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The Rapid Valley Unit Table of Contents The Rapid Valley Unit - Pick Sloan Missouri Basin
By the mid-20th century, water in the West did more than irrigate 160-acre patches of alfalfa. Water flowed as the life's blood of cities, private industries, and military bases. Not as devious in its search for water as other larger Western metropolises, Rapid City, South Dakota's quest is memorable for its earnestness and urgency. Droughts during the 1930s illustrated that Rapid City could not depend on surrounding springs as the foundation of a municipal water supply. In 1942, the War Department broke ground on Ellsworth Air Force Base northeast of the city. An additional 5,000 military personnel strained the city's reserves, and the Black Hills' biggest city threatened to go dry. This pressure on the community's limited water resources brought the city's leadership to Reclamation for help. The Federal response was the completion of the Rapid Valley Unit little more than a decade later. Rapid Creek is the largest tributary of the Cheyenne River, which ultimately discharges into the Missouri River near Pierre, South Dakota. Fifteen miles west of Rapid City, where Rapid Creek and the Black Hills meet, is the Pactola Dam and Reservoir. The Rapid Valley Unit's Pactola Dam and Reservoir provide Rapid City and Ellsworth Air Force Base with most of their water. Pactola Reservoir supplements the supply of stored water available from the Rapid Valley Project's Deerfield Reservoir. The Rapid Valley Unit also waters 8,900 acres of privately developed land and associated irrigation diversion and supply works in the Rapid Valley Water Conservancy District in Pennington County. The farmland occupies the flood plain and terraces along Rapid Creek immediately downstream from Rapid City for a distance of 20 miles. Drawn from the memory of a gold rusher, Judge H.N. Maguire, the name Pactola derives from Pactolus, the Lydian river of golden sands. Maguire arrived in Dakota Territory in 1876, hiring 80 men to construct a six-mile flume for a placer gold mining operation. Maguire's flume scheme collapsed and the mining town of Pactola now sits at the bottom of a reservoir whose name honors the Judge's knowledge of history. Pactola Dam is a zoned earthfill structure, 230 feet high, 40 feet wide at the crest, and 1,255 feet long. Two zoned earth and rockfill dikes with a combined crest length of 2,100 feet stand to the left of the spillway.(1) Reclamation's first study of the Black Hills in 1937 pictured the mountains as a "pine-clad oasis" along Rapid Creek. Jutting, craggy rocks and a carpet of pine still encircle the Pactola Reservoir. The altitude of the Black Hills ranges from 2,500 to 7,200 feet while the plains east of the hills average 2,500 to 3,000 feet elevation. The weather comes in extreme variations with frequent high winds the only sure thing throughout the year. Summers are short, but hot, as temperatures in Rapid City and the nearby irrigable area can climb past 100F. The average annual frost-free period is 155 days. Winters are long and cold, but chinook winds moderate the chill east of the hills. Precipitation averages 25 inches annually at higher elevations and 14.7 inches at Rapid City. On the unit's irrigable lands, rain is variable and dry spells come and stay without warning. Loam and light clay forms the topsoil while subsoils are loamy to sandy clay. The unit's topography varies from a smooth to gently rolling slope.(2) The Lakota Sioux called the peaks between the Belle Fourche and Cheyenne Rivers, Paha Sapa, or "Hills That Are Black." Despite their association with the Black Hills, the Sioux, were not the first native people in the area. Over the centuries, several nomadic tribes occupied the region subsisting by hunting, or living off the land. By the mid-1700s, the Oglala and the Brûlé Sioux crossed the Missouri River, establishing the Sioux first presence in the region. Once on the plains, the Sioux gradually abandoned their gathering and fishing traditions to hunt buffalo. By the early nineteenth century, the Sioux domain extended from the Republican River in Kansas and Nebraska westward to the Rocky Mountains and north to the Canadian border. French voyageurs and American mountain men traded with the tribe, and from their contacts with both groups, the Sioux obtained guns and horses.