Udda Lundqvist
Svalöf Weibull AB, SE-268 81 Svalöv, Sweden
Since the latest overall coordinator's report in Barley Genetics Newsletter Volume 27, no important changes of the coordinators have taken place. Also, I do hope that most of you will continue with this work and provide us with all information about the chromosomes, linkage groups and collections that is new over the year, even if some of the coordinators complained that not much work has been carried out particularly concerning the morphological marker genes. Others complained that no or nearly no seed requests have reached them during the year. It is obvious that the number of chromosome maps with molecular markers are increasing very rapidly and it has already become difficult to follow all the many changes in the maps that are published. The coordinator for "Integrating Barley Molecular and Morphological/Physiological Maps" has a very important task in following all the publications in the literature in order to provide us with recent information.
Also in this issue I have been arranging the order of the reports of the seven chromosomes according to the new resolution made at the Seventh International Barley Genetics Symposium in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, in 1996. In the meantime, this resolution with its recommendations is published in BGN 26:1-3 and BGN 27:5-6.
I suppose that many of you have noticed the publication of a special volume of Barley Genetics Newsletter, 26. About 450 descriptions of different loci for morphological traits, including several resistance genes and male sterile genetic stocks, have been revised. But more descriptions have to be revised in the coming years. They will currently be published in BGN. You have probably also observed that many of the old symbols are recommended to be changed to a three letter code system according to an approvement at the business meeting of the Seventh International Barley Genetics Symposium at Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, on August 5, 1996. This special volume of BGN 26 is to be found as electronic version under the following address:
http://probe.nalusda.gov:8000/otherdocs/bgn/bgn.html
A papercopy can be received with advance payment of U.S. dollars $25 through AMBA.
The conversion of the descriptions and barley loci into the International Triticeae Genome Database "GrainGenes" according to the ACEDB format is in progress and will be fulfilled during 1998. Also the feeding of images illustrating many of the different loci and characters is in progress and will be found on GrainGenes during 1998.
Chromosome 1H (5): Jens Jensen, Plant Biology and Biogeochemistry Department, Risø National Laboratory, P.O. Box 301, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. FAX: +45 46 323383; E-mail: jens.jensen@risoe.dk
Chromosome 2H (2): Jerry. D. Franckowiak, Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, P.O.Box 5051, Fargo, ND 58105-5051, USA. FAX: +1 701 231 8474; E-mail: jfrancko@badlands.nodak.edu
Chromosome 3H (3): Takeo Konishi, 294 Okada, Mabi-cho, Kibi-gun, Okayama 710-1311, Japan. FAX: +81 866 98 4334; E-mail: - .
Chromosome 4H (4): Brian P. Forster, Cell and Molecular Genetics Department, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom. FAX: +44 1382 562426. E-mail: bforst@scri.sari.ac.uk
Chromosome 5H (7): George Fedak, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, ECORC, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0C6, FAX: +1 613 759 6559; E-mail: fedakga@em.agr.ca
Chromosome 6H (6): Duane Falk, Department of Crop Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1. FAX: +1 519 763 8933; E-mail: dfalk@crop.noguelph.ca
Chromosome 7H (1): Lynn Dahleen, USDA-ARS, State University Station, P.O. Box 5677, Fargo, ND 58105, USA. FAX: + 1 701 239 1369; E-mail: dahleen@badlands.nodak.edu
Integration of molecular and morphological marker maps: Andy Kleinhofs, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420, USA. FAX: +1 509 335 8674; E-mail: andyk@wsu.edu
Barley Genetics Stock Center: An Hang and Darell M. Wesenberg, USDA-ARS, National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility, P.O.Box 307, Aberdeen, ID 83210, USA. FAX: +1 208 397 4165; E-mail: A03ahang@attmail.com
Trisomic and aneuploid stocks: An Hang, USDA-ARS, National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility, P.O.Box 307, Aberdeen, ID 83210, USA. FAX: +1 208 397 4165; E-mail: A03ahang@attmail.com
Translocations and balanced tertiary trisomics: Gottfried Künzel, Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, DE-06466 Gatersleben, Germany. FAX: +49 39482 5137; E-mail: Kuenzel@IBK-Gatersleben.de
Desynaptic genes: Gottfried Künzel, Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, DE-06466 Gatersleben, Germany. FAX: +49 39482 5137; E-mail: Kuenzel@IBK-Gatersleben.de
Autotetraploids: Wolfgang Friedt, Institute of Crop Science and Plant Breeding I, Justus-Liebig-University, Ludwigstrasse 23, DE-35390 Giessen, Germany. FAX: +49 641 9937429; E-mail: wolfgang.friedt@agrar.uni-giessen.de
Disease and pest resistance genes: Brian Steffenson, Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 5012, Fargo, ND 58105-5012, USA. FAX: +1 701 231 7851; E-mail: bsteffen@badlands.nodak.edu
Eceriferum genes: Udda Lundqvist, Svalöf Weibull AB, SE-268 81 Svalöv, Sweden. FAX:.+46 418 667109; E-mail: udda@ngb.se.
Chloroplast genes: Diter von Wettstein, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Genetics and Cell Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420, USA. FAX: +1 509 335 8674; E-mail: diter@wsu.edu
Genetic male sterile genes: Mario C. Therrien, Agriculture and Agrifood Canada, Brandon Research Centre, P.O. Box 1000A, R.R. #3, Brandon, MB, Canada R7A 5Y3, FAX: +1 204 728 3858; E-mail: mtherrien@em.agr.ca
Inversions: Bengt-Olle Bengtsson, Institute of Genetics, University of Lund, Sölvegatan 29, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden. FAX: +46 46 147874; E-mail: bengt-olle.bengtsson@gen.lu.se
Anthocyanin genes: Barbro Jende-Strid, Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-2500 Copenhagen-Valby, Denmark. FAX: +45 33 274764; E-mail: bjs@crc.dk
Ear morphology genes: Udda Lundqvist, Svalöf Weibull AB, SE-268 81
Svalöv, Sweden. FAX: +46 418 667109; E-mail: udda@ngb.se and
Arne Hagberg, Department of Plant Breeding Research, The Swedish University of
Agricultural Sciences, SE-268 31 Svalöv, Sweden. FAX: +46 418 667081;
E-mail: -
Semi-dwarf genes: Jerry D. Franckowiak, Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 5051, Fargo, ND 58105-5051, USA. FAX: +1 702 231 8474; E-mail: jfrancko@badlands.nodak.edu
Earliness genes: Udda Lundqvist, Svalöf Weibull AB, SE-268 81 Svalöv, Sweden. FAX: +46 418 667109; E-mail: udda@ngb.se
Chromosome duplications: Arne Hagberg, Department of Plant Breeding Research, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-268 31 Svalöv, Sweden. FAX: +46 418 667081; E-mail: -.
Monoclonal antibodies: Steven E. Ullrich, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420, USA. FAX: +1 509 335 8674; E-mail: ullrich@wsu.edu
Biochemical mutants - Including lysine, hordein and nitrate reductase: Andy Kleinhofs, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420, USA. FAX: +1 509 335 8674; E-mail: andyk@wsu.edu
Barley-wheat genetic stocks: A.K.M.R. Islam, Department of Plant Science, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, S.A. 5064, Australia. FAX: +61 8 8303 7109; E-mail: rislam@waite.adelaide.edu.au
Jens Jensen
Plant Biology and Biogeochemistry Department, PBK-301,
Risø National Laboratory
DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
In a subset of DH-progeny lines from the Steptoe x Morex cross a number of RAPD markers were mapped and found to cluster in the centromeric region of barley chromosome 5 (1H) (Dahleen et al. 1997).
By use of a phytochrome cDNA probe from oat, a locus named phy3 (phytochrome) was detected and found located on barley chromosome 5 (1H) in the DH-progeny lines of the Steptoe Morex cross (Biyashev et al. 1997).
A linkage map of chromosome 5 (1H) with molecular markers including AFLP markers and with QTL was shown by Powell et al. (1997), further details of linkage between the markers were not given.
A locus for scald-resistance (Rhynchosporium secalis) Rrs14 was found linked with 14.7+/-3.7 cM to isozyme locus Gpi1 on chromosome 5 (1H) (Garvin et al. 1997).
A high lysine mutant L76 that has shrunken endosperm and reduced synthesis of hordein was controlled by a dominant (or semidominant) gene Sex76 (Netsvetaev 1997). The Sex76 locus was linked with locus HrdA (synonym Hor1) with 13.59+/-1.39% recombination, and with locus HrdB (synonym Hor2) with 0.84+/-0.34% recombination. The recombination between HrdA and HrdB was 13.91+/-1.41%.
DNA sequences located in the distal parts of the two arms of barley chromosome 5 (1H), which have high recombination rates, were also located in a region 135 cM long on rice chromosome 5, and DNA sequences in the interstitial part of the long arm (-arm) of barley chromosome 5 (1H), which have suppressed recombination frequency, had corresponding DNA sequences in a 75 cM long region on rice chromosome 10 (Korzun and Künzel 1996).
Positions of some classical markers in relation to molecular markers in the Steptoe Morex DH-mapping population were given by Kleinhofs (1997).
A QTL for cereal aphid resistance was reported to be located on barley chromosome 5 (1H) (Moharramipour et al. 1997).
Yoshida et al. (1997) found that gramine content in the Steptoe Morex DH-mapping population was controlled by a single gene that they tentatively named grm. The gene was mapped to the centromeric region of barley chromosome 5 (1H). The gene was inherited independently of the QTL for aphid resistance in spite of that aphid resistance and gramine content were reported to be correlated.
On barley chromosome 5, QTL's were reported for salt tolerance at the germination stage in the Harrington TR306 DH-mapping population and at the seedling stage in the Steptoe Morex DH-mapping population (Mano and Takeda 1997).
A linkage map of barley chromosome 5 (1H) was estimated based on the procedure for estimating linkage maps by Jensen (1987). The linkage data used were those used in last year's report and in addition the linkage data above, and those reported by Netsvetaev (1997). And the linkage data of Aksenovich (1996), mentioned in BGN Vol 27 (Jensen 1997), by substituting symbol eak for rga the gene rga and gene eak being reported to be identical (recombination, eak trd of 9.2+/-0.2% and eak B of 17.9+/-02%). The resulting linkage map is shown in Figure 1. The map has 103 loci and is 149 cM long.
Fig. 1. The barley chromosome 5 linkage map calculated based on the linkage information reported in the former issues of BGN and the data given by Netsvetaev (1997) and Aksenovich (1996). The map positions are given in centimorgans (cM). The distances between neighbouring loci are to the left, and to the right are the loci names and positions.
References:
Aksenovich, A.V. 1996. Studying inheritance of variations in response of barley aleurone to gibberellic acid. Genetika 32:1243-1247.
