Spread, Impact, and Control of Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in North American Wetlands

Ahrens, J. F. 1974. Selectivity of glyphosate and asulam in ornamental plantings and Christmas trees. Proc. Northeast. Weed Sci. Soc. 28:361-368.

Altschul, S. von R. 1973. Drugs and foods from little known plants, notes in Harvard University herbaria. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. xii + 366 pp.

Andres, L. A. 1977. The economics of biological control of weeds. Aquat. Bot. 3:111-113.

Andres, L. A. 1980. Conflicting interests and the biological control of weeds. Proc. Int. Symp. Biol. Control Weeds, Brisbane, Australia. 5:11-20.

Anonymous. 1847. Annals of horticulture. Page 153. Houlston and Stoneman, London.

Anonymous. 1944. 1--Purple loosestrife. Am. Bee J. 84:57.

Auclair, A. N. 1976. Ecological factors in the development of intensive-management ecosystems in the midwestern United States. Ecology 57:431-444.

Bailey, L. H., and E. Z. Bailey. 1976. Hortus third. Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York. xiv + 1290 pp.

Baird, D. D., R. P. Upchurch, W. B. Homesley, and J. E. Franz. 1971. Introduction of a new broadspectrum postemergence herbicide class with utility for herbaceous perennial weed control. Proc. North Cent. Weed Control Conf. 26:64-68.

Balogh, G. R. 1986. Ecology, distribution, and control of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in northwest Ohio. M.S. thesis, The Ohio State University, Columbus. xiv + 107 pp.

Batra, S. W. T. 1982a. Biological control in agroecosystems. Science 215:134- 139.

Batra, S. W. T. 1982b. Biological control of weeds: principles and prospects. Beltsville Symp. Agric. Res. 5:45-59.

Batra, S. W. T., D. Schroeder, P. E. Boldt, and W. Mendl. 1986. Insects associated with purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) in Europe. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 88:748-759.

Batt, B. D. J., J. A. Black, and W. F. Cowan. 1980. The effects of glyphosate herbicide on chicken egg hatchability. Can. J. Zool. 58:1940-1942.

Bent, A. C. 1921. Life histories of North American gulls and terns. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 113. x + 333 pp.

Best, R. G., M. E. Wehde, and R. L. Linder. 1981. Spectral reflectance of hydrophytes. Remote Sens. Environ. 11:27-35.

Bodmer, H., 1928. Beiträge zur anatomie und physiologie von Lythrum salicaria L. Beih. Bot. Zbl. 45:1-58.

Bodrogkozy, G., and I. Horvath. 1977. Connection between stand pattern and the organic matter production in the marshlands of the inundation area at Kortvelyes. Tiscia 12:65-70.

Bodrogkozy, G., and I. Horvath. 1979. Effect of lasting floods on the species composition and organic-matter production of the marshy meadow-lands in the floodplains of the Tisza. Tiscia 14:81-88.

Boggs, K. D. 1932. Prints and plants of old gardens. Garrett and Massie Publishers, Richmond, Va. x + 101 pp.

Bottrell, D. G., and R. F. Smith. 1982. Integrated pest management. Environ. Sci. Technol. 16:282A-288A.

Brown, A. 1878. Plants introduced with ballast and on made land. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 6:255-258.

Brown, F. J., and J. S. Roucek, editors. 1945. One America. Rev. ed. Prentice- Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J. vii + 717 pp.

Brown, J. L., and N. R. Spencer. 1973. Vogtia malloi, a newly introduced phycitine moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to control alligatorweed. Environ. Entomol. 2:519-523.

Buckingham, G. R. 1984. Biological control of weeds by insects. J. Ga. Entomol. Soc. 19(3/2nd suppl.):62-78.

Buist, R. 1852. American flower-garden directory. A. Hart, Philadelphia. xvi + 339 pp.

Bunch, Q. 1977a. Purple loosestrife--a honey plant. Am. Bee J. 117:398.

Bunch, Q. 1977b. More about purple loosestrife. Am. Bee J. 117:553.

Bunting, W. H. 1971. Portrait of a port: Boston, 1852-1914. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. xviii + 519 pp.

Bury, R. B. 1979. Review of the ecology and conservation of the bog turtle, Clemmys muhlenbergii. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep.--Wildl. 219. 9 pp.

Christy, S. L., E. P. Karlander, and J. V. Parochetti. 1981. Effects of glyphosate on the growth rate of Chlorella. Weed Sci. 29:5-7.

