Energy Code for New Federal Commercial and Multi-Family High Rise Residential Buildings
[Federal Register: August 6, 1996 (Volume 61, Number 152)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Page 40881-40937]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[[Page 40881]]
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Part II
Department of Energy
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Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
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10 CFR Parts 434 and 435
Energy Code for New Federal Commercial and Multi-Family High Rise
Residential Buildings; Proposed Rule
[[Page 40882]]
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
10 CFR Parts 434 and 435
[Docket No. EE-RM-79-112-C]
RIN 1904-AA69
Energy Code for New Federal Commercial and Multi-Family High Rise
Residential Buildings
AGENCY: Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, DOE.
ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking and public hearing and request
for public comment.
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SUMMARY: The Department of Energy today proposes a rule that would
establish building energy efficiency standards for new Federal
commercial and multi-family high rise residential buildings pursuant to
the requirements of the Energy Conservation and Production Act. The
proposed rule would revise the current interim Federal standards to
conform generally with the format of the current voluntary building
energy codes. The proposed rule would incorporate changes from the
interim rule in the areas of lighting, mechanical ventilation, motors,
building envelopes, and fenestration rating procedures, and test
procedures for heating and cooling equipment.
DATES: Written comments on the proposed rule (10 copies) must be
received by the Department by 4 p.m. on or before November 4, 1996. A
public hearing will be held on September 4, 1996, beginning at 9 a.m.
at the address listed below. Requests to speak must be received by the
Department by 4 p.m. on or before August 28, 1996. Ten copies of the
statement to be given at the public hearing must be received by the
Department by 4 p.m. August 29, 1996.
ADDRESSES: Address written comments, requests for copies of the
technical support documents and oral statements, requests to speak at
the hearing, and requests for speaker lists to: Energy Code for Federal
Commercial Buildings, Docket No. EE-RM-79-112-C, Buildings Division,
EE-431, Office of Codes and Standards, U.S. Department of Energy, Room
1J-018, 1000 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20585-0121, (202)
586-7574. FAX comments will not be accepted. The public hearing will be
held at the U.S. Department of Energy, Forrestal Building, Room 1E-245,
1000 Independence Avenue SW., Washington, DC 20585-0121. Copies of the
transcript of the public hearing and public comments received may be
read at the DOE Freedom of Information Reading Room, U.S. Department of
Energy, Forrestal Building, Room 1E-190, 1000 Independence Avenue SW.,
Washington, DC 20585-0121, (202) 586-6020, between the hours of 9 a.m.
and 4 p.m., except Federal holidays.
For more information concerning public participation see Section
VIII, Public Comment Procedures.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Ronald B. Majette, Buildings Division, EE-432, Office of Codes and
Standards, U.S. Department of Energy, Room 1J-018, 1000 Independence
Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20585-0121, Tel: 202-586-0517
Francine B. Pinto, Esq., Office of General Counsel, GC-72, U.S.
Department of Energy, Room 6E-042, 1000 Independence Avenue, SW.,
Washington, DC 20585-0103, Tel: 202-586-7432
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. Introduction
A. Authority
B. Background
II. Description of the Proposed Rule
A. General
B. Format and Structure of the Proposed Rule
C. Comparison of the Proposed Rule with the Interim Standard
D. Comparison of Codified Version of Standard 90.1-1989 to the
Proposed Rule and Comparison Between Standard 90.1-1989 Addenda and
the Proposed Rule
E. Explanation of Differences between the Proposed Rule and the
Statutory Baseline
III. Consultation
IV. Energy Impacts
V. Technological Feasibility and Economic Justification
VI. Measures Concerning Radon and Other Indoor Air Pollutants
VII. Findings and Certification
A. Federalism Review
B. Review Under Executive Order on Promulgating Regulations
12988
C. Regulatory Planning and Review
D. Review Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act
E. Review Under the National Environmental Policy Act
F. Environmental Protection Agency Review
G. Paperwork Reduction Act Review
H. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act Review
I. Review Under Section 32 of the Federal Energy Administration
Authorization Act
VIII. Public Comment Procedures
A. Participation in Rulemaking
B. Written Comment Procedures
C. Public Hearing Procedures
I. Introduction
A. Authority
Section 305(a) of the Energy Conservation and Production Act
(ECPA), as amended, 42 U.S.C. 6834(a), requires DOE to establish by
rule Federal building energy standards for new Federal buildings. In
developing this proposed rule, DOE is directed to consult with other
federal agencies as well as private and state associations and other
appropriate persons.
The proposed rule must contain energy saving and renewable energy
specifications that meet or exceed the energy saving and renewable
energy specifications of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating
and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE)/Illuminating Engineering
Society of North America (IES) Standard 90.1-1989 (Standard 90.1-1989)
for commercial buildings and of the Model Energy Code (MEC), 1992, for
residential buildings. MEC 1992 exempts multi-family high-rise
residential buildings (over three stories in height above ground) which
comply with Standard 90.1-1989. As a result, Standard 90.1-1989 is the
applicable standard under Section 305 of ECPA for high-rise residential
buildings.
Section 305(a) requires that the standards contain energy
efficiency measures that are technologically feasible and economically
justified. Since ECPA, as amended, establishes that the new standards
meet, at a minimum, the requirements of Standard 90.1-1989,
technological feasibility and economic justification need not be
established for these minimum requirements. DOE is interpreting this
minimum requirement to include those addenda to Standard 90.1-1989
which were in effect at the time the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPACT),
which amended ECPA, was enacted. Since these addenda were part of
Standard 90.1-1989 at the time EPACT was enacted, they are part of the
baseline against which the proposed rule is compared for purposes of
assessing its energy and economic impacts.
Section 305(a)(2)(B) requires that to the extent practicable, the
new federal building energy standards use the same format as the
appropriate voluntary building energy code. The proposed rule would
revise the current interim federal standards to conform generally with
the format and language of the codified version of Standard 90.1-1989.
The addenda to Standard 90.1-1989 included in the proposed rule are
also generally incorporated in their codified form.
Section 305(a)(2)(c) further requires that the proposed rule be
established in consultation with the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) and other Federal agencies and, where appropriate, contain
measures with
[[Page 40883]]
regard to radon and other indoor air pollutants.
Section 305(c) states that the standards proposed in today's rule
be reviewed and, if appropriate, updated at not less than five year
intervals.
The standards proposed today are required to become effective no
later than one year after the rule is issued. (See section 305(a)(1)).
Section 305(d) continues in effect the interim energy performance
standards (otherwise known as ``interim rule'' or ``interim
standards'') for new Federal buildings as they existed before the date
of the enactment in 1992 of EPACT until the standards established under
subsection (a) become effective.
Section 306 addresses Federal compliance. Section 306(a) provides
that each Federal agency and the Architect of the Capitol must adopt
procedures to assure that new Federal buildings will meet or exceed the
Federal building energy standards proposed here. Section 306(b) bars
the head of a Federal agency from expending Federal funds for the
construction of a new Federal Building unless the building meets or
exceeds the appropriate Federal building energy standards established
under section 305.
B. Background
On January 30, 1989, the Department issued an interim rule (10 CFR
part 435, subpart A) establishing energy conservation voluntary
performance standards for the design of new commercial and multi-family
high rise residential buildings; these standards are mandatory for
Federal buildings.
The Department's interim standards and Standard 90.1-1989 were
developed in conjunction with one another and contain similar energy
efficiency provisions. ASHRAE and IES are professional engineering
societies which have undertaken the responsibility of sponsoring a
voluntary industry consensus standard for the design of energy
efficient commercial and multi-family high rise buildings.
The Department's interim rule and Standard 90.1-1989 followed a
parallel development track. ASHRAE/IES provided technical expertise
that ensured the practicality of the interim standards and Standard
90.1-1989. DOE contributed technical expertise and research results in
the development of these two standards.
Because Standard 90.1-1989 is written as a standard of professional
practice, it cannot be directly adopted as a building code. The
Department in 1993 requested ASHRAE to assist DOE in producing a
version of Standard 90.1-1989 and its addenda in code format. This
joint effort was undertaken to assist States in responding to Section
304(b) of ECPA and to assist DOE in establishing Federal building
energy efficiency standards. The resulting code, published by ASHRAE/
IES in November 1993 is entitled ``Energy Code for Commercial and HighRise
Residential Buildings.'' This code has been approved by the
Council of American Building Officials (CABO) as the basis for its MEC
and some of the regional model codes.
Basing the proposed rule on the codified version of Standard 90.1-
1989 ensures that the provisions of today's proposed rule would be
similar to those being adopted by state and local jurisdictions and
widely used in the private sector.
Moreover, ASHRAE/IES periodically modifies their current edition of
their standard through an addenda process. Standard 90.1-1989 is the
current edition of their standard. ASHRAE/IES has adopted six addenda
to Standard 90.1-1989 since it was published in 1989. They are: Addenda
b, c, d, e, g, and i. The proposed rule would include these addenda.
These addenda are described below in II.D, Table 3. The proposed rule
would also include provisions that are substantively the same as those
in Addendum f, which has not been adopted by ASHRAE/IES.
DOE has chosen to publish the proposed rule in its entirety so that
it is assembled in a unified form for easy access. DOE did not choose
to merely publish changes from the codified version of Standard 90.1-
1989 because of the integrated nature of the changes (small and large)
from that codified version. The Department invites comments on whether
Standard 90.1-1989, including appropriate addenda, should be
incorporated Standard 90.1 by reference instead of publishing the rule
in its entirety as DOE proposes today. If DOE were to incorporate
Standard 90.1-1989 by reference, other proposed changes would need to
be published as well.
II. Description of the Proposed Rule
A. General
The standards proposed today specify a minimum level of energy
efficiency for new Federal commercial and high-rise residential
buildings. The proposed rule would revise the current interim Federal
standards to conform generally with the format and language of the
codified version of Standard 90.1-1989. They do not address the design
of residential single family or multi-family low rise buildings,
currently addressed by Subpart C of 10 Part 435. Such buildings will be
addressed in a separate rulemaking.
The current interim standards for Federal commercial and multifamily
high-rise residential buildings are found in Subpart A of 10 CFR
Part 435. For clarity and ease of use, the Department is proposing to
remove Subparts A and B of Part 435 and add a new Part 434, to contain
the building energy efficiency standards for new Federal commercial and
multi-family high-rise residential buildings.
Today's proposal contains substantive changes from the interim
standard in the areas of lighting, mechanical ventilation, motors,
building envelopes, fenestration rating procedures, and heating and
cooling test procedures. It includes those addenda which were in effect
at the time EPACT was enacted (Addendum 90.1b revising service water
heating criteria and updating miscellaneous references to other
standards, Addendum 90.1d addressing lighting controls, and Addendum
90.1e updating ventilation requirements).
The proposed rule also includes several addenda adopted by ASHRAE
and IES after EPACT was enacted. These include Addenda g, i, and c,
addressing building envelopes, heating and cooling equipment test
procedures, and motor efficiency, respectively. DOE would also include
provisions concerning procedures for calculating fenestration ratings.
As previously mentioned, these provisions are substantively the same as
Addendum f, now pending consideration by ASHRAE and IES.
The lighting standards in today's proposed rule would differ from
both the interim standards and Standard 90.1-1989. The updated lighting
provisions are more stringent than Standard 90.1-1989 and reflect new
information concerning energy requirements needed to achieve adequate
lighting levels.
The proposed rule would provide minimum standards of energy
efficiency levels to be required in each new federal commercial and
high-rise residential building. The individual specifications for
lighting, HVAC, envelope, and other aspects of buildings found in
subpart D of the proposed rule determine the minimum level of energy
efficiency required for a particular building. This ``prescriptive
path'' provides a simple means of ensuring design specifications that
meet the proposed code.
Flexibility is a key feature of the proposed code. While some of
the specific design requirements of subpart D apply in all cases, this
proposed rule provides for flexibility in many other areas if building
designers can show that the overall building energy use or
[[Page 40884]]
energy cost compares favorably to the baseline energy use or energy
cost based on subpart D of the proposed rule. Tradeoffs among systems
and among building shell components can be made using the DOE version
of the Lighting Standard (LTGSTD) and Envelope Standard software
(ENVSTD), respectively. Building-wide trade-offs among energy
efficiency features or the inclusion of entirely new efficiency
features, including passive and active renewable features, can be made
as well. Subpart E allows building-wide flexibility as long as the net
result equals or reduces energy costs. Subpart F allows these trades to
be made if predicted total building energy use is below that expected
using the ``prescriptive path.'' These alternative paths are especially
valuable as a means for building designers to take full advantage of
the energy savings potential of new technologies. The computer software
referenced above will be included as part of the Technical Support
Document.