Biyashev, R.M., A. Ragab, P.J. Maughan, M.A.S. Maroof. 1997. Molecular mapping, chromosomal assignment, and genetic diversity analysis of phytochrome loci in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Journal of Heredity 88:21-26.
Dahleen, L.S., D.L. Hoffman, J. Dohrmann, R. Gruber, J. Franckowiak. 1997. Use of a subset of doubled-haploid lines for RAPD interval mapping in barley. Genome 40:626-632.
Garvin, D.F., A.H.D. Brown, J.J. Burdon. 1997. Inheritance and chromosome locations of scald-resistance genes derived from Iranian and Turkish wild barleys. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 94:1086-1091.
Jensen, J. 1987. Linkage map of barley chromosome 4: In: Barley Genetics V. Okayama, Japan. pp.189-199.
Jensen, J. 1997. Coordinator's Report: Barley Chromosome 5 (1H). Barley Genetics Newsletter 27:90-93.
Kleinhofs, A. 1997. Integrating barley RFLP and classical marker maps. Barley Genetics Newsletter 27:105-112.
Korzun, L., G. Künzel. 1996. The physical relationship of barley chromosome 5 (1H) to the linkage groups of rice chromosomes 5 and 10. Molecular & General Genetics 253:225-231.
Mano, Y., K. Takeda. 1997. Mapping quantitative trait loci for salt tolerance at germination and the seedling stage in barley (Hordeum vulgare L). Euphytica 94:263-272.
Moharramipour, S., H. Tsumuki, K. Sato, H. Yoshida. 1997. Mapping resistance to cereal aphids in barley. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 94:592-596.
Netsvetaev, V.P. 1997. High lysine mutant of winter barley - L76. Barley Genetics Newsletter 27:51-54.
Powell, W., W.T.B. Thomas, E. Baird, P. Lawrence, A. Booth, B. Harrower, J.W. McNicol, R. Waugh. 1997. Analysis of quantitative traits in barley by the use of amplified fragment length polymorphisms. Heredity 79:48-59.
Yoshida, H., T. Iida, K. Sato, S. Moharramipour, H. Tsumuki. 1997. Mapping a gene for gramine synthesis in barley. Barley Genetics Newsletter 27:22-24.
J.D. Franckowiak
Department of Plant Sciences
North Dakota State University
Fargo, ND 58105, U.S.A.
To integrate classical and molecular marker maps, several morphological markers have been placed near RFLP markers using bulk segregate analysis (BSA) (Kudrna et al. 1996). Kleinhofs (1997) summarized the information from this and previous reports on placement of morphological markers in molecular marker maps. The estimated positions of most morphological markers do not conflict with their arrangement in classical maps (Franckowiak 1997a).
The frequently studied morphological markers are in the same relative positions in both the classical and RFLP maps of chromosome 2 (2H). The elongate outer glume (eog or e) and six-rowed spike 1 (vrs1 or v) loci were placed in the long arm of chromosome 2H of the RFLP map (Kleinhofs 1997). In both maps, the eog locus is positioned very close to the centromere with the vrs1 locus in a more distal position. The angustifolium (fol-a) and liguleless (lig or li) loci were placed in the middle of the long arm. The grandpa (gpa or gp) and white streak 7 (wst7, rb, or wst,,k) loci were located in subterminal positions of the long arm. The placement of the glossy sheath 6 (gsh6 or gs6) and early maturity 1 (Eam1 or Ppd-H1) loci in the short arm of chromosome 2H agreed with previous reports.
Previously unmapped morphological marker loci, yellow streak 4 (yst4) and chlorina seedling 14 (fch14 or f-sh), were placed in the short and long arms, respectively (Kleinhofs 1997, Kudrna et al. 1996). The nitrate reductase deficient 4 (nar4) gene and other members of this complex locus (nar6, Az86, and R11301) were positioned in the long arm of chromosome 2H. Another nitrate reductase deficient mutant Az94 was located in the short arm near the centromere.
A few locus positions reported by Kleinhofs (1997) are different than expected based on the classical maps. Kleinhofs (1997) using BSA placed the msg2 locus near the Eam1 locus in the middle of the short arm, while previous studies mapped the male sterile genetic 2 (msg2) locus in the long arm between the centromere and the eog locus (Jin et al. 1993). Positioning of the gpa and wst7 loci near the end of the long arm does not enough crossover distance to include the triple awned lemma (trp or tr) locus in its current position on the classical map. Previously, trisomic analyses placed the trp locus in chromosome 2HL, but it was not closely linked to another morphological marker (Franckowiak 1997b). Thus, its position in the classical map of chromosome 2H may be incorrect.
Similar differences in marker positions were noted in the classical and BSA maps for each of the other six barley chromosomes. These differences demonstrate that combining the classical and molecular maps of barley will not be easy.
Korzun and Künzel (1997) mapped the breakpoint positions of 33 translocations involving chromosome 2H using molecular markers from the 'Igri'/'Franka' RFLP linkage map. Most breakpoints mapped to the centromeric region of chromosome 2H.
Moharramipour et al. (1997) reported an association between the centromeric region of chromosome 2H and cereal aphid (mainly Rhopalosiphum maidis) numbers based on analysis of data from lines in the Steptoe/Morex doubled-haploid population. When the lines were grown at Kurashiki, Japan, lower aphid counts in May were associated with the presence of a chromosome 2H segment from Steptoe.
Thomsen et al. (1997) published further data on the location of a 'Vada' gene conferring dominant resistance to the barley leaf stripe pathogen [Pyrenophora (Drechslera) graminea]. Data from a doubled haploid population derived from a cross between 'Alf' (having the Vada resistance) and 'Vogelsanger Gold' placed the resistance gene to a region of chromosome 2HL flanked by the molecular markers MSU21 (0.2 cM) and Xris45b (4.0 cM). The authors recommended the symbol Rdg1 for this locus, which is about 20 cM distal from MlLa locus.
References:
Franckowiak, J.D. 1997a. Revised linkage maps for morphological markers in barley, Hordeum vulgare. BGN 26:9-21.
Franckowiak, J.D. 1997b. BGS 61, Triple awned lemma, trp. BGN 26:97.
Jin, Y., J.D. Franckowiak, and G.D. Statler. 1993. Linkage among some of the morphological markers in Wolfe's stocks. BGN 22:25-26.
Kleinhofs, A. 1997. Integrating barley RFLP and classical marker maps. BGN 27:105-112.
Korzun, L., and G. Künzel. 1997. Integration of 70 translocation breakpoints into the Igri/Franka-derived RFLP maps for 2H and 6H. BGN 27:75-78.
Kudrna, D., A. Kleinhofs, A. Kilian, and J. Soule. 1996. Integrating visual markers with the Steptoe x Morex RFLP map. p. 343. In A.E. Slinkard, G.J. Scoles, and B.G. Rossnagel (eds.) Proc. Fifth Int. Oat Conf. & Seventh Int. Barley Genet. Symp., Saskatoon. Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon.
Moharramipour, S., H. Yoshida., K. Sato, K. Takeda, T. Iida, and H. Tsumuki. 1997. Mapping cereal aphid resistance in Steptoe/Morex Doubled haploid population. BGN 27:48-50.
Thomsen, S.B., H.P. Jensen, J. Jensen, J.P. Skou, and J.H. Jørgensen. 1997. Localization of a resistance gene and identification of sources of resistance to barley leaf stripe. Plant Breed. 116:455-459.
T. Konishi
294 Okada, Mabi-cho, Kibi-gun
Okayama 710-1311, Japan
Comparative genetic mapping of barley and other genera of Gramineae may provide a basis for interpreting genetic information within the family. Saghai Maroof et al. (1996) constructed RFLP-based comparative maps of barley and rice genomes, finding several syntenous chromosomes and chromosome arms shared nearly identical gene content and gene order. For example, barley chromosome 3H possesses seven comparative loci of rice chromosome 1, and the linkage distance between ABC174 and CDO113 containing four loci on barley chromosome 3H is identified with that on rice chromosome 1 (46.3 and 48.3 cM, respectively). Furthermore, isozyme and morphological markers for esterase, malic enzyme, trypsin-inhibitor and semidwarf on barley chromosome 3H are positioned on rice chromosome 1. Bauer et al. (1996) also found that 15 cDNA markers of rice chromosome 1 were mapped on barley chromosome 3H in the similar order, although intervals between the same markers considerably differed between the both species. These results suggest that barley chromosome 3H is syntenic to at least parts of rice chromosome 1, as previously mentioned by Sherman et al. (1995).
Integration of translocation breakpoints of barley into the RFLP maps has been conducted. Künzel and Korzun (1996) demonstrated that 32 breakpoints were localized on the RFLP map of the Igri/Franka derived linkage group 3, and that more than half of these breakpoints (18/32) were clustered within the proximal parts of the chromosome showing severely suppressed recombinations. Meanwhile, no breakpoint was found within the distal part on the long arm of the linkage map 3 which contained many markers and spans more than 70 cM.
Integrating RFLP and classical marker maps of barley is also important. Kleinhofs (1997) summarized the published information about the location of some classical loci with respect to the Steptoe/Morex (SM) skeletal RFLP map, and reported preliminary results from mapping classical and RFLP markers using bulked segregant analysis. As to chromosome 3H, six classical markers were mapped on the RFLP map; al and msg5 on the short arm, and yst2, wst1, als and denso on the long arm. The denso dwarfing gene has been mapped 12 cM proximal to WG110 (Barua et al. 1993, Laurie et al. 1995) which is just proximal to Pub on the SM map, thus positioning this trait fairly accurately.
Franckowiak (1997) constructed revised linkage maps for morphological markers in barley. A total of 40 loci were mapped on chromosome 3H, ranging from Rph7 to Est1 in 199 cM of map distance. Meanwhile, 18 other markers are associated with chromosome 3H, but they still remain to be mapped.
For disease resistance, Graner and Takauz (1996) mapped the dominant resistance gene, Rh, to scald (Rynchosporium secalis) in the proximal portion of the long arm of chromosome 3H (3HL), close to the centromere. Graner et al. (1996) also reported that a single dominant gene, preliminarily designated Pt,,a, conferring resistance to net blotch (Pyrenophora teres) was tagged by a series of closely linked RFLP markers located in the proximal portion of chromosome 3HL. Both resistance loci are arranged in the linear order from the centromere - MWG582, Rh - ABG462 - BCD828 - Pt,,a - MWG2138 to the distal portion of chromosome 3HL. Baum et al. (1996) examined associations between traits and molecular markers by t-test probability, using 250 recombinant inbred lines. On chromosome 3H, significant associations between resistance to powdery mildew and MWG975 and between resistance to scald and the same molecular marker were detected.
