Introduction

The climate is determined by the radiative balance of the Earth-atmosphere system, where it depends on the input of solar radiation, the total amount of greenhouse gases, clouds, and aerosols. As an important factor affecting radiative budget, atmospheric aerosol particles influence climate in two ways, direct and indirect. They can scatter and absorb solar radiation, thereby directly changing the planetary radiation budget. In the while, aerosols, especially soluble aerosols can modify the microphysics and optical properties of cloud by acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) enhancing the reflectivity of low-level water clouds, and can also alter the development of precipitation by influencing the mean cloud drop size and affecting cloud lifetime and hydrological cycle, thereby indirectly affect global climate. Taken together, the estimated combined effects of atmospheric aerosols on the earth radiation budget today may be comparable in magnitude but opposite in sign to those caused by greenhouse forcing.

Unlike the principal anthropogenic greenhouse gases, aerosols influence on climate much more complex. It not only depends on aerosol physical and chemical properties, such as particle size, chemical composition, single-particle optical properties, but also depends on its source emission, spatial distribution, temporal variation and so on. Scientific studies have shown that the global patterns of radiative forcing caused by aerosol are highly non-uniform, the maximum magnitude of the forcing lie in central Europe, northern American and eastern China. At present, in some locations, especially in above areas, the cooling effect of some kinds of aerosols can be large enough to more than offset the warming due to greenhouse gases. Although aerosol particles have some potential climatic importance, they are poorly characterized in global climate model and regional climate model. The reason is lack of their observational data of chemical and physical properties, geographical distribution, source emission, mass and size distribution as well as time trend. Therefore, academic exchange, cooperation and multiple observations are necessary to understand clearly the properties of aerosol particles.

As the development of economy, the source emission over East Asia has been increasing in recent years. A large number of SO₂ gases resulting from anthropogenic activities such as fossil fuel combustion, coal refine, and ore smelting, automobiles, chemical industries and so on are emitted into the atmosphere and result in the concentration of sulfate aerosols increase. Those sulfate particles, on the one hand, lead to serious environmental problems. According to Chinese scientific researches, some evident "acid rain" occurs over southwestern China, southeastern China and the central China. The acidification become more and more severe and the domain of the "acid rain" become larger with the time. On the other hand, a great number of sulfate particles cause a series of climate problems. Scientific studies show that the global radiation and direct radiation in most part of China take on an obvious decreasing trend during the past 30 years. The mean temperature has decreased in the middle and low reaches of Yangzi River under the background of global warming since 1980s. Those areas are cooling regions and the cooling center locates in Sichuan basin of China. The analyzed results show that the increasing concentration of sulfate caused by industrial SO₂ emission may be one of the principal factors, which lead to temperature decrease.

In addition to anthropogenic sulfate, other aerosols such as desert dust, soot, biomass burning and sea salt particles can also have significant effects on regional climate. For example, duststorms in western China can inject a large amount of desert dust into atmosphere. The dust can be exported over the Pacific Ocean, which may alter chemical and radiative processes in the remote troposphere. Anyway, more and more scientists have paid their attention to the studies of aerosols.

Background

Prior to the 1980s, Our working group have noted the potential environmental and climatic importance of aerosols as a result of more and more severe "acid rain", "air pollution", "global climate change", and increasing sandstorm events. A series of experiments and theoretical analyses in aerosol investigation have been carried out. A great amount of data and some analyzed results have been obtained, some of which have been submitted to several international conferences. The detailed information and results will be given in the following.

I Measurements

I.1 Platforms
 

• Surface sites

To date, several field sites have been or are being established in China to investigate the physical, chemical and radiative properties of key aerosol species, including sulfate particles, Kosa, black carbon (BC), and nitrate particles. Some advanced instruments including Sky Radiometer (Aureolemeter), OPC, Sampler, Sunphotometer, Pyranometer, Pyrheliometer, Pyrgeometer and others have been or are being equipped for measurement in the stations. The detailed descriptions are listed in Table 1
.
• Lidar and Balloons

A movable Lidar system and aerosol sonde developed by Nagoya University of Japan have been used to investigate the vertical profile of aerosols in Lhasa during the period of 1998 to 1999. Besides, another Lidar system developed by Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, CAS, China, mounted in Hefei, Anhui province, has been adopted since 1992 and Stratospheric Balloons developed by Nagoya University have also been employed since 1984.