(3) For most of the 19th Century, U.S. westward expansion avoided the Black Hills. The Laramie Treaty of 1868 drawn up between the United States and the Teton Sioux excluded whites from entering the Black Hills. An expedition led by Lieutenant-Col. George A. Custer brought eastern attention to the area and shattered the Laramie Treaty. In the summer of 1874, Custer's men discovered traces of gold in the hills while scouting locations for a military post. Within weeks, ambitious whites touched off another national epidemic of gold fever. By the following summer, the Federal Government sent General George A. Crook to the Black Hills to expel miners trespassing onto Sioux land. When the Sioux refused to sell either mining rights, or the land itself, war broke out. In the midst of this hostile climate, a group of unsuccessful miners laid out the town of Rapid City in 1876. That year signified the high-water mark of the Indian wars, culminating in the Battle of Little Big Horn. Emboldened by their victory over Custer, the Sioux raided many mining settlements, including Rapid City. The Indians finally succumbed to the overwhelming odds, and by February 1877, they agreed to cede the Black Hills to the United States. By August 1878, the U.S. Army garrisoned all remaining Sioux on the site of the Fort Meade military reservation on the northeast edge of the Hills.(4) In the spring of 1876, a farmer by the name of Brown planted the region's first recorded crop -- oats -- in the Whitewood Valley north of Rapid City. Farmer Brown never harvested his oats as Indians drove the family off their property. With the Sioux contained by the late 1870s, several small, private companies attempted irrigating the rolling slopes at the foot of the Black Hills. Rapid City's first railroad and municipal water system appeared in 1886. A gravity flow system dispensed the city's first water from Lime Springs, three miles west of town. Rapid City stored its water in a 375,000 gallon reservoir on the east slope of Hangman's Hill, 188 feet above the city. The system cost city residents $51,000. By 1907, there were 18 separate ditch companies taking water from Rapid Creek for agricultural uses.(5) From 1915 to 1937, private firms and federal authorities conducted four significant investigations of Rapid Creek. The last, directed by the Bureau of Reclamation in 1937, considered three sites. The first sat 30 miles west of Rapid City at Deerfield, the second site was 15 miles upstream from the city and a third option planned the expansion of the existing Iowa Canal. Both the Rapid Valley Project and Unit resulted from the 1937 study. Rapid City is a suitable description of the community's population boom between 1920 and 1950. In 1952, a Reclamation commentator philosophized, "The history of Rapid City's water system is an account of repeated efforts to acquire and develop additional supplies only to have growing demands quickly absorb the margin over needs." The population more than doubled from 5,777 in 1920 to 25,310 at the start of the 1950s. With these statistics as a foundation, demographers estimated Rapid City would hold 48,400 people at the dawn of the 21st century.(6) For many years, Lime Springs singlehandedly supplied Rapid City's water needs. A drought in the 1930s reduced the spring's flow to a trickle and confronted users with their first water shortage. The drought forced numbers of bankrupt farmers to move from the country to the city. The Dust Bowl proved there was no profit in dry-farming in the basin, and many farmers vacated their lands in search of work. The Dust Bowl refugees lived in auto trailers, shacks, and tents along Rapid Creek. An influx of dispossessed families from across the Great Plains joined the homeless west of the city.(7) Between 1935 and 1938, the city drilled five deep wells in what is now the Canyon Lake residential district. Rapid City connected temporary lines to wells outside city limits, but none of these measures provided more than temporary relief. Concurrently, new housing starts brought new lawns and gardens. More water mains to quench the thirst of bluegrass and begonias placed a further demand on Rapid City's water resources. Between 1937 and 1950, the city's municipal water output grew from 482 million gallons per year to 1,367 million gallons annually. The city used an average of 4 million gallons of water each day, with demands occasionally peaking at 9 million.(8) In 1942, a new neighbor, Ellsworth Air Force Base, brought a sense of civic pride and anxiety. Located ten miles northeast of the city, the base housed 4,500 men, 450 officers, and their families. The incoming military personnel placed the greatest strain on the city's resources since its founding. The base alone drew 1,800 acre feet of water annually from municipal sources.