Disease caused by soil-borne viruses, barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) and barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV), is one of the most serious problems in East Asian malting two-rowed barley and European winter barley. As Graner et al. (1995) designated ym7 to ym9 for the resistance to this disease, it may be announced that nine resistance genes have been detected so far. Out of them, three genes, ym4, ym5 and ym6, are closely linked to each other on chromosome 3HL. Konishi et al. (1997) demonstrated that a Chinese barley landrace Mokusekko 3 completely resistant to all strains of BaYMV and BaMMV carried two resistance genes, ym1 and ym5, on chromosomes 4H and 3HL, respectively. Le Gouis and Hariri (1996) found the similar genetic constitution in French barley varieties resistant to BaYMV and BaMMv that these varieties possessed two independent recessive genes, ym4 and an unknown gene. For marker assisted selection to the resistance, Konishi and Kaiser (1991) and Konishi et al. (1997) proposed that esterase isozyme marker was suitable, since ym5 is tightly linked with the esterase isozyme complex locus (Est1, Est2 and Est4) on chromosome 3HL. Meanwhile, Schiemann et al. (1997) showed an improved RAPD primer, OP-Z04A (5'-AGGCTGTGCTA-3'), was very useful to the marker assisted selection of BaMMV resistant plants carrying ym4.
Seven genes encoding 1,3-b-glucanase are mapped on chromosome 3HL. Li et al. (1996) declared that six of the genes encoding isoenzymes GI to GV and GVII are clustered over a region of less than 20 cM, while the exceptional GVI lies approximately 50 cM outside the cluster towards the centromere.
References:
Barua, U.M., K.J. Chalmers, W.T.B. Thomas, C.A. Hackett, V. Lea, P. Jack, B.P. Forster, R. Waugh, and W. Powell. 1993. Molecular mapping of genes determining height, time to heading, and growth habit in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Genome 36:1080-1087.
Bauer, E., T. Lahaye, P. Schulze-Lefert, T. Sasaki, and A. Graner. 1996. High resolution mapping and rice synteny around the ym4 virus resistance locus on chromosome 3L. In: A.E. Slinkard, G.J. Scoles, and B.G. Rossnagel (eds.) Proc. 5th Int. Oat Conf. & 7th Int. Barley Genet. Symp., Poster sessions 1:317-319.
Baum, M., H. Sayed, J.L. Arous, S. Grando, S. Ceccarelli, G. Backes, W. Mohler, A. Jahoor, and G. Fischbeck. 1996. QTL analysis of agronomic important characters for dryland conditions in barley by using molecular markers. In: A.E. Slinkard. G.J. Scoles, and B.G. Rossnagel (eds.) Proc. 5th Int. Oat Conf. & 7th Int. Barley Genet. Symp., Poster Sessions 1:241-243.
Franckowiak, J.D. 1997. Revised linkage maps for morphological markers in barley, Hordeum vulgare. BGN 26:9-21.
Graner, A., E. Bauer, A. Kellermann, G. Proeseler, G. Wenzel, and F. Ordon. 1995. RFLP analysis of resistance to the barley yellow mosaic virus complex. Agronomie 15:475-479.
Graner, A., B. Foroughi-Wehr, and A. Tekauz. 1996. RFLP mapping of a gene in barley conferring resistance to net blotch (Pyrenophora teres). Euphytica 91:229-234.
Graner, A. and A. Tekauz. 1996. RFLP mapping in barley of a dominant gene conferring resistance to scald (Rhynchosporium secalis). Theor. Appl. Genet. 93:421-425.
Kleinhofs, A. 1997. Integrating barley RFLP and classical marker maps. BGN 27:105-112.
Konishi, T. and R. Kaiser. 1991. Genetic difference in barley yellow mosaic virus resistance between Mokusekko 3 and Misato Golden. Japan. J. Breed. 41:499-505.
Konishi, T., T. Ban, Y. Iida, and R. Yoshimi. 1997. Genetic analysis of disease resistance to all strains of BaYMV in a Chinese barley landrace, Mokusekko 3. Theor. Appl. Genet. 94: 871-877.
Künzel, G. and L. Korzun. 1996. Physical mapping of cereal chromosomes, with special emphasis on barley. In: A.E. Slinkard, G.J. Scoles, and B.G. Rossnagel (eds.) Proc. 5th Int. Oat Conf. & 7th Int. Barley Genet. Symp., Invited Paper:197-206.
Laurie, D.A., N. Pratchett, J.H. Bezant, and J.W. Snape. 1995. RFLP mapping of five major genes and eight quantitative trait loci controlling flowering time in a winter x spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cross. Genome 38:575-585.
Le Gouis, J. and D. Hariri. 1996. Characterization of the resistance of old winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) French cultivars to barley mosaic viruses. In: A.E. Slinkard, G.J. Scoles, and B.G. Rossnagel (eds.) Proc. 5th Oat Conf. & 7th Int. Barley Genet. Symp., Poster Sessionns 1:746-748.
Li, C.D., P. Langridge, R.C.M. Lance, P. Xu, and G.B. Fincher. 1996. Seven members of the (1,3)-b-glucanase gene family in barley (Hordeum vulgare) are clustered on the long arm of chromosome 3 (3HL). Theor. Appl. Genet. 92:791-796.
Saghai Maroof, M.A., G.P. Yang, R.M. Biyashev, P. J. Maughan, and Q. Zhang. 1996. Analysis of the barley and rice genomes by comparitive RFLP linkage mapping. Theor. Appl. Genet. 92:541-551.
Schlemann, A., A. Graner, W. Friedt, and F. Ordon. 1997. Specificity enhancement of a RAPD marker linked to the BaMMV/BaYMV resistance gene ym4 by randomly added bases. BGN 27:63-65.
Sherman, J.D., A.L. Fenwick, D.M. Namuth, and N.L.V. Lapitan. 1995. A barley RFLP map: alignment of three barley maps and comparisons to Gramineae species. Theor. Appl. Genet. 91:681-690.
B.P. Forster
Cell and Molecular Genetics Department
Scottish Crop Research Institute
Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
Genetic mapping of crop plants and barley in particular is in a state of rapid change and advancement. For this reason it is currently meaningless to produce a map of chromosome 4 (4H). In recent years there has been intense activity in the mapping of molecular markers and their associations with phenotypic traits. Several mapping populations from around the world are being used. The greatest activity in our laboratories, and those of others, is currently the genetic mapping of simple sequence repeat loci, over 200 SSRs are now placed on barley genetic maps. These data are currently being written up for publication in formal journals and consequently not available for this report, one restricting factor here being whether or nor markers associated with important traits are published or patented. Comparative and consensus maps are being created for the cultivated barley genome. Synteny between species has been a popular theme in recent years, but synteny within a species is also becoming an interesting topic for research. To this end we plan to produce doubled haploid mapping populations between wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch) genotypes and compare the maps generated with those of the cultivated species using a core set of evenly spaced SSR loci. It is anticipated that this exercise will show up contrasts between the cultivated and wild species genomes, not least for chromosome 4 which is known to have genes involved in adaptation. I hope to reproduce an SSR map of chromosome 4 in my next year's report.
George Fedak
Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Research Centre
Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada
Ottawa, Ontario
Canada, K1A 0C6
The barley genome was found to contain a small gene family consisting of four copies of an endosperm elongation factor 1" (eF - 1"). Single copies of the gene are located on each of chromosomes 2 (2H), 4 (4H), 6 (6H) and 7 (5H) (Nielsen et al., 1997). Elongation factor 1" (eF - 1") is a GTP binding protein that binds aminoacyl -tRNA and subsequently binds to the ribosome in the process of protein synthesis. There is a strong correlation between the amount of 1" in the endosperm (particularly in maize and sorghum) and the total lysine content. For barley the relationship is only moderate but offers a potential marker for lysine content of the endosperm.
A QTL for B glucanase activity was identified on barley chromosome 5H some time ago (Han et al., 1995). Since then Rouves et al., (1996) worked to increase the density of markers on chromosome 5H with the objective of tagging additional malting quality QTLs. They used 124 doubled haploid lines from the Steptoe x Morex population and 32 RFLP markers already mapped on homoeologous group 5 of wheat by Nelson et al. (1995). They were able to add 8 additional markers to the linkage map of chromosome 5H of barley. One probe, MTA9 of wheat mapped to a more distal position on chromosome 5HS that any previously mapped barley probe. The eight additional markers were essentially colinear with those on chromosome 5 of the wheat map. The " glucanase QTL discovered in this study coincided with the interval previously described by Han et al. (1995).
RphQ, an incompletely dominant gene for leaf rust resistance was mapped to the centromere region of barley chromosome 7 (5H) ( Borovkova et al., 1997) using several marker systems. Of 600 RAPD primers evaluated, nine were linked to the locus but only four within 10 cM. The RFLP marker CDO 749 was located 3.5 cM from the locus Rrn2, a clone from the ribosomal RNA intergenic spaces was found to be very closely linked to that locus while 1TS1, an STS marker derived from Rrn2 was linked to the locus by 1.6 cM.
The leaf rust resistance gene Rph9 in barley line Hor 2596 and Rph12 in the cultivar Triumph were found to be allelic and located at a locus on the long arm of chromosome 5H (7) of barley (Borovkova et al., 1997). In Hor 2596 the STS markers ABC155 and ABG3 were linked to the locus at distances of 20.6 and 15.0 cM respectively. Rph12 was linked with ABC155 and va (variegated) at distances of 24.4 cM and 22.6 cM respectively. Rph9 may also be closely linked to Est 9.
Partial leaf rust resistance in barley is associated with a longer latent period and is assumed to be polygenically inherited. The four QTLs for partial leaf rust resistance in Vada barley (Qi et al., 1997) explained 50% of the observed variation. One QTL on chromosome 5H affected the latent period at the adult plant stage in both field and greenhouse experiments. An additional QTL on chromosome 6H affected resistance in the seedling plus adult plant stages while two (on chromosomes 7H and 2H) affected resistance at the seedling stage only.
References:
Borovkova I.G, Y. Jin, B.J. Steffenson, A. Kilian, T.K. Blake and A. Kleinhofs. 1997a. Identification and mapping of a leaf rust resistance gene in barley line Q21861. Genome 40:236-241.
Borovkova, I.G., Y. Jin, B.J. Steffenson. 1997b. Mapping of the leaf rust resistance genes Rph9 and Rph12 in barley. Poster 152 in Plant and Animal Genome V, Mapping and Tagging: Wheat, Barley, Rye, Oat. pp90. San Diego, C.A.
Han, F., S.E. Ullrich, B.L. Jones, A. Sanafi, S. Chirat, S. Menteur, L. Jestin, P.M. Hayes, T.K. Blake, D.M. Wesenberg, A. Kleinhofs and A. Kilian. 1995. Mapping of " glucanase activity loci in barley grain and malt. Theor. Appl. Genet. 91: 921-927.
Nielsen, P.S., A. Kleinhofs and Odd-Anne Olsen. 1997. Barley elongation factor 1": genomic organization, DNA sequence and phylogenetic implications. Genome 40: 559-565.
