alaska Sea Grant Prog., Univ. Alaska, Fairbanks.

Friebertshauser, M., et al. 1971. Puget Sound and approaches, seasonal variations of oceanographic parameters in its near surface waters. Contract RD-NE4, 5 vols. Wash. Sea Grant Prog., Univ. Wash., Seattle.

Fulton, L.A. 1970. Spawning areas and abundance of steelhead trout and coho, sockeye, and chum salmon in the Columbia River basin - past and present. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS-SSRF 618, 37 p.

Fuss, H.J., and C. Ashbrook. 1995. Hatchery operation plans and performance summaries (Annual Report 1995). I(2): Puget Sound. Wash. Dep. Fish. Wildl., Olympia.

Fuss, H.J., and R. Fuller. 1994. Enhancement of the Hood Canal chum fisheries. In Proceedings of the 16th Northeast Pacific Pink and Chum Salmon Workshop, February 24-26, Juneau, AK, p. 37-46. Rep. 94-02, Alaska Sea Grant Prog., Univ. Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 755040, Fairbanks, AK 99775-5040.

Fuss, H.J., and C.W. Hopley. 1991. Survival, marine distribution, and age at maturity of Hood Canal Hatchery chum. 15th N.E. Pacific Pink and Chum Salmon Workshop, 1991. (Avail. from Environmental and Technical Services Division, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., 525 N.E. Oregon Street, Suite 500, Portland, OR, 97232.)

Fuss, H., and P. Seidel. 1987. Hatchery incubation techniques at WDF hatcheries. Wash. Dep. Fish. Tech. Rep. 100, 86 p.

Fuss, H.J., C. Ashbrook, and D. Knutzen. 1993. Operation plans for Washington Department of Fisheries anadromous fish production facilities. Vol. 1. Puget Sound. Annual report 1993, 403 p. Wash. Dep. Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N., Olympia, WA 98501-1091.

Gallagher, A.F., Jr. 1979. An analysis of factors affecting brood year returns in the wild stocks of Puget Sound chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). M.S. Thesis, Univ. Wash., Seattle, 152 p.

Gilbert, C.H. 1922. The salmon of the Yukon River. U.S. Bur. Fish., Bull. 38:317-332.

Gilpin, M.E., and M.E. Soulé. 1986. Minimum viable populations: Processes of species extinction. In Soulé, M.E. (ed.), Conservation biology: The science of scarcity and diversity, p. 19-34. Sinauer Assoc., Sunderland, MA.

Goodman, D. 1975. A synthesis of the impacts of proposed expansion of the Vancouver International Airport and other developments on the fisheries resources of the Fraser River estuary. Can. Fish. Mar. Serv. mimeo rep., 137 p.

Graves, G. 1989. GSI and chum fisheries management in southern British Columbia and Washington. In 14th Northeast Pacific Pink and Chum Salmon Workshop, Port Ludlow, Washington, p. 28-31. Northwest Indian Fish. Comm., 6730 Martin Way E., Olympia, WA 98506.

Gregory, S.V., and P.A. Bisson. 1997. Degradation and loss of anadromous salmonid habitat in the Pacific Northwest. In Stouder, D.J., P.A. Bisson, and R.J. Naiman (eds.), Pacific salmon and their ecosystems: Status and future options, p. 277-314. Chapman and Hall, New York.

Grigo, L.D. 1953. Morphological differences between the summer and the autumn chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum), O. keta (Walbaum) infraspecies autumnalis Berg. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 92:1225-1228. [Engl. Transl. In Pacific salmon: Selected articles from Soviet periodicals, p. 13-17. Israel Prog. Sci. Transl., Jerusalem, 1961.]

GRIP Members. 1993. Climate instability during the last interglacial period recorded in the GRIP ice core. Nature (Lond.) 364:203-207.

Groot, C., and L. Margolis (editors). 1991. Pacific salmon life histories. Univ. B.C. Press, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, 564 p.

Gunsolus, R.T. 1978. The status of Oregon coho and recommendations for managing the production, harvest, and escapement of wild and hatchery stocks. Internal rep., 59 p. Oreg. Dep. Fish Wildl., Portland.

Hale, S.S. 1981. Freshwater habitat relationships: Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). Internal rep., 94 p. Habitat Protection Section, Resource Assessment Branch, Alaska Dep. Fish Game, 570 West 53rd Street, Anchorage, AK 99502.

Hall, C.A. 1964. Shallow-water marine climates and molluscan provinces. Ecology 45(2):226-234.

Hallock, R.J., and J.D.H. Fry. 1967. Five species of salmon, Oncorhynchus, in the Sacramento River, California. Calif. Fish Game 53(1):5-22.

Hard, J.J., R.P. Jones, M.R. Delarm, and R.S. Waples. 1992. Pacific salmon and artificial propagation under the Endangered Species Act. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NWFSC-2, 56 p.

Hare, S.R., and R.C. Francis. 1995. Climate change and salmon production in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 121:357-372.

Hartt, A.C. 1980. Juvenile salmonids in the oceanic ecosystem: The critical first summer. In McNeil, W.J., and D.C. Himsworth (eds.), Salmonid ecosystems of the North Pacific, 1980, p. 25-57. Oregon State Univ. Press and Oregon State Univ. Sea Grant Coll. Prog., Corvallis.

Hartt, A.C., and M.B. Dell. 1986. Early oceanic migrations and growth of juvenile Pacific salmon and steelhead trout. Int. North Pac. Fish. Comm. Bull. 47, 105 p.

Hayden, B.P., and R. Dolan. 1976. Coastal marine fauna and marine climates of the Americas. J. Biogeogr. 3:71-81.

Hayward, T.L. 1997. Pacific Ocean climate change: atmospheric forcing, ocean circulation and ecosystem reponse. Trends Ecol. Evol.12:150-154.

Healey, M C. 1979. Detritus and juvenile salmon production in the Nanaimo Estuary: 1. Production and feeding rates of juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 36(5):488-496.

Healey, M.C. 1980. The ecology of juvenile salmon in Georgia Strait, British Columbia. In McNiel, W.J., and D.C. Himsworth (eds.), Salmonid ecosystems of the North Pacific. Oregon State Univ. Press and Oreg. State Univ. Sea Grant College Prog., Corvallis.

Healey, M.C. 1982. Juvenile Pacific salmon in estuaries: The life support system. In Kennedy, V.S. (ed.), Estuarine comparisons, p. 315-341. Academic Press, New York.

Healey, M.C. 1991. Diets and feeding rates of juvenile pink, chum, and sockeye salmon in Hecate Strait, British Columbia. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 120(3):303-318.

Helle, J.H. 1979. Influence of marine environment on age and size at maturity, growth, and abundance of chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum), from Olsen Creek, Prince William Sound, Alaska. Ph.D. thesis, Oreg. State Univ., Corvallis, OR, 118 p.

Helle, J.H. 1981. Significance of the stock concept in artificial propagation of salmonids in Alaska. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 38:1665-1671.

Helle, J.H. 1984. Age and size at maturity of some populations of chum salmon in North America. In Moiseev, P.A. (ed.), Proceedings of the Pacific Salmon Biology Conference, 1978, p. 126-143. Pacific Sciences Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (TINRO), 4 Shevccennko Alley, 690600, Vladivostok, USSR.

Helle, J.H., and M.S. Hoffman. 1995. Size decline and older age at maturity of two chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) stocks in western North America, 1972-92. In Beamish, R.J. (ed.), Climate change and northern fish populations, p. 245-260. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 121.

Helle, J.H. and M.S. Hoffman. In Press. Changes in size and age at maturity of two North American stocks of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) before and after a major regime shift in the North Pacific Ocean. In Proceedings of the North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission, Bull. 1, Assessment and Status of Pacific Rim Salmonid Stocks. North Pac. Anadromous Fish Comm., Vancouver, B.C., Canada.

Henry, K.A. 1953. Analysis of factors affecting the production of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in Tillamook Bay. Oreg. Fish Comm. Contrib. 18, 37 p.

Henry, K.A. 1954. Age and growth study of Tillamook Bay chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). Oreg. Fish Comm. Contrib. 19, 28 p.

Hikita, T. 1962. Ecological and morphological studies of the genus Oncorhynchus (Salmonidae) with particular consideration on phylogeny. Sci. Rep. Hokkaido Salmon Hatchery 17:1-98.

Hillis, D.M., C. Moritz, and B.K. Mable (editors). 1996. Molecular systematics. 2nd ed. Sinauer Assoc., Sunderland, MA, 655 p.

Hirano, Y. 1958. Migration route of the autumn salmon of Hokkaido. Hokusuishi Geppo 15:349-353.