(9) The Second World War revitalized the region's agricultural economy and established the military as a permanent presence. Despite inadequate equipment and a farm labor shortage, increased production of grain, flax and soybeans put many farmers back on their feet financially. Rapid City's prospects soared in 15 years from center of South Dakota's dispossessed to possible international gathering place. One Rapid Citian, Paul Bellamy, embodied this spirit of turnaround. The personification of a small-town Babbitt, Bellamy started the war operating a fleet of tour buses. By V-J Day, he personally lobbied the leaders of other countries to bring the United Nations to Rapid City. Broadcaster Edward R. Murrow supported Rapid City, commenting that the "delegates would think clearer out in the Black Hills." The U.N's leadership eventually decided to do their thinking amongst the concrete canyons of New York City. In the heady mood of postwar Rapid City, the community needed a dependable reserve of water to support both prosperity and fantasy.(10) The tale of the Rapid Valley Unit from authorization to construction is one of hopes raised and dashed for almost a decade. As an outgrowth of the 1937 report, on November 8, 1939, President Franklin Roosevelt approved the Rapid Valley Project, under the provisions of the Interior Department Appropriation Act of May 10, 1939. The President's approval included the construction of Pactola Dam to provide supplemental water for 12,000 acres of irrigated land and Rapid City. The appropriation act allotted $980,000 from the 1940 Interior Department budget for construction. However, lags in negotiations between the Federal Government and interested parties later returned $900,000 to Interior. Congress resubmitted the project under the Water Preservation and Utilization Act of August 11, 1939. On October 25, 1940, Roosevelt authorized $1 million for construction of Pactola Dam, $100,000 for drainage of project land and $130,000 for Farm Security Administration participation. A dam meant rerouting four miles of the 32-mile-long Rapid City, Black Hills and Western Railroad around the proposed reservoir site. The cost to users of moving the rail line and part of the main highway (U.S. 85-A) into the city totaled $200,000. Concerned irrigators and city officials met with Reclamation on March 10, 1941. The city and the farmers conceded they could not pay the additional cost. Reclamation abandoned Pactola to build the Rapid Valley Project's Deerfield Dam, but the Government agreed to construct another facility to support Deerfield at a later time. On June 5, 1942, President Roosevelt approved the Rapid Valley Project, and in 1946, the Deerfield Dam began operations.(11) The Rapid Valley Unit began its life as part of the Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Project outlined in Senate Document 191, 78th Congress, 2nd session and authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1944. Under Pick-Sloan, the Unit waited its turn as Reclamation and the Army Corps of Engineers selected other sites to dam along the Trans-Missouri Basin. Rapid City's wartime economic windfall, and the closing of the Rapid City, Black Hills and Western in 1947, pushed Pactola toward the front of the line.(12) In 1948, 30 Rapid Valley landowners desiring irrigation requested construction of an additional water storage facility on Rapid Creek. On December 10, 1949, Rapid City's city commissioners added their voices. The board petitioned the Bureau of Reclamation to provide storage capacity in the proposed new reservoir for Rapid City and Ellsworth Air Base. After completion of a definitive plan report in 1952, Reclamation went ahead with construction that year.(13) Adler Construction Company of Loveland, Colorado won the contract on October 14, 1952, with a low bid of $14.2 million, over $600,000 less than the next lowest bid. Shortly after that, Reclamation contracted with Rapid City's Brisk Brothers to clear the reservoir site of 430 acres of Ponderosa Pine. In the fall of 1952, two bulldozers, two trucks, a tractor, three gas powered chain saws and two horses leveled the forest. Shorn of trees, Adler's crews fought the Hills' hard rock, known as amphibolite. The amphibolite ranges in color from light slate-green to black and forms steep cliffs and sharp ridges around the damsite.(14) Adler began operations on November 25, 1952, by drilling 36 to 40 holes to loosen the amphibolite. After drilling, it took 200 lbs. of dynamite to clear six feet of rock. Further foundation treatment consisted of digging a cutoff trench and filling a grout curtain and cutoff wall. Crews dug down 15 feet in the cutoff trench to remove all alluvial materials and weathered rock. The trench measured 150 feet wide in the valley before tapering to 20 feet at the top of the abutments. Adler's crews placed concrete in a 3-foot-wide trench excavated along the centerline of the cutoff trench to form a grout cap and support a cutoff wall. Where the trench crossed a mineralized zone in the right abutment, excavation and concrete backfill extended both upstream and downstream to 15 feet deep. The grout curtain started beyond the right abutment proceeding in a continuous line to just beyond the far abutment of Dike No. 2.