Clapham, A. R., T. G. Tutin, and E. F. Warburg. 1962. Flora of the British Isles. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. xlviii + 1269 pp.

Coddington, J., and K. G. Field. 1978. Rare and endangered vascular plant species in Massachusetts. Committee for Rare and Endangered Species of the New England Botanical Club, Cambridge, Mass. 62 pp.

Cole, A. H. 1926. The American wool manufacture. Vol. 1. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. xii + 392 pp.

Correll, D. S., and H. B. Correll. 1975. Aquatic and wetland plants of south- western United States. Vol. 2. Pages 857-1777. Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif.

Cowardin, L. M., V. Carter, F. C. Golet, and E. T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., FWS/OBS-79/31. v + 103 pp.

Croizat, L. 1945. "Euphorbia Esula" in North America. Am. Midl. Nat. 33:231-243.

Dana, H. D. 1911. Two years before the mast. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. xiii + 553 pp.

Darwin, C. 1893. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. D. Appleton and Company, New York. viii + 352 pp.

Day, G. M. 1953. The Indian as an ecological factor in the northeastern forest. Ecology 34:329-346.

DeBach, P., editor. 1964. Biological control of insect pests and weeds. Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York. xxiv + 844 pp.

Deems, E. F., Jr., and D. Pursley, editors. 1978. North American furbearers. International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies in cooperation with the Maryland Department of Natural Resources--Wildlife Administration, Annapolis. x + 171 pp.

DeLoach, C. J. 1978. Considerations in introducing foreign biotic agents to control native weeds of rangelands. Proc. Int. Symp. Biol. Control Weeds, University of Florida, Gainesville. 4:39-50.

Dudley, W. R. 1886. The Cayuga flora. Part I. Bull. Cornell Univ. (Science) 2. xxx + 132 pp.

Dwight, T. 1823. Travels in New England and New York. Vol. 4. Wm. Baynes and Son, London. xi + 514 pp.

East, E. M. 1927. The inheritance of heterostyly in Lythrum salicaria. Genetics 12:393-414.

East, E. M. 1932. Further observations on Lythrum salicaria. Genetics 17:325-334.

Elton, C. S. 1958. The ecology of invasions. Methuen and Co. Ltd., London. 181 pp.

Emerson, F. B., Jr. 1961. Experimental establishment of food and cover plants in marshes created for wildlife in New York State. N.Y. Fish Game J. 8:130- 144.

Faanes, C. A. 1979. Status of the black tern in western Wisconsin. Passenger Pigeon 41:124-128.

Fernald, M. L. 1940. The problem of conserving rare native plants. Smithson. Inst. Annu. Rep. (1939):375-391.

Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. 8th ed. American Book Company, New York. lxiv + 1632 pp.

Fogg, J. M., Jr. 1956. Weeds of lawn and garden. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. xi + 215 pp.

Folmar, L. C., H. 0. Sanders, and A. M. Julin. 1979. Toxicity of the herbicide glyphosate and several of its formulations to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 8:269-278.

Forbes, S. A. 1880. On some interactions of organisms. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 1:1-17.

Forcella, F., and S. J. Harvey. 1983. Relative abundance in an alien weed flora. Oecologia (Berl.) 59:292-295.

Fredrickson, L. H., and T. S. Taylor. 1982. Management of seasonally flooded impoundments for wildlife. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Resour. Publ. 148. 29 pp.

Friesen, G. 1966. Aquatic weed control studies in Manitoba. North Cent. Weed Control Conf. 21:42-43.

Gagnon, L. P. 1953. The control of purple loosestrife in La Commune at Baie du Febvre--1952. Proc. East. Sect. Natl. Weed Comm. Can. 6:135-136.

Gilbert, N., and S. B. Lee. 1980. Two perils of plant population dynamics. Oecologia (Berl.) 46:283-284.

Gleason, H. A. 1963. Illustrated flora of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Vol. 2. New York Botanical Garden, Hafner Publishing Company, Inc., New York. iv + 655 pp.

Goeden, R. D. 1978. Part II: Biological control of weeds. Pages 357-414 in C. P. Clausen, ed. Introduced parasites and predators of arthropod pests and weeds: a world review. U.S. Dept. Agric. Handb. 480.

Gottrup, 0., P. A. O'Sullivan, R. J. Schraa, and W. H. Vanden Born. 1976. Uptake, translocation, metabolism and selectivity of glyphosate in Canada thistle and leafy spurge. Weed Res. 16:197-201.