B. Format and Structure of the Proposed Rule
ASHRAE and IES have published Standard 90.1-1989 in a code format
that does not differ in any significant technical or substantive
respect from the standard itself. DOE has based the proposed rule on
this codified version of Standard 90.1-1989, published by ASHRAE and
IES in 1993, by adopting verbatim significant portions of it. Section
II(E) of this notice discusses the substantive differences between the
proposed rule and the statutory baseline.
The codified version is expected to be widely used by state and
local code making bodies as they update their codes. The designers and
builders of Federal buildings, who also design and construct State and
private sector buildings, will be familiar with the requirements of the
codified version, their importance, and how to meet them. Therefore,
the consistency of the proposed rule with industry-wide practices would
facilitate implementation by federal agencies of the final rule.
Copies of the ASHRAE Energy Code and ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-1989
may be purchased from ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE., Atlanta, GA
30329 (1-800-5-ASHRAE).
C. Comparison of the Proposed Rule With the Interim Standard
The design and construction of new commercial and multi-family
high-rise residential federal buildings is currently governed by
interim energy efficiency standards issued in 1989. Table 1 provides a
``cross-walk'' from the elements of the current interim federal
commercial and multi-family high-rise residential building standard to
the proposed rule to facilitate a comparison between the two standards.
Column 1 of the table lists all of the sections of the interim standard
and column 2 lists the location of sections within the proposed rule
which include or refer to the same topic.
Table 1.--Subject Cross-Walk Between the Current Interim Federal
Commercial and Multi-Family High Rise Standard and the Proposed Federal
Rule
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Interim standards Proposed rule
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435.97 Purpose and 435.98 Scope....... 434.100 Administration and
Enforcement.
435.99 General Definitions and 434.200 Definitions.
Acronyms.
435.100 Explanation of numbering 434.99 Explanation of
systems for standards. numbering systems for
standards.
435.101 Implementation and compliance 434.100 Administration and
procedures for Federal agencies. Enforcement--
435.102 Principles of effective energy 434.102 Compliance.
building design.
Not included--Moved to Federal
Users Manual, Performance
standards for New Commercial
and Multi-Family High Rise
Residential Buildings. U.S.
Department of Energy. March
1994.
435.103 Lighting...................... 434.401.3 Lighting Systems and
Equipment.
435.104 Auxiliary Systems and 434.401.3 Lighting Systems &
Equipment.. Equipment.
434.400 Building Design Requirements.. 434.403 Building Mechanical
Systems and Equipment.
434.404 Building Service
Systems and Equipment.
435.105 Building Envelope............. 434.402 Building Envelope
Assembles & Materials.
434.300 Design Conditions........... 434.300 Design Conditions.
434.400 Building Design Requirements; 434.402 Building Envelope
402 Building Envelope Assemblies & Assembles & Materials.
Materials.
435.106 Electric Power and 434.401 Electric Systems and
Distribution. Equipment.
435.107 Heating Ventilation and Air- 434.403 Building Mechanical
Conditioning (HVAC) Systems. Systems and Equipment.
434.400 Building Design Requirements; 434.403 Building Mechanical
403 Building Mechanical Systems and Systems and Equipment.
Equipment.
435.108 Heating ventilation and air- 434.403 Building Mechanical
conditioning (HVAC) equipment. Systems and Equipment.
435.109 Service water heating systems. 434.404 Building Service
Systems & Equipment.
434.400 Building Design Requirements.. 434.403 Building Mechanical
Systems and Equipment.
435.110 Energy management............. 434.403 Building Service
Systems and Equipment.
435.111 Building energy cost 434.102 Compliance.
compliance alternative.
434.500 Building energy cost
compliance alternative.
435.112 Building energy compliance 434.102 Compliance.
alternative.
434.600 Building energy
Compliance Alternative.
434.700 Reference Standard.
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D. Comparison of Codified Version of Standard 90.1-1989 to the Proposed
Rule and Comparison Between Standard 90.1-1989 Addenda and the Proposed
Rule
This section provides a ``cross-walk'' between the proposed rule
and the codified version of Standard 90.1-1989 as well as a ``crosswalk''
between the proposed rule and Standard 90.1-1989 Addenda. The
codified version published November 1993, includes all of the addenda
adopted by ASHRAE to date in their codified form. Addendum f, dealing
with fenestration, is pending consideration by ASHRAE. As a result, it
is not included in the codified version of Standard 90.1-1989.
Table 2.--Subject Cross Walk Between Codified Version of Standard 90.1-
1989 and the Proposed Federal Rule
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Codified 90.1-1989 Proposed rule
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434.99 Explanation of
Numbering System.
CHAPTER 1 ADMINISTRATION AND Subpart A--Administration and
ENFORCEMENT. Enforcement--General
100 General
100.1 Title
100.2 Purpose..................... 434.100 Purpose.
101 Scope............................. 434.101 Scope.
102 Compliance........................ 434.102 Compliance.
103 Referenced Standards.............. 434.103 Reference Standards.
104 Validity.......................... 434.104 Validity.
105 Materials......................... 434.105 Materials and
Equipment.
106 Plans and Specifications.......... 434.106 Plans and
Specifications.
107 Inspections....................... 434.107 Inspections.
CHAPTER 2 DEFINITIONS................. Subpart B--Definitions
201 Definitions....................... 434.201 Definitions.
CHAPTER 3 DESIGN CONDITIONS........... Subpart C--Design Conditions
301 Design Criteria................... 434.301 Design Criteria.
301.1 Exterior Design Conditions.. 301.1 Exterior Design
Conditions.
301.2 Indoor Design Conditions.... 301.2 Indoor Design
Conditions.
CHAPTER 4 BUILDING DESIGN REQUIREMENTS Subpart D--Building Design
Requirements
ELECTRIC SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT
401 Electrical Power and Lighting 434.401 Electrical Power and
Systems. Lighting Systems.
401.1 Electrical Distribution 401.1 Electrical
Systems. Distribution Systems.
401.1.1 Check Metering........ 401.1.1 Check Metering.
401.1.2 Electrical Schematic.. 401.1.2 Electrical
Schematic.
401.2 Electric Motors............. 401.2 Electric Motors.
401.2.1 Efficiency............ 401.2.1 Efficiency.
LIGHTING SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT
401.3 Lighting Power Allowance.... 401.3 Lighting Power
Allowance.
401.3.1 Building Exteriors.... 401.3.1 Building
Exteriors.
401.3.2 Building Interiors.... 401.3.2 Building
Interiors.
401.3.3 Lighting Power Control 401.3.3 Lighting Power
Credits. Control Credits.
401.3.4 Lighting Controls..... 401.3.4 Lighting
Controls.
401.3.5 Ballasts.............. 401.3.5 Ballasts.
BUILDING ENVELOPES
402 Building Envelope Assemblies and 434.402 Building Envelope
Materials. Assemblies and Materials.
402.1 Calculations and Supporting 402.1 Calculation and
Information. Supporting Information.
402.1.1 Materials Properties.. 402.1.1 Materials
Properties.
402.1.2 Thermal Performance 402.1.2 Thermal
Calculations. Performance Calculations.
402.1.3 Gross Areas of 402.1.3 Gross Areas of
Envelope Components. Envelope Components.
402.2 Air Leakage and Moisture 402.2 Air Leakage and
Migration. Moisture Migration.
402.2.1 Air Leakage........... 402.2.1 Air Barrier
System.
402.2.2 Exterior Envelope 402.2.2 Building
Joints and Penetrations. Envelope.
402.2.3 Moisture Migration.... 402.2.3 Moisture
Mitigation.
402.3 Thermal Performance Criteria 402.3 Thermal Performance
Criteria.
402.3.1 Roofs; Floors and 402.3.1 Roofs; Floors and
Walls Adjacent to Walls Adjacent to
Unconditioned Spaces. Unconditioned Spaces.
402.3.2 Below-Grade Walls and 402.3.2 Below-Grade Walls
Slabs-on-Grade. and Slabs-on-Grade.
402.4 Exterior Walls.............. 402.4 Exterior Walls.
402.4.1 Prescriptive Criteria. 402.4.1 Prescriptive
Criteria.
402.4.2 System Performance 402.4.2 System
Criteria. Performance Criteria.
BUILDING MECHANICAL SYSTEM AND
EQUIPMENT
403 Building Mechanical Systems and 434.403 Building Mechanical
Equipment. Systems and Equipment.
403.1 Mechanical Equipment 403.1 Mechanical Equipment
Efficiency. Efficiency.
403.2 HVAC Systems................ 403.2 HVAC Systems.
403.2.1 Load Calculations..... 403.2.1 Load
Calculations.
403.2.2 Equipment and System 403.2.2 Equipment and
Sizing. System Sizing.
403.2.3 Separate Air 403.2.3 Separate Air
Distribution System. Distribution System.
403.2.4 Ventilation and Fan 403.2.4 Ventilation and
System Design. Fan System Design.
403.2.5 Pumping System Design. 403.2.5 Pumping System
Design.
403.2.6 Temperature and 403.2.6 Temperature and
Humidity Controls. Humidity Controls.
403.2.7 Off-Hour Controls..... 403.2.7 Off-Hour
Controls.
403.2.8 Economizer Controls... 403.2.8 Economizer
Controls.
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403.2.9 Distribution System 403.2.9 Distribution
Construction and Insulation. System Construction and
Insulation.
403.2.10 Completion........... 403.2.10 Completion.
BUILDING SERVICE SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT
404 Building Service Systems and 434.404 Building Service
Equipment. Systems and Equipment.
404.1 Service Water Heating 404.1 Service Water Heating
Equipment. Equipment Efficiency.
404.1.1 Testing Electric and 404.1.1 Testing Electric
Oil Storage Water Heaters for and Oil Storage Water
Standby Loss. Heaters for Standby Loss
404.1.2 Unfired Storage Tanks. 404.1.2 Unfired Storage
Tanks.
404.1.3 Storage Volume Symbols 404.1.3 Storage Volume
in Table. Symbols in Table.
404.2 Service Hot Water Piping 404.2 Service Hot Water
Insulation. Piping Insulation.
404.3 Service Water Heating System 404.3 Service Water Heating
Controls. System Controls.
404.4 Water Conservation.......... 404.4 Water Conservation.
404.5 Swimming Pools.............. 404.5 Swimming Pools.
404.6 Combined Service Water 404.6 Combined Service
Heating and Space Heating Water Heating and Space
Equipment. Heating Equipment.
The codified version of Standard 90.1- Subpart E--Building Energy Cost
1989, Section 102, Compliance, Compliance Alternative
incorporates by reference the Building
Energy Cost Compliance Alternative.
434.501 General.
434.502 Determination of the
Annual Energy Cost Budget.
434.503 Prototype Building
Procedure.
434.504 Use of the Prototype
Building to Determine the
Energy Cost Budget.
434.505 Reference Building
Method.
434.506 Use of the Reference
Building to Determine the
Energy Cost Budget.
434.507 Calculation Procedure
and Simulation Tool.
434.508 Determination of the
Design Energy Consumption and
Design Energy Cost.
434.509 Compliance.
434.510 Standard Calculation
Procedure.
434.511 Orientation and Shape.
434.512 Internal Loads.
434.513 Occupancy.
434.514 Lighting.
434.515 Receptacles.
434.516 Building Exterior
Envelope.
434.517 HVAC Systems and
Equipment.
434.518 Service Water Heating.
434.519 Controls.
434.520 Speculative Buildings.
434.521 The Simulation Tool.
The Building Energy Compliance Subpart F--Building Energy
Alternative is not in the codified Compliance Alternative
version.
434.601 General.
434.602 Determination of the
Annual Energy Budget.
434.603 Determination of the
Design Energy Use.
434.604 Compliance.
434.605 Standards Calculation
Procedures.
434.606 Simulation Tool.
434.607 Life Cycle Cost
Analysis Criteria.
CHAPTER 5 REFERENCE STANDARDS......... Subpart G--Reference Standards
501 General........................... 434.701 General.
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As stated earlier, this proposed rule is being published in a
unified and easy access form in lieu of publishing changes from the
codified version of Standard 90.1 due to the integrated nature of the
changes (small and large) from the codified version. In addition, this
unified approach will facilitate the updating of this rule to reflect
new energy efficiency provisions.
DOE worked with the ASHRAE's Standing Standards Project Committee
90.1 and the IES's Energy Management Committee in their development of
addenda to Standard 90.1-1989. Today, the DOE is proposing to include
some of these addenda in its proposed rule. Table 3 provides a subject
cross walk between addenda to Standard 90.1-1989 and the proposed rule.
Table 3.--Subject Cross Walk Between Standard 90.1-1989 Addenda and the
Proposed Federal Rule
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Standard 90.1-1989 Addenda Proposed rule
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Add. a Not promulgated................
