GREECE - A Country Study

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• GREECE
• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Table A. Selected Organizations and Political Parties and Their Acronyms
• Table B. Chronology of Important Events
• Country Profile
  • COUNTRY
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • SOCIETY
  • ECONOMY
  • TRANSPORTATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
  • GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  • NATIONAL SECURITY
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
  • EARLIEST HISTORY
    • The Stone Age
    • The Origins of Civilization: 3200-1050 B.C.
      • The Minoans
      • The Mycenaeans
    • The Dark Age, 1050-800 B.C.
  • THE ERA OF THE POLIS
    • The Renaissance of the Eighth Century B.C.
    • Colonies in the Mediterranean
    • The Rise of Athens and Sparta
    • The Persian Wars
    • The Athenian Empire
    • The Peloponnesian War
    • The Polis in Decline, 400-335 B.C.
  • HELLENISTIC GREECE
    • Philip II of Macedonia
    • The Fire from Heaven: Alexander the Great
    • The Hellenistic Monarchies
  • GREECE IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE
    • The Conquest of Greece
    • Creation of the Graeco-Roman World
    • Constantine and the Rise of Christianity
      • Internal Division in the Third Century
  • THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE
    • Separation from Rome
    • Justinian and the Empire of the East
    • The Decline of the Empire, 565-867
    • Revival and Collapse, 867-1453
  • THE OTTOMAN ERA
    • The Nature of Ottoman Rule
    • The Greek Diaspora
  • OUT OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
    • The Conditions for Revolution
    • The War of Independence
      • Phase One of the Struggle
      • Phase Two of the Struggle
      • Western Intervention
    • The Presidency of Kapodistrias
  • THE RULE OF OTTO
    • Otto's Early Years
    • After the First Constitution, 1844-62
  • THE AGE OF REFORM, 1864-1909
    • The Constitution of 1864
    • The Trikoupis Reforms
    • Attempts at Expansion
  • THE VENIZELOS ERA
    • The Rise of the Liberal Party
    • The Balkan Wars, 1912-13
    • World War I and the National Schism
      • Greece and the World War I Alliances
      • The Crisis of Wartime Leadership
      • The Schism Worsens
      • Greece in World War I
    • The Catastrophe in Asia Minor
      • Royalist Foreign Policy Revisions
      • The Asia Minor Offensive
      • The Retreat from Smyrna
    • The Interwar Struggles, 1922-36
      • The Treaty of Lausanne, 1923
      • The Refugee Crisis
      • Political Turmoil in the 1920s
      • The Second Venizelos Golden Age
      • The Crises of the 1930s
  • THE METAXAS ERA
    • Metaxas Takes Power
    • The Metaxas Social and Foreign Policies
  • THE TERRIBLE DECADE: OCCUPATION AND CIVIL WAR, 1940-50
    • The German Invasion of 1941
    • Resistance, Exiles, and Collaborators
    • Resistance and Allied Strategy
    • EAM and Greek Society
    • Liberation and Its Consequences
    • The Resumption of Elections
    • Civil War
  • RECONSTRUCTION AND RETRIBUTION, 1950-67
    • The Marshall Plan in Greece
    • Civilian Politics Resume
    • The Rise of Karamanlis
    • Electoral Shifts to the Left, 1958-63
    • The Junta
      • Conditions for Overthrow
      • Instability in the Papandreou Regime
      • The Accession of the Colonels, 1967
      • The Junta Falls
  • KARAMANLIS AND THE RESTORATION OF DEMOCRACY
    • The Electoral Triumph of the ND, 1974
    • Dealing with the Monarchy and the Military
    • The Constitution of 1975
    • Cyprus and Relations with the United States
    • Domestic and Electoral Politics, 1975-77
  • THE RISE AND FALL OF PAPANDREOU AND PASOK
    • The PASOK Domestic Program
    • PASOK Foreign Policy
      • Scandal and Decline
      • Electoral Stalemate
• Chapter 2. Society and Its Environment
  • PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
    • Geographical Regions
      • Thrace
      • Macedonia
      • Epirus
      • Thessaly
      • Central Greece
      • Athens
      • The Peloponnesian Peninsula
      • Crete
      • The Ionian Islands
      • The Aegean Islands
    • Climate
  • THE ENVIRONMENT
    • Pollution Problems
    • Environmental Policy
  • DEMOGRAPHY
    • Population Characteristics
    • Emigration and Immigration
    • Ethnic Minorities