Hiss, J., T. Martin, and R. Boomer. 1982a. Escapement estimation of the 1980 Stillaguamish chum salmon run. Report to the National Marine Fisheries Service. Contract 80-ABG-00007, 22 p. Environmental and Technical Services Division, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., 525 N.E. Oregon Street, Suite 500, Portland, OR, 97232.

Hiss, J., M. Barclay, M. McKay, and R.S. Boomer. 1982b. Escapement estimation of the 1978-79 and 1979-1980 Nooksack River chum salmon runs. Report to the ESA Administrative Record, 37 p. Environmental and Technical Services Division, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., 525 N.E. Oregon Street, Suite 500, Portland, OR 97232.

Hoar, W.S. 1958. The evolution of migratory behaviour among juvenile salmon of the genus Oncorhynchus. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 15:391-428.

Hoar, W.S. 1976. Smolt transformation: Evolution, behavior, and physiology. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 33:1234-1252.

Hollowed, A.B., and W.S. Wooster. 1992. Variability of winter ocean conditions and strong year classes of Northeast Pacific groundfish. ICES Mar. Sci. Symp. 195:433-444.

Holmes, P.B. 1982. Aleutian Islands salmon stock assessment study: Special report to the Alaska Board of Fisheries, 83 p. Alaska Dep. Fish Game Library, P.O. Box 3-2000, Juneau, AK 99802-2000.

Hourston, W.R., and D. MacKinnon. 1956. Use of an artificial spawning channel by salmon. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 86:220-230.

Hunter, J.G. 1959. Survival and production of pink and chum salmon in a coastal stream. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 16:835-886.

Hutchinson, I., A.C. Prentice, and G. Bradfield. 1989. Aquatic plant resources of the Strait of Georgia. In Vermeer, K., and R.W. Butler (eds.), The ecology and status of marine and shoreline birds in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia. Spec. Publ., Can. Wildl. Serv.

Hydrosphere Data Products Inc. 1993. Hydrodata regional CD-ROMs: U.S. Geological Survey daily values, Vols. West 1, West 2. Hydrosphere Data Products, Inc., 1002 Walnut, Suite 200, Boulder, CO 80302.

Hymer, J. 1993. Estimating the natural spawning chum population in the Grays River Basin, 1944-1991. Columbia River Lab. Prog. Rep. 93-17, 17 p. Wash. Dep. Fish. Wildl., Columbia River Lab., P.O. Box 999, Battle Ground, WA 98604.

Hymer, J. 1994. Estimating chum salmon population in Hardy Creek, 1957-1993. Columbia River Lab. Prog. Rep. 94-11, 15 p. Wash. Dep. Fish. Wildl., Columbia River Lab., P.O. Box 999, Battle Ground, WA 98604.

INPFC (International North Pacific Fisheries Commission). 1993. Statistical yearbook, 1990. Int. North Pac. Fish. Comm., Vancouver, B.C., Canada, 116 p.

Isaksson, A. 1988. Salmon ranching: A world review. Aquaculture 75:1-33.

Ishida, Y., S. Ito, and K. Takagi. 1989. Stock identification of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta from their maturity and scale characteristics. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 55:651-656.

Ishida, Y., S. Ito, M. Kaeriyama, S. McKinnell, and K. Nagasawa. 1993. Recent changes in age and size of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in the North Pacific Ocean and possible causes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50(2):290-295.

Ivankov, V.N., and V.L. Andreyev. 1971. The South Kuril chum (Oncorhynchus keta (Walb.)): Ecology, population structure and the modeling of the population. J. Ichthyol. 11:511-524.

Iwata, M. 1982. Transition of chum salmon fry into salt water. In Brannon, E.L., and E.O. Salo (eds.), Proceedings of the Salmon and Trout Migratory Behavior Symposium, June 3-5, 1981, Seattle, p. 204-207. School of Fisheries, Univ. Wash., Seattle.

Jacobs, S.E. 1988. Straying in Oregon by adult salmon of hatchery origin, 1985. Info. Rep. 88-5, 53 p. Oreg. Dep. Fish Wildl., P.O. Box 59, Portland, OR 97207.

Jensen, H.M. 1956. Recoveries of immature chum salmon tagged in southern Puget Sound. Wash. Dep. Fish. Fish. Res. Pap. 1(4):32.

Johnson, R. 1973. Potential interspecific problems between hatchery coho smolts and juvenile pink and chum salmon. Puget Sound stream studies, pink and chum salmon investigations. Wash. Dep. Fish., 40 p. Wash. Dep. Fish Wildl., 600 Capitol Way N., Olympia, WA 98501-1091.

Johnson, R.C., R.J. Gerke, D.W. Heiser, R.F. Orrell, S.B. Mathews, and J.G. Olds. 1971. Pink and chum salmon investigations, 1969: Supplementary progress report. Res. Div., Wash. Dep. Fish., 66 p. Wash. Dep. Fish Wildl., 600 Capitol Way N., Olympia, WA 98501-1091.

Jumars, P.A., D. Thistle, and M.L. Jones. 1977. Detecting two-dimensional spatial structure in biological data. Oecologia 28:109-123.

Kaeriyama, M. 1986. Ecological study on early life of the chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum). Sci. Rep. Hokkaido Salmon Hatchery.(40):31-32.

Kaeriyama, M. 1989. Aspects of salmon ranching in Japan. Physiol. Ecol. Jpn. 1:625-638.

Kanid'yev, A.N., G.M. Kostyunin, and S.A. Salmin. 1970. Hatchery propagation of the pink and chum salmons as a means of increasing the salmon stocks of Sakhalin. J. Ichthyol. 10(2):249-259.

Kathey, K.S. 1994. An evaluation of the utility of a citizen shoreline survey to shoreline management plan development on Bainbridge Island, Washington. M.S. thesis, Univ. Wash., Seattle, 108 p.

Kellogg, E. (editor). 1992. Coastal temperate rain forests: Ecological characteristics, status, and distribution worldwide. Ecotrust and Conservation International, Portland, OR, and Wash. D.C.

Kelly, M.D., P.O. McMillan, and W.J. Wilson. 1990. North Pacific salmonid enhancement programs and genetic resources: Issues and concerns. Tech. Rep. NPS/NRARO/NRTR-90/03, 232 p. U.S. Dep. Int., Natl. Park Serv., Wash. DC.

Kerr, R A. 1990. The climate system as a ticking clock. Science (Wash. DC) 249:1246-1247.

Kijima, A., and Y. Fujio. 1982. Correlation between geographic distance and genetic distance in populations of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 48(12):1703-1709.

Kijima, A., and Y. Fujio. 1984. Relationship between average heterozygosity and river population size in chum salmon. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 50(4):603-608.

Kirkwood, J.B. 1962. Inshore-marine and freshwater life-history phases of the pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum) and the chum salmon, O. keta (Walbaum) in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Kentucky, Louisville, 300 p.

Klumph, R., and K. Braun. 1995. Status of naturally reproducing stocks. Tillamook District, Columbia Region-Fish. Division Annual Meeting. Oreg. Dep. Fish. Wildl., P. O. Box 59, Portland, OR 97207, 10-15 p.

Kobayashi, T. 1961. Biology of the chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum), by the growth formula of scale. Sci. Rep. Hokkaido Salmon Hatchery 16:1-102.

Kobayashi, T. 1980. Salmon propogation in Japan. In Thorpe, J.E. (ed..), Salmon ranching, p. 91-107. Academic Press, New York.

Kobayashi, T., and Y. Ishikawa. 1964. An ecological study on the salmon fry, Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum). VIII: the growth and feeding habit of the fry during seaward migration. Sci. Rep. Hokkaido Salmon Hatchery. 18:7-12. (In Japanese, English abstract.)

Kobayashi, T., and T. Kurohagi. 1968. A study of the ecology of chum salmon fry, Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum), in Abashiri Lake and its protection. Sci. Rep. Hokkaido Salmon Hatchery. 22:37-71. (In Japanese, English summary.)

Kobayashi, T., S. Harada, and S. Abe. 1965. Ecological observations on the salmon of Nishibetsu River. I: the migration and growth of chum salmon fry, Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum). Sci. Rep. Hokkaido Salmon Hatchery. 19:1-10. (In Japanese, English summary.)

Koerner, J.F. 1993. Portland Canal juvenile chum salmon coded wire tagging project 1988-1991. Tech. Fish. Rep.1j91-24, 30 p. Div. Commer. Fish., Alaska Dep. Fish Game, P.O. Box 25526, Juneau, AK 99802-5526.

Kondzela, C.M., C.M. Guthrie, S.L. Hawkins, C.D. Russell, J.H. Helle, and A. J. Gharett. 1994. Genetic relationships among populations of chum salmon in southeastern Alaska and northern British Columbia. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51(Suppl. 1):50-64.

Koski, K.V. 1975. The survival and fitness of two stocks of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) from egg deposition to emergence in a controlled-stream environment at Big Beef Creek. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Wash., Seattle, 212 p.