Goyer, R. A., and J. D. Stark. 1981. Suppressing water hyacinth with an imported weevil. La. Agric. 24:4-5.

Gray, A. 1869. Field, forest and garden botany. Ivison, New York. 386 pp.

Greeson, P. E., J. R. Clark, and J. E. Clark, editors. 1979. Wetland functions and values: the state of our understanding. American Water Resources Association, Minneapolis, Minn. x + 674 pp.

Grieve, M. 1923. Bee-plants and their honey.--VII. Bee World 4:196.

Grieve, M. 1959. A modern herbal. Vol. 2. Pages 431-888. Hafner Publishing Co., New York.

Grigson, G. 1955. The Englishman's flora. Phoenix House Ltd., London. 478 pp.

Haldane, J. B. S. 1936. Some natural populations of Lythrum salicaria. J. Genet. 32:393-397.

Halkka, 0., and L. Halkka. 1974. Polymorphic balance in small island populations of Lythrum salicaria. Ann. Bot. Fennici 11:267-270.

Handlin, 0. 1959. Immigration as a factor in American history. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J. ix + 206 pp.

Hara, H. 1956. Contributions to the study of variations in the Japanese plants closely related to those of Europe or North America. Part 2. J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. III Bot. 6:343-391.

Haramis, G. M., and D. Q. Thompson. 1984. Survival of juvenile wood ducks in a northern greentree impoundment. J. Wildl. Manage. 48:1364-1369.

Haramis, G. M., and D. Q. Thompson. 1985. Density-production characteristics of box-nesting wood ducks in a northern greentree impoundment. J. Wildl. Manage. 49:429-436.

Harlow, A. F. 1926. Old towpaths. D. Appleton and Company, New York. xiv + 403 pp.

Harris, P. 1979. Cost of biological control of weeds by insects in Canada. Weed Sci. 27:242-250.

Hayes, B. 1979. Purple loosestrife--the wetlands honey plant. Am. Bee J. 119:382-383.

Heuch, I. 1980, Loss of incompatibility types in finite populations of the hetero- stylous plant Lythrum salicaria. Hereditas 92:53-57.

Holm, L., J. V. Pancho, J. P. Herberger, and D. L. Plucknett. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. xlix + 391 pp.

Howarth, F. G. 1983. Classical biocontrol: panacea or Pandora's box. Proc. Hawaii. Entomol. Soc. 24:239-244.

Howell, J. T., and G. H. True, Jr. 1966. Interesting plants from Nevada County, California. Leafl. West. Bot. 10:274-278.

Huffaker, C. B. 1959. Biological control of weeds with insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 4:251-276.

Hughes, R. 1977. Purple loosestrife judged a weed. Am. Bee J. 117:398.

Hultén, E. 1958. The amphi-Atlantic plants. Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm. 340 pp.

Hultén, E. 1964. The circumpolar plants. 1. Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm. (5) + 375 pp.

Hultén, E. 1971. The circumpolar plants. 2. Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm. 463 pp.

Hultén, E. 1972. Outline of the history of arctic and boreal biota during the Quaternary Period. Reprint of 1937 ed. J. Cramer Verlag, Stechert-Hafner Service Agency, Inc., New York. 168 pp.

Jaworski, E., and C. N. Raphael. 1979. Historical changes in natural diversity of fresh water wetlands, glaciated region of northern United States. Pages 545-557 in P. E. Greeson et al., eds. Wetland functions and values: the state of our understanding. American Water Resources Association, Minneapolis, Minn.

Jones, M. A. 1976. Destination America. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York. 256 pp.

Julien, M. H., editor. 1982. Biological control of weeds: a world catalogue of agents and their targets. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, Farnham Royal, Slough, England. 108 pp.

Kerner, A. 1902. The natural history of plants. (from the German by F. W. Oliver). Vol. 2. Blackie and Son, Limited, London. xi + 983 pp.

Kiviat, E. 1978. Bog turtle habitat ecology. Bull. Chic. Herpetol. Soc. 13:29-42.

Klingman, D. L., and J. R. Coulson. 1982. Guidelines for introducing foreign organisms into the United States for biological control of weeds. Weed Sci. 30:661-667.

Knowlton, C. H., and W. Deane. 1921. Reports on the flora of the Boston District-- xxxiv. Rhodora 23:113-118.

Kraemer, H. 1916. Applied and economic botany. 2nd ed. Henry Kraemer, Philadelphia. viii + 822 pp.