Table 1. Measurements of aerosols at several locations

Location	Lat./Long	Time Period	International Participation
Beijing	39.9o N, 116.3oE	Since 1996	NASDA
ShangDianzi	40.65oN, 117.10oE	In 1998	WMO
Shouxian	32.6oN, 116.8oE	Since 1996	GAME/HUBEX
Yinchuan	38.5oN, 06.2oE	Since 1997	Chiba University
Dunhuang	40.2oN, 94.7oE	Since 1998	Chiba University
Lhasa	29.65oN, 91.13oE	Summer, From 1998-1999	Nagoya University
Guangdong	24.05oN, 114.2oE	In 1998
Lin'an, RBS	30.30oN, 119.73oE	Since 1991	WMO/PEM-WEST
Hefei	31.31oN, 117.16oE	Since 1992	AIOFM, GAME/HUBEX
LongFengshan, RBS	44.73oN, 127.60oE	Since 1991	WMO/PEM-WEST
WaLiguan, GAW Site	36.17oN, 100.54oE	Since 1991	WMO/PEM-WEST

RBS: Regional Background Sites, GAW: Global Atmospheric Watch

• Ships

Scientific research showed that much of the Pacific is heavily impacted by long range transport of sulfur or Kosa from Asia. A series of investigation have been made in the Asia-Pacific regions to investigate aerosol composition. Since 1985, our working group have participated in some international cooperation projects and collected many aerosol samples in different regions. Some of those samples are shown in the following.

1. Samples collected in the ocean area (120⁰E-165⁰E, 20⁰N-33⁰S) with KB-120 sampler and KA-200 Anderson Cascade sampler, respectively, during eight cruises under the China-U.S. joint TOGA project from December 1985 to July 1990.

 
2. Samples collected in the Kuroshio ocean area with KB-120 sampler and KA-200 Anderson Cascade sampler, respectively, during ten cruises under China-Japan Kuroshio joint investigation from 1987-1991.

 
3. Samples including aerosol samples, rainwater samples and dry deposition samples collected in the ocean area (20⁰S, 155⁰E) during China-U.S. joint IOP TOGA COARE investigation from November 1992 to February 1993.

 
4. Samples collected in the ocean area (122⁰E-129⁰E, 27⁰N-35⁰N) with KB-120 sampler, KA-200 Anderson Cascade sampler, GC-FPD sampler, SO₂ analyzer, NO_x analyzer, H₂O₂ analyzer and O₃ analyzer (provided by Peking University), respectively, during China-Japan-Korean joint project investigation from May to June, 1999.

A great amount of data has been collected from above experiments. Some of them have been submitted to several international conferences. The following are some preliminary analyzed results

• Radiative properties of aerosols
   

  1. Aerosol's optical depth has regional and seasonal patterns in China.
  
   
  2. During the winter and spring, the averaged aerosol's optical depth over WaLiguan is larger than that of other seasons
  
   
  3. Aerosol optical depth over Beijing is retrieved by GMS-5, it proves that monitoring the air pollution over city by satellite is a useful method.
  
   
  4. Reflectivity of TOMS 360nm band can be used to retrieve aerosol optical depth over land.
  
   
  5. Monthly mean aerosol optical depth has been retrieved by GMS-5 over Chao Lake in 1998. The biggest relative error between aerosol optical depth measured by sun-photometer and retrieved by GMS-5 is less than 30%.
•  Physical properties of aerosols
   
  1. There is a positive correlation between the concentration of surface sulfate and nitrate particles at Lin'an sites. The concentration of two kinds of aerosol particles can reach 8~10 m g/L and the average concentration of BC particles is about 2000 ng/m³. It is estimated that the source of the particles comes from biomass burning or the coal burning.
  
   
  2. The concentration of surface BC particles at WaLiguan GAW baseline station has large variation from less than 100 ng/m³ to more than 1000 ng/m³. Meteorological conditions can be one of factors controlling the BC concentration. This phenomenon is very obvious in winter when the wind from the west side, the concentration decreases; while the wind from east side, the values increase. The average concentration of surface sulfate and nitrate aerosol particles here is only about half of that at Lin'an.