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Add. b Revises service water heating Subpart D Building Design
criteria and updates miscellaneous Requirements--
references to other standards in 404 Includes reference
Section 11 of ASHRAE Standard 90.1- changes and addenda to
1989. service water hearing
criteria.
Add. c Motors. Makes the motor Subpart D Building Design
efficiency requirements more stringent Requirements--
and updates and adds references to 401.2 Electric Motors.
NEMA Standards.
Add. d Clarifies the Exception under Subpart D Building Design
6.4.2.5, Lighting controls in spaces Requirements--
used as a whole. 401.3.3 Lighting Power
Control Credits.
Add. e Clarifies wording of 9.4.7, Subpart D Building Design
Ventilation. Section 9.4.7.2 permits Requirements--
outside air intake to exceed minimum 403.2.4 Ventilation and Fan
levels provided the system is capable System Design.
of operating at the minimum levels
specified by 6.1.3 of ASHRAE Standard
62.
Add. f Fenestration. Not adopted but Subpart D Building Design
pending consideration by ASHRAE. Requirements--
402.4.1.2 Fenestration
DOE is proposing
substantive provisions
that are the same as in
proposed Addendum F.
DOE's version is written
in codified form.
Contains corrections in
the fenestration thermal
performance calculation
procedure to meet
industry standards.
Includes changes to the
alternative Component
(ACP) Tables to reflect
this change.
Add. g Expansion of Table 8C-2, Wall Subpart D Building Design
Sections with Metal Studs, Parallel Requirements--
Path Correction Factors. Addresses 402.1.2.1 Envelope
thicker wall members and new Assemblies Containing Metal
technology for higher performance Framing
insulation products.
Add. h Not promulgated
Add. i Modifications to tables of HVAC Subpart D Building Design
equipment performance criteria in Requirements--
Section 10. (These were first included 403.1 Mechanical Equipment
in Addenda a.) Incorporates updated Efficiency.
test-procedure reference to the HVAC
equipment performance criteria.
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E. Explanation of Differences Between the Proposed Rule and the
Statutory Baseline
This section explains the differences between the proposed rule and
the statutory baseline. As noted above, this baseline includes Addenda
b, d, and e, since they were in effect at the time EPACT was enacted.
The discussion below corresponds to the sections in the proposed rule.
Unless otherwise indicated, the proposed rule incorporates the language
of the codified version of both Standard 90.1 and its addenda. Minor
language changes and citation changes will not be noted.
Subpart A: Administration and Enforcement
Sections 434.100 and 434.101, Purpose and Scope. In these proposed
sections, the title, purpose and scope would be changed from the
codified version and the statutory baseline to reflect the application
to federal sector buildings. These sections would adopt language from
the interim rule, with some modifications, which define the purpose of
the proposed rule and the categories of buildings covered by this
rulemaking. Specifically, the purpose section would use the term
``energy efficiency'' instead of the term ``energy conservation'' which
is used in the codified version. Proposed Sec. 434.101, Scope, would
delete exception (1), which appears in both the statutory baseline and
the codified version. Unlike the statutory baseline, the proposed rule
specifically lists all the exceptions within the ``Scope'' section.
Sections 434.104, 106, and 107 Reserved
The proposed rule does not include the sections entitled
``Validity,'' ``Plans and Specifications,'' and ``Inspections'' from
the codified version. The statutory baseline does not contain any of
these sections either.
Subpart B: Definitions
The proposed rule would change the definition of ``commercial
building'' from the codified version by using the definition of
``commercial building'' from the interim rule, which is identical to
the definition in ECPA, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 6832(4). The proposed
rule would also add several other definitions from the interim rule
that are not in the codified version. They are: building code, Federal
agency, Federal building and multi-family high-rise residential
buildings. All of these definitions, except for multi-family high rise
residential buildings, are identical to the definitions in ECPA, as
amended, 42 U.S.C. 6832(3), (5), and (6), respectively.
Subpart D: Building Design Requirements
Section 401.2, Electric Motors. This proposed section would include
Addendum c regarding motor efficiency. This is not part of the
statutory baseline. These revised minimum efficiencies for electric
motors are identical to those set forth in section 342(b) of the Energy
Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA) as amended by section 122(d) of
EPACT. The codified version of Addendum c is used with the exception of
Table 401.2.1 of the proposed rule, which is from Table 5.1 of the noncodified
version of the addendum. The codified version of Table 401.2.1
is condensed from the non-codified version and does not include as
broad a range of motor types. The effect of including Addendum c is to
make section 401.2 of the proposed rule more energy efficient than the
statutory baseline. See, Technical Support Document (TSD), pages 2-3.
Section 401.3.2, Building Interiors. This proposed section would
adopt most of the lighting requirements of the interim rule. Those
lighting requirements incorporated from the interim rule are more
energy efficient than the statutory baseline; the remaining
requirements are identical to the statutory baseline. See, Technical
Support Document, pages 3-7.
The interim federal rule specifies two sets of maximum unit power
density
[[Page 40888]]
values (UPD). UPD is measured as lighting watts per square foot of
floor area. The initial (1989) values are the same as those in the
codified version of Standard 90.1-1989. It also contains more energy
efficient UPD values that took effect in 1993. The values proposed
today have been updated to reflect the results of the detailed
assessment of the 1993 interim values made during a demonstration phase
of the applicability of the interim rule. These values reflect a goal
of progressive energy-conserving practice without prohibiting the
design of quality lighting in interior environments.
The proposed rule would include UPD values in Tables 401.3.2b and
401.3.2c that in most cases are more stringent than the statutory
baseline for various area/space categories. The proposed rule would
adopt 79 of the 106 space types listed at the more stringent 1993 UPD
values and 27 of the 106 space types listed at the 1989 UPD values from
the interim rule. In no case is more lighting energy allowed than
provided for under Standard 90.1-1989. See, Technical Support Document,
page 4.
In the proposed rule, offices have a high number of recommended UPD
values from the 1993 values of the interim rule because the substantial
amount of case study and simulation evidence points overwhelmingly to a
current capability for further reducing office lighting energy use
without sacrificing lighting quality. The large amount of office space
in the United States means that even this small improvement in energy
efficiency specifications will result in significant additional energy
savings. In only one case is a 1993 office value retained at the 1989
UPD value.
Sections 402.1.1.1, Shading Coefficient, and 402.1.2.2, Envelope
Assemblies Containing Nonmetal Framing. The reference in the last
sentence of Section 402.1.1.1 is Table 41, Chapter 27, of the ASHRAE,
Handbook, 1989 Fundamentals Volume rather than the reference found in
the codified version to Table 41 of the older 1985 Handbook. The 1985
Handbook is also referenced in the statutory baseline. There is no
difference in the content of these tables, simply a different table
number in the two versions of the Handbook.
The reference in the last sentence of Section 402.1.2.2 is changed
from page 23.2 of Chapter 23 of the ASHRAE, Handbook, 1985 Fundamentals
Volume found in the codified version and the statutory baseline, to
page 23.2 of Chapter 23 of ASHRAE, Handbook, 1989 Fundamentals Volume.
This updated reference is not substantive in nature.
Section 402.1.2.1, Envelope Assemblies Containing Metal Framing.
The proposed rule would adopt Addendum 90.1g, which is not part of the
statutory baseline. Addendum 90.1g expands proposed Table 402.1.2.1b,
Parallel Path Correction Factors, Metal Framed Walls with Studs 16
Gauge or Lighter, to include metal studs and a larger variety of
insulation products in exterior wall framing. These technologies are
not required. The table is expanded to make it easier for builders to
use these technologies. See, Technical Support Document, page 9.
Section 402.1.2.4, Fenestration Assemblies. The proposed rule would
change the rating method for fenestration (windows and skylights) from
that used in the statutory baseline. The proposed Section 402.1.2.4,
which mirrors proposed ASHRAE Addendum f, differs from the statutory
baseline in two respects. First, the proposed rule would adopt the test
procedure of the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC), NFRC 100-
91, Procedure for Determining Fenestration Product Thermal Properties
(currently limited to thermal transmittance value). This test procedure
modifies the method of calculating the thermal transmittance of
fenestration assemblies (e.g., framing and glazing). Second, the
thermal transmittance values in Equation 402.1.2.3, referenced in the
proposed section, would be updated to reflect the new rating procedure
so that the minimum required window assemblies would be essentially the
same as those required under Standard 90.1-1989 using the old rating
method. See, Technical Support Document, pages 10-11.
The new testing procedure was developed by a consensus process
supported by the Department under section 121 of EPACT. The Department
is proposing to adopt the NFRC Test Procedure because this method
provides a more accurate measure of energy efficiency. In addition to
being the basis for proposed Addendum 90.1f to Standard 90.1-1989 now
under consideration by the ASHRAE Standing Standards Project Committee,
it is already referred to in Chapter 27 of the 1993 ASHRAE Handbook of
Fundamentals. As noted previously in Section II.D. above, proposed
Addendum f is not included in the codified version.
Section 402.4.1.2, Fenestration. The revised tables 402.4.1.1 on
maximum wall thermal transmittance overall and 402.4.1.2 on maximum
window wall ratio (WWR) were created using the new method of
calculating the thermal transmittance of fenestration described above.
These revised tables incorporate the changes in fenestration test
procedures and required thermal transmittance overall values specified
in Section 402.1.2.4.
Section 403.1, Mechanical Equipment Efficiency. The proposed rule
adopts the changes set forth in Addendum 90.1i, which are not part of
the statutory baseline. These changes update the Test Procedure column
in the HVAC Tables 403.1a through 403.1f, to reflect the latest
references in mechanical equipment efficiency test procedures to ensure
consistency with industry practice. Addendum 90.1i also changes the
required minimum cubic feet per minute (cfm) for variable-air-volume
(VAV) systems to 300 cfm in order to provide consistency with the
minimum requirements of Section 403.2.4, Ventilation and Fan System
Design (Addendum 90.1e) See, Technical Support Document, pages 12-14 .
Addendum 90.1e, which is part of the statutory baseline, permits
outside air intake to exceed the minimum levels established by Standard
90.1-1989, to increase indoor air quality and tenant comfort.
Subpart E, Building Energy Cost Compliance Alternative
This provision is part of the statutory baseline. It is
incorporated in the codified version of Standard 90.1-1989 by reference
only (see Section 102, Compliance). The language of this subpart has
been adopted in its entirety from the interim rule, with the exception
of paragraphs 11.2.3, 11.2.4 and 11.3.1 found in Sec. 435.111. The
language in paragraph 11.2.3, which is contained in Section 502.3 of
the proposed rule would be modified to make it more clear. The language
in paragraph 11.2.4 would be deleted because it is merely explanatory
in nature and does not include any regulatory requirements. The
language in paragraph 11.3.1, which is contained in Section 508.1 of
the proposed rule, has been modified to avoid confusion regarding which
energy supply sources the section applies to.
This subpart sets forth the requirements for using one of two
alternative methods of whole building performance compliance. This
alternative method is based on a comparison of expected local monthly
energy costs for the proposed building design (referred to as the
``design energy cost'') to the expected energy costs of a similar
building designed to just meet the specific requirements of subpart D
(referred to as the ``energy cost budget'').
[[Page 40889]]
Compliance is achieved when the estimated design energy cost is less
than or equal to the energy cost budget. Subpart E provides
instructions for determining the budget and for calculating energy
analysis of prototype or reference building designs configured to meet
the prescriptive or systems requirements of the standards.
The prototype or reference building design for the energy cost
budget (1) incorporates the minimum technical specifications in
proposed subpart D and (2) is based on the least expensive energy
source(s) (e.g. electricity, natural gas, or oil) for space and water
heating. The reference energy source(s) is not a requirement or
recommendation.
This approach allows a designer maximum flexibility in the design
process, while ensuring that the building is designed to have energy
cost no higher than costs under the other compliance paths. This path
provides an opportunity for the energy conservation benefits of
innovative designs, materials, and equipment to be used when they
cannot be evaluated adequately under either the prescriptive or system
performance procedures.
Subpart F, Building Energy Compliance Alternative
This subpart is not found in the statutory baseline or the codified
version of Standard 90.1-1989. The Building Energy Compliance
Alternative has been adopted in its entirety from the current interim
rule (See 10 CFR 435.112), with the exception of a portion of paragraph
12.1.7 from Sec. 435.112, which would be deleted to conform to 10 CFR
part 436. (See Proposed Section 601.7 ). The proposed rule would also
modify the language of paragraphs 12.3.2.1 and 12.7.1 from
Sec. 435.112, now contained in proposed Sections 603.2.1 and 607.1,
respectively. In the first instance, the modification would clarify the
language of the proposed section; in the latter instance, the
modification would conform the proposed section to part 436 and
simplify it. Finally, a portion of paragraph 12.7.1.4 from Sec. 435.112
would be deleted in order to make proposed Section 607.1.4 accurate.