Krapu, G. L., D. E. Facey, E. K. Fritzell, and D. H. Johnson. 1984. Habitat use by migrant sandhill cranes in Nebraska. J. Wildl. Manage. 48:407-417.

Leavitt, H. 1970. Superhighway--superhoax. Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, N.Y. 324 pp.

Le Scal, Y. 1967. The great days of the Cape Horners. (L. Ortzen, transl.). The New American Library, New York. 175 pp.

Levin, D. A. 1970. Assortative pollination in Lythrum. Am. J. Bot. 57:1-5.

Levin, D. A., and H. W. Kerster. 1973. Assortative pollination for stature in Lythrum salicaria. Evolution 27:144-152.

Lichvar, R. W., and R. D. Dorn. 1980. Noteworthy collections. Madroño 27:138-141.

Linder, R. L., and D. E. Hubbard. 1982. Wetland values in the prairie pothole region of North America. Pages 27-39 in Proc. Great Plains Agric. Counc., North Platte, Nebr.

Lindroth, C. H. 1957. The faunal connections between Europe and North America. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. 344 pp.

Linehan, D. 1982. Bugging the weeds: a look at integrated pest management. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. News, April/May:8-9.

Louis-Marie, Père. 1944. La Salicaire dans le Québec. Institut Agricole d'Oka. Province de Québec. Ministère de l'Agriculture. 46 pp.

Mace, H. 1976. The complete handbook of bee-keeping. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York. 190 pp.

Mack, R. N. 1981. Invasion of Bromus tectorum L. into western North America: an ecological chronicle. Agro-Ecosystems 7:145-165.

Maddox, D. M., L. A. Andres, R. D. Hennessey, R. D. Blackburn, and N. R. Spencer. 1971. Insects to control alligatorweed. BioScience 21:985-991.

Malecki, R. A., and T. J. Rawinski. 1985. New methods for controlling purple loosestrife. N.Y. Fish Game J. 32:9-19.

Martindale, I. C. 1876. The introduction of foreign plants. Bot. Gaz. 2:55-58.

McKeon, W. H. 1959. A preliminary report on the use of chemical herbicides to control purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) on a small marsh. Proc. North- east. Weed Control Conf. 13:329-332.

McNaughton, S. J. 1968. Autotoxic feedback in relation to germination and seedling growth in Typha latifolia. Ecology 49:367-369.

Mead, R. M. 1957. The hunt for new honey plants. Am. Bee J. 97:300-301.

Meyer, B. H. 1969. History of transportation in the United States before 1860. Reprint of 1948 ed. Carnegie Inst. Publ. 215c. Washington, D.C. xi + 678 pp.

Mitchell, E. 1926. Germination of seeds of plants native to Dutchess County, New York. Bot. Gaz. 81:108-112.

Morse, R., and R. Palmer. 1925. British weeds. Ernest Benn, Limited, London. 207 pp.

Muenscher, W. C. 1955. Weeds. 2nd ed. The Macmillan Company, New York. xvi + 560 pp.

Nilsson, S. G., and I. N. Nilsson. 1978. Species richness and dispersal of vascular plants to islands in Lake Möckeln, southern Sweden. Ecology 59:473-480.

Ohio Writers' Project. 1940. The National Road. Ohio Historical Society, Columbus. 48 pp.

Ohwi, J. 1965. Flora of Japan. F. G. Meyer and E. H. Walker, eds. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. ix + 1067 pp.

Palhinha, R. T. 1939. Flora de Portugal. 2nd ed. Bertrand (Irmaos), Ltd., Lisbon. 938 pp.

Pammel, L. H. 1911. A manual of poisonous plants. The Torch Press, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. viii + 977 pp.

Pearsall, W. H. 1918. The aquatic and marsh vegetation of Esthwaite Water. J. Ecol. 6:53-74.

Pellett, F. C. 1947. American honey plants. 4th ed. Orange Judd Publishing Company, Inc., New York. 467 pp.

Pellett, M. 1944. Purple loosestrife spreads down river. Am. Bee J. 117:214-215.

Pellett, M. 1956. From the honey plant gardens. Am. Bee J. 96:198-199.

Perring, F. H., and S. M. Walters. 1976. Atlas of the British flora. Botanical Society of the British Isles, Wakefield, England. xxvi + 432 pp.

Polunin, O. 1969. Field guide: flowers of Europe. Oxford University Press, London. 662 pp.

Powell, J. W. 1962. Report on the arid regions of the United States. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. xxvii + 202 pp.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1964. Guide to the vascular flora of the Carolinas. The Book Exchange, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. (i) + 383 pp.