• 
  Chemical properties of aerosols
   

  1. The concentration of sea salt element Cl in marine aerosol varied greatly with seasons over the Western Pacific. The concentration of element Fe was very high in the ocean area near continent and decreased with the distance from continent. The concentration of elements Al, Fe, Sc, Co, Zn and Sb varied greatly with seasons, and their mass-size distributions were related to cloud formation and precipitation. The concentration of element Se varied little with seasons.
  
   
  2.  In the ocean area (20°S, 155°E), the pH value of rainwater was 5.7 or 5.8. Rainwater contained crustal elements, sea salt elements, pollutant elements and Si, S and Pb elements.
  
   
  3. In the Kuroshio ocean area, Fe, Co, Zn and Sb elements had highest dry deposition fluxes in spring caused by Asian duststorm. But in the western Pacific, the highest value occurs in autumn.

Scientific efforts to understand the spatial and temporal distribution patterns, as well as potential environment and climate effects of aerosols involve a combination of laboratory experiments, field observations, and modeling analysis. Laboratory experiments provide the basic physical and chemical properties of aerosol particles. Field observations are usually designed to study aerosol properties on a limited region. Since laboratory experiments and field observations by themselves can not fully elucidate complex atmospheric phenomena like acid deposition, sandstorm and so on, models that allow multiple processes to occur simultaneously are required for data analysis. Therefore, numerical modeling provides the only means to assess the impact of aerosols on environment and climate, and also the only means to provide such a theoretical basis to investigate the relationships between the emissions, atmospheric transport, chemical and removal process, and the resultant aerosol distribution. Prior to 1980s, our working group began to work on the modeling researches and have developed some numerical models, which were used to investigate the temporal and spatial patterns of aerosols, aerosol evolution, and interactions between aerosol and cloud. Some significant simulated outputs have been made. In the following, the models and analyzed results are shown.

II.1 Radiative Transfer Model

An effective and fast K-distribution and CK-distribution radiation model developed by us has been coupled to GOALS/LASG. IAP to study radiative transfer, radiative forcing and climate effects of trace gases and aerosols. The model can consistently treat the radiative processes of both shortwave and longwave regimes, especially the case with co-existence of multiple scattering and absorption. The new radiation scheme is well-modularized and easy to be improved. The coupled model shows significant improvement in simulated outputs, especially in the thermal structure of the atmosphere and the zonal averaged wind, which are directly related to the diabetic heating processes.

II.2 Two dimensional seasonal nonlinear energy balance model

A two-dimensional seasonal nonlinear energy balance model also has been developed to simulate the climate forcing of aerosols. The simulated results showed that the climate effect of tropospheric aerosol presents strong regional characteristics, especially in considering non-linear feedback. The radiative forcing of stratospheric aerosols are also calculated. It was found that the radiative forcing caused by stratospheric aerosols is not only related to its horizontal variation, but also to the surface albedo. The surface temperature showed a great decrease in late 1992 due to the Pinatubo aerosols, but the perturbation became very small in mid-1996.

II.3 Three-dimensional chemical transport model (CTM)

A three-dimensional regional Eulerian model of sulfur transport, which includes dynamic transport, turbulent diffusion, gas-phase and aqueous chemistry, wet and dry depositions, as well as emission processes, have been developed to investigate temporal and spatial variations of anthropogenic sulfate column burden over Eastern Asia during mid-1990s on the base of recent emission data of anthropogenic sulfur dioxide (SO₂) at a horizontal resolution of 1^o�1^o. The model has been proved to have a good resolution and sensitivity. The simulated results indicate anthropogenic SO₂ emission in China, especially in eastern China which is a fast economically developing region, have been one of the major contributions to Eastern Asia and global total emission. Human activities in Eastern Asia result in a rapid increase in sulfate column burden not only in pollution areas but also in offshore water. Anthropogenic column sulfate distribution has obvious seasonal and spatial pattern. The relatively large magnitude of summertime sulfate column loadings move to the north of China as compared with wintertime. In pollution area, 2 peak loadings of monthly sulfate are found to occur in September and May respectively and the maxima loadings in September. In terms of vertical distribution, the sulfate concentration decreases rapidly with height, and most of the sulfate is found in the bottom 4 km of the troposphere; In offshore water, the anthropogenic sulfate burden which show the magnitude of transport from eastern China is higher in autumn and winter than that in spring and summer. In Tibetan Plateau, only one peak loadings is found, maximum occurs in summer and minimum in winter. In winter, the sulfate concentration decreases with height over Tibetan Plateau; but in summer, the maxima concentration occurs in the height of 300 m due to sulfate convergence in the lower troposphere. In the meanwhile, anthropogenic sulfate concentration at each level over the Tibetan Plateau in summer are almost a factor of 10 higher than that in winter because of strong upwelling motion of sulfate to the upper troposphere.