  • THE SOCIAL ORDER
    • The Family
    • The Role of Women
  • RELIGION
    • The Orthodox Church of Greece
    • Other Religions
  • LANGUAGE
  • EDUCATION
    • Historical Background
    • Education Administration
    • Primary and Secondary Education
    • The University System
  • HEALTH AND WELFARE
    • Health Conditions
    • Health Care
    • Social Welfare
• Chapter 3. The Economy
  • THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN GREECE
    • The Nineteenth Century
    • From 1909 to World War II
    • Postwar Recovery
    • Economic Policy after 1974
  • THE STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY
    • The Composition of National Income
    • The Role of Foreign Trade
    • The Structure of Employment
    • Labor Unions
    • The Underground Economy
    • The Public Sector and Taxation
    • Wages, Prices, and Inflation
  • INDUSTRY
    • Energy
    • Construction
    • Mining
    • Manufacturing
  • AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND FISHING
    • Agriculture
    • Forestry and Fishing
  • THE SERVICE SECTOR
    • Transportation and Telecommunications
      • Transportation
      • Telecommunications
    • Tourism
    • Banking and Finance
  • FOREIGN TRADE
    • The Balance of Payments
    • Export and Import Structure
    • Trading Partners
    • International Economic Policy in the 1990s
• Chapter 4. Government and Politics
  • THE CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
  • GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION
    • The Presidency
    • The Branches of Government
      • The Executive Branch
      • The Legislative Branch
      • The Judiciary
    • The Civil Service
    • The Electoral System
  • POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS, 1981-94
    • The Return of the Left
    • PASOK's Second Term, 1985-89
    • The Decline of PASOK
    • Coalition Government, 1989-90
    • The ND Returns to Power
    • The Election of 1993
    • Prospects for Political Change
  • POLITICAL PARTIES
    • The Panhellenic Socialist Movement
    • New Democracy
    • Political Spring
    • Communist Parties
      • Background of the KKE
      • Evolution of the KKE
      • Synapismos
    • Other Parties
  • INTEREST GROUPS
    • Organized Labor
    • Church and State
    • The Military in Politics
  • THE MEDIA
  • HUMAN RIGHTS
  • FOREIGN POLICY
    • Historical Background
    • Greece and the European Community
    • Turkey
    • The United States
    • The Balkans
      • Bulgaria, Romania, and Yugoslavia
      • Policy Toward Serbia
      • The Macedonian Dispute
    • Relations with Albania
    • Russia
    • The Middle East
• Chapter 5. National Security
  • HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
    • National Security Before 1974
    • The Postjunta Transition
      • The Cyprus Situation
      • Karamanlis Establishes Policy
    • Policy in the 1980s and 1990s
    • New Post-Cold War Concerns
    • The External Elements of National Security
    • The Role of the United States
  • GEOPOLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF NATIONAL SECURITY
    • Assessing the Turkish Threat
    • Security in the Balkans
  • NATIONAL SECURITY DOCTRINE
    • Historical Development
    • Defense Posture After 1974
    • Greece in NATO
  • THE NATIONAL DEFENSE ESTABLISHMENT
    • Civilian Control
    • The Command Structure
    • The Officer Corps
  • MILITARY PERSONNEL
    • Personnel Policy
    • Induction and Training
  • THE HELLENIC ARMED FORCES
    • Modernization Plans
    • The Hellenic Army
    • The Hellenic Air Force
    • The Hellenic Navy
    • The Merchant Marine
    • Overseas Basing
    • Ranks and Uniforms
  • ROLES IN INTERNATIONAL SECURITY
    • United Nations Peacekeeping
    • Arms Control
  • MILITARY FUNDING AND PROCUREMENT
    • Defense Expenditures
    • The Greek Defense Industry
      • Development of the Industry
      • Defense Enterprises
    • Military Procurement From Abroad
  • MILITARY JUSTICE
  • PUBLIC ORDER
    • Organization of Public Security
    • Special Security Forces
    • Training and Conditions of Police Service
  • CRIME
    • Conventional Crime
    • Narcotics Sales
    • Narcotics Abuse
    • Terrorism
  • CRIMINAL JUSTICE
    • The Criminal Code
    • How the System Works
    • The Penal System
  • TRENDS AND PROBLEMS IN DOMESTIC SECURITY
• Appendix. Tables
• Bibliography
• Glossary