Rawinski, T. J. 1982. The ecology and management of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) in central New York. M.S. thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. ix + 88 pp.

Rawinski, T. J., and R. A. Malecki. 1984. Ecological relationships among purple loosestrife, cattail and wildlife at the Montezuma National Wildlife Refuge. N.Y. Fish Game J. 31:81-87.

Ridley, H. N. 1930. The dispersal of plants throughout the world. L. Reeve & Co., Ltd., Ashford, Kent, England. xx + 744 pp.

Robbins, W. W., A. S. Crafts, and R. N. Raynor. 1942. Weed control. McGraw-Hill, New York. xi + 543 pp.

Room, P. M., K. L. S. Harley, I. W. Forno, and D. P. A. Sands. 1981. Successful biological control of the floating weed salvinia. Nature 294:78-80.

Rousseau, C. 1968. Histoire, habitat et distribution de 220 plantes introduites au Québec. Nat. Can. (Que.) 95:49-169.

Rueppel, M. L., B. B. Brightwell, J. Schaefer, and J. T. Marvel. 1977. Metabolism and degradation of glyphosate in soil and water. J. Agric. Food Chem. 25:517- 528.

Salisbury, E. 1961. Weeds and aliens. Collins, London. 384 pp.

Schoch-Bodmer, H. 1936. The proportion of long-, mid- and short-styled plants in natural populations of Lythrum salicaria L. J. Genet. 36:39-43.

Schreiber, M. M. 1982. Modeling the biology of weeds for integrated weed management. Weed Sci. 30(suppl.):13-16.

Sernander, R. 1901. Den skandinaviska vegetationens spridningsbiologi (German summary). Lundequistska Bokhandeln, Upsala, Sweden. iv + 459 pp.

Shamsi, S. R. A., and F. H. Whitehead. 1974a. Comparative eco-physiology of Epilobium hirsutum L. and Lythrum salicaria L. 1. General biology, distribution and germination. J. Ecol. 62:279-290.

Shamsi, S. R. A., and F. H. Whitehead. 1974b. Comparative eco-physiology of Epilobium hirsutum L. and Lythrum salicaria L. 2. Growth and development in relation to light. J. Ecol. 62:631-645.

Shamsi, S. R. A., and F. H. Whitehead. 1977a. Comparative eco-physiology of Epilobium hirsutum L. and Lythrum salicaria L. 3. Mineral nutrition. J. Ecol. 65:55-70.

Shamsi, S. R. A., and F. H. Whitehead. 1977b. Comparative eco-physiology of Epilobium hirsutum L. and Lythrum salicaria L. 4. Effects of temperature and inter-specific competition and concluding discussion. J. Ecol. 65:71-84.

Shaw, S. P., and C. G. Fredine. 1956. Wetlands of the United States. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Circ. 39. iv + 67 pp.

Shinners, L. H. 1953. Synopsis of the United States species of Lythrum (Lythraceae). Field Lab. 21:80-89.

Simberloff, D. 1985. Predicting ecological effects of novel entities: evidence from higher organisms. Pages 152-161 in Engineered organisms in the environment. Proc. Crossdiscipl. Symp., Philadelphia, Pa. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.

Smith, A. H. 1867. On colonies of plants observed near Philadelphia. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 19:15-24.

Smith, L. S. 1959. Some experiences with control of purple loosestrife at the Montezuma National Wildlife Refuge. Proc. Northeast. Weed Control Conf. 13:333-336.

Smith, R. H. 1964. Experimental control of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). N.Y. Fish Game J. 11:35-46.

Southwood, T. R. E. 1977. The relevance of population dynamic theory to pest status. Brit. Ecol. Soc. Symp. 18:35-54.

Spencer, N. R., and J. R. Coulson. 1976. The biological control of alligatorweed, Alternanthera philoxeroides, in the United States of America. Aquat. Bot. 2:177-190.

Stevens, R. W. 1871. On the stowage of ships and their cargoes. 5th ed. Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer, London. 817 pp.

Stevens, W. C. 1961. Kansas wild flowers. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence. 461 pp.

Stoudt, J. H. 1982 . Habitat use and productivity of canvasbacks in southwestern Manitoba, 1961-72. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep.--Wildl. 248. iv + 31 pp.

Stuckey, R. L. 1970. Distributional history of Epilobium hirsutum (great hairy willow-herb) in North America. Rhodora 72:164-181.

Stuckey, R. L. 1980. Distributional history of Lythrum salicaria(purple loose- strife) in North America. Bartonia 47:3-20.