Kostow, K. (editor). 1995. Biennial report on the status of wild fish in Oregon. Internal Rep., Oreg. Dep. Fish Wildl., P.O. Box 59, Portland, OR 97207.

Kreissman, B. 1991. California, an environmental atlas and guide. Bear Klaw Press, Davis, CA.

Kreutz, K.J., P.A. Mayaewski, L.D. Meeker, M.S. Twickler, S.I. Whitlow, and I.I. Pittalwala. 1997. Bipolar changes in atmospheric circulation during the little ice age. Science (Wash. DC) 277:1292-1296.

Kron, T.M. 1985. Japan's salmon culture program and coastal salmon fisheries. Rep. 50, 21 p. Div. Fish. Rehab., Enhance. Develop. (FRED), Alaska Dep. Fish Game, P.O. Box 3-2000, Juneau, AK 99802.

Kruskal, J.B. 1964. Multidimensional scaling by optimizing goodness of fit to a nonmetric hypothesis. Psychrometrika 29:1-27.

Kulikova, N.I. 1972. Variability and speciation in the chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta (Walb.)). J. Ichthyol. 12:185-197.

LaLanne, J.J. 1971. Marine growth of chum salmon. Int. North Pac. Fish. Comm. Bull. 27:71-91.

Landingham, J.H. 1982. Feeding ecology of pink and chum salmon fry in the nearshore habitat of Auke Bay, Alaska. M.S. thesis, Univ. Alaska, Juneau, 132 p.

Landry, M.R., J.R. Postel, W.K. Peterson, and J. Newman. 1989. Broad-scale distributional patterns of hydrographic variables on the Washington/Oregon shelf. In Landry, M.R., and B.M. Hickey (eds.), Coastal oceanography of Washington and Oregon, p. 1-40. Elsevier, New York.

Lawson, P.W. 1993. Cycles in ocean productivity, trends in habitat quality, and the restoration of salmon runs in Oregon. Fisheries (Bethesda) 18(8):6-10.

LeClair, L.L. 1995. WDFW Memorandum to Tim Tynan: 1995 Catch Area 20 chum salmon bycatch. Genetics Unit, Research and Development Div., Wash. Dep. Fish. Wildl, Olympia.

LeClair, L.L. 1996. WDFW Memorandum to Tim Tynan (August 29, 1996): 1996 Catch Area 20 chum salmon bycatch. Genetics Unit, Research and Development Div., Wash. Dep. Fish. Wildl., Olympia.

Leider, S.A., S.R. Phelps, and P.L. Hulett. 1995. Genetic analysis of Washington steelhead: Implications for revision of genetic conservation management units. Prog. Rep, Wash. Dep. Fish. Wildl., Olympia. Avail. Environ. Tech. Serv. Div., Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., Portland OR 97232.

Leonard, W.P., H.A. Brown, L.L. Jones, K.R. McAllister, and R.M. Storm. 1993. Amphibians of Washington and Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society, Seattle, 168 p.

Lessa, E.P. 1990. Multidimensional analysis of geographic genetic structure. Syst. Zool. 39:242-252.

Levings, C.D., and R.M. Thom. 1994. Habitat changes in Georgia Basin: Implications for resource management and restoration. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1948:330-351.

Levy, D.A., and C.D. Levings. 1978. A description of the fish community of the Squamish River estuary, British Columbia: Relative abundance, seasonal changes and feeding habits of salmonids. Can. Fish. Mar. Serv. Manuscr. Rep. 1475, 63 p.

Levy, D.A., and T. G. Northcote. 1981. The distribution and abundance of juvenile salmon in marsh habitats of the Fraser River estuary. Tech. Rep. 25, 117 p. Westwater Research Centre, Univ. B.C., Vancouver, B.C., Canada.

Levy, D.A., T.G. Northcote, and G.J. Birch. 1979. Juvenile salmon utilization of tidal channels in the Fraser River estuary, British Columbia. Tech. Rep. 23, 70 p. Westwater Research Centre, Univ. B.C., Vancouver, B.C., Canada.

Lichatowich, J.A. 1989. Habitat alteration and changes in abundance of coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) in Oregon's coastal streams. In Levings,C.D., L.B. Holtby, and M.A. Henderson (eds.), Proceedings of the National Workshop on Effects of Habitat Alteration on Salmonid Stocks. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 105:92-99.

Lichatowich, J.A. 1993. The status of Pacific salmon stocks in the Quilcene Ranger District. Report to the U.S. Dep. Agric., Forest Service, and Olympic National Forest, 60 p. Alder Fork Consulting, 159 Don Schmith Road, Sequim, WA 98382.

Lister, D.B., D.G. Hickey, and I. Wallace. 1981. Review of the effects of enhancement strategies on the homing, straying and survival of Pacific salmonids. D.B. Lister & Assoc. Ltd., West Vancouver, B.C., 51 p. + app. Avail. Environmental and Technical Services Div., Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., 525 N.E. Oregon St., Suite 500, Portland, OR 97232.

Lovetskaya, E.A. 1948. Data on the biology of the Amur chum salmon. Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr. 27:115-137. [Engl. Transl. In Pacific salmon: Selected articles from Soviet periodicals, p. 101-125, Israel Prog. Sci. Transl., Jerusalem, 1961]

Lyamin, K.A. 1949. Results of tagging Pacific salmon in the Gulf of Kamchatka. Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr. 29:173-176. [Engl. Transl. In Pacific salmon: Selected articles from Soviet periodicals, p. 184-190, Israel Prog. Sci. Transl., Jerusalem, 1961]

Mahnken, C.V.W., D.M. Damkaer, and V.G. Wespestad. 1983. Perspectives of North Pacific salmon sea ranching. In Second International Fish Farming Conference, 22-24 March, 1983, Brighton, England, p. 186-216. Interbuild Exhibitions Ltd., London.

Mahnken, C., G. Ruggerone, W. Waknitz, and T. Flagg. In press. A Historical perspective on salmonid production from Pacific Rim hatcheries. In Proceedings of the NPAFC, Bull. 1, Assessment and Status of Pacific Rim Salmonid Stocks.

Marr, J.C. 1943. Age, length and weight studies of three species of Columbia River salmon (Oncorhynchus keta, O. gorbuscha and O. kisutch). Stanford Ichthyol. Bull. 2:157-197.

Martin, D.J., D.R. Glass, C.J. Whitmus, C A. Simenstad, D.A. Milward, E.C. Volk, M.L. Stevenson, P. Nunes, M. Savvoie, and R.A. Grotefendt. 1986. Distribution, seasonal abundance, and feeding dependencies of juvenile salmon and non-salmonid fishes in the Yukon River Delta. NOAA, OCSEAP Final Rep. 55(1988):381-770. Avail. Arctic Environment Assessment Center, 222 W. 8th Ave., No. 55, Anchorage, AK 99513.

Mason, J.C. 1974. Behavioral ecology of chum salmon fry (Oncorhynchus keta) in a small estuary. J. Fish Res. Board Can. 31:83-92.

Mathews, D. 1988. Cascade-Olympic natural history: A trailside reference. Raven Editions and Portland Audubon Society, Portland, OR, 625 p.

Mathews, S.B. 1990. Possibility of density-dependent growth on mortality in two heavily enhanced stocks of Pacific salmon. Suisan Kaiyo Kenkyu (Research in Fisheries) 9(2):92-99 [in Jpn.]. [Engl. transl., Center for Quantitative Science in Fisheries, Forestry and Wildlife, Univ. Wash., Seattle, WA 98195.]

Mathews, S.B., and H.B. Senn. 1975. Chum salmon hatchery rearing in Japan, and in Washington. Publ. WSG-75-3, 24 p. Wash. Sea Grant Prog., Univ. Wash., Seattle.

Matthews, G.W., and R.S. Waples. 1991. Status review for Snake River spring and summer chinook salmon. NOAA Tech. Memo NMFS-NWFSC-200, 75 p.

Mazer, J.I., and M.P. Shepard. 1962. Marine survival, distribution and migration of pink salmon off the British Columbia coast. H.R. MacMillan Lectures in Fisheries, Univ. Brit. Col., Vancouver, B.C., Canada, p. 113-121.

McCormick, S.D., and R.L. Saunders. 1987. Preparatory physicological adaptations for marine life of salmonids: Osmoregulation, growth and metabolism. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 1:211-229.

McDonald, J. 1960. The behaviour of Pacific salm on fry during their downstream migration to freshwater and saltwater nursery areas. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 17:655-676.

McFarlane, G., and R.J. Beamish. 1992. Climatic influence linking copepod production with strong year-classes in sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49:743-753.