Nelson, J.C., M.E. Sorrells, A.E. Van Deynze, Y.H. Lu, M. Atkinson, M. Bernard, P. Leroy, J.D. Faris and J.A. Anderson. 1995. Molecular mapping of wheat: major genes and rearrangements in homoeologous groups 4, 5 and 7. Genetics 141: 721-731.
Qi, Xiaoquan, R. Nicks, P. Stam and P. Lindhout. 1997. QTLs for partial resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia hordei) in barley are plant age dependant. Poster 177 in Plant and Animal Genome V. Mapping and Tagging Wheat, Barley, Rye and Oat. pp96. San Diego, C.A.
Rouves, S., S. Boeuf, S. Zwichert-Menteur, M.F. Gauthier, P. Joudrier, M. Bernard and L. Jestin. 1996. Locating supplementary RFLP markers on barley chromosome 7 and synteny with homoeologous wheat group 5. Plant Breeding 115:511-513.
Lynn Dahleen
USDA-Agricultural Research Service,
Fargo, ND 58105, USA
Gene mapping efforts progressed rapidly, and much information is now available via Graingenes on the Internet. Lists and maps of morphological markers, along with images have been provided by Dr. J. Franckowiak and Dr. U. Lundqvist. Combined marker maps and comprehensive marker lists have been provided by Dr. A. Kleinhofs.
Mapping of disease resistance genes continued and several were located on chromosome 7H. Edwards and Steffenson (1996) located a gene for barley stripe mosaic virus resistance segregating in the Steptoe/Morex doubled haploid (DH) population. This gene cosegregated with the RFLP marker ABC455, near the 7H centromere. Garvin et al. (1997) used isozyme markers to determine the inheritance and chromosomal locations of scald resistance genes in H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum accessions. One gene was linked to Est5 on chromosome 7H (25.5+/-4.7 cM). The recessive gene in this line provided moderate resistance to Rhynchosporium secalis. The relationship between this gene and the known scald resistance genes on 7H has yet to be tested. QTL analysis was used by Morharramipour et al. (1997) to map a highly significant locus for cereal aphid resistance in the Harrington/TR306 DH population. The marker interval dRpg1/iPgd1A on the end of the short arm of chromosome 7H accounted for up to 31% of the phenotypic variation in aphid resistance. TR306 contributed the favorable allele.
Other QTL mapping targeted regions affecting quality and yield. Han et al. (1997) developed a high resolution map of Brz to Amy2 region on chromosome 7H, adding 18 markers to the initial 14 on the Kleinhofs et al. (1993) map of this region. They then used eight recombinant isogenic lines to identify two QTL for malt extract, two for alpha-amylase, and two or three for diastatic power (DP). The genotype x environment interaction was significant for DP. Some of the QTLs for different traits were located in the same fragment. Because of the relationship between these malting quality traits, the authors speculate pleiotropy and/or multigene families may be responsible. Further dissection of this region is underway. Bezant et al. (1997a,b) conducted QTL mapping for yield and quality traits in a DH population derived from Blenheim x Kym. They identified one QTL for plot yield, one for plant grain weight, two for thousand kernel weight, one for ear grain weight, and two QTL for predicted grain nitrogen content on chromosome 7H.
Jui et al. (1997) looked at the effects of 6 marker loci (4 morphological, 2 isozyme) on six agronomic traits in DH lines from a Leger/CI9831 2-rowed x 6-rowed cross. One marker on chromosome 7H, Est5, was tested. The allelic composition at this locus had significant effects on grain yield, test weight, seed weight, and possibly plant height.
AFLP markers were used by Powell et al. (1997) to add 398 markers to the Blenheim x E22/3 linkage map. On chromosome 7H, 43 AFLP markers were added to the 19 previous markers, covering 176.9 cM. The AFLPs connected three chromosome segments into one linkage group. QTLs for height, yield, specific weight, sievings >2.5 mm, water sensitivity, milling energy and DP were located on chromosome 7H. Waugh et al. (1997) mapped Bare-1-like retrotransposable elements using sequence-specific amplified polymorphisms (S-SAP) in the Blenheim x E22/3 DH population. This technique combines AFLPs with sequence specific PCR. Polymorphism levels were higher with these markers than with standard AFLPs. Fifteen markers were added to chromosome 7H, with a distribution similar to other markers.
Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers research continued, as Russell et al. (1997) developed seven additional SSRs, one on chromosome 7H. They then tested six of these plus five database-derived SSRs for polymorphism on 24 barley cultivars. The new chromosome 7H SSR, BMS64, detected three alleles, while primers for HVCMA amplified two and HVWAXY amplified six alleles. Only HVWAXY detected differences between the 12 spring barleys while all three SSRs detected differences among the 12 winter barleys. The authors then used eleven SSRs to examine the parentage of Maythorpe. Polymorphisms detected at HVWAXY and BLYRCAB (4H) demonstrated that Irish Goldthorpe rather than Goldthorpe was a parent of Maythorpe.
Dubcovsky et al. (1996) conducted a syntenic comparison of the genetic maps of Triticum monococcum and barley. Comparison of chromosome 7Am and 7H markers showed that 12 of 16 were colinear. The authors state further evidence is needed to support the paracentric inversion indicated by the other four markers. Herrmann et al. (1996) summarizes synteny analysis conducted in their lab on group 7 chromosomes. A figure shown in the paper compares the high density 7D physical map based on 54 deletion lines with the RFLP marker position on 7H, showing the high synteny between these chromosomes.
Wheat-barley addition lines were used by Murai et al. (1997) to test the effects of barley chromosomes on wheat heading time. The Chinese Spring (CS) - Betzes 7H addition line had a significantly longer vernalization requirement than CS, indicating that this chromosome suppresses the spring growth habit. The genetic basis of this suppression is unknown, although QTLs affecting heading date have been located on 7H. Hang and Satterfield (1997) isolated a barley plant deficient in chromosome 7H from microspore culture of Moravian III. The deficient chromosome was missing most of the long arm (67%), produced an open bivalent at meiosis, and was not transmitted to progeny. The deficiency delayed heading and reduced plant vigor.
These reports give us numerous additional markers for chromosome 7H, and help define the locations of genes affecting both qualitative and quantitative traits. This research brings us closer to gene isolation and manipulation to further improve important traits in barley.
References:
Bezant, J., D. Laurie, N. Pratchett, J. Chojecki and M. Kearsey. 1997a. Mapping QTL controlling yield and yield components in a spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cross using marker regression. Mol. Breeding 3:29-38.
Bezant, J.H., D.H. Laurie, N. Pratchett, J. Chojecki and M.J. Kearsey. 1997b. Mapping of QTL controlling NIR predicted hot water extract and grain nitrogen content in a spring barley cross using marker-regression. Plant Breeding 116:141-145.
Dubcovsky, J., M.-C. Luo, G.-Y. Zhong, R. Bransteitter, A. Desai, A. Kilian, A. Kleinhofs and J. Dvorak. 1996. Genetic map of diploid wheat, Triticum monococcum L., and its comparison with maps of Hordeum vulgare L. Genetics 143:983-999.
Edwards, M.C. and B.J. Steffenson. 1996. Genetics and mapping of barley stripe mosaic virus resistance in barley. Phytopath. 86:184-187.
Garvin, D.F., A.H.D. Brown and J.J. Burdon. 1997. Inheritance and chromosome locations of scald-resistance genes derived from Iranian and Turkish wild barleys. Theor. Appl. Genet. 94:1086-1091.
Han, F., S.E. Ullrich, A. Kleinhofs, B.L. Jones, P.M. Hayes and D.M. Wesenberg. 1997. Fine structure mapping of the barley chromosome-1 centromere region containing malting-quality QTLs. Theor. Appl. Genet. 95:903-910.
Hang, A. and K. Satterfield. 1997. In-vitro culture induced deficiency in barley. Cer. Res. Comm. 25:21-26.
Herrmann, R.G., W. Busch, U. Hohmann, G. Wanner and R. Martin. 1996. Molecular and cytogenetic mapping of plant genomes. Phyton 36:131-128.
Jui, P.Y., T.M. Choo, K.M. Ho, T. Konishi and R.A. Martin. 1997. Genetic analysis of a two-row x 6-row cross of barley using doubled-haploid lines. Theor. Appl. Genet. 94:549-556.
A. Kleinhofs, A. Kilian, M.A. Saghai Maroof, R.M. Biyashev, P. Hayes, N. Lapitan, A. Fenwick, T.K. Blake, V. Kanazin, E. Ananiev, L. Dahleen, D. Kudrna, J. Bollinger, S.J. Knapp, B.Liu, M. Sorrels, M. Heun, J.D. Franckowiak, D. Hoffman, R. Skadsen, and B.J. Steffenson. 1993. A molecular, isozyme and morphological map of the barley (Hordeum vulgare) genome. Theor. Appl. Genet. 86:705-712.
Morharramipour, S., H. Tsumuki, K. Sato and H. Yoshida. 1997. Mapping resistance to cereal aphids in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 94:592-596.
Murai, K., T. Koba and T. Shimada. 1997. Effects of barley chromosome on heading characters in wheat-barley chromosome addition lines. Euphytica 96;281-287.
Powell, W., W.T.B. Thomas, E. Baird, P. Lawrence, A. Booth, B. Harrower, J.W. McNicol and R. Waugh. 1997. Analysis of quantitative traits in barley by the use of amplified fragment length polymorphisms. Heredity 79:48-59.
Russell, J., J. Fuller, G. Young, B. Thomas, G. Taramino, M. Macaulay, R. Waugh and W. Powell. 1997. Discriminating between barley genotypes using microsatellite markers. Genome 40:442-450.
Waugh, R., K. McLean, A.J. Flavell, S.R. Pearce, A. Kumar, B.B.T. Thomas and W. Powell. 1997. Genetic distribution of Bare-1-like retrotansposable elements in the barley genome revealed by sequence-specific amplification polymorphisms (S-SAP). Mol. Gen. Genet. 253:687-694.
A. Kleinhofs, D. Kudrna and D. Matthews
Dept. Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University,
Pullman, WA 99164-6420, USA
Dept. Plant Breeding and Biometry, Cornell University,
Ithaca, NY 14853-1902, USA
Mapping of the barley genome is progressing at a rapid pace. However, integrating the different maps produced world-wide is proving to be a challenging task. During the past year, we have experimented with a new approach to dealing with this problem.
We divided the barley genome in approximately 10 cM intervals and designated these intervals as BINs. This exercise yielded a barley genome BIN map (Fig.1) The choice of the BIN markers was based on their location in the Steptoe x Morex map rather than the quality of the marker, thus some of them may not be the best markers. Nevertheless, this map allowed us to position most of the markers mapped by the NABGMP in specific BINs regardless of which cross was used for mapping.