(15) Besides Adler, five subcontractors drilled and grouted and placed concrete in the outlet works tunnel. The largest average of men working at Pactola was 195 in 1954. Unskilled laborers earned $1.25 an hour, while iron workers brought home $2.75 an hour. Adler's payroll totaled $2.3 million, or approximately 49 per cent of the main contractor's gross earnings under the contract. The distance of the project from affordable living quarters put a considerable hardship on contract workers and government employees. Some men lived in trailers while others made do in shacks or out buildings. Reclamation refurbished old Forest Service buildings into their headquarters and offices. The Pactola ranger station became the unit's administrative headquarters, and other renovations turned a garage into a field office and the stable/chicken house into a laboratory. Frank E. Goehring represented Reclamation at Pactola as construction engineer, moving from Wyoming's Keyhole Unit in 1952. Goehring remained at Pactola almost to the very end of construction when he left in July 1956.(16) The dam's embankment and the dikes rose from three separate zones of material. Embankment placing operations began in May 1953 with positioning Zone 1 material in the dam and dike No. 2. Where once a carpet of pine covered the landscape, four terra-cobras, 5 DW-20 caterpillars, trucks, and other machinery, went about forming the dam. Material for zone 1, the embankment's central core, consisted of sand, clay, and gravel taken from six borrow areas and overburden excavation. A sheepsfoot roller compacted the brown, moist material to six-inch layers. A mixture of gravel, clay, silt, and cobblestones graded up to eight inches thick comprised the material in Zone 2. Crews set the fragments in approximately horizontal layers not exceeding 12 inches in thickness after compaction. A hose wetted the material and a D-8 tractor took four passes to further compact the rock pieces. The dam's face, Zone 3, consists of flat, angular fragments of amphibolite, schist, and slate. Chunks measure from eight inches to one cubic yard in volume. Man and machine placed the rock in horizontal layers three to five feet thick. Pactola Dam contains 4,319,993 cubic yards of material divided between 2,163,251 cubic yards of impervious earthfill and 2,156,742 cubic yards of rockfill.(17) Work on the dam continued, with shutdowns each winter, until August 1956. Cold and heavy snows during November and December 1955 hindered completion of the dam. Each spring and summer, showers turned haul roads into mud flats. Unpassable roads resulted in many temporary suspensions of earthfill embankment operations. During the summer, workers placed material on a two-shift per day basis.(18) The outlet works consists of a concrete horseshoe-shaped tunnel through the dam's left abutment with two high pressure slide gates. Excavation in the outlet started in early 1953 at the downstream portal, progressed to the gate chamber, and then to the upstream section of the tunnel. A battery of equipment, led by a diesel locomotive, eight mine cars, a jumbo drill car, and an air-operated overshot mucking machine, cleared the tunnel. Narrow gauge tracks running from the downstream waste pile to the excavation face inched forward as excavation progressed. Two 2.75 foot square high-pressure slide gates control the flow through the outlet. The two gates work in tandem, as the downstream gates regulate and the upstream gates guard the access. A 6-foot-diameter shaft connects the gate chamber to a shaft house on the left abutment. Downstream from the gate chamber is a 7-foot-high, 8-foot-wide modified horseshoe free flow tunnel. The outlet discharges into a concrete stilling basin.(19) Spillway excavation began in 1954 and continued spasmodically until August 1956. Workers bulldozed and scraped the foundation after dynamite loosened the hard rock. During the excavation of the spillway's bucket section, crews ran power shovels and trucks. To ease excavation of this section, Adler left a rib of material along the near side of the creek to prevent flooding. Once the outlet works control gates were in place, pumps diverted the creek's flow around the spillway bucket section and workers removed the rib of material. On completion in 1956, the spillway's concrete-crest measured 240-feet-wide with an unlined open channel chute, an unlined stilling basin, and a riprapped outlet channel. The spillway's design capacity is 38,400 cubic feet per second (cfs), and as of 1996, the spillway has never spilled.