McHenry, E.T. 1981. Coho salmon studies in the Resurrection Bay area, Alaska. Fed. Aid in Fish Restoration. Annu. Rep. Prog., 1969-1970 through 1980-1981, vols. 11-22. Alaska Dept. Fish and Wildlife. (Cited in Lister et al. 1981.)

McHenry, M.L. 1996. Freshwater habitat conditions affecting Strait of Juan de Fuca populations of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe, Port Angeles, WA, 46 p.

McKee, B. 1972. Cascadia: The geologic evolution of the Pacific Northwest. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. [Reprinted 1992 by TechBooks, Fairfax, VA, 394 p.]

McLain, D.R. 1984. Coastal ocean warming in the northeast Pacific, 1976-83. In Pearcy, W.G. (ed.), The influence of ocean conditions on the production of salmonids in the North Pacific: A workshop, November 8-10, 1983, Newport, Oregon, p. 61-86. Publ. ORESU-WO-83-001, Oregon Sea Grant Prog., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis.

McNair, M. 1996. Alaska fisheries enhancement program. 1995 annual report. Reg. Info. Rep. 5J96-08, 43 p. Alaska Dep. Fish Game, Fairbanks, AK.

McNeil, W.J. 1969. Survival of pink and chum salmon eggs and alevins. In Northcote, T.G. (ed.), Salmon and trout in streams, p. 101-117. H.R. McMillan Lectures in Fisheries, Univ. B.C., Vancouver, B.C., Canada.

McPhail, J.D., and C.C. Lindsey. 1986. Zoogeography of the freshwater fishes of Cascadia (the Columbia system and rivers north to the Sitkine). In Hocutt, C.H., and E.O. Wiley (eds.), Zoogeography of North American freshwater fishes, p. 615-637. Wiley Intersci. Publ.., New York.

Meacham, C.P., and J.H. Clark. 1994. Pacific salmon management: The view from Alaska. Alaska Fish. Res. Bull. 1(1):76-80.

Meehan, W.R., and D.B. Siniff. 1962. A study of the downstream migration of anadromous fishes in the Taku River, Alaska. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 91:399-407.

Merritt, M.F., and J.A. Raymond. 1983. Early life history of chum salmon in the Noatak River and Kotzebue Sound. FRED Rep. l, Alaska Dep. Fish Game, 56 p.

Meyer, J.H., T.A. Pearce, and R.S. Boomer. 1981a. An examination of the food habits of juvenile chum and chinook salmon in Hylebos Waterway. Manuscr., Fish. Assist. Office, U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Olympia, 13 p.

Meyer, J.H., T.A. Pearce, and S.B. Patlan. 1981b. Distribution and food habits of juvenile salmonids in the Duwamish Estuary, Washington, 1980. Manuscr., Fish. Assist. Office, U.S. Fish. Wildl. Serv., Olympia, 42 p.

Miller, A.J., et al. 1994. The 1976-77 climate shift of the Pacific Ocean. Oceanography 7(1):21-26.

Miller, B.S., C.A. Simenstad, L.L. Moulton, K L. Fresh, F.C. Funk, W.A. Karp, and S.F. Borton. 1977. Puget Sound baseline program nearshore fish survey: Final report, July 1974-June 1977, to Washington State Department of Ecology. Baseline study report no. 10. Rep. FRI-UW-7710, 220 p. Fish. Res. Inst., Univ. Wash., Seattle.

Miller, B.S., C.A. Simenstad, L.L. Moulton, K.L.O. Fresh, F.C. Funk, W.A. Karp, and S.F. Borton. 1978. Puget sound baseline program: Nearshore fish survey. Final rep., July 1974-June 1977, App. D. to baseline study report 10, 200 p. Wash. Dep. Ecol., Lacey.

Miller, B.S., C.A. Simenstad, J.N. Cross, K.L. Fresh, and S.N. Steinfort. 1980. Nearshore fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages along the Strait of Juan de Fuca, including food habits of the common nearshore fish: Final report of three years' sampling, 1976-1979. Final report to NOAA/MESA Puget Sound Project. EPA DOC Res. Rep. EPA-600/7-79-259, 335 p.

Miller, R.J., and E.L. Brannon. 1982. The origin and development of life history patterns in Pacific salmonids. In Brannon, E.L., and E.O. Salo (eds.), Proceedings of the Salmon and Trout Migratory Behavior Symposium, p. 296-309. School of Fisheries, Univ. Wash., Seattle.

Minkley, W.L., D.A. Hendrickson, and C.E. Bond. 1986. Geography of western North American freshwater fishes: Description and relationships to intracontinental tectonism. In Hocutt, C.H., and E.O. Wiley (eds.), Zoogeography of North American freshwater fishes, p. 519-613. Wiley Intersci. Publ., New York.

Moberly, S.A., and R. Lium. 1977. Japan salmon hatchery review. Div. Fish. Rehab., Enhancement, and Development, Alaska Dep. Fish Game, Juneau, 124 p.

Monaco, M.E., T.A. Lowery, and R.L. Emmett. 1992. Assemblages of U.S. west coast estuaries based on the distribution of fishes. J. Biogeogr. 19:251-167.

Morrison, S.W., J.K. Kettman, and D. Haug. 1993. Inventory and characterization of shoreline armoring, Thurston County, Washington, 1977-1993. Prepared by Thurston Regional Planning Council for Wash. Dep. Ecology.

Moyle, P.B. 1976. Inland fishes of California. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley, 405 p.

Moyle, P.B., M. Ronald, M. Yoshiyama, J.E. Williams, and E.D. Wikramanayake. In press. Fish species of special concern in California. 2nd ed. Calif. Dep. Fish Game, Rancho Cordova, CA.

Myers, K.W.W. 1980. An investigation of the utilization of four study areas in Yaquina Bay, Oregon, by hatchery and wild juvenile salmonids. M.S. thesis, Oreg. State Univ., Corvallis, 234 p.

Nasaka, Y. 1988. Salmonid programs and public policy in Japan. In McNeil, W.J. (ed.), Salmon production, management, and allocation, p. 25-31. Oreg. State Univ. Press, Corvallis.

Neave, F. 1953. Principles affecting the size of pink and chum salmon populations in British Columbia. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 9:450-491.

Neave, F. 1961. Pacific salmon: Ocean stocks and fishery developments. Pac. Sci. Congr. Proc. 1957(10):59-62.

Neave, F., T. Yonemori, and R. Bakkala. 1976. Distribution and origin of chum salmon in offshore waters of the North Pacific Ocean. Int. North Pac. Fish. Comm. Bull. 35:1-79.

Nehlsen, W., J.E. Williams, and J.A. Lichatowich. 1991. Pacific salmon at the crossroads: Stocks at risk from California, Oregon, Idaho, and Washington. Fisheries (Bethesda) 16(2):4-21.

Nei, M. 1972. Genetic distance between populations. Am. Nat. 106:283-292.

Nei, M. 1973. Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S. 70:3321-3323.

Nei, M. 1978. Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics 89:583-590.

Nesbit, D.M. 1885. Tide marshes of the United States. Misc. spec. rep. 7, 259 p. U.S. Dep. Agric., Wash. D.C.

Nickelson, T.E., J.W. Nicholas, A.M. McGie, R.B. Lindsay, D.L. Bottom, R.J. Kaiser, and S.E. Jacobs. 1992. Status of anadromous salmonids in Oregon coastal basins. Oreg. Dep. Fish. Wildl., P.O. Box 59, Portland, OR 97207, 83 p.

Nikolaeva, E.T. 1987. Age at maturation of chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, of some Kamchatkan populations. J. Ichthyol. 27(3):126-134.

NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service). 1991. Notice of policy: Policy on applying the definition of species under the Endangered Species Act to Pacific salmon. Federal Register [Docket No. 910248-1255, 20 November 1991] 56(224):58612-58618.

NMFS. 1993. Interim policy on artificial propagation of Pacific salmon under the Endangered Species Act. Federal Register [Docket No. 921186-2286, 5 April 1993] 58(63):17573-17576.

NMFS. 1994. Listing endangered and threatened species and designating critical habitat: Initiation of status reviews for pink salmon, chum salmon, sockeye salmon, chinook salmon, and sea-run cutthroat trout populations in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and California. Federal Register [I.D. 081694D, 12 Sept. 1994] 59(1785):46808-46810.

NMFS. 1996. Factors for Decline: A supplement to the notice of determination for west coast steelhead under the Endangered Species Act. Protected Species Branch, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv, 525 NE Oregon St., Suite. 500, Portland, OR, 97232. 83p.

Noble, R.E. 1955. Minter Creek Biological Station progress report. Part 1: Chum salmon. Wash. Dep. Fish., Olympia, 9 p. (Available from...)

Norse, E.A. 1990. Ancient forests of the Pacific Northwest. The Wilderness Society and Inland Press, Wash. D.C.