The information on the loci mapped by the NABGMP was compiled in an EXCEL spreadsheet. The Xlloci spreadsheet has the following columns:
A - Used to identify BIN markers.
B - Lists loci mapped in the NABGMP maps SM (Steptoe x Morex), HT (Harrington x TR306), HM (Harrington x Morex), SQ (Steptoe x Q21861), GobC (Goberdanora x CMB643). Loci from other crosses will be added as soon as we can assimilate the data from the individuals doing the mapping.
C - Other identifications that have been used for this locus.
D - Plasmid used to map locus.
E - Function (if known).
F - Chromosome (barley) nomenclature.
G - BIN. Chromosome number, with the Triticeae nomenclature in ( ), followed by the BIN number as shown in Fig.1.
H - Location. Indicates the cross used to map the locus and where it can be found on an actual map. Some loci are mapped well enough to assign to a specific BIN, but not well enough to be on a high density map. These loci are indicated by "not on map".
I - Mapped by, indicates the lab that provided the mapping data. The lab PI is indicated first, followed by the person who actually did the work (if known).
J - Copy number, indicates the estimated number of loci detected by the probe used for mapping. If the mapping information is inadequate, we have estimated the copy number based on the number of bands detected by hybridization.
K - Species from which the probe was cloned.
L - Probe type is cDNA or gDNA for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), sequence tagged sites (STS) for two primer amplicons, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) for single primer amplicons, SSR for simple sequence repeats (microsatellites), AFLP for amplified fragment length polymorphism, morphological, and isozyme.
M - Probe rating. E - for excellent, single copy or multiple bands, but single locus probes; G - good hybridization, low copy number; F - fair hybridization, many copies; P - poor; P probes should be avoided and F used with caution.
N - Vector that the probe was cloned in.
O - Restriction enzymes used to excise the probe from the vector.
P - Insert size determined on the excised probe fragment.
Q - Indicates if the probe has been sequenced.
R - How much of the probe is sequenced.
S - Accession number of the sequence (if available).
T - Sequence notes.
U - Restriction enzyme used to digest the genomic DNA for mapping of that locus.
V - Polymorphism data.
W - Notes on polymorphism.
X - Source of the probe.
Y - Reference.
Z - Notes.
The BIN and EXCEL spreadsheet format will be used to integrate other NABGMP molecular markers and morphological/physiological markers in an overall barley genome map.
We have found the BIN system and the EXCEL spreadsheet to be very useful in our work. It is hoped that it will also facilitate the work of all barley scientists. A copy of the spreadsheet can be found in GRAINGENES Gopher. You are welcome to download this copy. Alternatively you may contact me (AK) by e-mail (andyk@wsu.edu) and I will send you a copy by e-mail. You will need the EXCEL software to use the spreadsheet.
A. Hang
USDA-ARS, National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility,
Aberdeen, Idaho 83210, USA.
Barley Genetics Stock Collection Entry Procedure
The National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility (NSGGRF) is a center for the acquisition, maintenance, evaluation, enhancement, and distribution of small grains germplasm. As part of the facility mission, we are able to efficiently serve people all over the world interested in obtaining and/or preserving germplasm of various small grains.
The Barley Genetics Stock Collection accessions maintained at this facility will be assigned a GSHO (Genetic Stock Hordeum) number as a unique identifier for each stock. In the past, the Barley Genetics Stock Collection accessions were assigned either BGS, B, or T numbers. These three systems were previously used to assign identifiers to a single stock or mutant. Employment of three systems caused some confusion. In an effort to make the system more efficient and less confusing, we created the GSHO system. Each genetic stock will be assigned a GSHO number as its primary (accession) identifier. All previous BGS, B, and T numbers now have a GSHO number as their primary identifier. The GSHO numbers now supercede all other designations.
To have a new genetic stock or mutant included in the barley genetics stock collection and to obtain a GSHO number for it, barley workers should send 10 grams of seed of the new mutant with a brief description or related publication about the stock including information such as mutation event, variety, plant identification number, gene symbol, and chromosome location to:
Dr. An Hang
USDAA-ARS National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility
P.O. Box 307
Aberdeen, ID 83210
USA
Seeds from outside the United States should be accompanied by a Phytosanitary Certificate. The seeds will be increased in the greenhouse or in the field and stored in a cold room at NSGGRF, Aberdeen, Idaho for future distribution. A backup sample of approximately 5 grams of seed will be sent to the USDA-ARS National Seed Storage Laboratory in Ft. Collins, Colorado for long term storage.
Information about the Barley Genetics Stock collection is available through the Internet at www.ars.usda.gov/PacWest/Aberdeen (Aberdeen homepage) or www.ars-grin.gov:70/00/npgs/descriptors/barley-genetics (GRIN).
Three hundred eighty eight barley genetic stocks received from Dr. J. Franckowiak, North Dakota State University, were grown in the greenhouse for seed increase. Most of these stocks were described in the Barley Genetics Newsletter Vol. 26.
Gottfried Künzel
Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research,
DE-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
Physical mapping of the barley genome by means of translocation breakpoints as chromosomal landmarks has been extended to chromosome 4H. For that purpose, 31 breakpoints of chromosome 4H were inserted into the sequence of RFLP markers of the corresponding Igri/Franka-derived linkage group (see Korzun and Künzel, this volume of BGN). In this way, a total of 210 breakpoints have been so far exactly inserted into six linkage groups: 1H (38), 2H (33), 3H (32), 4H (31), 5H (39) and 6H (37). Images of physically integrated genetic maps showing the positions of breakpoints relative to the RFLP loci for chromosomes 1H, 2H, 3H, 5H and 6H are available on the Triticeae Database GrainGenes: 'http://probe.nalusda.gov:8300/cgi-bin/browse/graingenes' under ,,Map_Data", ,,Barley, physical".
There is no new information on balanced tertiary trisomics since the latest report in BGN 23: 157-163.
For seed requests please ask the coordinator.
References:
Korzun, Larissa and G. Künzel. 1997. Integration of 31 translocation breakpoints of chromosome 4H into the corresponding Igri/Franka-derived RFLP map. BGN 28.
A.Hang
USDA-ARS, National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility,
Aberdeen, Idaho 83210, USA.
Barley trisomic and aneuploid stocks were listed in Barley Genetics Newsletter Vol. 25: 104. Cytological study of a barley with 2n=13+2 acrocentric chromosomes was reported (Hang et al. 1997).
Reference:
Hang, A., K. Satterfield, and C. S. Burton. 1997. Cytological study of a barley with 2n=13+2 acrocentric chromosomes. Agron. Abstr. 72.
Wolfgang Friedt
Institute of Crop Science and Plant Breeding I
Justus-Liebig-University
Ludwigstrasse 23, DE-35390 Giessen, Germany
E-mail: wolfgang.friedt@agrar.uni-giessen.de
Fax: +49 641 99 37429
No additional or new information is available on barley autotetraploids described in former issues of BGN, in particular BGN 22:103-109; BGN 23:164-172.
However, novel androgenetic autotetraploids have been spontaneously derived from anther culture of a number of winter barley hybrids, e.g., Corona x Igri, Corona x Danilo, Diana x Asahi-5, Diana x Kanto Nijo-19, Diana x Mokusekko-3, Diana x Nittakei-1, Franka x Corona, Franka x Danilo, Franka x Igri, Igri x Diana, Igri x Ogra, Largo x Esther, Mammut x Esther, Sonja x Diana, Sonate x Marilyn, and many others. Anther culture experiments have been run by Dr. Bärbel-Foroughi-Wehr, Institute of Resistance Genetics, Grünbach/Bavaria, Germany. Limited seed samples of these stocks are available for distribution.
Brian J. Steffenson
Department of Plant Pathology
North Dakota State University
Fargo, ND 58105, USA
A landmark in barley genetic research was achieved in 1997 with the cloning of the powdery mildew resistance gene mlo by Schulze-Lefert's group at the John Innes Centre (Büschges et al. 1997). Recessive alleles at the Mlo locus (chromosome 4 [4H]) are effective against a wide spectrum of pathotypes of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei and have provided durable resistance in cultivars under wide cultivation in Europe. Isolation of the gene was facilitated by high resolution mapping about the Mlo locus using AFLP and RFLP markers, a large insert yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) library (approximately 4 genome equivalents), and the availability of key mlo mutants. The deduced putative protein comprises 533 amino acids with a molecular mass of 60.4 kDa and is predicted to be anchored by at least six membrane spanning helices. The Mlo protein may have a dual negative function in leaf cell death and in the activation of a cascade of defense related responses.
Konishi et al. (1997) studied the genetics of resistance in Mokusekko 3, a barley landrace from China that is resistant to all known strains of Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus (BaYMV) and Barley Mild Mosaic Virus (BaMMV) in Japan and Europe. Two recessive genes for resistance to BaYMV (Rym genes) were identified in Mokusekko 3: rym1 (formerly designated Ym) on chromosome 4 (4H) and rym5 (a newly designated resistance locus) on chromosome 3 (3H). The rym1 locus is linked with the chromosome 4 (4H) morphological marker loci of Kap (K) (hooded lemma) and glf3 (gl3) (glossy leaf 3) with recombination values of 25.3% and 9.7%, respectively. Locus rym5 was linked with alleles at the Est 1 complex locus and also the cur2 (cu2) (curly 2) locus with recombination values of 1.9% and 19.5%, respectively.
Kretschmer et al. (1997) corroborated with RFLP markers the chromosome 2 (2H) location of the cereal cyst nematode (CCN) resistance gene Rha2 (Ha2) in two doubled haploid populations. Rha2 was positioned 4.0 cM distally from AWBMA21 in the Clipper/Sahara population and was flanked by PSR901 (4.4 cM) and AWBMA21 (6.1 cM) in the Chebec/Harrington population.
Moharramipour et al. (1997) assessed the density of cereal aphid populations (primarily Rhopalosiphum maidis and R. padi) on doubled haploid lines from the Harrington/TR306 population in the field over two seasons. A QTL conferring a lower aphid density (i.e. resistance) on progeny was identified on chromosome 1 (7H) and accounted for 31% and 22% of the total variance for the trait in 1994 and 1995, respectively. Based on the simplified Composite Interval Mapping (sCIM) procedure, the best-estimate position for the QTL is in the marker interval Rpg1/Pgd1A.
Borovkova et al. (1997) mapped a leaf rust resistance gene (temporarily designated RphQ) in barley line Q21861 (PI 584766) to the centromeric region of chromosome 7 (1H). RphQ is flanked distally by the RFLP marker CDO749 (3.5 cM) and proximally by the sequence tagged site (STS) marker ITS1 (1.6 cM). Allelism tests were made between Q21861 and the donors of the leaf rust resistance genes Rph1 to Rph14 (except Rph8). The results indicate that RphQ is either allelic or closely linked to the Rph2 locus. An unknown leaf rust resistance gene in line TR306 was mapped to the same region of chromosome 7 (1H) and is flanked by the RFLP markers ABG497 (3.3 cM) and MWG635A (0.7 cM) (B. Steffenson, unpublished as cited in Borovkova et al. 1997). Based on an allelism test (718 progeny), TR306 may possess an allele at the same locus as Q21861. Further research is needed to resolve the complex series of alleles at the Rph2 locus (Steffenson and Jin 1996).