This subpart provides an additional alternative path for compliance
with the proposed rule which is based on a comparison of total energy
use rather than energy costs as in subpart E. Compliance under this
subpart is demonstrated by showing that the calculated annual energy
usage for the proposed building design is equal to or less than a
calculated design energy use target based on just meeting the
requirements of subpart D.
A life-cycle cost economic analysis is required to evaluate both
the choice of energy source(s) and energy reduction strategies. Unlike
subpart E, this subpart requires the use of the energy source(s)
determined to have the lowest life-cycle cost. Fuel sources selected
for the proposed design and prototype or reference buildings are
determined by considering the energy costs and other costs and benefits
that occur during the expected economic life of the alternative. The
procedures set forth in subpart A of 10 CFR part 436 are used to make
the determination.
When the proposed design is compared to the prototype or reference
building, the same subsystems and fuel sources are used so that the
subsystems of each correspond. Life-cycle cost analysis is then used to
determine whether proposed features would be cost-effective to the
federal government. (Section IV of this preamble discusses federal
policies which promote the purchase of cost-effective energy efficiency
investments.)
Subpart G, Reference Standards
The proposed rule would adopt the reference section from the
codified version of Standard 90.1-1989 with several additions. Several
of these changes are described above. In addition, several references
to other building industry standards are being updated to be consistent
with the current version of those standards. These changed references
are: RS-4, ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals, 1985 which was updated to
version 1989 and RS-48 which was updated to version 1993. Specifically,
added reference standards include: RS-43, NEMA MG 10-1983 (R 1988),
Energy Management Guide for Selection and Use of Polyphase Motors,
National Electrical Manufacturers Association, Washington, D.C. 20037;
RS-44, NEMA MG 11-1977 (R 1982, 1987), Energy Management Guide for
Selection and Use of Single-Phase Motors, National Electrical
Manufacturers Association, Washington, D.C. 20037; RS-45, ARI Standard
330-93, Ground-Source Closed Loop Heat Pumps, Air-Conditioning and
Refrigeration Institute, Arlington, Va. 22209; RS-46, ARI Standard 560-
92, Absorption Water Chilling and Water Heating Packages, AirConditioning
and Refrigeration Institute, Arlington, Va. 22209; RS-47,
ASHRAE, Handbook, 1991 Applications Volume, American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA
30329; RS-48, ASHRAE, Handbook, 1993 Fundamentals Volume, American
Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- Conditioning Engineers,
Atlanta, GA 30329; and RS-49, Codified Version of ASHRAE, Standard
90.1-1989, Energy Code For Commercial And High-Rise Residential
Buildings, including Addenda b, c, d, e, g, and i.
III. Consultation
In developing today's proposal, DOE has consulted with outside
parties, including state and local code officials, private sector
representatives, and other federal agencies, as required by sections
305(a)(1) of ECPA, as amended.
IV. Energy Impacts
Section 305(a)(2)(A) of ECPA, as amended, requires that the
proposed rule meet or exceed Standard 90.1-1989. As stated above, DOE
is interpreting the statutory reference to Standard 90.1-1989 to
include addenda in effect when EPACT was enacted. The proposed rule
includes all of the energy efficiency provisions in the statutory
baseline including the addenda in effect as of October 24, 1992. It
also includes the three addenda adopted since October 24, 1992 (Addenda
c, g and i), and lighting specifications that are not included in
either Standard 90.1-1989 or any of its addenda. Further, DOE proposes
requirements based upon proposed Addendum f.
Overall, the proposed rule, if adopted, for new federal buildings,
would reduce energy use by about 5 percent more than adoption of a rule
that meets the statutory baseline. The Department has determined that
Addenda g and i, addressing metal stud walls and HVAC performance
testing, respectively, as well as proposed Addendum f have no impact on
energy use. The Department estimates that Addendum c provides a 0.24
percent reduction in building energy use. This same reduction will be
realized nationwide as the electric motor standards of section 342 (b)
of the EPCA, as amended, take effect. The Department has also
determined that the proposed lighting standards will result in total
building energy use which is 4.7 percent less than that allowed by the
statutory baseline.
Even though today's proposed rule is more stringent than the
statutory baseline, two components of the proposed rule are likely to
result in an increase in allowed energy use as compared to the interim
rule. First, the interim rule does not include the new ventilation
standard found in the statutory baseline, Addendum e of Standard 90.1-
1989. Addendum 90.1e requires inclusion of capacity to provide more
fresh air to be brought into commercial buildings in order to improve
indoor air quality and occupant
[[Page 40890]]
comfort. The Department estimates that the additional energy needed to
heat, cool, dehumidify and move this additional outdoor air will
increase energy use under the proposed rule by 10 to 15 percent from
the energy requirements in the interim standard.
Second, for 27 of the 106 space types, the lighting requirements in
the proposed rule are less stringent than the 1993 lighting values in
the interim rule. The changes are unlikely, however, to have much
impact on energy use since the 1993 UPD values proved difficult to
implement for these 27 space types.
The energy estimates reported here are based on the minimum
specifications found in Subsection D of the proposed rule. Additional
cost-effective energy efficiency improvements in new federal commercial
buildings are facilitated by this rule through subparts E and F, the
alternative paths which provide a means of documenting the energy
savings and cost-effectiveness of more energy efficient building
designs. Pursuant to section 306 of ECPA, as amended, federal agencies
must adopt building standards which meet or exceed the standards of the
proposed rule. Utilization of the voluntary code format for this rule
would facilitate DOE's consideration and incorporation of new code
specifications. The Department is actively involved in the development
and analysis of a next-generation voluntary code for commercial
buildings.
Several existing programs and policies are also designed to reduce
energy use in new federal buildings beyond minimum specifications. The
proposed rule is specifically designed to work in conjunction with
existing efforts. The life cycle cost analysis provisions found in 10
CFR part 436 allow agencies to determine when additional or alternative
efficiency measures would provide net benefits in the form of energy
cost savings to ensure that measures selected under the alternative
paths are cost-effective to the Federal government. Section 306(a) of
Executive Order No. 12902 (59 FR 11463, March 8, 1994), ``Executive
Order on Energy Efficiency and Water Conservation at Federal
Facilities,'' specifically requires for new Federal facilities that,
``Each agency involved in the construction of a new facility * * *
shall: (1) Design and construct such facility to minimize the life
cycle cost of the facility by utilizing energy efficiency, water
conservation, or solar or other renewable energy technologies.'' It
also requires agencies to ``ensure that the design and construction of
facilities meet or exceed the energy performance standards applicable
to Federal residential or commercial buildings as set forth in 10 CFR
part 435, local building standards, or a Btu-per-gross square-foot
ceiling . . . whichever will result in a lower life cycle cost over the
life of the facility.'' Section 306(a)(2). Finally, this Executive
Order directs agencies to purchase equipment for buildings that are in
the upper 25 percent of energy efficiency for all similar products or
at least 10 percent more efficient than the minimum level that meets
Federal standards if they are cost-effective and to the extent
practicable. Section 507(a)(2). Programs within the Department's Office
of Codes and Standards and the Federal Energy Management Program
provide agencies with assistance in utilizing life-cycle cost analysis
and in identifying and procuring energy efficient shell and equipment
options for Federal buildings.
V. Technological Feasibility and Economic Justification
The standards proposed today are technologically feasible and cost
effective to the federal government as required by section 305(a)(1) of
ECPA, as amended. Those provisions included in the statutory baseline
have been part of recommended professional practice since at least
October 1992. Addenda adopted or proposed by ASHRAE and IES since EPACT
was enacted (Addenda 90.1c, f, g, and i addressing motors,
fenestration, metal framing in the building envelope, and heating and
cooling equipment test procedures, respectively) will be addressed
specifically to explain their technological feasibility and cost
effectiveness.
Addendum 90.1c, regarding motors was developed in cooperation with
the National Electrical Manufacturers Association and is based on its
standards. Motors covered by this criteria are currently being actively
marketed by manufacturers and regularly incorporated as cost effective
retrofit measures in utility demand side management programs. See,
Technical Support Document, page 3. Section 342(b) of EPCA, as amended,
governs the efficiency of motors manufactured after October 1997.
Discussions with manufacturers lead DOE to believe that these products
will be cost effective for all new federal buildings at the time this
rule would become effective.
Proposed Addendum 90.1f modifies the method of calculating the
thermal transmittance of fenestration assemblies based on the National
Fenestration Rating Council's procedures for determining fenestration
thermal performance. Over 12,000 products have been certified using
this procedure. Hence, the Department believes that these procedures
are technologically feasible. Furthermore, DOE believes that the Uvalues
specified in the proposed rule based on Addendum f would not
change the types of windows from those required by Standard 90.1-1989.
A review of the National Fenestration Products Rating Council Certified
Product Directory leads DOE to conclude that the proposed changes will
not require a change in fenestration from the statutory baseline. See,
Technical Support Document, pages 10-11.
Addendum 90.1g, expands proposed Table 402.1.2.1b, Parallel Path
Correction Factors, Metal Framed Walls with Studs 16 Gauge or Lighter,
to include a larger variety of available types of metal studs, spacing
of framing members and cavity insulation values which are being used
for exterior walls. This was done in light of recent increased interest
in metal shed construction. The proposed rule only permits the use of
metal studs if the exterior wall is properly insulated; it does not
require the use of this technology. The Department believes this
technology will be used only in cases where the builder finds it is
cost effective to do so. See, Technical Support Document, pages 8-9.
Addendum 90.1i updates the test procedures for heating and cooling
equipment. Their adoption by equipment manufacturers demonstrates their
technological feasibility. Furthermore, since these are established
testing procedures used by industry, DOE believes their inclusion in
the proposed rule will have no impact on cost. In addition, Addendum
90.1i specifies minimum air changes per hour under various
circumstances. DOE believes this will not increase energy use beyond
the statutory baseline since Addendum e, adopted prior to October 24,
1992 already allowed this practice. See, Technical Support Document,
pages 12-14.
The proposed rule adopts those 1993 lighting specifications that
proved to be both technologically feasible and cost-effective. (See
Appendix of the TSD). For each of the 79 space/area types for which the
Department is proposing to use the 1993 UPD values from the interim
rule, these values proved to be both technologically feasible and costeffective
to the federal government. For each of the 27 space/area
types for which the Department is proposing to use the 1989 values from
the interim rule (identical to the statutory baseline),
[[Page 40891]]
the Department's analysis indicated potential technical difficulties in
using the 1993 UPD values while retaining adequate lighting levels for
the relevant tasks. In determining the cost-effectiveness of the
lighting provisions, the original analysis was adjusted to reflect the
estimated lower cost of electricity to the federal government. See,
Technical Support Document, pages 3-7.
VI. Measures Concerning Radon and Other Indoor Air Pollutants
Section 305(a)(2)(C) of ECPA, as amended, requires the Department
to consider, where appropriate, measures with regard to radon and other
indoor air pollutants. The Department has consulted with the
Environmental Protection Agency and determined that there are no radon
standards applicable to the types of buildings covered by the proposed
rule.
Ventilation is the only proposed change that has an effect on
indoor air quality and thus, on habitability. The proposed rule,
through its inclusion of Addendum 90.1e, would adopt the minimum
ventilation rates specified by ASHRAE Standard 62-1989, entitled
``Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality,'' effectively
increasing ventilation in new federal buildings. Improving building
ventilation conditions by adjustments to mechanical systems is widely
used as a generic mitigation practice for indoor air quality problems.
It is widely assumed that such adjustments increase ventilation rates
and as a consequence decrease contaminant concentrations, reduce
dissatisfaction with air quality and reduce symptom prevalence. A range
of experimental and epidemiological studies have been carried out to
evaluate these relationships. However, these study results are in
dispute.
VII. Findings and Certification
A. Federalism Review
Executive Order 12612, 52 FR 41685 (October 30, 1987), requires
that regulations, rules, legislation, and any other policy actions be
reviewed for any substantial direct effects on states, on the
relationship between the Federal government and the States, or in the
distribution of power and responsibilities among various levels of
government. If there are substantial effects, then the Executive Order
requires preparation of a federalism assessment to be used in all
decisions involved in promulgating and implementing policy action.
This proposed rule would establish standards for new federal
commercial and multi-family high rise residential buildings. It does
not impose any requirements on State governments. Therefore, the
Department finds that today's proposed rule, if finalized, will not
have a substantial direct effect on State governments and, therefore, a
federalism assessment has not been prepared.