(20) Rapid City's connection to the outside world during the 1950s was U.S. Highway 85-A (now U.S. Highway 385). The original alignment of 85-A followed Rapid Creek above the damsite. A reservoir would inundate this area, so the Bureau of Public Roads signed a highway relocation contract with a Faulkton, South Dakota, firm. Excavation began November 4, 1954 as bulldozers and scrapers excavated the new road. Reclamation accepted the work as complete in 1957. After the dust cleared, crews removed a total of 4,447 cubic yards of material. Upon completion, the highway crossed the spillway inlet channel upstream from and approximately four feet lower than the spillway crest elevation.(21) Many historical mileposts disappeared once Pactola Reservoir filled. These include General Crook's camp, the town of Pactola, a stage road, and a section of the Rapid City, Black Hills and Western Railroad. The Government also disinterred the remains of nine bodies buried between 1884 and 1927. Rumors persist that a vein of gold waits for the taking, but a modern prospector needs scuba gear to dive 200 feet underwater to find out for himself. The Pactola Reservoir holds 99,000 acre feet of water, of which 43,000 acre feet is exclusive flood control storage, regulated by the Corps of Engineers. Conservation storage amounts to 55,000 acre feet, and dead storage totals 1,000 acre feet. The water surface area at spillway crest level is 1,232 acres. Reclamation's design made no provisions for power generation.(22) There were no accidental deaths in four years of construction at Pactola, but injuries claimed many man hours. Reclamation and Adler counted 49 separate accidents and 579 days lost due to injuries. Most of the injuries resulted from the rough and steep haul roads to and from the damsite, and the wet and slippery rocky outcroppings. Fire also struck twice; first when a car burned five acres of land near the Reclamation's offices in October 1953, and when flames partially destroyed Adler's field office in January 1955.(23) The reservoir first impounded water on August 22, 1956, and the Government accepted the dam as complete on September 11. First deliveries to the Rapid Valley Water Conservancy District occurred in 1958.(24) Pactola performed a vital service during one of the worst disasters in American history, the Rapid City flood of June 1972. From the muggy mid-afternoon of June 9 to the wet morning of June 10, slow moving thunderclouds dumped more than 12 inches of rain on the east slopes of the Black Hills. The heaviest rains bypassed the reservoir, as the Pactola Reservoir received only 7.16 inches on June 9. Downstream, approximately 16,000 acre feet of water rolled through the city during a four-day period. The dam's design specifications received their greatest test, as officials diverted 4,283 acre feet of water into the reservoir's flood control pool. Besides higher than normal inflows, temporary suspension of releases to aid workers recovering bodies added to the pool. As the reservoir gained water, Pactola reduced the flood peak at the Canyon Lake gaging station downstream by a maximum of 200 cfs. According to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Pactola's flood control efforts prevented $434,000 in additional losses to Rapid City. The deluge killed 235 people and destroyed $100 million worth of property in the city. The Rapid City disaster ranks third -- after Johnstown, Pennsylvania in 1889 and Florida's Lake Okeechobee in 1928 -- among floods in the United States since 1889 for the number of lives lost in a concentrated area.(25) Pactola has undergone one minor and one major rehabilitation since 1956. The first modification to the dam came in the late 1960s. In 1968, Reclamation added an 8-inch perforated toe drain. The drain cleared standing water from the rockfill at the downstream toe of the main dam. A 1982 safety evaluation found another "once in a century" flood would overtop the dam by six feet for approximately eight hours. Under those conditions, Pactola would fail and Rapid City would again be underwater. In early 1985, D.H. Blattner and Sons, Inc., of Avon, Minnesota, won the modification contract. Blattner's job involved raising the dam and dikes to elevation 4655, or a total of 15 feet above the previous crest. They also had to widen the existing spillway 185 feet to a new width of 425 feet. Crews demolished part of the existing left spillway wall to start to form the new spillway. Other assignments included grouting the foundation, modernizing the outlet works shaft house, constructing retaining walls and parking areas, and realigning U.S. 385. After two-and-a-half years, Reclamation accepted the job as complete in November 1987.