II.4 Size-resolved aerosol evolution model

A size-resolved atmospheric aerosol model including the basic aerosol dynamic processes such as coagulation, condensation, deposition and nucleation is developed to simulate the production and evolution of aerosols in remote marine boundary layer. The Simulated results show that production of new particles depends on both the size distribution of the preexisting particles (total number and diameter) and SO₂ concentration. Coupled with a simple DMS oxidation model, the processes from DMS emissions to CCN formation are simulated under typical meteorological condition in the remote marine boundary layer. The calculation supported that DMS from ocean plankton can be the main source of aerosols and CCN over the oceans. And only 25% of total particles formed from gas-particle processes exceed 0.1 m m in diameter after 4 days, which indicated that the fine particles in remote marine atmosphere are produced from homogeneous nucleation and acid condensation. There is a non-linear relation between CCN number concentration (formed from gas-to-particle processes) and sulfate mass concentration in aerosols.

II.5 One-dimensional aerosol-cloud model

A one-dimensional high-order turbulence closure model coupled with the explicit aerosol and cloud micro-physical processes has been set up to simulate the processes in the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer (STBL). The preliminary results show the basic physical processes in the STBL can be well described by the model. But there are some problems in simulation of the microphysical processes. We are still working on it and paying much attention on feedback of turbulence on aerosol and cloud processes.

Research Planning

I. Goal and Objective

This program is designed to understand the basic distributions and variation features of aerosols in our country, to reveal preliminarily the main mechanism of their variation, and put forward a predictive view in future and their possible impacts on the climate, environment and ecology. The most noticeable characteristics of this program are the multi-disciplinary cross-combination of the atmospheric science, photochemistry, environmental science and ecological science, etc., the combination of multi-methodology including composite field observation, chemical simulation in Laboratory, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.

II. Research Emphases and Project Implementation

In order to implement the scientific objective of this program, the following aspects are identified for the study.

II.1 Field observation

Although a series of researches including field observations and modeling analysis have been done since 1980s, we are not yet able to perform integrated assessments to predict the social and economic impacts of changes in aerosols. One of the main reasons is lack of enough observational data, which provide chemical and physical properties, source emission, mass and size distribution of aerosols in different regions of China. Anyway, a widely spaced network of stations is very helpful to predicting quantitatively aerosols from existing models. The potential sites are list below. Most of these sites which almost covers the main source of aerosols over China, have been or are being used. A few potential sites such as Chendu, Xingjiang, Yantai and Qingdao, Lanzhou, Xi'an, and Heihe basin will be added. Some new instruments such as Lidar systems will be added in Xingjiang and Dunhuang.

• Potential surface Measurement Network

  Northwestern China Xingjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
  Dunhuang (40.2^oN, 94.7^oE), western of Gansu Province
  Heihe Basin, western of Gansu Province
  Yinchuan (38.5^oN, 106.2^oE), Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
  Lanzhou, Gansu province
  Xi'an, shanxi Province
  WaLiguan(36.17^oN, 100.54^oE), Qinghai Province, GAW site

  Southwestern China Lhasa (29.65^oN, 91.13^oE), Tibet
  Chendu, Sichuan Province

  Northeastern China LongFengshan(44.73^oN, 127.60^oE), Helongjiang province, RBS

  Eastern and central China Beijing (39.9^oN, 116.3^oE)
  ShangDianzi (40.65^oN, 117.10^oE), Beijing
  Yiantai (37.5^oN, 121.4^oE), Shandong Province
  Qingdao, Shandong Province
  Hefei (31.31^oN, 117.16^oE), Anhui Province
  Shouxian (32.6^oN, 116.8^oE), Anhui Province
  Lin'an (30.30^oN, 119.73^oE), Zhejiang Province, RBS

  Southern China Guangdong (24.05^oN, 114.2^oE ), Guangzhou Province

  Here RBS means Regional Background Sites, GAW means Global Atmospheric Watch.