B. Review Under Executive Order on Promulgating Regulations 12988
Section 3 of Executive Order 12988, 61 FR 4729 (February 7, 1996),
instructs each agency to adhere to certain requirements in promulgating
new regulations. These requirements, set forth in section 3 (a) and
(b), include eliminating drafting errors and needless ambiguity,
drafting the regulations to minimize litigation, providing clear and
certain legal standards for affected legal conduct, and promoting
simplification and burden reduction. Agencies are also instructed to
make every reasonable effort to ensure that the regulation describes
any administrative proceeding to be available prior to judicial review
and any provisions for the exhaustion of administrative remedies. The
Department certifies that the proposed rule meets the requirements of
section 3(a) and (b) of Executive Order 12988.
C. Regulatory Planning and Review
This regulatory action has been determined to be a significant
regulatory action under Executive Order No. 12866, 58 FR 51735 (October
4, 1993), but not economically significant. Accordingly, today's action
was subject to review under the Executive Order by the Office of
Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) and OIRA has completed its
review.
D. Review Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act
The Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980, 5 U.S.C. 601-612, requires
that an agency prepare an initial regulatory flexibility analysis and
that it be published at the time of publication of general notice of
proposed rulemaking for the rule. This requirement does not apply if
the agency ``certifies that the rule will not, if promulgated, have a
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small
entities.'' (5 U.S.C. 605).
The proposed rule only imposes requirements on the Federal
government for the construction of new Federal commercial and multifamily
high rise residential buildings. Therefore, the Department
certifies that this rule, if promulgated, would not have a significant
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
E. Review Under the National Environmental Policy Act
In issuing the interim rule, the Department prepared an
Environmental Assessment (EA) of the interim standards for Federal
commercial and multi-family high rise residential buildings. The EA
concluded that the effect of the proposed standards on a building's
habitability as well as on the outdoor environment, the economy and
Federal institutions, would be very small. Thus, environmental effects
from standards proposed for a minimum level of energy efficiency for
new Federal and commercial multi-family high rise residential buildings
were determined not to be a major Federal action significantly
affecting the quality of the human environment, under the meaning of
the National Environmental Policy Act. A Finding of No Significant
Impact (FONSI) was issued by DOE on November 3, 1986. The FONSI was
then published along with the proposed rule in 52 FR 17052, 17064 (May
6, 1987) and referenced in the interim rule in 54 FR 4551 (January 30,
1989).
The 1989 interim rule that established building energy efficiency
standards was mandatory for federal buildings and voluntary for all
others. This proposed rule addresses solely federal construction, which
represents only 2 percent of total new construction nationwide, and
does not include voluntary standards for non-federal construction.
The proposed rule would change energy consumption as compared to
the interim rule in the areas of lighting, motors, and HVAC. In
conducting the environmental analysis for this proposed rule, the
Department found that the proposed changes would produce a 4.7 percent
reduction in building energy consumption compared to the 1989 lighting
criteria in the interim rule. The proposed rule would also produce a
0.24 percent reduction in building energy consumption due to the
proposed efficiency requirements of motors as compared to the interim
rule. The proposed rule, however, could increase energy use by 10-15
percent, because of the additional HVAC requirements of Addendum 90.1e,
as compared to the interim rule. The net result would be an approximate
5-10 percent increase in total building energy use as compared to the
interim rule with the 1989 lighting levels. Since federal construction
represents only 2 percent of the total new commercial and multi-family
high-rise construction nationally,
[[Page 40892]]
the increase in energy consumption nationally would be negligible.
The Department believes that a minimum environmental impact would
result from this proposed rule. Further, such effects would fall within
the range of impacts that are analyzed in the interim rule's EA. These
effects are determined not to be significant in the FONSI published in
1987. Accordingly, DOE determines that after all the environmental
effects of the proposed rule are considered, this proposed rule is
bounded by the analysis in the EA. Therefore, the preparation of a new
EA or an environmental impact statement is not required.
F. Environmental Protection Agency Review
As required by the Federal Energy Administration Act of 1974, 15
U.S.C. 766 (a)(1), a copy of this proposed rule was submitted to the
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency for comments on
the impact of the proposed rule on the quality of the environment.
G. Paperwork Reduction Act Review
This proposed rule was examined with respect to the Paperwork
Reduction Act, 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq., which directs agencies to
minimize Federal information collection and reporting burdens imposed
on individuals, small businesses, and State and local governments.
This proposed rule would establish requirements for the design of
new Federal commercial and multi-family high rise buildings. It does
not impose requirements for the collection or reporting of information
to the Federal Government. Accordingly, clearance under the Paperwork
Reduction Act of 1980 is not required by the Office of Information and
Regulatory Affairs of the Office of Management and Budget.
H. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act Review
Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (the Act),
enacted as Pub. L. 104-4 on March 22, 1995, requires each Federal
agency, to the extent permitted by law, to prepare a written assessment
of the effects of any Federal mandate in a proposed or final agency
rule that may result in the expenditure by State, local, and tribal
governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector, of $100
million or more (adjusted annually for inflation) in any one year. The
requirements do not apply if the rule incorporates regulatory
requirements that are specifically set forth in law. See 2 U.S.C. 1531,
1532.
Furthermore, section 204(a) of the Act, 2 U.S.C. 1534(a), requires
the Federal agency to develop an effective process to permit timely
input by elected officers (or their designees) of State, local, and
tribal governments on a proposed ``significant intergovernmental
mandate.'' A ``significant intergovernmental mandate'' under the Act is
any provision in a Federal agency regulation that: (1) Would impose an
enforceable duty upon State, local, or tribal governments (except as a
condition of Federal assistance); and (2) may result in the expenditure
by State, local, and tribal governments, in the aggregate, of $100
million (adjusted annually for inflation) in any one year. Section 203
of the Act, which supplements section 204(a), provides that before
establishing any regulatory requirements that might significantly or
uniquely affect small governments, the agency shall have developed a
plan that, among other things, provides for notice to potentially
affected small governments, if any, and for a meaningful and timely
opportunity to provide input in the development of regulatory
proposals. 2 U.S.C. 1533.
The rule proposed today would establish building energy efficiency
standards for new Federal commercial and multi-family high rise
residential buildings pursuant to section 305(a) of the Energy
Conservation and Production Act, as amended. 42 U.S.C. 6834(a). It does
not include any Federal requirements that would result in the
expenditure of money by State, local, and tribal governments.
Therefore, the requirements of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
do not apply to this rulemaking.
I. Review under Section 32 of the Federal Energy Administration
Authorization Act
Pursuant to section 301 of the Department of Energy Organization
Act (Pub. L. 95-91), the Department of Energy is required to comply
with section 32 of the Federal Energy Administration Act of 1974, as
amended by section 9 of the Federal Energy Administration Authorization
Act of 1977. The findings required of the Department of Energy by
section 32 serve to notify the public regarding the use of commercial
standards in a proposal and through the rulemaking process. It allows
interested persons to make known their views regarding the
appropriateness of the use of any particular commercial standard in a
notice of proposed rulemaking. Section 32 also requires that the
Department of Energy consult with the Attorney General and the Chairman
of the Federal Trade Commission concerning the impacts of such
standards on competition.
Today's proposed rule adopts, in significant part, the codified
version of Standard 90.1-1989, including six addenda adopted by ASHRAE/
IES. They are: Addenda b, c, d, e, g, and i. In addition, the proposed
rule contains other industry reference standards and sources. They are:
ASHRAE, Handbook, 1989, 1993, Fundamentals Volumes, American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA.
30329; National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) 100-91, Procedure
for Determining Fenestration Product Thermal Properties, Silver Spring,
MD, 20910; NEMA MG 10-1983 (R 1988), Energy Management Guide for
Selection and Use of Polyphase Motors, National Electrical
Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC 20037; NEMA MG 11-1977 (R
1982, 1987), Energy Management Guide for Selection and Use of SinglePhase
Motors, National Electrical Manufacturers Association,
Washington,DC, 20037; ARI Standard 330-93, Ground-Source Closed Loop
Heat Pumps, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute, Arlington,Va.
22209; ARI Standard 560-92, Absorption Water Chilling and Water Heating
Packages, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute, Arlington, Va.
22209; and ASHRAE Handbook, 1991 Applications Volume, American Society
of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA
30329.
The Department of Energy has evaluated the promulgation of the
above standards with regard to compliance with section 32(b). The
Department is unable to conclude whether these standards fully comply
with the requirements of section 32(b), i.e., that they were developed
in a manner which fully provided for public participation, comment, and
review. Therefore, DOE now invites public comment on the
appropriateness of incorporating these industry standards in its final
rule. As required by section 32(c), DOE will consult with the Attorney
General and the Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission concerning the
impact of these standards on competition, prior to issuing a notice of
Final Rulemaking.
VIII. Public Comment Procedures
A. Participation in Rulemaking
The Department encourages the maximum level of public participation
in this rulemaking. Individuals, Federal agencies, architects,
engineers, utilities, States and local governments, building
[[Page 40893]]
code organizations, builders, builder associations, building owners,
building owner association, consumers, and others are urged to submit
written data, views, or comments on the proposal. Whenever applicable,
full supporting rationale, data and detailed analyses should also be
submitted. The Department also encourages interested persons to
participate in the public hearing to be held in Washington, DC, at the
time and place indicated in this Notice.
The Department has established a comment period of 90 days
following publication of this notice during which interested persons
may comment on this proposal. All comments will be available for review
in the Department's Freedom of Information Reading Room.
B. Written Comment Procedures
Written comments (ten copies) should be submitted to the address
indicated in the ADDRESSES section of this notice and must be received
by the time and date indicated in the DATES section of this notice.
Comments should be identified on both the outside of the envelope and
on the documents themselves with the designation, ``Energy Code for New
Federal Commercial and Multi-Family High Rise Residential Buildings
(Docket No. EE-RM-79-112-C).'' In the event any person wishing to
provide written comments cannot provide ten copies, alternative
arrangements can be made in advance with DOE by calling.
All comments received on or before the date specified at the
beginning of this notice and other relevant information will be
considered by DOE before final action is taken on the proposed rule.
All written comments will be available for examination in the Rule
Docket File in the Department's Freedom of Information Office Reading
Room at the address provided at the beginning of this notice both
before and after the closing date for comments. In addition, a
transcript of the proceedings of the public hearings will be filed in
the docket.
Pursuant to the provisions of 10 CFR 1004.11, any person submitting
information or data that is believed to be confidential, and which may
be exempt by law from public disclosure, should submit one complete
copy, and two copies from which the information claimed to be
confidential has been deleted. The Department will make its own
determination of any such claim and treat it according to its
determination.
C. Public Hearing Procedures
- Procedure for Submitting Requests to Speak
In order to have the benefit of a broad range of public viewpoints
in this rulemaking, the Department will hold a public hearing at the
time and place indicated in the DATES and ADDRESSES sections of this
notice. Any person who has an interest in the proposed rule or who is a
representative of a group or class of persons that has an interest in
the proposed rule may request an opportunity to make an oral
presentation. Requests to speak should be sent to the address or phone
number indicated in the ADDRESSES section of this notice and received
by the time specified in the DATES section of this notice.
The persons making the request should briefly describe his or her
interest in the proceedings and, if appropriate, state why that person
is a proper representative of the group or class of persons that has
such an interest. The person also should provide a telephone number
where they may be contacted during the day. Each person selected to
speak at a public hearing will be notified by the DOE as to the
approximate time that they will be speaking. They should bring ten
copies of their statement to the hearing. In the event any person
wishing to testify cannot meet this requirement, alternative
arrangements can be made in advance with DOE.
- Conduct of Hearing
The DOE reserves the right to select persons to be heard at the
hearings, to schedule their presentations, and to establish procedures
governing the conduct of the hearing. The length of each presentation
is limited to ten minutes, or based on the number of persons requesting
to speak.
A Department official will preside at the hearing. The hearing will
not be a judicial or evidentiary-type hearing, but will be conducted in
accordance with 5 U.S.C. 553 and section 501 of the Department of
Energy Organization Act, 42 U.S.C. 7191. At the conclusion of all
initial oral statements, each person will be given the opportunity to
make a rebuttal statement. The rebuttal statements will be given in the
order in which the initial statements were made.
Questions may be asked only by those conducting the hearing. Any
interested person may submit to the presiding official written
questions to be asked of any person making a statement at the hearing.
The presiding official will determine whether the question is relevant
or whether time limitations permit it to be presented for a response.
Any further procedural rules needed for the proper conduct of the
hearing will be announced by the Presiding Officer at the hearing.
If DOE must cancel the public hearing, DOE will make every effort
to publish an advance notice of such cancellation in the Federal
Register. Actual notice of cancellation will also be given to all
persons scheduled to speak. The hearing date may be cancelled in the
event no member of the public requests the opportunity to make an oral
presentation.
List of subjects in 10 CFR Parts 434 and 435
Buildings, Energy conservation, Engineers, Federal buildings and
facilities.