(26) In 1950, the Rapid Valley Water Conservancy District counted 92 irrigated and dryland farms, and 258 people irrigated out of a farm population of 410. In 1992, there were 95 full-time farms in operation with 8,600 acres were under irrigation. Reclamation tallied a total farm population of 272 people. That year, alfalfa hay grew on 4,428 acres as the unit's dominant crop.(27) Despite the close of the Cold War, Ellsworth Air Force Base remains a significant link in the national chain of defense. Since World War II, Ellsworth housed B-17s, B-36s, and in the 1980s, B-1s. The base also guards 150 Minutemen missiles spread across 13,500 square miles of Western South Dakota. Rapid City exceeded its 1950 prediction of 50,000 by the new century with a decade to spare. The 1990 census counted 54,523 citizens. Since the early nineties, the city has added more people, as Rapid City found itself in a population boom similar to booms experienced in other small cities across the West.(28) The Rapid Valley Water Conservancy District comprises 8,900 acres of privately developed land and associated irrigation diversion and supply works. The integrated irrigation-dryland farms produce alfalfa hay, small grains, corn, and pasture. These crops provide a stable feed supply for cattle. A 1952 contract between the Federal Government and the city of Rapid City established payment by variable annual sums, ranging by five-year periods from $24,000 to $107,000 for 40 years. The Bureau of Reclamation operates and maintains the dam and reservoir on a pooled storage basis with Deerfield Reservoir. Municipal and Industrial (M&I) water supply releases from Deerfield and Pactola Reservoirs amount to 14,000 acre-feet per year. A municipal diversion facility carries the water from Rapid Creek to the city Municipal Water Treatment Plant and on into the city and Ellsworth Air Base. Total cost of the Rapid Valley Unit is $7.8 million, of which $1 million is applicable to the U.S. Air Force for its share of water. Irrigators, municipal users, and Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Program power revenues pay the remaining balance.(29) The Government signed a water service contract with the Rapid Valley Water Conservancy District in January 1961. The district pays $1,000 each year, plus $1.25 per acre-foot of water requested, for 40 years. The District can deliver any excess waters, not needed for the above contracts, for industrial demands at $14.61 per acre-foot.(30) The creation of the Pactola Dam is not a signpost marking the end of one era and the beginning of another. Reclamation's job to stabilize the resources of one city does recognize the changing demands made on water in the West. The Rapid Valley Unit helped to ensure the arrival of a new day in the shadow of the Black Hills. Manuscript and Archival Collections Records Group 115, Records of Bureau of Reclamation. Located at National Archives and Records Center, Denver. General Correspondence Files, 1902-1942, Box 1104. Project Histories, 1952-1977. Government Documents United States Congress. House. Report on Review 308, Cheyenne River, South Dakota. H. Doc. 190, 72nd Cong., 1st sess., 1932. United States Department of Interior, Army Corps of Engineers. Cheyenne River Basin, South Dakota, Black Hills Area: Flood of June 9-10, 1972. Omaha: December 1972. United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation. 1992 Summary Statistics: Water, Land and Related Data. Denver: 1992. United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation. Construction Geology Report for the Modification of the Pactola Dam Under Specifications DC-7632. Billings, MT: May 1991. United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation. Definite Plan Report, Rapid Valley Unit, Vols. I and II. Huron, South Dakota: 1952. United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation. Final Construction Report on Pactola Dam. Rapid City: December 14, 1956. United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation. Report on Rapid Valley Irrigation Project. November 1937. United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation. SEED Report on Pactola Dam. Denver: 1982. Books Parker, Watson. Gold in the Black Hills. Norman, Ok.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966. Pennington County Book History Committee. A History of Pennington County, South Dakota. Dallas: Taylor Publishing Co., 1986. Schell, Herbert S. History of South Dakota. 3rd ed. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 1975. Newspapers Rapid City Daily Journal, 1942. Other Sources Tratebas, Alice M. Cultural Resources Survey of Deerfield Reservoir in the Black Hills, South Dakota. South Dakota Archaeological Research Center, 1976. United States, Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census. 1990 Census of Population and Housing, West North Central Division, South Dakota. Summary Tape File 1A. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: 1991.