• Lidars
  Five Lidar systems would be installed in the following sites to investigate the vertical structure, transport and optical properties of dust and other aerosols respectively.
    Xingjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
  Dunhuang (40.2^oN, 94.7^oE), western of Gansu Province

  Beijing (39.9^oN, 116.3^oE)
  Lanzhou, Gansu province

  Hefei (31.31^oN, 117.16^oE), Anhui Province

• Ships
  In order to investigate temporal and geographical variations of marine aerosols, the samples will be collected during the two fixed cruises each year along the same track in the Western Pacific Ocean operated by National Marine Administration .

• Satellites
  With the progress of sensors boarded on the near future satellite, such as GLI, POLDER and OCTS on ADEOS II, MODIS and MISR on EOS-AM I, the multispectral, multiangular and polarization measurements which provide more and more information of aerosols than ever will be available. In order to make efficient use of this information, many researches will be working on.

II. 2 Analysis and Numerical Simulation.

Analysis and numerical simulation will emphasize on the following scientific issues

1. Physical, Chemical and Radiative properties of aerosols
• A regional database providing physical and chemical properties of different components of aerosols will be established by our analyzing the observational data at above locations.
• Multi-wavelength, multi-angle and polarity measurements from satellites will be considered to develop an algorithm for retrieving aerosol parameters, such as physical and optical characteristics in the near future research.
• Aerosol optical properties from the locations mentioned above will be used to validate the data retrieved by satellites.
2. Regional and Temporal variation of Aerosols ( Sulfate, Kosa)
• An aerosol source model providing components of aerosols in different location and in different season over China will be developed. This model can be used to validate the aerosol optical depth retrieved from satellite.
• A three-dimensional regional Eulerian model of sulfur transport, which includes dynamic transport, turbulent diffusion, gas-phase and aqueous chemistry, wet and dry depositions, as well as emission processes, will be modified by means of observational and analyzed results to investigate temporal and spatial variations of anthropogenic sulfate over East Asia. Distributions of sulfur deposition, transport, as well as sulfate column burden in East Asia will also be analyzed. Furthermore, some transport paths on different layer and outlet or inlet zones will be discussed.
• A three-dimensional regional Eulerian transport model of Kosa with the size distributions will be developed. The model will include vertical turbulent mixing, lateral diffusion, advection, microphysical process of Kosa, source and removal processes. By means of a three-dimensional meteorological model (MM5) and the Kosa model, the mechanism of Kosa uptake, characteristics of transport, source, as well as Kosa loadings over East Asia also will be investigated.
• Effect of Kosa on Earth's radiation budget will be investigated by coupling Kosa transport model with an effective and fast K-distribution and CK-distribution radiation model.
• The influence of Kosa on the formation of sulfate in East Asia during the episode of duststorm will be investigated by coupling the three-dimensional sulfur/Kosa model with a heterogeneous chemical process on surface of Kosa particles.
3. Interactions between aerosol and cloud
• A parameterization of the aerosol/cloud interactions that accounts for anticipated changes due to changes in aerosol size distribution, composition, and updraft velocity at cloud base will be developed. The parameterization will be incorporated into climate models and improve our ability to predict climate change.
• A fully coupled model (PBL model with higher order turbulent closure scheme coupled with a detailed aerosol-cloud microphysical model) will used to investigate the effect of the turbulent dynamic processes on aerosols and clouds in stratocumulus-topped boundary. The size-resolved model will tell much information on interactions between aerosol and cloud in stratocumulus-topped boundary.
• Aircraft measurements will be used to study the vertical variations of aerosol concentrations, CCN concentrations and size distributions over China mainland. The main aim of this study is to distinguish between natural and anthropogenic aerosols.
• Numerical studies on cloud and radiation interactions will focus on the impacts of radiation forcing on the clouds processes, such as vertical and horizontal wind fields, cloud micro-physical processes, and clouds lifetime.
4. Climate Effects of Aerosols
• The regional direct effects of anthropogenic sulfate on climate over East Asia will be investigate by coupling NCAR regional climate model (ReGCM2) with a three-dimensional regional Eulerian model of sulfur transport mentioned above. Meanwhile the indirect effects will be investigated by coupling ReGCM2 with a parameterization of the aerosol/cloud interactions discussed above.
• The regional climate effects of Kosa over East Asia will be investigated by coupling ReGCM2 with a three-dimensional regional Eulerian transport model of Kosa discussed above. The main purpose of this study is to answer that whether the Kosa lead to heat or cool the climate of East Asia and how much the influence.
• The global climate effects of anthropogenic sulfate and soot will also be estimated by means of a GCM (GOALS/LASG) developed by LASG, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, coupled with an effective and fast K-distribution and CK-distribution radiation model and a improved aerosol parameterization. The study can be used to assess China contribution to global climate change resulting from aerosols to a certain extent.