NRC (Natural Resource Consultants). 1995. Artificial propagation of anadromous Pacific salmonids, 1950 to present. Chum salmon. Contract report to U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, NMFS, January 1995. Available as electronic database from Environmental and Technical Services Division, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., 525 N.E. Oregon St., Portland, OR 97232.

Oakley, A.L. 1966. A summary of information concerning chum salmon in Tillamook Bay. Oreg. Fish. Comm. Res. Briefs 12:5-21.

ODFW and WDFW (Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife). 1995. Status report: Columbia River fish runs and fisheries, 1938-94. Oregon Dep. Fish and Wildlife, P.O. Box 59, Portland, OR 97207, 291 p.

Ogura, M., and S. Ito. 1994. Change in the known ocean distribution of Japanese chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, in relation to the progress of stock enhancement. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51(3):501-505.

Okazaki, T. 1982a. Genetic study on population structure in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). Bull. Far. Seas Fish. Res. Lab. (Shimizu) 19:25-113.

Okazaki, T. 1982b. Geographical distribution of allelic variations of enzymes in chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta, river populations of Japan and the effects of transplantation. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 48(11):1525-1535.

Okazaki, T. 1983. Genetic structure of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta river populations. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. Nissuishi 49(2):189-196.

Okazaki, T. 1986. Distribution, migration and possible origins of genetically different populations of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta along the eastern coasts of northern Japan. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 52(6):983-994.

Omernik, J.M. 1987. Ecoregions of the conterminous United States. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geographers 77(1):118-125.

Omernik, J.M., and A.L. Gallant. 1986. Ecoregions of the Pacific Northwest. U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Corvallis, OR. Supt. of Documents, U.S. Gov. Printing Office, #EP 1.23:600/3-86/033, 39 p.

Pacific Fisherman. 1928. Record chum caught off Quadra. Pac. Fisherman 1928 (Oct.):13.

Palmisano, J.F., R.H. Ellis, and V.W. Kaczynski. 1993. The impact of environmental and management factors on Washington's wild anadromous salmon and trout. Report for Wash. Forest Practices Assoc. and Wash. Dept. Nat. Resour., Olympia, 371 p.

Park, L.K., M.A. Brainard, D.A. Dightman, and G.A. Winans. 1993. Low levels of intraspecific variation in the mitochondrial DNA of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol. 2(6):362-370.

Pearcy, W.G. 1992. Ocean ecology of North Pacific salmonids. Wash. Sea Grant Prog., distributed by Univ. Wash. Press, Seattle, 179 p.

Peterman, R.M. 1978. Testing for density-dependent marine survival in Pacific salmonids. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 35:1434-1450.

Peterman, R.M. 1984. Density-dependent growth in early life of sockeye salmon. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 41:1825-1829.

Peterman, R.M., and M. Gatto. 1978. Estimation of functional responses of predators on juvenile salmon. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 35(6):797-808.

Peterman. R.M., and F.Y.C. Wong. 1984. Cross correlations between reconstructed ocean abundances of Bristol Bay and British Columbia sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 41:1814-1824.

Phelps, S.R. 1995. Major ancestral lineages and genetic conservation management units of Washington chum salmon. Report to NMFS, January 1995, 7 p. Environmental and Technical Services Division, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., 525 N.E. Oregon St., Portland, OR 97232.

Phelps, S.R., L.L. LeClair, T. Tyman, and J. Uehara. 1993. Genetic resources and biology of Washington summer-run chum salmon. Unpubl. manuscr., Wash. Dep. Fish Wildl., 600 Capitol Way N., Olympia, WA 98501.

Phelps, S.R., L.L. LeClair, S. Young, and H.L. Blankenship. 1994. Genetic diversity patterns of chum salmon in the Pacific Northwest. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51 (Suppl. 1):65-83.

Phelps, S., J. Uehara, D. Hendrick, J. Hymer, A. Blakley, and R. Brix. 1995. Genetic diversity units and major ancestral lineages for chum salmon in Washington. In Busack, C., and J.B. Shaklee (eds.), Genetic diversity units and major ancestral lineages of salmonid fishes in Washington, p. C1-C55. Tech. Rep. RAD 95-02, Wash. Dep. Fish and Wildl.,600 Capitol St. N., Olympia, WA 98501-1091.

Phillips, R.C., and B. Fleenor. 1970. Investigation of the benthic marine flora of Hood Canal, Washington. Pac. Sci. 24(2):275-281.

Pitcher, T.J. 1986. Functions of shoaling in teleosts. In Fisher, T.J. (ed.), The behavior of teleost fishes, p. 294-337. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, MD..

Pratt, D.C. 1974. Age, sex, length, weight, and scarring of adult chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) harvested by Puget Sound commercial net fisheries from 1954 to 1970. Supplemental Prog. Rep., Mar. Fish. Invest. Puget Sound Commercial Net Fish. Wash. Dep. Fish., Olympia, 78 p. Avail.Wash. Dep. Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N., Olympia, WA 98501-1091.

Pritchard, A L. 1943. The age of chum salmon taken in the commercial catches in British Columbia. Fish. Res. Board Can. Prog. Rep., Pac. Coast Stn. 54:9-11.

PRO-Salmon (Professional Resource Organization-Salmon). 1994. Petition for a rule to list nine Puget Sound salmon populations as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act and to designate critical habitat. Petition to the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, March 1994, 86 p. Professional Resource Organization-Salmon, Washington Public Employees Assoc., 124 10th Ave. SW, Olympia, WA 98501.

PSC (Pacific Salmon Commission) Joint Chum Technical Committee. 1996. Final 1993 post-season summary report, TCCHUM (96)-1. Environmental and Technical Services Div., Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., 525 NE Oregon St., Suite 500, Portland, OR 97232.

PSMFC (Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission). 1997. Regional Mark Information System (RMIS). Online database available on Internet, http://www.psmfc.org/rmpc/ or telnet.psmfc.org.

Quinn, T.P. 1984. Homing and straying in Pacific salmon. In McCleave, J.D., G.P. Arnold, J.J. Dodson and W.H. Neill (eds.), Mechanisms of migration in fishes, p. 357-362. Plenum Press, New York.

Quinn, T.P. 1993. A review of homing and straying of wild and hatchery-produced salmon. Fish. Res. (Amst.) 18:29-44.

Quinn, T.P. 1997. Homing, straying, and colonization. In Grant, W.S. (ed.), Genetic effects of straying of non-native hatchery fish into natural populations: Proceedings of the workshop, p. 73-87. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NWFSC-30, 130 p.

Randall, R.G., M.C. Healey, and J.B. Dempson. 1987. Variability in length of freshwater residence of salmon, trout, and char. In Dodswell, M.J., et al. (eds.), Common strategies of anadromous and catadromous fishes. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 1:27-41.

Rasch, T., and R. Foster. 1978. Hatchery returns and spawning data for Puget Sound, 1960-1976. Prog. Rep. 59, Wash. Dep. Fish., Olympia, 283 p. Avail. Wash. Dep. Fish Wildl., 600 Capitol Way N., Olympia, WA 98501-1091.

Reeves, G.H., F.H. Everest, and T.E. Nickelson. 1989. Identification of physical habitats limiting the production of coho salmon in western Oregon and Washington. Gen. Tech. Rep., 22 p., prepared for Pacific Northwest Research Station, U.S. Dep. Agric. Forest Serv., Portland, OR.

Reeves, G.H., J.D. Hall, T.D. Roelofs, T.L. Hickman, and C.O. Baker. 1991. Rehabilitating and modifying stream habitats. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. 19:519-558.

Rich, W.H. 1942. The salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938. Fish. Bull., U.S. 50(37):103-147.

Ricker, W.E. 1964. Ocean growth and mortality of pink and chum salmon. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 21:905-931.

Ricker, W.E. 1972. Hereditary and environmental factors affecting certain salmonid populations. In Simon, R.C., and P.S. Larkin (eds.), The stock concept in Pacific salmon, p. 19-160. H.R. MacMillan Lectures in Fisheries, Univ. B.C., Vancouver, B.C., Canada.

Ricker, W.E. 1980. Changes in the age and size of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 930.

Riggs, L.A. 1990. Principles for genetic conservation and production quality: Results of a scientific and technical clarification and revision. Unpubl. rep. to Northwest Power Planning Council, Contract C90-005, 20 p. Genetic Resource Consultants, P.O. Box 9528, Berkeley, CA 94709.

Rogers, D.E. 1980. Density-dependent growth of Bristol Bay Sockeye salmon. In McNeil, W.J., and D.C. Himsworth (eds.), Salmonid ecosystems of the North Pacific, p. 267-283. Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis.

Rogers, D.E., and G.T. Ruggerone. 1993. Factors affecting marine growth of Bristol Bay sockeye salmon. Fish. Res. (Amst.) 18:89-103.