The Hm1 gene in maize codes for an HC-toxin reductase (HCTR), which inactivates the HC-toxin produced by the fungus Cochliobolus carbonum. HCTR activity has been reported in barley and other small grain cereals. A barley Hm1-like gene was cloned from a cDNA library of cultivar Morex. Using the putative full length cDNA clone Bhm1-18 as a probe, two loci were mapped in the Steptoe/Morex and Harrington/TR306 populations (Han et al. 1997). One locus mapped to the short arm of chromosome 1 (7H) in the Steptoe/Morex population and the other mapped to the long arm of chromosome 1 (7H) in the Harrington/TR306 population. Further genetic research is needed to elucidate whether the loci identified by Bhm1-18 are associated with disease resistance in barley.
Thomsen et al. (1997) conducted a study to define more precisely the location of a gene conferring resistance to the barley leaf stripe pathogen (Pyrenophora graminea). This resistance gene was originally derived from the cultivar Vada. Based on a doubled haploid population derived from a cross between Alf (with the Vada resistance) and Vogelsanger Gold, the gene was mapped to the long arm of chromosome 2 (2H) flanked by the molecular markers MSU21 (0.2+/-6.5 cM) and Xris45b (4.0+/-6.9 cM). This gene was designated Rdg1 (allele symbol Rdg1.a). The abbreviation for the perfect stage of this fungus could not be used as the gene symbol (i.e. Rpg), because it has already been used for genes conferring resistance to Puccinia graminis. Thomsen et al. (1997) suggested that the three symbols (hg, hg2, and hg3) for the barley leaf stripe resistance genes previously assigned by Smith (1951) be rejected. They contend that none of the original investigators (Arny 1945; Isenbeck 1930; Suneson and Santoni 1943) focused on the actual identification of the genes.
In 1987, Pickering et al. (1987) identified a powdery mildew resistant line (code 81882/83) from a Hordeum vulgare x H. bulbosum tetraploid hybrid. The presence of the introgressed H. bulbosum segment carrying mildew resistance was unequivocally confirmed with molecular markers in a later study (Pickering et al. 1995) and was positioned on chromosome 2 (2H). A symbol of Mlhb was proposed for this resistance gene (Pickering et al. 1995). Xu and Kasha (1992) also reported the transfer of a powdery mildew resistance gene from H. bulbosum into H. vulgare. The chromosomal location of this gene was not determined, and no symbol has been assigned to it. The research conducted by Pickering et al. (1995) and Xu and Kasha (1992) was first summarized in volume 25 of the Barley Genetics Newsletter (25:106-107). In volume 27 of the Barley Genetics Newsletter (27:115-118), the Mlhb gene symbol was incorrectly attributed to Xu and Kasha (1992). Pickering et al. (1995) found Mlhb to be non-allelic with the mildew resistance gene reported by Xu and Kasha (1992). It is proposed that the genes reported by Pickering et al. (1995) and Xu and Kasha (1992) be designated Mlhb1.a and Mlhb2.b, respectively.
Pickering et al. (1997) found that the H. vulgare x H. bulbosum recombinant 81882 carries resistance to leaf rust in addition to powdery mildew. This resistance was conferred by a single dominant gene, which cosegregated with the powdery mildew resistance gene (Mlhb1.a) located on chromosome 2 (2H). A temporary locus designation of Rph.Hb is recommended for this gene.
Assigning new locus and allele symbols for disease and pest resistance genes.
To assign a new locus and allele symbol for disease and pest resistance genes in barley, it is incumbent upon the investigator(s) to provide evidence that 1) the resistance is conferred by a single gene, 2) the gene confers a unique infection response or reaction pattern compared to other 'known' genes, and 3) allelism tests with potential alleles are negative and/or the gene maps to a unique location. These criteria are based on those recommended by Franckowiak et al. (1997) for leaf rust resistance genes, but are applicable for other resistance genes. In assigning locus symbols, it is recommended that the simple and sensible rules proposed by Moseman (1972) be used. To validate a new locus and allele, please send the appropriate information to me prior to publication and I will post it on the Graingenes network for all interested researchers to review. The proposed locus and allele will become validated if no objections are made by other researchers.
It is desirable to have both the original source of the resistance gene (i.e. a pure seed increase from a single plant selection) and the isolate of the pathogen used to identify the gene deposited in an international germplasm and culture repository, respectively. This would ensure that these valuable materials are preserved indefinitely. The accession number and repository location could then be included in the publication validating the new locus and allele.
References:
Arny, D.C. 1945. Inheritance of resistance to barley stripe. Phytopathology 35:781-804.
Borovkova, I.G., Y. Jin, B.J. Steffenson, A. Kilian, T.K. Blake, and A. Kleinhofs. 1997. Identification and mapping of a leaf rust resistance gene in barley line Q21861. Genome 40:236-241.
Büschges, R., K. Hollricher, R. Panstruga, G. Simons, M. Wolter, A. Frijters, R. van Daelen, T. van der Lee, P. Diergaarde, J. Groenendijk, S. Töpsch, P. Vos, F. Salamini, and P. Schulze-Lefert, 1997. The barley Mlo gene: A novel control element of plant pathogen resistance. Cell 88:695-705.
Franckowiak, J.D., Y. Jin, and B.J. Steffenson. 1997. Recommended allele symbols for leaf rust resistance genes in barley. Barley Gen. Newsl. 27:36-44.
Han, F., A. Kleinhofs, A. Kilian, and S.E. Ullrich. 1997. Cloning and mapping of a putative barley NADPH-dependent HC-toxin reductase. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 10:234-239.
Isenbeck, K. 1930. Untersuchungen über Helminthosporium gramineum Rabh. im Rahmen der Immunitätszüchtung. Phytopathol. Z. 2:503-555.
Konishi, T., T. Ban, Y. Iida, and R. Yoshimi. 1997. Genetic analysis of disease resistance to all strains of BaYMV in a Chinese barley landrace, Mokusekko 3. Theor. Appl. Gen. 94:871-877.
Kretschmer, J.M., K.J. Chalmers, S. Manning, A. Karakousis, A.R. Barr, A.K.M.R. Islam, S.J. Logue, Y.W. Choe, S.J. Barker, R.C.M. Lance, and P. Langridge. 1997. RFLP mapping of the Ha2 cereal cyst nematode resistance gene in barley. Theor. Appl. Gen. 94:1060-1064.
Moharramipour, S., H. Tsumuki, K. Sato, and H. Yoshida. 1997. Mapping resistance to cereal aphids in barley. Theor. Appl. Gen. 94:592-596.
Moseman, J.G. 1972. Report on genes for resistance to pests. Barley Gen. Newsl. 2:145-146.
Pickering, R.A., A.M. Hill, M. Michel, and G.M. Timmerman-Vaughan. 1995. The transfer of a powdery mildew resistance gene from Hordeum bulbosum L. into barley (H. vulgare L.) chromosome 2 (2I). Theor. Appl. Gen. 84:771-777.
Pickering, R.A., W.F. Rennie, and M.G. Cromey. 1987. Disease resistant material available from the wide hybridization programme at DSIR. Barley Newsl. 31:248-259.
Pickering, R.A., B.J. Steffenson, A.M. Hill, and I. Borovkova. 1997. Association of leaf rust and powdery mildew resistance in a recombinant derived from a Hordeum vulgare x H. bulbosum hybrid. Plant Breed. (in press).
Smith, L. 1951. Cytology and genetics of barley. Bot. Rev. 17:1-51; 133-202; and 285-355.
Steffenson, B.J., and Y. Jin. 1996. A multi-allelic series at the Rph2 locus for leaf rust resistance in barley. Cereal Rusts & Powdery Mildews Bull. 24:74-75.
Suneson, C.A., and S.C. Santoni. 1943. Barley varieties resistant to stripe, Helminthosporium gramineum Rabh. J. Amer. Soc. Agron. 35:736-737.
Thomsen, S.B., H.P. Jensen, J. Jensen, J.P. Skou, and J.H. Jørgensen. 1997. Localization of a resistance gene and identification of sources of resistance to barley leaf stripe. Plant Breed. 116:455-459.
Xu, J., and K.J. Kasha. 1992. Transfer of a dominant gene for powdery mildew resistance and DNA from Hordeum bulbosum into cultivated barley (H. vulgare). Theor. Appl. Gen. 84:771-777.
M.C. Therrie
Agriculture and Agrifood Canada
Brandon Research Centre
Box 1000A, RR # 3, Brandon, MB, Canada R7A 5Y3
Email: Mtherrien@em.agr.ca
There was a single request for samples of the male-sterile genetic (MSG) stock collection in 1997. The collection is being maintained in cold storage at -40oC, as F1s backgrounded to the cultivar Bedford, a locally-adapted six-row feed barley. The database on this collection is available for the asking. The requestor will either need to send an IBM/MS-DOS formatted 1.44M 3.5" diskette to the above address, or the file can be emailed if the requestor has Groupwise, MIME, or equivalent capabilities. Be aware that the file is large (14Mb) and is Microsoft Excel or Dbase IV compatible. Any requests for seed should be sent to the coordinator. Please note that we can only furnish small (5g) samples.
Udda Lundqvist
Svalöf Weibull AB, SE-268 81 Svalöv, Sweden
No new research work on eceriferum genes has been reported since the latest report in Barley Genetics Newsletter BGN 27:119. All descriptions of the "Glossy sheath" genes (gs1 to gs6, and gs8), the "Glossy leaf" genes (gl1 to gl4) and the Eceriferum genes (cer-b to cer-i, cer-k to cer-p, cer-r to cer-yh), which have been published in earlier volumes of the Barley Genetics Newsletter, have been revised during the last year. Twenty new descriptions of the Eceriferum genes (cer-yi to cer-xd) and the "Glossy sheath7" gene have been performed. Up-to-date all the existing "Glossy sheath", "Glossy leaf" and Eceriferum genes are described and they are available in a special issue of the Barley Genetics Newsletter, Volume 26 (BGN 26). The publication of this volume can be found either as an electronic version under the address:
http://probe.nalusda.gov:8000/otherdocs/bgn/
or a hardcopy of this special issue can be received with advance payment of U.S.dollars $25 through the American Malting Barley Association, Inc., as announced in BGN 27.