Sutton, R. F. 1978. Glyphosate herbicide: an assessment of forestry potential. For. Chron. 54:24-28.

Sweet. R. 1839. The hothouse and greenhouse manual. Ridgway, London. 762 pp.

Tanner, H. S. 1970. Canals and railroads of the United States. Reprint of 1840 ed. A. M. Kelley, Publishers, New York. 272 pp.

Taylor, T. H. C. 1955. Biological control of insect pests. Ann. Appl. Biol. 42: 190-196.

Thompson, D., and B. Yates. 1985. The purple peril. Wyo. Wildl. 49:14-15.

Thompson, D. Q., P. B. Reed, Jr., G. E. Cummings, and E. Kivisalu. 1968. Muck hardwoods as green-timber impoundments for waterfowl. Trans. North Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 33:142-159.

Thompson, D. Q., and R. H. Smith. 1970. The forest primeval in the Northeast--a great myth? Pages 255-265 in R. Komarek, ed. Proc. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf.

Thompson, W. R. 1930. The principles of biological control. Ann. Appl. Biol. 17: 306-338.

Torrey, J., and A. Gray. 1840. A flora of North America. Vol. 1. Wiley and Putnam, New York. xiv + 711 pp.

Torrey, R. H. 1931. Field trips of the Club. Torreya 31:16-18.

Trauger, D. L. 1974. Looking out for the canvasback. Ducks Unltd. 38:12-15.

Tutin, T. G., V. H. Heywood, N. A. Burges, D. M. Moore, D. H. Valentine, S. M. Walters, and D. A. Webb, editors. 1968. Flora Europaea. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. xxvii + 455 pp.

U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1973. 1969 Census of agriculture. Vol. 5. Special reports. Part 10. Horticultural specialties. Table 6, p. 47. Washington, D.C.

U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1977a. 1974 Census of agriculture. Vol. 1. State and county data. Table 4, p. III-5. Washington, D.C.

U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1977b. 1974 Census of agriculture. Vol. 2. Statistics by subject. Part 6. Table 76, p. 88. Washington, D.C.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1979. Another view--purple loosestrife alert. Am. Bee J. 119:383.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1981. The Platte River ecology study. North. Prairie Wildl. Res. Cent., Spec. Res. Rep., Jamestown, N.Dak. xvi + 187 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1982. 1980 national survey of fishing, hunting, and wildlife-associated recreation. U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. viii + 156 pp.

U.S. Inland Waterways Commission. 1972. Preliminary report of the Inland Waterways Commission. Senate Doc. 325, 60th Congress, 1st session. Reprint of 1908 ed. Arno Press Inc., New York. vii + 701 pp.

U.S. Water and Power Resources Service. 1979. Water and land resource accomplish- ments, 1978. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. vii + 302 pp.

Van't Haaff, G. 1968. My experience with purple loosestrife. Am. Bee J. 108:244.

Wade, D. E. 1983. Commerce in alien, weedy plants under study, information sought. Restor. Manage. Notes 1:36.

Wade, D. E. 1985. Ethics and the prairie movement. Nat. Study 38:35,34.

Welker, W. V., and D. N. Riemer. 1982. Fragrant waterlily (Nymphaea odorata) control with multiple applications of glyphosate. Weed Sci. 30:145-146.

Wiegand, K. M., and A. J. Eames. 1926. The flora of the Cayuga Lake Basin, New York. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn. Memoir 92. Ithaca, N.Y. 491 pp.

Wilson, F. 1964. The biological control of weeds. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 9:225-244.

Wilson, F. 1974. The use of biological methods in pest control. Pages 59-72 in D. Price Jones and M. E. Solomon, eds. Biology in pest and disease control. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, England.

Woodford, E. K., and S. A. Evans, editors. 1965. Weed control handbook. 4th ed. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, England. xv + 434 pp.

Wright, A. D., and T. D. Center. 1984. Biological control: its place in the management of water hyacinth. Pages 793-802 in G. Thyagarajan, ed. Proceedings of the International Conference on Water Hyacinth, Hyderabad, India, 7-11 February 1983. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi, Kenya.

Wright, C. W. 1910. Wool-growing and the tariff. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. xiii + 362 pp.

Zimmerman, E. C. 1958. Insects of Hawaii. Vol. 7, Macrolepidoptera. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. ix + (i) + 542 pp.

Zohary, M. 1972. Flora Palaestina. Part 2. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem. 489 pp.