Rogers, J.S. 1972. Measures of genetic similarity and genetic distance. Stud. Genet. 7 (7213):145-153.

Rogers, J.S. 1991. A comparison of the suitability of the Rogers, Modified Rogers, Manhattan, and Cavalli-Sforza, and Edwards distances for inferring phylogenetic trees from allele frequencies. Syst. Zool. 40:63-73.

Roppel, P. 1982. Alaska's salmon hatcheries, 1891-1959. Alaska Historical Comm. Studies in History, No. 20, 299 p. Alaska Hist. Comm., Juneau.

Rounsefell, G.A., and G.B. Kelez. 1938. The salmon and salmon fisheries of Swiftsure Bank, Puget Sound, and the Fraser River. U.S. Bur. Fish., Bull. 48:693-823.

Rukhlov, F.N. 1982. The role of salmon production and the perspectives of its development in the Sakhalin Region. In Proceedings of the North Pacific Aquaculture Symposium, August 18-27, 1980, Anchorage, Alaska and Newport, Oregon. Publ. Rep. 82-2, Alaska Sea Grant Prog., Univ. Alaska, Fairbanks.

Sakano, E. 1960. Results from marking experiments on young chum salmon in Hokkaido, 1951-1959. Sci. Rep. Hokkaido Salmon Hatch 915:17-38. [In Jpn., Engl. summ.]

Sakuramoto, K., and S. Yamada. 1980. A study on the planting effect of salmon. 1. A mathematical model for the derivation of their rate of return and its applications. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 46(6):653-661.

Salo, E.O. 1969. Final report for the period June 1, 1965 - September 30, 1968, estuarine ecology research project. Fish. Res. Inst., Univ. Wash., Seattle, 80 p.

Salo, E.O. 1991. Life history of chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta. In Groot, C., and L. Margolis (eds.), Pacific salmon life histories, p. 231-309. Univ. B.C. Press, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.

Salo, E.O., and W.H. Bayliff. 1958. Artificial and natural production of silver salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) at Minter Creek, Washington. Res. Bull. 4, Wash. Dep.Fish, Olympia, 76 p. Avail. Wash. Dep. Fish and Wildl., 600 Capitol Way N., Olympia, WA 98501-1091.

Salo, E.O., and R.E. Noble. 1952a. Chum and pink salmon. Minter Creek Biological Station Prog. Rep. (February-April 1952). Wash. Dep. Fish., Olympia, 6 p. Avail. Wash. Dep. Fish and Wildl., 600 Capitol Way N., Olympia, WA 98501-1091.

Salo, E.O., and R.E. Noble. 1952b. Chum salmon. Part I. Minter Creek Biological Station Prog. Rep. (September-December 1952). Wash. Dep. Fish., Olympia, 33 p. Avail. Wash. Dep. Fish and Wildl., 600 Capitol Way N., Olympia, WA 98501-1091.

Salo, E.O., and R.E. Noble. 1953. Chum salmon upstream migration. Minter Creek Biological Station Prog. Rep. (September-October 1953). Wash. Dep. Fish., Olympia, 9 p. Avail. Wash. Dep. Fish and Wildl., 600 Capitol Way N., Olympia, WA 98501-1091.

Salo, E.O., and R.E. Noble. 1954. Downstream migration of chum salmon, 1954. In Minter Creek Biological Station progress report, March 1954. Wash. Dep. Fish., Olympia, 7 p.

Salo, E.O., N.J. Bax, T.E. Prinslow, C.J. Whitmus, B.P. Snyder, and C.A. Simenstad. 1980. The effects of construction of naval facilities on the outmigration of juvenile salmonids from Hood Canal, Washington. Final Report, FRI-UW-8006, 159 p. Fish. Res. Inst., Univ. Wash., Seattle.

Sandercock, F.K. 1991. Life history of coho salmon. In Groot, C., and L. Margolis (eds.), Pacific salmon life histories, p. 397-445. Univ. B.C. Press, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.

Sano, S. 1966. Chum salmon in the Far East. Salmon of the North Pacific Ocean. Part III. A review of the life history of North Pacific salmon. Int. North Pac. Fish. Comm. Bull. 18:4-58.

Sano, S. 1967. Chum salmon in the Far East. Salmon of the North Pacific Ocean. Part IV. Spawning populations of North Pacific salmon. Int. North Pac. Fish. Comm. Bull. 23:23-41.

Sano, S., and A. Nagasawa.. 1958. Natural propagation of chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, in Memu River. Tokachi. Sci. Rep. Hokkaido Salmon Hatchery 12:1-19. [Partial Engl. transl. , Fish Res. Board Can. Transl. Serv. 198.]

"Save Allison Springs" Citizens Committee. 1994. Petition to list and protect the indigenous chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, found in Allison Springs, McLane Creek, the tributaries of McLane Creek, and Perry Creek in Mud Bay/Eld Inlet, southern Puget Sound, Thurston County, Washington as an endangered species under the Endangered Species Act, as well as to protect the salmonís critical habitat. Petition to the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, April 1994, 45 p. "Save Allison Springs" Citizens' Committee, 3441 Mud Bay Road SW, Olympia, WA 98502.

Schreiner, J.V. 1977. Salmonid outmigration studies in Hood Canal, Washington. M.S. thesis, Univ. Wash., Seattle, 91 p.

Schroder, S.L. 1973. Effects of density on the spawning success of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in an artificial spawning channel. M.S. thesis, Univ. Wash., Seattle, 78 p.

Schroder, S.L. 1977. Assessment of production of chum salmon fry from the Big Beef Creek spawning channel. Completion rep. FRI-UW-7718, 77 p. Fish. Res. Inst., Univ. Wash., Seattle.

Schroder, S.L. 1981. The role of sexual selection in determining overall mating patterns and mate choice in chum salmon. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Wash., Seattle, 274 p.

Schroder, S.L. 1982. The influence of intrasexual competition on the distribution of chum salmon in an experimental stream. In Brannon, E.L., and E.O. Salo (eds.), Proceedings of the Salmon and Trout Migratory Behavior Symposium, June 3-5, 1981, Seattle, p. 275-285. School of Fisheries, Univ. Wash., Seattle, WA 98195.

Schroder, S.L., K.V. Koski, B.P. Snyder, K.J. Bruya, G.W. George, and E.O. Salo. 1974. Big Beef Creek Studies. In Research in Fisheries 1973, p. 26-27. Contrib. 390, Univ. Wash. Coll. Fish., Seattle.

Scofield, N.B. 1916. The humpback and dog salmon taken in San Lorenzo River. Calif. Dep. Fish Game Fish Bull. 2(1):41.

Sedell, J.R., and J.L. Froggatt. 1984. Importance of streamside forests to large rivers: The isolation of the Willamette River, Oregon, U.S.A., from its floodplain by snagging and streamside forest removal. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. Verh. 22:1828-1834.

Sedell, J.R., and K.J. Luchessa. 1982. Using the historical record as an aid to salmonid habitat enhancement. In Armantrout, N.B. (ed.), Acquisition and utilization of aquatic habitat inventory information, p. 210-222. American Fisheries Society, Western Division, Bethesda, MD.

Seeb, L.W., P.A. Crane, and R.B. Gates. 1995. Progress report of genetic studies of Pacific Rim chum salmon and preliminary analysis of the 1993 and 1994 South Unimake June fisheries. Rep. 5J95-07, 98 p. Div.Commer. Fish. Manage.and Development, Alaska Dep. Fish Game, 333 Raspberry Road, Anchorage, AK 99518.

Seiler, D., S. Neuhauser, and M. Ackley. 1981. Upstream/downstream salmonid trapping project, 1977-1980. Prog. Rep. 144, Wash. Dep. Fish., Olympia, 197 p. Avail. Wash. Dep. Fish. Wildl., 600 Capitol Way N., Olympia, WA 98504-1091.

Semko, R.S. 1954. The stocks of West Kamchatka salmon and their commercial utilization. Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr. 41:3-109. [Engl. Transl., Fish. Res. Board Can. Transl. Serv. 288.]

Shedlock, A.M., J.D. Parker, D.A. Crispin, T.W. Pietsch, and G.C. Burmer. 1992. Evolution of the salmonid mitochondrial region. Mol. Phylgenet. Evol. 1:179-192.

Sherwood, C.R., D.A. Jay, R.B. Harvey, P. Hamilton, and C.A. Simenstad. 1990. Historical changes in the Columbia River Estuary. In Small, .F. (ed.), Columbia River: Estuarine System. Prog. Oceanogr. 25:299-352.

Shipman, H. 1997. Shoreline armoring on Puget Sound. Puget Sound Notes 40:2-6.