1. U.S., Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, SEED Report on Pactola Dam, (Denver: 1982), 1; U.S., Department of Interior, Bureau of ReclamationAnnual Project History, Rapid Valley Unit, Vol. 25, 1976, factual data map; Watson Parker, Gold in the Black Hills, (Norman, Ok., University of Oklahoma Press: 1966), 82. 2. U.S., Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Definite Plan Report, Rapid Valley Unit, Vol. II, (Huron, South Dakota: 1952), 5; U.S., Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Annual Project History, Rapid Valley Unit, Vol. 25, 1976, factual data map. 3. Alice M. Tratebas, Cultural Resources Survey of Deerfield Reservoir in the Black Hills, South Dakota, (South Dakota Archaeological Research Center, 1976), 10; Parker, Gold in the Black Hills, 3; Herbert S. Schell, History of South Dakota, (3rd ed.; Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 1975), 16, 22. 4. Pennington County Book History Committee, A History of Pennington County, South Dakota, (Dallas: Taylor Publishing Co., 1986), 5; Tratebas, Cultural Resources Survey of Deerfield Reservoir in the Black Hills, South Dakota, 12; Schell, History of South Dakota, 144. 5. U.S., Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Definite Plan Report, Rapid Valley Unit, Vol. I, (Huron, South Dakota: 1952), 7-8, 2-E. 6. Definitive Plan Report, Vol. I, 8, 2-E. 7. U.S., Congress, House, Report on Review 308, Cheyenne River, South Dakota, H. Docs. 190, 72nd Cong., 1st sess., 1932, 7. 8. Report on Review 308, Cheyenne River, South Dakota, 7. 9. Definite Plan Report, Rapid Valley Unit, Vol. I, 16, 27; A History of Pennington County, South Dakota, 23; U.S., Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, General Correspondence File, 1902-1942, letter from Harold L. Ickes to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, February 20, 1942, Box 1104; U.S., Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Report on Rapid Valley Irrigation Project, (November 1937), 3. 10. Rapid City Daily Journal (Special Promotional Bulletin), April 6, 1942, 4; History of South Dakota, 302; Pennington County Book History Committee, A History of Pennington County, South Dakota, 31. 11. Definite Plan Report - Vol. II, 10-11. 12. Definitive Plan Report, Vol. I, 11; Report on Rapid Valley Irrigation Project, 69, 80; U.S., Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Annual Project History, Rapid Valley Unit, Vol. 1, 1952, 9. 13. Annual Project History, Rapid Valley Unit, Vol. 25, 1976, 2. 14. U.S., Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Construction Geology Report for the Modification of the Pactola Dam Under Specifications, DC-7632, (Billings, MT.: May 1991), 17; Final Construction Report on Pactola Dam, 6, 32. 15. SEED Report on Pactola Dam, 11-12; Final Construction Report on Pactola Dam, 159. 16. Annual Project History, Rapid Valley Unit, Vol. 2, 1953, 14; Final Construction Report on Pactola Dam, 170. 17. SEED Report on Pactola Dam, 23-24; Final Report on Pactola Dam, 2. 18. Final Construction Report on Pactola Dam, 124, 126, 158. 20. Final Report on Pactola Dam, 118. 22. SEED Report on Pactola Dam, 7, 12; Definitive Final Report, Vol. I, 3-H. 23. U.S., Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Final Construction Report on Pactola Dam, (Rapid City: December 14, 1956), 66. 24. U.S., Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Annual Project History, Rapid Valley Unit, Vol. 2, 1953, 12; Final Construction Report on Pactola Dam, 173; U.S., Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Annual Project History, Rapid Valley Unit, Vol. 5, 1956, 4. 25. SEED Report on Pactola Dam, 7; U.S., Department of Interior, Army Corps of Engineers, Cheyenne River Basin, South Dakota, Black Hills Area: Flood of June 9-10, 1972 (Omaha: December 1972), 21-22, 106. 26. Annual Project History, Rapid Valley Unit History, Vol. 25, 1976, 4; U.S., Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Construction Geology Report for the Modification of the Pactola Dam Under Specifications, DC-7632, (Billings, MT.: May 1991), 29-30. 27. U.S., Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, 1992 Summary Statistics: Water, Land and Related Data, (Denver: 1992), 310. 28. U.S., Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, West North Central Division, South Dakota, Vol. 1, Summary Tape File 1A, (Washington, D.C.: 1992). 29. Annual Project History, Rapid Valley Unit, Vol. 25, 1976, factual data map. |
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