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<BR><HR><BR> <TOC> Table of Contents Preface xvii List of figures xx Chronological table xxi Abbreviations xxv Explanation of signs xxvi I Introduction 1 1Preliminary remarks 1 1.1Range of material presented 1 1.2Selection and presentation criteria 2 2Previous work on Old Kingdom texts 4 2.1Collections and translations of large bodies of Old Kingdom material 4 2.2Translations of Egyptian literature in English incorporating some Old Kingdom texts 5 2.3The study of Old Kingdom texts 6 3Historical matters 6 3.1Outline 6 3.2Dating events in the Old Kingdom 10 3.2.1Methods of dating years 10 3.2.2Sed festivals 12 3.2.3The different seasons 13 3.3Royal names 13 3.4Dating private monuments 15 4Literary and linguistic aspects of Old Kingdom texts 16 4.1The importance of context 16 4.2Are the texts herein 'literature'? 18 4.3Are the texts in verse or prose? 18 4.4Old Kingdom Egyptian and its characteristics 19 4.4.1Phonetics 20 4.4.2Writing 21 4.4.3Grammar 22 4.5Scripts 22 5Particular points of translation 23 5.1Grammar 23 5.1.1Second tenses 23 5.1.2The infinitive 24 5.2Titles 25 5.2.1Honorific titles 25 5.2.2Administrative titles 26 5.2.3Priestly titles 27 5.2.4'King's son' or 'king's daughter' 28 5.3Other issues 28 5.3.1imakhu 28 5.3.2hem 29 5.3.3The offering formula 29 5.3.4Egyptian nomes 30 5.3.5Pyramid names 31 6Principal types of text translated in this volume 31 6.1Historiographic texts 32 6.2Temple texts 33 6.3Inscriptions set up by or on behalf of kings 34 6.3.1Rock inscriptions 34 6.3.2Royal decrees 34 6.4State administrative texts 36 6.5Texts from the tombs of officials 37 6.5.1Standard formulaic inscriptions in tombs 38 6.5.2More unusual types of text in tombs, other than biographies 38 6.5.3Private (auto)biographical/commemorative texts from tombs 39 6.5.4Captions 43 6.5.5Miscellaneous texts from tombs 44 6.6Private legal texts 45 6.7Private administrative texts 47 6.8Texts of women 47 6.9Graffiti 48 6.10Expedition inscriptions 49 6.11Builders' or quarry marks 50 6.12Letters 51 7A final word 53 8Conventions 53 II Annals and lists of kings 55 1The Palermo Stone and associated fragments 55 2Three annalistic vessel inscriptions from Elephantine 65 3Annals on the sarcophagus of Ankhesenpepy from South Saqqara 66 4A writing board from Giza 69 5A list of kings in the tomb of Sekhemkare at Giza 70 6Royal names from the tomb of Netjerpunesut at Giza 70 III Texts from temples 71 7Reliefs of Netjerykhet Djoser 71 8From the temples of Sneferu at Dahshur 72 9Block from the mortuary temple of Userkaf at Saqqara, reused at Lisht 73 10Texts from the temple of Sahure at Abusir 73 11Festival offerings calendar for the sun temple of Niuserre at Abu Gurob 77 12Blocks from the causeway of the pyramid of Unas at Saqqara 82 13Texts of Pepy I and Teti from Tell Basta 83 14A Sed festival monument of Pepy II 84 15Building inscriptions from temples 85 IV Royal Decrees 86 16Decree of Shepseskaf from the pyramid temple of Menkaure at Giza 86 17Decree of Neferirkare from Abydos 87 18Two decrees from the Abusir Papyri of Neferefre 90 19Decree of Teti from Abydos 91 20Decree of Pepy I from Dahshur 92 21Decree of Pepy I from Koptos (Koptos A) 94 22Decree of Pepy II from Abydos 95 23Decree of Pepy II from the valley temple of Menkaure at Giza 96 24Decree