Shmidt, P.Y. 1947. Migrations of fish. Izdatelístvo Akad. Nauk SSSR Moscow, 361 p. [In Russian]

Sibert, J.R., T.J. Brown, M.C. Healey, B.A. Kask, and R.J. Naiman. 1978. Detritus-based food webs: Exploitation by juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). Science (Wash. DC) 196:649-650.

Simenstad, C.A., and D.M. Eggers (editors). 1981. Juvenile salmonid and baitfish distribution, abundance, and prey resources in selected areas of Grays Harbor, Washington. Final Rep. FRI-UW-8116 to Seattle Dist., U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 113 p. Fish. Res. Inst., Univ. Wash., Seattle.

Simenstad, C.A., and E.O. Salo. 1982. Foraging success as a determinant of estuarine and nearshore carrying capacity of juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in Hood Canal, Washington. In: B.R. Melteff and R.A. Nevé (eds.), Proc. North Pac. Aquaculture Symp. Rep. 82-2. Alaska Sea Grant Program, U. Alaska, Fairbanks, AK.

Simenstad, C.A., W.J. Kinney, S.S. Parker, E.O. Salo, J.R. Cordell, and H. Buechner. 1980. Prey community structure and trophic ecology of outmigrating juvenile chum and pink salmon in Hood Canal, Washington: A synthesis of three years' studies, 1977-1979. Final Report. FRI-UW-8026, 113 p. Fish. Res. Inst., Univ. Wash., Seattle.

Simenstad, C.A., K.L. Fresh, and E.O. Salo. 1982. The role of Puget Sound and Washington coastal estuaries in the life history of Pacific salmon: An unappreciated function. In Kennedy, V.S. (ed.), Estuarine comparisons, p. 343-364. Academic Press, New York.

Simon, R.C., J D. McIntyre, and A.R. Hemingsen. 1986. Family size and effective population size in a hatchery stock of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kistuch). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43:2434-2442.

Sjolseth, D. 1969. Studies of juvenile salmon in the Nooksack River system and Bellingham Bay. M.S. thesis, Univ. Wash., Seattle, 96 p.

Smirnov, A.G. 1947. Condition of stocks of the Amur salmon and causes of the fluctuations in their abundance. Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr. 25:33-51. [Engl. Transl., In Pacific salmon: Selected articles from Soviet periodicals, p. 66-85. Israel Prog. Sci. Transl., Jerusalem, 1961]

Smirnov, A.I. 1975. The biology, reproduction and development of the Pacific salmon. Izdatelístvo Moskovogo Universiteta Moscow, USSR, 335 p. [Engl. Transl., Can. Fish Mar. Serv. Transl. Ser. 3861]

Smith, R.L. 1983. Physical features of coastal upwelling systems. Publ. WSG-WO-85-3, 34 p. Wash. Sea Grant Prog., Univ. Wash., Seattle.

Smoker, W., and F. Thrower. 1995. Homing propensity in transplanted and native chum salmon. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 15:575-576.

Sneath, P.H.A., and R.R. Sokal. 1973. Numerical taxonomy. 2nd ed. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, 573 p.

Snyder, J.O. 1908. The fishes of the coastal streams of Oregon and Northern California. U.S. Bur. Fish., Bull. 27:153-89.

Soin, S.G. 1954. Pattern of development of summer chum, masu, and pink salmon. Tr. Soveshch. Ikhtiol. Kom. Akad. Nauk 4:144-155. [Engl. Transl. In Pacific salmon: Selected articles from Soviet periodicals, p. 42-54, Israel Prog. Sci. Transl., Jerusalem, 1961]

Sokal, R.R., and N.L. Oden. 1978. Spatial autocorrelation in biology. 1. Methodology. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 10:199-228.

Soldatov, V.K., and G.U. Lindberg. 1930. A review of the fishes of the seas of the Far East. Vol. 5. Izv. TINRO, 576 p.

Speis, T.A., and J.F. Franklin. 1988. Old growth and forest dynamics in the Douglas-fir region of western Oregon and Washington. Nat. Areas J. 8:190-201.

Stober, Q.J., S.J. Walden, and D.T. Griggs. 1973. Juvenile salmonid migration through Skagit Bay. In Stober, Q.J., and E.O. Salo (eds.), Ecological studies of the proposed Kiket Island nuclear power site, p. 35-70. Final Rep. FRI-UW-7304, Fish. Res. Inst., Univ. Wash., Seattle.

Storm, J.M., D. Chance, J. Harp, K. Harp, L. Lestelle, S.C. Sotomish, and L. Workman. 1990. Land of the Quinault. Quinault Indian Nation, P.O. Box 189, Taholah, WA 98587, 315 p.

Strickland, R.M. 1983. The fertile fjord: Plankton in Puget Sound. Wash. Sea Grant Prog., Univ. Wash., Seattle, 143 p.

Suzomoto, B.K. 1992. Willapa fisheries enhancement project. Report to The Willapa Alliance, 73 p. The Willapa Alliance, P.O. Box 278, South Bend, WA 98556.

Svetovidova, A.A. 1961. Local stocks of summer keta, Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum), of the Amur Basin. Vopr. Ikhtiol. 17:14-23. [Engl. Transl., Fish. Res. Board Can. Transl. Serv. 347]

Tabata, S. 1984. Oceanographic factors influencing the distribution, migration, and survival of salmonids in the Northeast Pacific Ocean: A review. In Pearcy, W.G. (ed.), The influence of ocean conditions on the production of salmonids in the North Pacific: A workshop. Publ. ORESU-W-83-001, Oregon Sea Grant Prog., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis.

Tabbert, R. 1991. Dictionary of Alaskan English. Denali Press, Juneau, AK, 294 p.

Tallman, R.F., and M.C. Healey. 1994. Homing, straying, and gene flow among seasonally separated populations of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51(3):577-588.

Tautz, A.F., and C. Groot. 1975. Spawning behavior of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32:633-642.

Taylor, E.B. 1991. A review of local adaptions in salmonidae, with particular references to Pacific and Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture 98:185-207.

Taylor, E. B., T. D. Beacham, and M. Kaeriyama. 1994. Population structure and identification of North Pacific Ocean chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) revealed by an analysis of minisatellite DNA variation. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 551:1430-1442.

Tchernavin, V. 1939. The origin of salmon. Salmon Trout Mag. 95:1-21.

Thom, R.M., and L. Hallum. 1990. Long-term changes in the area extent of tidal marshes, eelgrass meadows and kelp forests of Puget Sound. EPA 910/9-91-005. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, 1200 6th Ave., Seattle, WA 98101. June, 1990.

Thomas, W.K., R.E. Withler, and A.T. Beckenbach. 1986. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Pacific salmonid evolution. Can. J. Zool. 64:1058-1064.

Thompson, G.G. 1991. Determining minimum viable populations under the Endangered Species Act. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NWFSC-198, 78 p.

Thompson, R.E. 1981. Oceanography of the British Columbia coast. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56, 291 p.

Thorpe, J.E. 1987. Smolting and residency: Developmental conflicts in salmonids. In Dodswell, M.J., et al. (eds.), Common strategies of anadromous and catadromous fishes. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 1:244-252.

Thorpe, J.E. 1994. Significance of straying in salmonids and implications for ranching. Aquacult. Fish. Manage. 25 (Suppl. 2):183-190.

Thorpe, J.P. 1982. The molecular clock hypothesis: Biochemical evolution, genetic differentiation and systematics. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 13:139-168.

Tipping, J. 1984. A profile of Cowlitz River winter steelhead before and after hatchery propagation. Rep. 84-11, 15 p. Fish. Manage. Div., Wash. Dep. Game, Olympia.

Todd, I.S. 1966. A technique for the enumeration of chum salmon fry in the Fraser River, British Columbia. Can. Fish Cult. 38:3-35.

Trasky, L.T. 1974. Yukon River anadromous fish investigations. Anadromous Fish Conservation Act completion report for period July 1, 1973 to June 30, 1974. Commer. Fish. Div., Alaska Dep. Fish Game, Juneau, 111 p.

Trout Unlimited. 1994. Petition for a rule to list Hood Canal summer chum as endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Petition to the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, May 1994, 19 p. Northwest Steelhead & Salmon Council of Trout Unlimited, 2401 Bristol Court SW, Suite A-18, Olympia, WA 98502.

Turner, R. 1995. WDFW's comments on "Preliminary Conclusions of the Review of the Status of Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) from Washington, Oregon, and California under the U.S. Endangered Species Act," August 4, 1995. Wash. Dep. Fish and Wildl., Olympia.

Tyler, R.W. 1964. Distribution and migration of young salmon in Bellingham Bay, Washington. Circ. 212, Fish. Res. Inst., Univ. Wash., Seattle, 26 p.