At the latest International Barley Genetics Symposium in Canada, 1996, a resolution was passed recommending to use three letter locus symbols for all unsequenced genes in all new and revised Barley Genetic Stock descriptions, and that existing gene symbols of less than three letters should be converted to the three letter system, whenever symbols are revised.
Therefore eight of the former "Glossy sheath" locus symbols and two of the "Glossy leaf" locus symbols with only two letters in BGS descriptions made in earlier volumes of BGN are recommended to be changed to three letter symbols:
gs1 - gs8 into gsh1 - gsh8 in BGS (Barley Genetic Stocks) 351-356, 81 and 413
gl1 and gl3 into glf1 and glf3 in BGS (Barley Genetic Stocks) 155 and 165.
Regarding the 79 Swedish Eceriferum genes the name and the three letter symbol cer were not changed as much research has been done in this field and much literature has been published all over the years.
The Glossy sheath gene gsh7, a mutant isolated in Japan and affecting the surface wax coating on the spike, leaf sheath and stem could not be verified to be allelic to any of the other Glossy sheath and Eceriferum genes with the same phenotype.
When surveying the literature and the allelic studies made during the years it became obvious and clear that gl, with the recommended new symbol glf1, is allelic to gl2, and that gl3, with the recommended new symbol glf3, is allelic to gl4.
In all, 36 of the "Glossy sheath", "Glossy leaf" and eceriferum genes are localized randomly in the seven barley chromosomes. The listing described in the coordinator's reports on eceriferum genes in Barley Genetics Newsletter BGN 25:108-110 and BGN 27:119 is still valid and up-to-date. These 36 localized genes can be found electronically for details in the International Triticeae Genome Database "GrainGenes" under addresses:
1. http://probe.nalusda.gov:8300/cgi-bin/browse/graingenes
under Map_Data "Barley genes 2"
2. gopher://greengenes.cit.cornell.edu
The stocks of these mutant genes are available at the Genetics Stock Center in Aberdeen, ID, USA. The Swedish eceriferum loci with all the different alleles are also available at the Nordic Gene Bank, Sweden.
Researchers in the field of "Glossy sheath", "Glossy leaf" and eceriferum genes are urgently encouraged to submit matters of interest and research to the coordinator as well. Seed requests can be forwarded to the Genetics Stock Center, regarding the Swedish material to the Nordic Gene Bank or to the coordinator at any time. Please note that we can only deliver small (about 30 seeds) samples.
Reference:
Davis, M.P., J.D. Franckowiak, T. Konishi, and U. Lundqvist. 1997. New and revised Barley Genetic Stock (BGS) descriptions. Barley Genetics Newsletter, 1996 Special issue, Volume 26. pp. 533.
Diter von Wettstein
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences,
Washington State University
Pullman WA 99164-6420
E-mail: diter@wsu.edu
The stock list and genetic information presented in the Barley Genetics Newsletter 21: 102-108 is valid and up-to-date.
Recent references:
Bougri O. and Grimm B. 1996. Members of a low-copy number gene family encoding glutamyl-tRNA reductase are differentially expressed in barley. Plant J. 9:867-878.
Vothknecht U.C., Kannangara C.G. and von Wettstein D. 1996. Expression of catalytically active barley glutamyl tRNAGlu reductase in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with glutathione S-transferase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:9287-9291.
Hansson M., Gough S.P., Kannangara C.G. and von Wettstein D. 1997. Analysis of RNA and enzymes of potential importance for regulation of 5-aminolevulinic acid synthesis in the protochlorophyllide accumulating barley mutant tigrina-d12. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 35: 827-836.
Hansson M., Gough S.P., Kannangara C.G. and von Wettstein D. 1997. Six barley genes encoding enzymes involved in chlorophyll and heme synthesis: Chromosomal location and genomic sequence of the ferrochelatase gene. Plant Physiol, Biochem. (in press).
B.O. Bengtsson
Department of Genetics, University of Lund
Sölvegatan 29, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
E-mail: bengt-olle.bengtsson@gen.lu.se
There is no new information on stocks of barley inversions. Every contribution and research reports in this field are welcome to be sent to the coordinator.
B. Jende-Strid
Carlsberg Research Laboratory
Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10,
DK-2500 Valby Copenhagen, Denmark
A new gene locus associated with the pathway of flavonoid biosynthesis in barley has been detected.
Locus symbol: ant 30
The inheritance is monofactorial recessive. The leaves of the mutant plants show drastically reduced amounts of flavonoids, an increased UV-B sensitivity and the chalcone-glucoside isosalipurposide is accumulated. The plants do not synthesize anthocyanins and the grains are proanthocyanidin- and catechin-free. The mutant plants are extremely sensitive to powdery mildew. The mutation most likely affects the gene coding for the chalcone isomerase enzyme, which catalyzes the conversion of chalcones into the corresponding flavanones (Reuber et al., in press).
Mutational events: ant 30.245 in Gunhild; ant 30.272 in VP 116; ant 30.287 in Hege 550/75 and ant 30.310 in Ca 33787.
Ant 30.245, ant 30.272 and ant 30.287 were induced by NaN3, whereas ant 30.310 was induced by nitrosodimethylurea.
Stock lists of flavonoid mutants have been published in BGN 18: 74-79, BGN 20:87-88, BGN 22:136-137 and BGN 24:162-165.
Reference:
Reuber, S., Jende-Strid, B., Wray, V. and Weissenböck, G. Accumulation of the chalcone isosalipurposide in primary leaves of barley flavonoid mutants indicates a defective chalcone isomerase. Physiol. Plant., (in press).
Udda Lundqvist
Svalöf Weibull AB, SE-268 81 Svalöv, Sweden
No new research work on the different ear morphology genes has been reported since the latest report in Barley Genetics Newsletter BGN 27:121. The descriptions of most of the existing ear morphology genes have been revised or new descriptions have been performed during the last year. They are available in a special issue of the Barley Genetics Newsletter, Volume 26 (BGN 26). The publication of this volume can be found either as an electronic version under the address:
http://probe.nalusda.gov:8000/otherdocs/bgn/
or a hardcopy of this special issue can be received with advance payment of U.S.dollars $25 through the American Malting Barley Association. Inc., as announced in BGN 27.
At the latest International Barley Genetics Symposium in Canada, 1996, a resolution was passed recommending to use three letter locus symbols for all unsequenced genes in all new and revised Barley Genetic Stock descriptions, and that existing gene symbols of less than three letters should be converted to the three letter system, whenever symbols are revised.
Revised descriptions and revised symbols of the following ear morphology gene groups have been performed:
Absent lower laterals with the unchanged symbol als
Breviaristatum with the unchanged symbol ari
Short awn, the symbol is recommended to be changed from lk into lks
Awnless, the symbol is recommended to be changed from Lk into Lks
Bracteatum with the unchanged symbol bra
Third outer glume with the unchanged symbol trd
Brachytic, the symbol is recommended to be changed from br into brh
Compositum, the symbol is recommended to be changed from bir into com
Curly lateral, the symbol is recommended to be changed from cl into crl
Uniculm2, the symbol is recommended to be changed from uc into cul
Curly, the symbol is recommended to be changed from cu into cur
Dense spike, the symbol is recommended to be changed from l into dsp
Erectoides with the unchanged symbol ert
Elongated outer glume, the symbol is recommended to be changed from e into eog
Extra floret with the unchanged symbol flo
Gigas with the unchanged symbol gig
Toothed lemma, the symbol is recommended to be changed from G into Gth
Hairs on lemma nerves, the symbol is recommended to be changed from Hn into Hln
Intermedium spike with the unchanged symbol int, except i, which is recommended to be changed into int-c
Hooded lemma, the symbol is recommended to be changed from K into Kap
Laxatum with the unchanged symbol lax
Long glume awn, the symbol is recommended to be changed from Log into Lga
Multiflorus with the unchanged symbol mul
Naked caryopsis, the symbol is recommended to be changed from n into nud
Rattail spike, the symbol is recommended to be changed from rt into rtt
Subjacent hood, the symbol is recommended to be changed from sk into sbk
Short crooked awn with the unchanged symbol sca
Small lateral spikelet with the unchanged symbol sls
Short rachilla hair, the symbol is recommended to be changed from s into srh
Triple awned lemma, the symbol is recommended to be changed from tr into trd
Unbranched style, the symbol is recommended to be changed from u into ubs
Uzu or semi brachytic, the symbol is recommended to be changed from uz into uzu
Six-rowed spike, the symbols are recommended to be changed from v and lr into vrs
Zeocriton, the symbol is recommended to be changed from Knd into Zeo
Many genes among the above listed ear morphology gene groups are localized in the seven barley chromosomes. These can also be found electronically for details in the International Triticeae Genome Database "GrainGenes" under the addresses:
1. http://probe.nalusda.gov:8300/cgi-bin/browse/graingenes
under Map_Data "Barley genes 2"
2. gopher://greengenes.cit.cornell.edu
The stocks of many of the ear morphology genes are available at the Genetics Stock Center in Aberdeen, ID, USA. The Swedish ear morphology genes are available at the Nordic Gene Bank, Sweden.
Researchers in the field of ear morphology genes are urgently encouraged to submit matters of interest to the coordinator as well. Seed requests can be forwarded to the Genetic Stock Center, regarding the Swedish material to the Nordic Gene Bank or to the coordinator at any time. Please note that we can only deliver small (about 30 seeds) samples.
Reference:
Davis, M.P., J.D. Franckowiak, T. Konishi, and U. Lundqvist, 1997. New and revised Barley Genetic Stock (BGS) descriptions. Barley Genetics Newsletter, 1996 Special issue, Volume 26. pp.533.
J.D. Franckowiak
Department of Plant Sciences
North Dakota State University
Fargo, ND 58105, U.S.A.
Kurauchi et al. (1997) used genetic stocks to isolate an induced dominant plant height (dwarf) mutant following treatment with sodium azide. Seeds expressing shrunken endosperm (sex1), which will produce male sterile (msg6) plants because of a tight linkage in chromosome 6H, were selected and treated with sodium azide. The resulting male sterile plants were crossed to 'Mars' translocation stocks. Short plants were selected from among in the resulting F1 plants. The mutant traits of one short (about 70% of normal height), semi-sterile (about 50 % selfed seed set) plants were shown to be controlled by a single dominant gene. Homozygous mutant plants had a normal response to gibberellic acid treatment. The controlling locus was reported to be linked to the Raw1 (rough awn 1) locus with a recombination value of 35.7 +/- 3.1%.
Kurauchi et al. (1997) classified their mutant as a dominant dwarf, but its relative height and moderate self-fertility are more typical of mutants classified as semidwarfs. The dwarf mutants (dwf1 and Dwf2) described by Falk (1995) have a much more drastic effect on plant height and fertility. Although several other plant height mutants have been associated with chromosome 7 (1H) (Franckowiak, 1995), most have a recessive inheritance pattern. Since Kurauchi et al. (1997) reported no reduction in spike length, this mutant differs from most previously reported, dominant or incompletely dominant semidwarf mutants.