of Pepy II from Koptos (Koptos B) 97 25Decree of Pepy II from Koptos (Koptos C) 99 26Decree of Pepy II from Koptos (Koptos D) 101 27Decree of Pepy II ? from Koptos (Koptos G) 103 28Decree of Pepy II from Dakhla oasis 104 29Decree of a successor of Pepy II from Saqqara 104 30Decree of Horus Kha... from Koptos (Koptos H) 105 31Decree of (probably) Neferkauhor from Koptos (Koptos I) 106 32Decree of Neferkauhor from Koptos (Koptos J) 107 33Decree of Neferkauhor from Koptos (Koptos K) 108 34Decree of Neferkauhor from Koptos (Koptos L) 109 35Decree of Neferkauhor from Koptos (Koptos M) 110 36Decree of Neferkauhor from Koptos (Koptos N) 111 37Decree of Neferkauhor from Koptos (Koptos O) 111 38Decrees of Neferkauhor from Koptos (Koptos P and Q) 112 39Decree of Horus Demedjibtawy from Koptos (Koptos R) 112 40Lists of offerings for cults from Koptos 113 V Objects bearing royal names 116 41Statue of Netjerykhet from Saqqara 116 42Offering stand of Khafre 116 43Vessels of Djedkare Izezi 116 44Sistrum of Teti 117 45Objects of Pepy I 117 46Objects of Merenre 118 47Vessels of Pepy II 119 VI Rock inscriptions of kings and expedition leaders 120 48Inscription of Unas at Elephantine 120 49Naos of Pepy I from Elephantine 120 50Inscription of Merenre to the south of the First Cataract 120 51Inscription of Merenre near Philae 121 52Inscriptions of Merenre and Pepy II on Elephantine 121 53Inscription of Pepy II at Elephantine 121 54Inscription of Netjerykhet in Wadi Maghara 122 55Inscription of Sneferu in Wadi Maghara 122 56Inscription of Khufu in Wadi Maghara 122 57Inscriptions of Sahure 123 58Inscription of Niuserre in Wadi Maghara 123 59Inscription of Menkauhor in Wadi Maghara 124 60Inscriptions of Djedkare in Wadi Maghara 124 61Inscriptions of Pepy I in Wadi Maghara 125 62Inscriptions of Pepy II in Wadi Maghara 126 63Inscription of Ity 127 64Inscriptions of Pepy I 128 65Expedition inscription of Djaty 130 66Expedition inscription of Shemai 131 67Expedition inscriptions relating to Tjautyiqer 131 68Inscriptions of Tjetji 132 69Inscription of Khufu 133 70Inscriptions of Teti 133 71Inscriptions of Pepy I 134 72Inscription of Merenre 135 73Inscriptions of Pepy II 135 74Graffito in the Wadi Dungash in the Eastern Desert 137 75Graffito in the Bir Mueilha (Wadi Umm Hoda) in the Eastern Desert 137 76Two inscriptions from Khor el-Aquiba 137 77Inscriptions at Tomas 138 VII Quarry and constructional marks and phyle texts 140 78Construction of a curve at the Step Pyramid at Saqqara 140 79Dates from the pyramid of Meidum 140 80Dates from the Red Pyramid of Dahshur 141 81Giza Pyramid crew names 141 82Crew name from the unfinished pyramid at Zawiyet el-Aryan 142 83Crew names and other related texts from Abusir 142 84Quarry marks from private tombs at Giza 143 85Phyle texts from the Sun Temple of Userkaf at Abusir 145 86Brief texts of phyles which appear in the decoration of tomb chapels 146 VIII Graffiti 148 87A graffito on the pyramid of Pepy II at South Saqqara 148 88A selection of graffiti from el-Kab 148 89A graffito from Hindallab 150 IX State administrative texts 152 90Selections from the Abusir Papyri from the Neferirkare temple 152 91List from the Abusir papyri from the Neferefre temple 158 X Letters 160 92Letters in the Abusir Papyri from the Neferirkare temple 160 93A sixth dynasty letter, probably