Tyler, R.W., and D.E. Bevan. 1964. Migration of juvenile salmon in Bellingham Bay, Washington. In Research in Fisheries 1963, p. 44-55. Contrib. 166, Univ. Wash. Coll. Fish., Seattle.

Tynan, T. 1992. Hood Canal early chum harvest and escapement assessment: A review of Hood Canal early chum escapements and inside Hood Canal commercial net fishery harvests (1969-91) with recommendations for short and long term management measures to assist stock rebuilding. Internal Rep., 57 p. Wash. Dep. Fish Wildl., 600 Capital Way N., Olympia, WA 98501.

Tynan, T. 1995. Letter to O. Johnson, dated April 11, 1995: Salmon catch data by species and week for Canadian Area 20 net fisheries, 1964-1991, 17 p. Environmental and Technical Services Division, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., 525 NE Oregon St., Suite 500, Portland, OR 97232.

Tynan, T. 1997. Life history characterization of summer chum salmon populations in the Hood Canal and eastern Strait of Juan de Fuca regions. Tech. Rep. H97-06, 99 p. Wash. Dep. Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N., Olympia, WA 98501.

USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 1996. Letter to Summer Chum Restoration Cooperators from Tom Kane, Fishery Management Biologist. November 21, 1996. USFWS, Western Washington Fisheries Resource Office, 2625 Parkmont Lane, Building A, Olympia, WA 98502.

Utter, F.M., F.W. Allendorf, and H.O. Hodgins. 1973. Genetic variability and relationships in Pacific salmon and related trout based on protein variations. Syst. Zool. 22:257-270.

Valentine, J.W. 1966. Numerical analysis of marine molluscan ranges on the extratropical northeastern Pacific shelf. Limnol. Oceanogr. 11:198-211.

Viktorovskii, R.M., L.T. Bachevskaya, L.E. Ermolenko, A.Z. Rudminaitis, G.D. Ryabova, A.N. Makoedov, N.G. Shevchenko, and L.I. Gutin. 1986. Genetic population structure of chum salmon of the northeast USSR and problems of rational exploitation of their stocks. Biol. Morya. (Vladivost) 12(2):51-59. [English transl., Sov. J. Mar. Biol. 12(2):104-111]

Volobuyev, V.V. 1984. Spawning characteristics and ecology of young chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, in the Tauy River Basin (northern Okhotsk Sea). J. Ichthyol. 24:156-173.

Walters, V. 1955. Fishes of the western arctic America and eastern arctic Siberia: Taxonomy and zoogeography. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 106(5):225-368.

Walters, C.J., R. Hilborn, R.M. Peterman, and M.J. Staley. 1978. Model for examining early ocean limitation of Pacific salmon production. J. Fish Res. Board Can. 35:1303-1315.

Wangaard, D.B., and C.B. Burger. 1983. Effects of various water temperature regimes on the egg and alevin incubation of Susita River chum and sockeye salmon. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Anchorage, AK, 43 p.

Waples, R.S. 1991. Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus spp., and the definition of "species" under the Endangered Species Act. Mar. Fish. Rev. 53(3):11-22.

Waples, R.S., and D.J. Teel. 1990. Conservation genetics of Pacific salmon. I. Temporal changes of allele frequency. Conserv. Biol. 4:144-156.

Waples, R.S., R.P. Jones Jr., B.R. Beckman, and G.A. Swan. 1991. Status review for Snake River fall chinook salmon. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NWFSC-201, 73 p.

Ward, R.D., O.F. Skidinski, and M. Woodmark. 1992. Protein heterozygosity, protein structure, and taxonomic differentiation. Evol. Biol. 26:73-159.

WDF, WDW, and WWTIT (Washington Department of Fisheries, Washington Department of Wildlife, and Western Washington Treaty Indian Tribes. 1993. 1992 Washington state salmon and steelhead stock inventory (SASSI). Wash. Dep. Fish Wildl., 212 p. + three appendices. Appendix 1: Hood Canal and Strait of Juan de Fuca (December 1994, 424 p.), North Puget Sound (June 1994, 418 p.), and South Puget Sound (September 1994, 371 p.) volumes. Appendix 2: Coastal stocks (August 1994, 587 p.). Appendix 3: Columbia River stocks (June 1993, 580 p.). Wash. Dep. Fish Wildl., P.O. Box 43151, Olympia, WA 98504.

WDFW (Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife). 1991. Revised stock transfer guidelines memo, May 28, 1991, 10 p. Wash. Dep. Fish. Wildl., P.O. Box 43151, Olympia, WA 98504.

WDFW. 1995. 1992 Fisheries statistical report, 79 p. WDFW, P.O. Box 43151, Olympia, WA 98504.

WDFW. 1996. Hood Canal and Strait of Juan de Fuca summer chum 1996 status and summary of stock restoration efforts. Fish Manage. Prog. and Hatcheries Prog., WDFW, 600 Capitol Way N., Olympia, WA 98501-1091.

WDFW. 1997. Final environmental impact statement for the wild salmonid policy. WDFW, Olympia.

WDFW and ODFW (Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife and Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife). 1995. Status report: Columbia River fish runs and fisheries, 271 p. WDFW, P.O. Box 43151, Olympia, WA 98504.

Weitkamp, L.A., T.C. Wainwright, G.J. Bryant, G.B. Milner, D.J. Teel, R.G. Kope, and R.S. Waples. 1995. Status review of coho salmon from Washington, Oregon, and California. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NWFSC-24, 258 p.

Wendler, H.O., and G. Deschamps. 1955. Loggin dams on coastal Washington streams. Rep. to Wash. Dep. Fish., Olympia, p. 27-28.

Wendler, H.O., G. Deschamps, and M.H. Amos. 1954. Downstream migrant studies. In Coastal Investigations, March-August 1954, p. 8-14. Wash. Dep. Fish., Olympia.

WFC (Washington Fish Commission). 1905 (?). Fourteenth and fifteenth annual reports of the State Fish Commissioner to the Governor of Washington, 1903-1904. Olympia, 98 p.

WFC. 1907. Sixteenth and seventeenth annual reports of the State Fish Commissioner to the Governor of Washington, 1905-1906. Olympia, 92 p.

WFC. 1916. Twenty-fourth and twenty-fifth annual reports of the State Fish Commissioner to the Governor of Washington, april 1, 1913-March 31, 1915. Olympia, 171 p.

WFC. 1921. Thirtieth and thirty-first annual reports of the State Fish Commissioner to the Governor of Washington, April 1, 1919-March 31, 1921. Olympia, 302 p.

Whitmus, C.J., and S. Olsen. 1979. The migratory behavior of juvenile chum salmon released in 1977 from Hood Canal hatchery at Hoodsport, Washington. FRI-UW-7916, 46 p. Fish. Res. Inst., Univ. Wash., Seattle.

Whitmus, C.M., Jr. 1985. The influence of size on the migration and mortality of early marine life history of juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). M.S. thesis, Univ. Wash., Seattle, 69 p.

Wilmot, R.L., R.J. Everett, W.J. Spearman, R. Baccus, N.V. Varnavsky, and S.V. Putivkin. 1994. Genetic stock structure of western Alaskan chum salmon and a comparison with Russian Far East stocks. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51 (Suppl. 1):84-94.

Winans, G.A., P.B. Aebersold, S. Urawa, and N.V. Varnavskaya. 1994. Determining continent of origin of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) using genetic stock identification techniques: Status of allozyme baseline in Asia. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51 (Suppl. 1):95-113.

Wissmar, R.C., and C.A. Simenstad. 1988. Energetic constraints of juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) migrating in estuaries. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45(9):1555-1560.

Withler, R.E. 1988. Genetic consequences of fertilizing chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) eggs with pooled milt. Aquaculture 68:15-25.

Wolcott, R.S.C., Jr. 1978. The chum salmon run at Walcott Slough. Report to the U.S. Dep. Interior, Fish Wildl. Serv., Reno, NV, 41 p.

Wynne-Edwards, V.C. 1952. Freshwater vertebrates of the Arctic and subarctic. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 94:28.

Yoshinaka, M.S., and N.J. Ellifrit. 1974. Hood Canal - priorities for tomorrow: An initial report on fish and wildlife, developmental aspects and planning considerations for Hood Canal, Washington. U.S. Dep. Interior, Fish Wildl. Serv., Portland, OR, 97 p. + 17 figures.

Young, C. 1986a. 1983-1984 salmon spawner survey report for chum and coho salmon of Hood Canal and Strait of Juan de Fuca. Tech. Rep. TR 86-1, 81 p. Point No Point Treaty Council.

Young, C. 1986b. 1984-1985 salmon spawner survey report for chum and coho salmon of Hood Canal and Strait of Juan de Fuca. Tech. Rep. TR-86-2, 53 p. Point No Point Treaty Council.



Use your browser's BACK button to return to text.

Table of Contents