Issued in Washington, DC, on July, 1996.
Christine A. Ervin,
Assistant Secretary, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
For the reasons set forth in the preamble, Chapter II of Title 10
of the Code of Federal Regulations is proposed to be amended as set
forth below:
PART 435--ENERGY CONSERVATION VOLUNTARY PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR
NEW BUILDINGS; MANDATORY FOR FEDERAL BUILDINGS
- The authority citation for part 435 is revised to read as
follows:
Authority: 42 USC 6831-6832; 6834-6836; 42 USC 8253-54; 42 USC
7101 et seq.
Secs. 435.97 through 435.112 (Subpart A) [Removed and reserved]
2. Subpart A (Secs. 435.97 through 435.112) to part 435 is removed
and reserved.
3. A new part 434 is added to Chapter II of Title 10 to read as set
forth below:
PART 434--ENERGY CODE FOR NEW FEDERAL COMMERCIAL AND MULTI-FAMILY
HIGH RISE RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
Sec.
434.99 Explanation of numbering system for codes.
Subpart A--Administration and Enforcement--General
434.100 Purpose.
434.101 Scope.
434.102 Compliance.
434.103 Referenced standards (RS).
434.105 Materials and equipment.
Subpart B--Definitions
434.201 Definitions.
[[Page 40894]]
Subpart C--Design Conditions
434.301 Design Criteria.
Subpart D--Building Design Requirements--Electric Systems and Equipment
434.401 Electrical power and lighting systems.
434.402 Building envelope assemblies and materials.
434.403 Building mechanical systems and equipment.
434.404 Building service systems and equipment.
Subpart E--Building Energy Cost Compliance Alternative.
434.501 General.
434.502 Determination of the annual energy cost budget.
434.503 Prototype building procedure.
434.504 Use of the prototype building to determine the energy cost
budget.
434.505 Reference building method.
434.506 Use of the reference building to determine the energy cost
budget.
434.507 Calculation procedure and simulation tool.
434.508 Determination of the design energy consumption and design
energy cost.
434.509 Compliance.
434.510 Standard calculation procedure.
434.511 Orientation and shape.
434.512 Internal loads.
434.513 Occupancy.
434.514 Lighting.
434.515 Receptacles.
434.516 Building exterior envelope.
434.517 HVAC systems and equipment.
434.518 Service water heating.
434.519 Controls.
434.520 Speculative buildings.
434.521 The simulation tool.
Subpart F--Building Energy Compliance Alternative
434.601 General.
434.602 Determination of the annual energy budget.
434.603 Determination of the design energy use.
434.604 Compliance.
434.605 Standard calculation procedure.
434.606 Simulation tool.
434.607 Life cycle cost analysis criteria.
Subpart G--Reference Standards
434.701 General.
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 6831-6832, 6834-6836; 42 U.S.C. 8253-54; 42
U.S.C. 7101, et seq.
Sec. 434.99 Explanation of numbering system for codes.
(a) For purposes of this part, a derivative of two different
numbering systems will be used.
(1) For the purpose of designating a section, the system employed
in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) will be employed. The number
``434'' which signifies Part 434 in Chapter II of Title 10, Code of
Federal Regulations, is used as a prefix for all section headings. The
suffix is a two or three digit section number. For example the lighting
section of the standards is designated Sec. 434.401.
(2) Within each section, a numbering system common to many national
voluntary consensus standards is used. A decimal system is used to
denote paragraphs and subparagraphs within a section. For example, in
Sec. 434.401, ``401.2.1'' refers to subsection 401, paragraph 2,
subparagraph 1.
(b) The hybrid numbering system is used for two purposes:
(1) The use of the Code of Federal Regulation's numbering system
allows the researcher using the CFR easy access to the standards.
(2) The use of the second system allows the builder, designer,
architect or engineer easy access because they are familiar to this
system numbering. This system was chosen because of its commonality
among the building industry.
Subpart A--Administration and Enforcement--General
Sec. 434.100 Purpose.
The provisions of this part provide minimum standards for energy
efficiency for the design of new Federal commercial and multi-family
high rise residential buildings. The performance standards are designed
to achieve the maximum practicable improvements in energy efficiency
and increases in the use of non-depletable sources of energy.
Sec. 434.101 Scope.
101.1 This part provides design requirements for the building
envelope, electrical distribution systems and equipment for electric
power, lighting, heating, ventilating, air conditioning, service water
heating and energy management. It applies to new Federal multi-family
high rise residential buildings and new Federal commercial buildings.
The following are not covered:
101.1.1 Buildings, or portions thereof separated from the
remainder of the building, that have a peak energy usage for space
conditioning, service water heating, and lighting of less than 3.5 Btu/
(h<bullet>ft2) of gross floor area.
101.1.2 Buildings of less than 100 square feet of gross floor
area.
101.1.3 Heating, cooling, ventilating, or service hot water
requirements for those spaces where processes occur for purposes other
than occupant comfort and sanitation, and which impose thermal loads in
excess of 512f the loads that would otherwise be required for occupant
comfort and sanitation without the process;
101.1.4 Envelope requirements for those spaces where heating or
cooling requirements are excepted in subsection 101.1.3 of this
section.
101.1.5 Lighting for tasks not listed or encompassed by areas or
activities listed in Table 514.1.1.
101.1.6 Buildings that are composed entirely of spaces listed in
subsections 101.1.1 and 101.1.3.
101.2 A Federal agency may use this section to include any
additions, renovations, repairs, replacements, and/or remodeling in the
scope of the code and reference existing procedures in their building
or administrative code to cover this application.
Sec. 434.102 Compliance.
102.1 A covered building must be designed and constructed
consistent with the provisions of this part.
102.2 Buildings designed and constructed to meet the alternative
requirements of subparts E or F shall be deemed to satisfy the
requirements of this part. Such designs shall be certified by a
registered architect or engineer stating that the estimated energy cost
or energy use for the building as designed is no greater than the
energy cost or energy use of a prototype building or reference building
as determined pursuant to subparts E or F of this part.
Sec. 434.103 Referenced standards (RS).
103.1 The standards, technical handbooks, papers and regulations
listed in Sec. 434.701, shall be considered part of this part to the
prescribed extent of such reference. Where differences occur between
the provisions of this part and referenced standards, the provisions of
this part shall apply. Whenever a reference is made in this part to an
RS standard it refers to the standards listed in Sec. 434.701.
Sec. 434.105 Materials and equipment.
105.1 Building materials and equipment shall be identified in
designs in a manner that will allow for a determination of their
compliance with the applicable provisions of this part.
Subpart B--Definitions
Sec. 434.201 Definitions.
For the purposes of this part, the following terms, phrases, and
words shall be defined as provided:
Accessible (as applied to equipment): Admitting close approach; not
guarded by locked doors, elevations, or other effective means. (See
also ``readily accessible'')
Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE): The ratio of annual
output energy to annual input energy that includes any non-heating
season pilot input loss.
[[Page 40895]]
Area of the space (A): The horizontal lighted area of a given space
measured from the inside of the perimeter walls or partitions, at the
height of the working surface.
Automatic: Self-acting, operating by its own mechanism when
actuated by some impersonal influence, such as a change in current
strength, pressure, temperature, or mechanical configuration. (See also
``manual'')
Automatic flue damper device: An electrically operated device, in
the flue outlet or in the inlet of or upstream of the draft hood of an
individual automatically operated gas-fired appliance, which is
designed to automatically open the flue outlet during appliance
operation and to automatically close off the flue outlet when the
appliance is in a standby condition.
Automatic vent damper device: A device intended for installation in
the venting system, in the outlet of or downstream of the appliance
draft hood, of an individual automatically operated gas-fired
appliance, which is designed to automatically open the venting system
when the appliance is in operation and to automatically close off the
venting system when the appliance is in a standby or shutdown
condition.
(1) Electrically operated: an automatic vent damper device that
employs electrical energy to control the device.
(2) Thermally actuated: an automatic vent damper device dependent
for operation exclusively upon the direct conversion of the thermal
energy of the vent gases into mechanical energy.
Boiler capacity: The rated heat output of the boiler, in Btu/h, at
the design inlet and outlet conditions and rated fuel ro energy input.
Building Code: means a legal instrument which is in effect in a
state or unit of general purpose local government, the provisions of
which must be adhered to if a building is to be considered to be in
conformance with law and suitable for occupancy and use.
Building envelope: The elements of a building that enclose
conditioned spaces through which thermal energy may be transferred to
or from the exterior or to or from unconditioned spaces.
Check metering: Measurement instrumentation for the supplementary
monitoring of energy consumption (electric, gas, oil, etc) to isolate
the various categories of energy use to permit conservation and
control, in addition to the revenue metering furnished by the utility.
Coefficient of performance (COP)--Cooling: The ratio of the rate of
heat removal to the rate of energy input, in consistent units, for a
complete cooling system or factory assembled equipment, as tested under
a nationally recognized standard or designated operating conditions.
Coefficient of performance (COP), heat pump--Heating: The ratio of
the rate of heat delivered to the rate of energy input, in consistent
units, for a complete heat pump system under designated operating
conditions.
Commercial building: A building other than a residential building,
including any building developed for industrial or public purposes.
Including but not limited to occupancies for assembly, business,
education, institutions, food sales and service, merchants, and
storage.
Conditioned floor area: The area of the conditioned space measured
at floor level from the interior surfaces of the walls.
Conditioned space: A cooled space, heated space, or indirectly
conditioned space.
Cooled space: An enclosed space within a building that is cooled by
a cooling system whose sensible capacity:
(1) Exceeds 5 Btu/(h<bullet>ft \2\); or
(2) Is capable of maintaining a space dry bulb temperature of
90 deg.F or less at design cooling conditions.
Daylight sensing control (DS): A device that automatically
regulates the power input to electric lighting near the fenestration to
maintain the desired workplace illumination, thus taking advantage of
direct or indirect sunlight.
Daylighted space: The space bounded by vertical planes rising from
the boundaries of the daylighted area on the floor to the floor or roof
above. Daylighted zone:
(1) Under skylights: the area under each skylight whose horizontal
dimension in each direction is equal to the skylight dimension in that
direction plus either the floor-to- ceiling height or the dimension to
an opaque partition, or one-half the distance to an adjacent skylight
or vertical glazing, whichever is least.
(2) At vertical glazing: the area adjacent to vertical glazing that
receives daylighting from the glazing. For purposes of this definition
and unless more detailed daylighting analysis is provided, the
daylighting zone depth is assumed to extend into the space a distance
of 15 ft or to the nearest opaque partition, whichever is less. The
daylighting zone width is assumed to be the width of the window plus
either 2 ft on each side, the distance to an opaque partition, or one
half the distance to an adjacent skylight or vertical glazing,
whichever is least.
Dead band (dead zone): The range of values within which an input
variable that can be varied without initiating any noticeable change in
the output variable.
Degree-day, cooling: A unit, based upon temperature difference and
time, used in estimating cooling energy consumption. For any one day,
when the mean temperature is more than a reference temperature,
typically 65 deg.F, there are as many degree-days as degrees Fahrenheit
temperature difference between the mean temperature for the day and the
reference temperature. Annual cooling degree-days (CDD) are the sum of
the degree-days over a calendar year.
Degree-day, heating: A unit, based upon temperature difference and
time, used in estimating heating energy consumption. For any one day,
when the mean temperature is less than a reference temperature,
typically 65 deg.F, there are as many degree-days as degrees Fahrenheit
temperature difference between the mean temperature for the day and the
reference temperature. Annual heating degree days (HDD) are the sum of
the degree-days over a calendar year.
Dwelling unit: A single housekeeping unit comprised of one or more
rooms providing complete independent living facilities for one or more
persons, including permanent provisions for living, sleeping, eating,
cooking, and sanitation.
Economizer, air: A ducting arrangement and automatic control system
that allows a cooling supply fan system to supply outdoor (outside) air
to reduce or eliminate the need for mechanical refrigeration during
mild or cold weather.
Economizer, water: A system by which the supply air of a cooling
system is cooled directly or indirectly or both by evaporation of water
or by other appropriate fluid in order to reduce or eliminate the need
for mechanical refrigeration.
Efficiency, HVAC system: The ratio of the useful energy output, at
the point of use to the energy input in consistent units, for a
designated time period, expressed in percent.
Emergency system (back-up system): A system that exists for the
purpose of operating in the event of failure of a primary system.
Emergency use: Electrical and lighting systems required to supply power
automatically for illumination and equipment in the event of a failure
of the normal power supply.
Energy efficiency ratio (EER): The ratio of net equipment cooling
capacity in Btu/h to total rate of electric input in
[[Page 40896]]
watts under designated operating conditions. When consistent units are
used, this ratio becomes equal to COP. (See also ``coefficient of
performance''.)