from Saqqara 161 94A protest to the vizier from Saqqara 162 95Part of a letter regarding work on a pyramid, probably from Saqqara 163 96The 'Crimes of Sabni', from Elephantine 163 97A letter about complaints over farming 164 98Fragments of letters from the Elephantine archive 165 99Letters from the oasis of Dakhla 165 100Letter from Izezi in the tomb of Reshepses at Saqqara 166 101Two letters to the dead 167 XI Private legal texts 170 102House purchases from the Gebelein papyri 170 103A dispute over an inheritance from Elephantine 171 104Legal text from the tomb of Akhethotep Hemi/Nebkauhor at Saqqara 172 105Inscription above a shaft in the tomb of Idu Seneni at el-Qasr wa es-Sayed 174 106Block bearing a legal text of (possibly) Kaiemnefret 174 107Provision of a doorway by Khenemti in the tomb of Iarti at South Saqqara 176 108Decrees setting up the estates of Metjen from his tomb at Saqqara 177 109Agreement with soul priests from the tomb of Nyankhkhnum and Khnumhotep at Saqqara 179 110Texts of Nykaiankh from Tehna 180 111Record of the disposal of the estates of Nykaure in his tomb at Giza 185 112Disposition of the funerary estate of Penmeru in his tomb at Giza 186 113Part of the dispositions of Pepi, possibly from Giza 186 114Instructions for the funerary priests of Sennuankh from Saqqara 187 115Instructions for the cult of Tjenti and his family from Giza 187 116Wepemnefret grants his son rights to use parts of his tomb at Giza 188 117From the false door of Yotefnen from Giza 189 118Fragment of a document relating to a mortuary estate from Saqqara 189 119Purchase of a plot of land for a tomb from Saqqara 190 120A legal fragment found reused at Lisht 190 121Sale of a house, found at Giza 191 XII Miscellaneous offering formulae and titles 193 122From the tomb of Kaiemsenu at Saqqara 193 123From the tomb of Kaipure at Saqqara 193 124Formulae from the false door of Mereri at Saqqara 194 125Formulae in the tomb of the physician Nyankhre at Giza 195 126Formulae from the false door of Ptahhotep II in his tomb at Saqqara 196 127Formulae on the sarcophagus of Sedjefaptah called Fefi from Giza 197 128From the tomb of Sekhemka at Saqqara 198 129Formulae of Sneferunefer II from Saqqara 198 130Formulae from the false door of Tepemankh at Saqqara 199 XIII Appeals to the living and warnings to evildoers and the uninitiated 201 131Texts of Ankhi called Intji from his tomb at Saqqara 201 132Texts from the tomb of Ankhwedja Itji at Giza 202 133Lintel in the tomb of Herymeru at Saqqara 203 134Offering table of Ishetmaa from Saqqara 204 135Text of Khenu from Saqqara 204 136Texts from the tomb of Khui at Saqqara 205 137Text of Khuit, perhaps from Saqqara 206 138Architrave of Mehi from Saqqara 206 139Inscriptions over the entrance to the tomb of Mereri at Saqqara 208 140Text of Meru called Bebi from Saqqara 208 141Lintel of Nedjemib from Saqqara 209 142Texts from the tomb of Nenki from Saqqara 210 143Texts at the entrance to the tomb of Nyankhpepy at Saqqara 210 144Formulae on the pillars of the tomb of Nyhetepptah at Giza 213 145Inscriptions at the entrance to the tomb of Nykauizezi at Saqqara 215 146Text of Pehenwikai from Saqqara 215 147Inscription on blocks of Reherytep Iti from Saqqara 216 148Texts on false door of Sekhentyuka and Nyankhsheret from Giza 217 149Texts from the tomb of Tjetu at