Working Group

The makeup of our working group is as following

Convener:
Guang-yu Shi, Professor, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, CAS, Beijing, 100029, China, shigy@sun.ihep.ac.cn, Tel: +86-10-6204-0674, Fax: +86-10-6204-6358

Co-convener:
Xiao-ye Zhang, Professor, State Key Laboratory of Loess & Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, P.O. Box 17, Xi'an, 710054, China, xiaoye@ms.xab.ac.cn, Tel & Fax: +86-29-552-4748.

Chun-sheng Zhao, Associate Professor, Department of Geophysics, Peking University, Beijing, 1000871, China, zcs@pku.edu.cn, Tel: +86-10-6275-1131

Jie Tang, Associate Professor, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Science, China Meteorological Administration, Baishiqiao Rd. 46, Beijing, 100081, China, tangj@public.intercom.com.cn, Tel: +86-10-6840-7238, Fax: +86-10-6217-6414

Jun Zhou, Professor, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, CAS, Anhui, 230031, China, j-zhou@aiofm.ac.cn, Tel: +86-551-559-1007

Fen-lan Qian, Associate Professor, National Research Center for Marine Environment Forecasts, Beijing, 100081, China, mzhou@cenpok.net, Tel: +86-10-6217-3322 . Ext. 152
 

Advisor:
Ming-xing Wang, Professor and Director, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, CAS, Beijing, 100029, China, Tel: +86-10-6236-0445

Xiu-ji Zhou, Professor, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Science, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100081, China
 

Members:


Ming-yu Zhou, Professor, National Research Center for Marine Environment Forecasts, Beijing, 100081, China, mzhou@cenpok.net

Yu Qin , Professor, Department of Geophysics, Peking University, Beijing, 1000871, China, qinyu@pku.edu.cn, Tel: +86-10-6275-1131

Jie-tai Mao, Professor, Department of Geophysics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China, mjt@pku.edu.cn, Tel: +86-10-6275-1131

Jin-huan Qiu, Professor, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, CAS, Beijing, 100029, China, Tel: +86-10-6204-9044

Huan-lin Hu, Professor and Director, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, CAS, Anhui, 230031, China, Tel: +86-551-559-1012

Ze-wei Lu, Professor, National Natural Science Fundation of China, Beijing, 100029, China, Tel: +86-10-6201-6655, Ext.: 2122.

Zhi-Bao Shen Professor, Lanzhou Institute of Plateau Atmospheric Physics, CAS, Lanzhou, 730000, China, shenzb@ns.lzp.ac.cn.

Gushun Zhuang Professor, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100029, China, gzhuang@bnu.edu.cn, Tel:86-10-82904762

Ren-jian Zhang, Associate Professor, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, CAS, Beijing, 100029, China, zrj@mail.iap.ac.cn, Tel: +86-10-6235-9642, Fax: +86-10-6202-8604

Wei-biao Chen Ocean University of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266003, China, orsi@mail.ouqd.edu.cn

Xi-hong Wang, Assistant Professor, Ph.D, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, CAS, Beijing, 100029, China, wangxh@linux2.iap.ac.cn, Tel: +86-10-6204-3566, Fax: +86-10-6204-6358

Jun-hua Zhang, Ph.D. student, Department of Geophysics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China, zzjh@263.net, Tel: +86-10-6275-1131

Xiang-dong Zheng, Ph.D. student, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Science, China Meteorological Administration, Baishiqiao Rd. 46, Beijing, 100081, China, tangj@public.intercom.com.cn, Tel: +86-10-6217-6414
 

Several other Scientists to be added.