When grown under high salt concentrations, Pakniyat et al. (1997b) demonstrated that all short-stature barley cultivars bred using a breviaristatum-e mutant (ari-e.GP or GPert) from Golden Promise tend to accumulate less Na+ in leaves than cultivars lacking the ari-e.GP gene. In a similar study, Pakniyat et al. (1997a) showed that several other mutants at the ari-e locus (ari-e.1, ari-e.119, ari-e.156, and ari-e.228) accumulate less Na+. They suggested that the normal allele at the ari-e locus may be involved sodium uptake by cells.
Polok et al. (1997) published an interesting summary of their work on hybrid vigor associated with induced semidwarf mutants in two-rowed barley. Hybrids between mutants (067AR and 032AR from 'Aramir') or with their parental cultivar (228DV from 'Diva' and 437MG from 'Mg4170') produced more kernels per plant than their parental cultivars in space planted nurseries. Doubled haploid (DH) lines were produced from these F1 hybrids. A few high yielding ones were selected from among the DH lines for further study. These lines produced nearly as much grain as their F1 hybrids in space planted trials, and they yielded 17 to 30% more than parental cultivars in trials using standard seedling rates.
Börner and Korzun (1997) isolated a putative recombinant (Line 63) in the progeny a cross of between two semidwarf mutants, 'Hv287' and 'Hv288', which are insensitive and sensitive, respectively, to gibberellic acid treatments.
Gramatikova and Todorov (1997) reported on the spectrum of mutants induced by gamma radiation and chemical mutagenes in barley. The ratio of erectoid to chlorophyll mutants was approximately 1:20 as reported in previous studies. However, they reported that the frequency of erectoid mutants was nearly ten times higher from two-rowed than from six-rowed cultivars. In other phenotypic classes, mutants occurred at similar frequencies in both types of barley.
References:
Börner, A., and V. Korzun. 1997. Further analysis of the barley dwarfing mutants 'Hv287' (GA insensitive) and 'Hv288' (GA sensitive). BGN 27:66-67.
Falk, D.E. 1995. New dominant dwarfing gene (Dwf2) in barley. BGN 24:87-89.
Franckowiak, J.D. 1995. Notes on linkage drag in Bowman backcross derived lines in spring barley. BGN 24:63-70.
Gramatikova, M., and I. Todorov. 1997. Mutagenic specificity recording micro and macro mutation induction. BGN 27:68-71.
Kurauchi, N., M. Tanio, and S. Hirose. 1997. A dominant dwarf mutant in barley. BGN 27:79-81.
Pakniyat, H., L.L. Handley, W.T.B. Thomas, T. Connolly, M. Macaulay, P.D.S. Caligari, and B.P. Forster. 1997a. Comparison of shoot dry weight, Na+ content and 13C values of ari-e and other semi-dwarf barley mutants under salt-stress. Euphytica 94:7-14.
Pakniyat, H., W.T.B. Thomas, P.D.S. Caligari, and B.P. Forster. 1997b. Comparison of salt tolerance of GPert and non-GPert barleys. Plant Breed. 116-189-191.
Polok, K., I. Szarejko, and M. Maluszynski. 1997. Barley mutant heterosis and fixation of 'F1-performance' in doubled haploid lines. Plant Breed. 116:133-140.
Udda Lundqvist
Svalöf Weibull AB, SE-268 81 Svalöv, Sweden.
No new research work on earliness genes has been reported since the latest report in Barley Genetics Newsletter BGN 27:123. Two descriptions of 'early maturity' genes have been revised and several new descriptions have been performed during the last year. They are available in a special issue of the Barley Genetics Newsletter, Volume 26 (BGN 26). The publication of this volume can be found either as an electronic version under the address:
http://probe.nalusda.gov:8000/otherdocs/bgn/
or a hardcopy of this special issue can be received with advance payment of U.S.dollars $25 through the American Malting Barley Association, Inc., as announced in BGN 27.
At the latest International Barley Genetics Symposium in Canada, 1996, a resolution was passed recommending to use three letter locus symbols for all unsequenced genes in all new and revised Barley Genetic Stock descriptions, and that existing gene symbols of less than three letters should be converted to the three letter system, whenever symbols are revised.
Therefore two of the former 'Early maturity' locus symbols with only two letters in descriptions made in earlier volumes of BGN are recommended to be changed to three letter symbols:
ea7 into eam7 in BGS (Barley Genetic Stock) 252
eak into eam8 in BGS (Barley Genetic Stock) 214.
In the new descriptions on the other earlier known 'early maturity' genes the following three letter locus symbols are recommended to be assigned:
Ea into Eam1 in BGS (Barley Genetic Stock) 65
ea,,c into eam9 in BGS (Barley Genetic Stock) 181
easp into eam10 in BGS (Barley Genetic Stock) 130.
The gene eam9 (early maturity 9), isolated in Japan, is four weeks earlier under short-day conditions and has similar maturity and agronomy effects to those alleles of the photoperiod insensitive gene eam8.k (eak = mat-a), but they are not allelic.
The gene eam10 (early maturity 10) in Super Precoz 2H is earlier than eam7 and eam8, but not allelic. It has been observed that plants with this eam10 gene become chlorotic (yellow green) under photothermal stress, similar in expression to those observed in other recessive genes for early maturity (eam7, eam8, and eam9).
All these five above mentioned eam genes are located in five of the seven barley chromosomes. They can also be found electronically for details in the International Triticeae Genome Database "GrainGenes" under the addresses:
1. http://probe.nalusda.gov:8300/cgi-bin/browse/graingenes
under Map_Data "Barley genes 2"
2. gopher://greengenes.cit.cornell.edu
Regarding the eight Swedish 'early maturity' loci the name "praematurum" and the three letter symbols mat were not changed as much literature has been published all over the years and no allelic tests have been carried out to the four of the eam genes mentioned above. New descriptions of these eight Swedish 'early maturity' loci have also been performed and are to be found as BGS 578 - 585 in the Barley Genetics Newsletter Vol. 26. The genetic information and report on these Swedish genes published in BGN 21:127-129 and BGN 25:113 are up-to-date and still valid.
The stocks of the early maturity genes are available at the Genetics Stock Center in Aberdeen, ID, USA. The Swedish early maturity (praematurum) genes are available at the Nordic Gene Bank, Sweden.
Researchers in the field of early maturity and praematurum genes are urgently encouraged to submit matters of interest to the coordinator as well. Seed requests can be done to the Genetics Stock Center, regarding the Swedish material to the Nordic Gene Bank or to the coordinator at any time. Please note that we can only deliver small (about 30 seeds) samples.
Reference:
Davis, M.P., J.D. Franckowiak, T. Konishi, and U. Lundqvist. 1997. New and revised Barley Genetic Stock (BGS) descriptions. Barley Genetics Newsletter, 1996 Special issue, Volume 26. pp. 533.
Arne Hagberg
Department of Plant Breeding Research,
The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,
SE-268 31 Svalöv, Sweden
There is no information on new barley duplications of chromosome segments since the last publications in Barley Genetics Newsletter, BGN 25. Every contribution and research report in this field are welcome to be send to the coordinator.
Steven E.Ullrich
Department of Crop & Soil Sciences,
Washington State University,
Pullman, WA. 99164-6420, USA "R"
Based on action taken at the 7th International Barley Genetics Symposium, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, in August 1996, this is the concluding coordinator's report on monoclonal antibodies raised to specific barley molecular constituents. The basis for this decision is the apparent lack of research activity in this area, at least that reported in the literature. There probably have been some monoclonal antibodies raised to barley constituents not reported in the literature due to the potential proprietary nature surrounding the research. The first coordinator's report on monoclonal antibodies was published in BGN17:117-119 (1987). Twenty-four antibodies were listed in that report. Most of the monoclonal antibodies listed were raised against photosynthesis related polypeptides with several monochromal antibodies against hordein polypeptides and chymotripsin inhibitors. Since that initial report in 1987, little published information on monoclonal antibodies has surfaced.
A monoclonal antibody (IgG) prepared against barley nuclease (EC3.1.30.2) was described and used to investigate hormonal regulation of nuclease in barley aleurone tissue (Brown et al., 1988). A highly specific monoclonal antibody (IgG) to barley endogenous alpha-amylase inhibitor was described by Zawistowski et al. (1992). Whereas this antibody (4F10-5) reacted only with barley a-amylase inhibitor, two other (IgG) monoclonal antibodies (4F6-1, 1h1-7) reacted with a-amylase inhibitors from barley, wheat, and triticale but not rye. In another study three monoclonal antibodies (IgG) were raised against a barley-derived (1 3, 1 4)-beta-glucan-bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugated (Meikle et al., 1994). One antibody (BG1) was specific to (1 3, 1 4)-beta-glucan, but displaying no specificity to (1 3)-beta-glucan-BSA conjugate and minimal binding to cellopentaose-BSA conjugate.
The studies cited above produced useful monoclonal antibodies against important barley components for physiological research (Brown et al.,1988) and component screening and quantification for breeding or commercial cereal products formulation (Meikle et al., 1994; Zawistowski et al., 1992). However, little apparent monoclonal antibody research in barley has transpired in the past ten years.
References:
Brown, P.H., R. P. Mecham, and T.-H. David Ho. 1988. Hormonal Regulation of barley nuclease: investigation using a monoclonal antibody. Plant, Cell and Environ. 11:747-753.
Meikle, P. J., N. J. Hoogenraad, I. Bonig, A. E. Clarke, and B. A. Stone. 1994. A(1 3, 1 4)-beta-glucan-specific monoclonal antibody and its use in the quantitation and immunocyto-chemical location of (1 3, 1 4)-beta-glucans. The Plant J. 5:1-9.
Zawistowski, J., M. Ansell, U. Zawistowska, and N.K. Howes. 1992. A monoclonal antibody to endogenous a-amylase inhibitor of barley. J. Cereal Sci. 15:1-4
A.K.M.R.Islam
Department of Plant Science, Waite Institute,
The University of Adelaide,
Glen Osmond, S.A. 5064, Australia
There is little new information to report for wheat-barley genetic stocks since the last report. Taketa and Takeda (1997) reported the introduction of seven dominant marker genes controlling morphological characters of barley into a wheat genetic background. Out of these seven characters, genes for black lemma (B), pubescent leaf blade (Pub), hairy leaf sheath (Hs) and hooded lemma (K) were expressed in the F1 hybrids. The remaining three marker genes, brittle rachis (Bt-Bt2), blue aleurone (Bl) and short-upper-leaves (Sul) failed to express in the respective hybrids.
Reference:
Taketa, T. and Takeda, K. 1997. Expression of dominant marker genes of barley in wheat-barley hybrids. Genes & Genetic Systems 72; 101-106.