Giza 217 150Inscription in the tombs of Tjy and Mereruka at Saqqara 219 151Stela of Nipepy from Abydos 220 XIV Commemorative and dedicatory texts 221 152From the tomb of Ankhires and Medunefer at Giza 221 153Text on a statue of Ankhirptah, perhaps from Saqqara 221 154Text on offering basin of Hebi from Giza 222 155Texts from the false door of Inikaf at Giza 222 156Text from the tomb of Inpuhotep at Giza 222 157Text over the entrance doorway of the tomb of Iy at Giza 223 158Texts on a wooden door panel from the family tomb of Kaiemhezet at Saqqara 223 159Texts from the tomb of Kaemrehu at Saqqara 224 160Commemoration of the scribe Seni in the tomb of Kaihap at Hawawish 225 161Dedication on a relief panel from the tomb of Kaihersetef at Saqqara 225 162From the texts on the false door niche of Kainefer from Dahshur 226 163Text at the entrance to the tomb of Khufuhotep at Giza 226 164Text of Medunefer from his tomb at Giza 226 165Commemoration of workmen in the tomb of Nebemakhet at Giza 227 166Offering basin of Nefer 227 167Text of Neferseshemptah from Saqqara 227 168Text of Nyankhsokar, perhaps from Giza 228 169Text from the false door of Nykauptah from Saqqara 228 170Inscription of Pepysoneb in the tomb of his father Memi at Hawawish 229 171Texts of Sehetepu from his chapel at Saqqara 229 172Libation basin of Shedy from Saqqara 230 173Texts in the tomb of Tepemankh II at Saqqara 230 174Text at the entrance to the tomb of Tjenti at Giza 231 175Dedication on a jamb from the tomb of Tjetji at Giza 232 176From a stela of Tjezi at Giza 232 177Text of Ty from Hawawish 232 178Text from the tomb of an unknown person 233 XV Texts relating to payment of workmen and tomb acquisition 234 179From the tomb of Abdu at Giza 234 180Text of Akhetmehu from his tomb at Giza 235 181Statue inscription of Memi from Giza 235 182Text of Meni, probably from Giza 236 183From the tomb of Merankhef at Giza 236 184Inscriptions of Merkhufu from Giza 237 185Texts from the false door of Nefer at Giza 238 186Inscriptions of Nymaatre from his tomb at Giza 238 187Text on the false door of Nysuredi from Giza 239 188Inscriptions of Remenuka from his tomb at Giza 240 189Architrave of Tetiseneb called Iri from Saqqara 240 190Inscription of Zeftjwa in Berlin 241 191Scenes of visiting the tomb from Giza 242 192A nameless tomb from the Teti Pyramid cemetery at Saqqara 242 193Texts from a monument of an unknown man in the British Museum 243 XVI Biographical texts from the Memphite region 244 194Text from the tomb of Akhethotep at Saqqara 244 195Text from the tomb of Akhethotep Hemi/Nebkauhor at Saqqara 244 196False door inscriptions of Ankhkhufu from Giza 246 197Text of Ankhmahor from Saqqara 247 198Texts of Ankhmeryremeryptah called Nekhebu from Giza 248 199Text of Bia from Saqqara 252 200Text of Debehen from Giza 253 201Inscription on the false door of Geref from Saqqara 255 202Texts from the tomb of Hetepherakhet at Saqqara 256 203Pillar text from the tomb of Hetepherenptah 257 204From the left jamb of the false door of Hetepu at Saqqara 257 205Inscriptions of Hezi from Saqqara 258 206Facade text from the tomb of Idu at Giza 260 207Text of Ipi from Saqqara 262 208Lintel from the tomb of Iyenhor at Saqqara 263 209Inscription of Izi from Saqqara 264 210Texts from the tomb of Kaiaper at South Abusir 264 211Texts from the