Fan system energy demand: The sum of the demand of all fans that
are required to operate at design conditions to supply air from the
heating or cooling source to the conditioned space(s) and return it
back to the source or exhaust it to the outdoors.
Federal Agency: Means any department, agency, corporation, or other
entity or instrumentality of the executive branch of the Federal
government, including the United States Postal Service, the Federal
National Mortgage Association, and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage
Corporation.
Federal Building: Means any building to be constructed by, or for
the use of, any Federal Agency which is not legally subject to State or
local building codes or similar requirements.
Fenestration: Any light-transmitting section in a building wall or
roof. The fenestration includes glazing material (which may be glass or
plastic), framing (mullions, muntins, and dividers), external shading
devices, internal shading devices, and integral (between glass) shading
devices.
Fenestration area: The total area of fenestration measured using
the rough opening and including the glass or plastic, sash, and frame.
Flue damper: A device, in the flue outlet or in the inlet of or
upstream of the draft hood of an individual automatically operated gasfired
appliance, which is designed to automatically open the flue
outlet during appliance operation and to automatically close off the
flue outlet when the appliance is in a standby condition.
Gross floor area: The sum of the floor areas of the conditioned
spaces within the building, including basements, mezzanine and
intermediate-floor tiers, and penthouses of headroom height 7.5 ft or
greater. It is measured from the exterior faces of exterior walls or
from the centerline of walls separating buildings (excluding covered
walkways, open roofed-over areas, porches and similar spaces, pipe
trenches, exterior terraces or steps, chimneys, roof overhangs, and
similar features).
Gross lighted area (GLA): The sum of the total lighted areas of a
building measured from the inside of the perimeter walls for each floor
of the building.
Heat capacity (HC): The amount of heat necessary to raise the
temperature of a given mass 1 deg.F. Numerically, the mass expressed
per unit of wall surface multiplied by the specific heat Btu/
(ft2\ deg.F).
Heat trap: Device or piping arrangement that effectively restricts
the natural tendency of hot water to rise in vertical pipes during
standby periods. Examples are the U-shaped arrangement of elbows or a
360-degree loop of tubing.
Heated space: An enclosed space within a building that is heated by
a heating system whose output capacity
(1) Exceeds 10 Btu/(h\ft2), or
(2) Is capable of maintaining a space dry-bulb temperature of
50 deg.F or more at design heating conditions.
Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF): The total heating
output of a heat pump during its normal annual usage period for
heating, in Btu, divided by the total electric energy input during the
same period, in watt-hours.
High rise residential building: Hotels, motels, apartments,
condominiums, dormitories, barracks, and other residential-type
facilities that provide complete housekeeping or transient living
quarters and are over three stories in height above grade.
Humidistat: An automatic control device responsive to changes in
humidity.
HVAC system: The equipment, distribution network, and terminals
that provide either collectively or individually the processes of
heating, ventilating, or air conditioning to a building.
Indirectly conditioned space: An enclosed space within the building
that is not a heated or cooled space, whose area-weighted heat transfer
coefficient to heated or cooled spaces exceeds that to the outdoors or
to unconditioned spaces; or through which air from heated or cooled
spaces is transferred at a rate exceeding three air changes per hour.
(See also ``heated space'', ``cooled space'', and ``unconditioned
space''.)
Infiltration: The uncontrolled inward air leakage through cracks
and crevices in any building element and around windows and doors of a
building.
Integrated part-load value (IPLV): A single-number figure of merit
based on part-load EER or COP expressing part-load efficiency for airconditioning
and heat pump equipment on the basis of weighted operation
at various load capacities for the equipment.
Lumen maintenance control: A device that senses the illumination
level and causes an increase or decrease of illuminance to maintain a
preset illumination level.
Manual: Action requiring personal intervention for its control. As
applied to an electric controller, manual control does not necessarily
imply a manual controller but only that personal intervention is
necessary. (See automatic.)
Marked rating: The design load operating conditions of a device as
shown by the manufacturer on the nameplate or otherwise marked on the
device.
Multi-family high rise residential: A residential building
containing three or more dwelling units and is designed to be 3 or more
stories above grade.
Occupancy sensor: A device that detects the presence or absence of
people within an area and causes any combination of lighting,
equipment, or appliances to be adjusted accordingly.
Opaque areas: All exposed areas of a building envelope that enclose
conditioned space except fenestration areas and building service
openings such as vents and grilles.
Orientation: The directional placement of a building on a building
site with reference to the building's longest horizontal axis or, if
there is no longest horizontal axis, then with reference to the
designated main entrance.
Outdoor air: Air taken from the exterior of the building that has
not been previously circulated through the building. (See ``ventilation
air'')
Ozone depletion factor: A relative measure of the potency of
chemicals in depleting stratospheric ozone. The ozone depletion factor
potential depends upon the chlorine and the bromine content and
atmospheric lifetime of the chemical. The depletion factor potential is
normalized such that the factor for CFC-11 is set equal to unity and
the factors for the other chemicals indicate their potential relative
to CFC-11.
Packaged terminal air conditioner (PTAC): A factory-selected wall
sleeve and separate unencased combination of heating and cooling
components, assemblies, or sections (intended for mounting through the
wall to serve a single room or zone). It includes heating capability by
hot water, steam, or electricity.
Packaged terminal heat pump: A PTAC capable of using the
refrigeration system in a reverse cycle or heat pump mode to provide
heat.
Plenum: An enclosure that is part of the air-handling system and is
distinguished by having a very low air velocity. A plenum often is
formed in part or in total by portions of the building.
Private driveways, walkways, and parking lots: Exterior transit
areas that are associated with a commercial or residential building and
intended for use solely by the employees or tenants and not by the
general public.
[[Page 40897]]
Process energy: Energy consumed in support of a manufacturing,
industrial, or commercial process other than the maintenance of comfort
and amenities for the occupants of a building.
Process load: The calculated or measured time-integrated load on a
building resulting from the consumption or release of process energy.
Programmable: Capable of being preset to certain conditions and
having self-initiation to change to those conditions.
Projection factor: The exterior horizontal shading projection depth
divided by the sum of the height of the fenestration and the distance
from the top of the fenestration to the bottom of the external shading
projection in units consistent with the projection depth.
Prototype building: A generic building design of the same size and
occupancy type as the proposed design that complies with the
prescriptive requirements of Subpart D and has prescribed assumptions
used to generate the energy budget concerning shape, orientation, and
HVAC and other system designs.
Public driveways, walkways, and parking lots: Exterior transit
areas that are intended for use by the general public.
Public facility restroom: A restroom used by the transient public.
Readily accessible: Capable of being reached quickly for operation,
renewal, or inspections without requiring those to whom ready access is
requisite to climb over or remove obstacles or to resort to portable
ladders, chairs, etc. (See also accessible.)
Recooling: Lowering the temperature of air that has been previously
heated by a heating system.
Reference building: A specific building design that has the same
form, orientation, and basic systems as the prospective design that is
to be evaluated for compliance and meets all the criteria listed in
subsection 501.2 or subsection 601.2.
Reheating: Raising the temperature of air that has been previously
cooled either by refrigeration or an economizer system.
Reset: Adjustment of the controller setpoint to a higher or lower
value automatically or manually.
Roof: Those portions of the building envelope, including all opaque
surfaces, fenestration, doors, and hatches, that are above conditioned
space and are horizontal or tilted at less than 60 deg. from
horizontal. (See also ``walls'')
Room air conditioner: An encased assembly designed as a unit to be
mounted in a window or through a wall or as a console. It is designed
primarily to provide free delivery of conditioned air to an enclosed
space, room, or zone. It includes a prime source of refrigeration for
cooling and dehumidification and means for circulating and cleaning air
and may also include means for ventilating and heating.
Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER): The total cooling output
of an air conditioner during its normal annual usage period for
cooling, in Btu, divided by the total electric energy input during the
same period, in watt-hours.
Service systems: All energy-using or energy-distributing components
in a building that are operated to support the occupant or process
functions housed therein (including HVAC, service water heating,
illumination, transportation, cooking or food preparation, laundering,
or similar functions).
Service water heating: The supply of hot water for purposes other
than comfort heating and process requirements.
Shading coefficient (SC): The ratio of solar heat gain through
fenestration, with or without integral shading devices, to that
occurring through unshaded \1/8\-in-thick clear double-strength glass.
Shell Building: A building for which the envelope is designed,
constructed, or both prior to knowing the occupancy type. (See also
``speculative building'')
Single-Line Diagram: A simplified schematic drawing that shows the
connection between two or more items. Common multiple connections are
shown as one line.
Skylight: Glazing that is horizontal or tilted less than 60 deg.
from horizontal.
Solar energy source: Natural daylighting or thermal, chemical, or
electrical energy derived from direct conversion of incident solar
radiation at the building site.
Speculative building: A building for which the envelope is
designed, constructed, or both prior to the design of the lighting,
HVAC systems, or both. A speculative building differs from a shell
building in that the intended occupancy is known for the speculative
building. (See also ``shell building'')
System: A combination of equipment and/or controls, accessories,
interconnecting means, and terminal elements by which energy is
transformed so as to perform a specific function, such as HVAC, service
water heating, or illumination.
Tandem wiring: Pairs of luminaries operating with lamps in each
luminaire powered from a single ballast contained in one of the
luminaires.
Task lighting: Lighting that provides illumination for specific
functions and is directed to a specific surface or area.
Task location: An area of the space where significant visual
functions are performed and where lighting is required above and beyond
that required for general ambient use.
Terminal element: A device by which the transformed energy from a
system is finally delivered. Examples include registers, diffusers,
lighting fixtures, and faucets.
Terminal conductance (C): The constant time rate of heat flow
through the unit area of a body induced by a unit temperature
difference between the surfaces, expressed in Btu/
(h<bullet>ft\2\<bullet> deg.F). It is the reciprocal of thermal
resistance. (See ``thermal resistance'')
Thermal mass: Materials with mass heat capacity and surface area
capable of affecting building loads by storing and releasing heat as
the interior or exterior temperature and radiant conditions fluctuate.
(See also ``heat capacity'' and ``wall heat capacity'')
Thermal mass wall insulation position:
(1) Exterior insulation position: a wall having all or nearly all
of its mass exposed to the room air with the insulation on the exterior
of that mass.
(2) Integral insulation position: a wall having mass exposed to
both room and outside (outside) air with substantially equal amounts of
mass on the inside and outside of the insulation layer.
(3) Interior insulation position: a wall not meeting either of the
above definitions, particularly a wall having most of its mass external
to an insulation layer.
Thermal resistance (R): The reciprocal of thermal conductance 1/C,
1/H, 1/U; expressed in (h<bullet>ft 2<bullet> deg.F)/Btu.
Thermal transmittance (U): The overall coefficient of heat transfer
from air to air. It is the time rate of heat flow per unit area under
steady conditions from the fluid on the warm side of the barrier to the
fluid on the cold side, per unit temperature difference between the two
fluids, expressed in Btu/(h<bullet>ft 2<bullet> deg.F).
Thermal transmittance, overall (U<INF>o): The gross overall (area
weighted average) coefficient of heat transfer from air to air for a
gross area of the building envelope, Btu/(h<bullet>ft
2<bullet> deg.F). The U<INF>o value applies to the combined effect
of the time rate of heat flows through the various parallel paths, such
as windows, doors, and opaque construction areas, composing the gross
area of one or more building envelope components, such as walls,
floors, and roof or ceiling.
Thermostat: An automatic control device responsive to temperature.
[[Page 40898]]
Unconditioned space: Space within a building that is not a
conditioned space. (See ``conditioned space'')
Unitary cooling equipment: One or more factory-made assemblies that
normally include an evaporator or cooling coil, a compressor, and a
condenser combination (and may also include a heating function).
Unitary heat pump: One or more factory-made assemblies that
normally include an indoor conditioning coil, compressor(s), and
outdoor coil or refrigerant-to-water heater exchanger, including means
to provide both heating and cooling functions.
Variable-air-volume (VAV) HVAC system: HVAC systems that control
the dry-bulb temperature within a space by varying the volume of heated
or cooled supply air to the space.
Vent damper: A device intended for installation in the venting
system, in the outlet of or downstream of the appliance draft hood, of
an individual automatically operating gas-fired appliance, which is
designed to automatically open the venting system when the appliance is
in operation and to automatically close off the venting system when the
appliance is in a standby or shutdown condition.
Ventilation: The process of supplying or removing air by natural or
mechanical means to or from any space. Such air may or may not have
been conditioned.
Ventilation air: That portion of supply air which comes from the
outside, plus any recirculated air, to maintain the desired quality of
air within a designated space. (See also ``outdoor air'')
Visible light transmittance (VLT): The fraction of solar radiation
in the visible light spectrum that passes through the fenestration
(window, clerestory, or skylight).
