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Porphyria

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Illustrations

Porphyria cutanea tarda on the hands
Porphyria cutanea tarda on the hands

Alternative Names    Return to top

Acute intermittent porphyria; Hereditary coproporphyria; Congenital erythropoietic porphyria; Erythropoietic protoporphyria

Definition    Return to top

Porphyrias are a rare group of disorders passed down through families in which an important part of hemoglobin, called heme, does not develop properly. Heme is also found in myoglobin, a protein found in certain muscles.

Causes    Return to top

Normally, the body breaks down chemicals, called porphyrins, into heme. The porphyrins leave the body through urine or stools. But persons with porphyria have a genetic defect that interrupts this process. As a result, porphyrins build up in the body. This can lead to rashes, light sensitivity, abdominal pain, and other symptoms.

There are many different forms of porphyria. The most common type is porphyria cutanea tarda.

Drugs, infection, alcohol, and hormones such as estrogen may trigger attacks of certain types of porphyria.

Symptoms    Return to top

Porphyrias involve three major symptoms:

Attacks can occur suddenly, usually with severe stomach pain followed by vomiting and constipation. Being out in the sun can cause pain, sensations of heat, blistering, and skin redness and swelling. Blisters heal slowly, often with scarring or skin color changes, and may be disfiguring. Urine may become red or brown following an attack.

Other symptoms that may occur include:

Acute attacks can sometimes be life threatening, producing severe electrolyte imbalances, low blood pressure, and shock.

Exams and Tests    Return to top

Your doctor will perform a physical exam, which includes listening to your heart. You may have tachycardia. The doctor may find that your deep tendon reflexes (knee jerks) do not work properly.

Blood and urine tests may reveal kidney problems or other problems. The PROTO blood test can measure porphyrins in the blood.

Some of the other tests that may be done include:

Treatment    Return to top

Some of the medicines used to treat a sudden (acute) attack of porphyria may include:

Other treatments may include:

Depending on the type of porphyria you have, your doctor may tell you to:

Outlook (Prognosis)    Return to top

Porphyrias are life-long diseases with symptoms that come and go. Some forms of the disease cause more symptoms than others. Proper treatment and avoidance of triggers can help reduce the time between attacks.

Possible Complications    Return to top

When to Contact a Medical Professional    Return to top

Seek medical attention as soon as you have signs of an acute attack. Talk to your doctor about your risk for this condition if you have a long history of undiagnosed abdominal pain, muscle and nerve problems, and sensitivity to sunlight.

Prevention    Return to top

Genetic counseling may be of benefit to prospective parents with a family history of any type of porphyria.

References    Return to top

Hoffman R, Benz EJ, Shattil SS, et al. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 4th ed. Orlando, Fl: Churchill Livingstone; 2005.

Dombeck TA. The porphyrias. Emerg Med Clin North Am. Aug 2005; 23(3): 885-99, x.

Update Date: 4/5/2007

Updated by: Mark Levin, MD, Hematologist and Oncologist, Newark, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

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