tomb of Kaiaper at Saqqara 265 212Inscriptions of Kaiemtjennet from his tomb at Saqqara 265 213Texts from the facade of the mastaba of Kaigemni at Saqqara 268 214Part of a lintel of Kaihap Tjeti 270 215Texts from the tomb of Kaikherptah at Giza 271 216Texts from the tomb of Khentika at Saqqara 271 217Text of Khenu from Saqqara 274 218Text of (another) Khenu from Saqqara 275 219Inscriptions of Khuiwer from Giza 275 220Architraves from the tomb of Mehu at Saqqara 276 221Text of Mersuankh from his tomb at Giza 279 222Texts of Metjetji, probably from Saqqara 279 223Texts from the tomb of Neferseshemptah at Saqqara 281 224Texts from the tomb of Neferseshemre at Saqqara 282 225Inscriptions of Nyankhsekhmet from Saqqara 285 226False door of Ptahshepses from Saqqara 286 227Inscription of Rewer from Giza 287 228Inscriptions of Sabu Ibebi from Saqqara 288 229Inscriptions of Sabu Tjeti from Saqqara 290 230Inscriptions from the tomb of Sankhuptah called Nyhetepptah at Saqqara 291 231Inscriptions of Sekhemankhptah from Giza 292 232Texts from the mastaba of Senedjemib Inti at Giza 292 233Texts from the false door of Seshemu at Giza 297 234Inscriptions of Seshemnefer IV and his son Ptahhotep from Giza 298 235Inscriptions of Washptah from Saqqara 299 236A fragment of a biography from west of the Step Pyramid at Saqqara 301 237Anonymous biographical fragment of the reign of Teti from Saqqara 302 238Block found near the pyramid of Teti at Saqqara 302 239Block from Giza 303 240Text of an unnamed person from Giza 303 XVII Biographical texts from the provinces 305 241Texts on the facade of the tomb of Harkhuf at Qubbet el-Hawa 306 242Inscriptions of Pepynakht called Heqaib from his tomb at Qubbet el-Hawa 311 243Inscriptions on the facade of the tomb of Sabni and Mekhu I at Qubbet el-Hawa 313 244From the tomb of another Sabni at Qubbet el-Hawa 316 245Text of Khnumhotep in the tomb of Khui at Qubbet el-Hawa 317 246Inscriptions of Izi from Edfu 318 247Inscriptions of Meryrenefer Qar from Edfu 319 248Stela of Hekenu, perhaps from Moalla 322 249Text from the tomb of Shemai at Kom el-Koffar 322 250Inscriptions of Idu I from Dendera 324 251Inscriptions of Idu II from Dendera 325 252Texts on the facade of the tomb of Idu Seneni at el-Qasr wa es-Sayed 325 253Slab of Djadjay from el-Qasr wa es-Sayed 326 254From the tomb of Idu Menza from el-Qasr wa es-Sayed 327 255Architrave of Per-shenay from Abydos 328 256Inscription of Weni from Abydos 329 257Inscription of Djau from Abydos 334 258Ideal biography from the tomb of an unknown person at Abydos 335 259Stela from tomb 253 at Sheikh Farag 336 260Text of Bawy from Hawawish 336 261Fragments of the biography of Iy Mery at Hawawish 337 262Text of Nehutdesher at Hawawish 338 263Text of Qereri at Hawawish 338 264Inscription from the tomb of Mery I at Hagarsa 339 265Inscription of Mery II at Hagarsa 339 266Texts from the tomb of Ibi at Deir el-Gebrawi 340 267Inscription of Djau at Deir el-Gebrawi 342 268Fragment from the tomb of Nebib at Deir el-Gebrawi 343 269Text of Henqu from Deir el-Gebrawi 343 270Inscription of Pepyankhheryib at Meir 346 271Inscriptions of Inti at Deshasha 348 272On the architrave of Khnumnedjem from Busiris 350 273Stela from the chapel of Khentyka at Balat 351 274Stela from the chapel of Khentykawpepy at Balat 352 XVIII Texts of women 353 275Text relating to Meretites I from Giza 353 276Texts from the mastaba of Meresankh III at Giza 353 277Texts in the mastaba of Khamerernebty II at Giza 355 278Inscriptions relating to the 'Khentkawes problem' 355 279From the tomb of Nebet, wife of Unas, at Saqqara 357 280From the pyramid of Iput, wife of Teti and mother of Pepy I, at Saqqara 357 281Texts of two queens of Pepy I named Ankhesenpepy from Saqqara 358 282Inscriptions of queens of Pepy II from the area of his pyramid complex at Saqqara 359 283Inscriptions of Hemetre called Hemi from her tomb at Saqqara 360 284A text of Iabtet from Giza 361 285Texts of Inti from her tomb at Saqqara 361 286From the Saqqara false door of Merut called Zeshzeshet 362 287Formulae of Nensedjerkai from her tomb at Giza 363 288Dedicatory text of Djenwen 364 289False door of Hemire, perhaps from Busiris 364 290Inscribed slab of Henutsen from Saqqara 365 291Inscriptions of Hetepheres from Giza 366 292Inscriptions of Hetepheres called Khenut from Giza 367 293From the stela of Iret, said to come from Akhmim 367 294False door of Khenit from Giza 368 295Stela of Nebet and Khui from Abydos 368 296False door of Nedjetempet from Saqqara 369 297Inscriptions of Neferesres from Giza 370 298Texts of Nubhotep from Saqqara 371 299Inscriptions of Rudjzas from Giza 371 300Texts of Shepset and Nykauhathor from Giza 372 XIX Captions to tomb scenes 373 301Musical scenes in the tomb of Akhethotep Hemi/Nebkauhor at Saqqara 373 302From the tomb of Ankhmahor at Saqqara 374 303From the tomb of Ibi at Deir el-Gebrawi 375 304From the tomb of Kaiemnefret at Saqqara 376 305Caption to butchers on the architrave of Khnumnedjem from Busiris 376 306From the tomb of Mehu at Saqqara 377 307From the tomb of Merib at Giza 379 308From the tomb of Mery II at Hagarsa 379 309From the tomb of Nyankhkhnum and Khnumhotep at Saqqara 380 310Fishing and fowling scenes in the tomb of Nyankhpepy Kem at Meir 382 311Musical scenes in the tomb of Pepyankhheryib at Meir 383 312Offering bearers in the tomb of Persen at Saqqara 384 313From the tomb of Qar at Giza 384 314From the tomb of Sekhemankhptah at Saqqara 387 315From the tomb of Sekhemkare at Giza 389 316Bringing cattle out of the marshes in the tomb of Tjy at Saqqara 389 317Boat texts from tombs 389 318Carrying chair scenes 391 319Some funerary domains 391 320Scenes of pulling papyrus 393 XX Miscellaneous texts from tombs and objects in tombs 395 321Titles of Nesutnefer from his tomb at Giza 395 322Sarcophagus lid texts 395 323Titles on the sarcophagus of Weta from Giza 397 324Inscription of Abutyu from Giza 397 325Hieratic texts on pots from Qubbet el-Hawa 398 326Texts on the sarcophagus of Minkhaf from Giza 399 327Short offering and linen list of Nefretiabet from Giza 402 328Long offering list from the chapel of Ankhmeryre at Saqqara 404 329Linen lists on a wooden box from Gebelein 407 330List of linen on a box from the tomb of Nefer and Kahay at Saqqara 409 331Inscriptions on pieces of linen from Abusir 409 List of sources 411 Bibliography 428 Glossary 454 Indexes 461 Names of kings 462 Names of persons (excluding kings) 463 Sites of origin 465 Objects in museums 467
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Egypt -- History -- Old Kingdom, ca. 2686-ca. 2181 B.C. -- Sources.
Inscriptions, Egyptian -- Translations into English.