Walls: Those portions of the building envelope enclosing
conditioned space, including all opaque surfaces, fenestration, and
doors, which are vertical or tilted at an angle of 60 deg. from
horizontal or greater. (See also ``roof'')
Wall heat capacity: The sum of the products of the mass of each
individual material in the wall per unit area of wall surface times its
individual specific heat, expressed in Btu/(ft2\ deg.F). (See''
thermal mass'')
Window to wall ratio (WWR): The ratio of the wall fenestration area
to the gross exterior wall area.
Zone: A space or group of spaces within a building with any
combination of heating, cooling, or lighting requirements sufficiently
similar so that desired conditions can be maintained throughout by a
single controlling device.
Subpart C--Design Conditions
Sec. 434.301 Design criteria.
301.1 The following design parameters shall be used for
calculations required under subpart D of this part.
301.1.1 Exterior Design Conditions. Exterior Design Conditions
shall be expressed in accordance with Table 301.1.
Table 301.1.--Exterior Design Conditions
Winter Design Dry-Bulb (99)............................ ........... Degrees F.
Summer Design Dry-Bulb (2.5)........................... ........... Degrees F.
Mean Coincident Wet-Bulb (2.5)......................... ........... Degrees F.
Degree-Days, Heating (Base 65).......................... ........... HDD Base 65 deg.F.
Degree-Days, Cooling (Base 65).......................... ........... CDD Base 65 deg.F.
Annual Operating Hours, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. when 55 deg. ........... Hours.
f<ls-thn-eq>T<ls-thn-eq>69 deg.F.
[The exterior design conditions shall be added to Table 301.1 from the city-specific Shading Coefficient table
from the Example Alternate Component Package Table. Copies of specific tables contained in Appendix A can be
obtained from the Energy Code for Federal Commercial Buildings, Docket No. EE-RM-79-112-C, Buildings Division,
EE-432, Office of Codes and Standards, U.S. Department of Energy, Room 1J-018, 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W.,
Washington, D.C. 20585, (202) 586-0517. Adjustments may be made to reflect local climates which differ from the
tabulated temperatures or local weather experience as determined by the building official. Where local building
site climatic data are not available, climate data from a nearby location included in RS-1, Appendix C, and RS-
4 Chapter 24, Table 1, shall be used as determined by the building official.]
301.2 Indoor Design Conditions. Indoor design temperature and
humidity conditions shall be in accordance with the comfort criteria in
RS-2, except that humidification and dehumidification are not required.
Subpart D--Building Design Requirements--Electric Systems and
Equipment
Sec. 434.401 Electrical power and lighting systems.
Electrical power and lighting systems, other than those systems or
portions thereof required for emergency use only, shall meet these
requirements.
401.1 Electrical Distribution Systems.
401.1.1 Check Metering. Single-tenant buildings with a service
over 250 kVA and tenant spaces with a connected load over 100 kVA in
multiple-tenant buildings shall have provisions for check metering of
electrical consumption. The electrical power feeders for which
provision for check metering is required shall be subdivided as
follows:
401.1.1.1 Lighting and receptacle outlets
401.1.1.2 HVAC systems and equipment
401.1.1.3 Service water heating (SWH), elevators, and special
occupant equipment or systems of more than 20 kW.
401.1.1.4 Exception to 401.1.1.1 through 401.1.1.3: 10 percent or
less of the loads on a feeder may be from another usage or category.
401.1.2 Tenant-shared HVAC and service hot water systems in
multiple tenant buildings shall have provision to be separately check
metered.
401.1.3 Subdivided feeders shall contain provisions for portable
or permanent check metering. The minimum acceptable arrangement for
compliance shall provide a safe method for access by qualified persons
to the enclosures through which feeder conductors pass and provide
sufficient space to attach clamp-on or split core current transformers.
These enclosures may be separate compartments or combined spaces with
electrical cabinets serving another function. Dedicated enclosures so
furnished shall be identified as to measuring function available.
401.1.4 Electrical Schematic. The person responsible for
installing the electrical distribution system shall provide the Federal
building manager a single-line diagram of the record drawing for the
electrical distribution system, which includes the location of check
metering access, schematic diagrams of non-HVAC electrical control
systems, and electrical equipment manufacturer's operating and
maintenance literature.
[[Page 40899]]
401.2 Electric Motors. All permanently wired polyphase motors of 1
hp or more shall meet these requirements:
401.2.1 Efficiency. National Electrical Manufacturers Association
(NEMA) design A & B squirrel-cage, foot-mounted, T-frame induction
motors having synchronous speeds of 3600, 1800, 1200, and 900 rpm,
expected to operate more than 1000 hours per year shall have a nominal
full-load efficiency no less than that shown in Table 401.2.1 or shall
be classified as an ``energy efficient motor'' in accordance with RS-3.
The following are not covered:
(a) Multispeed motors used in systems designed to use more than one
speed.
(b) Motors used as a component of the equipment meeting the minimum
equipment efficiency requirements of subsection 403, provided that the
motor input is included when determining the equipment efficiency.
Table 401.2.1.--Minimum Acceptable Nominal Full-Load Efficiency for Single-Speed Polyphase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors Having Synchronous Speeds of
3600, 1800, 1200 and 900 rpm \1\
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
2-Pole 4-Pole 6-Pole 8-Pole
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HP Nominal Minimum Nominal Minimum Nominal Minimum Nominal Minimum
efficiency efficiency efficiency efficiency efficiency efficiency efficiency efficiency
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Full-Load Efficiencies--Open Motors
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1.0........................................... ........... ........... 82.5 81.5 80.0 78.5 74.0 72.0
1.5........................................... 82.5 81.5 84.0 82.5 84.0 82.5 75.5 74.0
2.0........................................... 84.0 82.5 84.0 82.5 85.5 84.0 85.5 84.0
3.0........................................... 84.0 82.5 86.5 85.5 86.5 85.5 86.5 85.5
5.0........................................... 85.5 84.0 87.5 86.5 87.5 86.5 87.5 86.0
7.5........................................... 87.5 86.5 88.5 87.5 88.5 87.5 88.5 87.5
10.0........................................... 88.5 87.5 89.5 88.5 90.2 89.5 89.5 88.5
15.0........................................... 89.5 88.5 91.0 90.2 90.2 89.5 89.5 88.5
20.0........................................... 90.2 89.5 91.0 90.2 91.0 90.2 90.2 89.5
25.0........................................... 91.0 90.2 91.7 91.0 91.7 91.0 90.2 89.5
30.0........................................... 91.0 90.2 92.4 91.7 92.4 91.7 91.7 90.2
40.0........................................... 91.7 91.0 93.0 92.4 93.0 92.4 91.0 90.2
50.0........................................... 92.4 91.7 93.0 92.4 93.0 92.4 91.7 91.0
60.0........................................... 93.0 92.4 93.6 93.0 93.6 93.0 92.4 91.7
75.0........................................... 93.0 92.4 94.1 93.6 93.6 93.0 93.6 93.0
100.0........................................... 93.0 92.4 94.1 93.6 94.1 93.6 93.6 93.0
125.0........................................... 93.6 93.0 94.5 94.1 94.1 93.6 93.6 93.0
150.0........................................... 93.6 93.0 95.0 94.5 94.5 94.1 93.6 93.0
200.0........................................... 94.5 94.1 95.0 94.5 94.5 94.1 93.6 93.0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Full-Load Efficiencies--Enclosed Motors
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1.0........................................... 75.5 74.5 82.5 81.5 80.0 78.5 74.0 72.0
1.5........................................... 82.5 81.5 84.0 82.5 85.5 84.0 77.0 75.5
2.0........................................... 84.0 82.5 84.5 82.5 86.5 85.5 82.5 81.5
3.0........................................... 85.5 84.0 87.5 86.5 87.5 86.5 84.0 82.5
5.0........................................... 87.5 86.5 87.5 86.5 87.5 86.5 85.5 84.0
7.5........................................... 88.5 87.5 89.5 88.5 89.5 88.5 85.5 84.0
10.0........................................... 89.5 88.5 89.5 88.5 89.5 88.5 88.5 87.5
15.0........................................... 90.2 89.5 91.0 90.2 90.2 89.5 88.5 87.5
20.0........................................... 90.2 89.5 91.0 90.2 90.2 89.5 89.5 88.5
25.0........................................... 91.0 90.2 92.4 91.7 91.7 91.0 89.5 88.5
30.0........................................... 91.0 90.2 92.4 91.7 91.7 91.0 91.0 90.2
40.0........................................... 91.7 91.0 93.0 92.4 93.0 92.4 91.0 90.2
50.0........................................... 92.4 91.7 93.0 92.4 93.0 92.4 91.7 91.0
60.0........................................... 93.0 92.4 93.6 93.0 93.6 93.0 91.7 91.0
75.0........................................... 93.0 92.4 94.1 93.6 93.6 93.0 93.0 92.4
100.0........................................... 93.6 93.0 94.5 94.1 94.1 93.6 93.0 92.4
125.0........................................... 94.5 94.1 94.5 94.1 94.1 93.6 93.6 93.0
150.0........................................... 94.5 94.1 95.0 94.5 94.5 94.1 94.1 93.0
200.0........................................... 95.0 94.5 95.0 94.5 95.0 94.5 94.1 93.6
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ For many applications, efficiencies greater than those listed are likely to be cost-effective. Guidance for evaluating the cost effectiveness of
energy efficient motor applications is given in RS-43 and RS-44.
401.3 Lighting Power Allowance. The lighting system shall meet the
provisions of subsections 401.3.1 through 401.3.5. As an alternative to
subsections 401.3.1 and 401.3.2, the Lighting Compliance Calculation
Computer Program (LTGSTD21) found in ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-1989 for
the building or facility may be used to determine the lighting power
for the building or facility.
401.3.1 Building Exteriors. The total connected exterior lighting
power for the building, or a facility containing multiple buildings,
shall not exceed the total exterior lighting power allowance, which is
the sum of the individual allowances determined from Table 401.3.1. The
individual allowances are determined by multiplying the specific area
or length of each area description times the allowance for that area.
Exceptions are as follows: Lighting for outdoor manufacturing or
processing facilities, commercial greenhouses, outdoor athletic
facilities, public monuments, designated high-risk security areas,
signs, retail storefronts, exterior enclosed display windows, and
lighting specifically required by local ordinances and regulations.
[[Page 40900]]
Table 401.3.1--Exterior Lighting Power Allowance
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Area Description Allowance
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Exit (with or without canopy).......................... 25 W/lin ft of door opening.
Entrance (without canopy).............................. 30 W/lin ft of door opening.
Entrance (with canopy):
High Traffic (retail, hotel, airport, theater, 10 W/ft \2\ of canopied area.
etc.).
Light Traffic (hospital, office, school, etc.)..... 4 W/ft \2\ of canopied area.
Loading area........................................... 0.40 W/ft \2\.
Loading door........................................... 20 W/lin ft \2\ of door opening.
Building exterior surfaces/facades..................... 0.25 W/ft \2\ of surface area to be illuminated.
Storage and non-manufacturing work areas............... 0.20 W/ft \2\.
Other activity areas for casual use such as picnic 0.10 W/ft \2\.
grounds, gardens, parks, and other landscaped areas.
Private driveways/walkways............................. 0.10 W/ft \2\.
Public driveways/walkways.............................. 0.15 W/ft \2\
Private parking lots................................... 0.12 W/ft \2\.
Public parking lots.................................... 0.18 W/ft \2\
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
401.3.1.1 Trade-offs of exterior lighting budgets among exterior
areas shall be allowed provided the total connected lighting power of
the exterior area does not exceed the exterior lighting power
allowance. Trade-offs between interior lighting power allowances and
exterior lighting power allowances shall not be allowed.
401.3.2 Building interiors. The total connected interior lighting
power for a building, including adjustments in accordance with
subsection 401.3.3, shall not exceed the total interior lighting power
allowance explained in this paragraph. Using Table 401.3.2a, multiply
the interior lighting power allowance value by the gross lighted area
of the most appropriate building or space activity. For multi-use
buildings, using Table 401.3.2a, select the interior power allowance
value for each activity using the column for the gross lighted area of
the whole building and multiply it by the associated gross area for
that activity. The interior lighting power allowance is the sum of all
the wattages for each area/activity. Using Table 401.3.2b, c, or d,
multiply the interior lighting power allowance values of each
individual area/activity by the area of the space and by the area
factor from Figure 401.3.2e, based on the most appropriate area/
activity provided. The interior lighting power allowance is the sum of
the wattages for each individual space. Use the Lighting Compliance
Calculation Computer Program (LTGSTD21) of RS-1. When over 2012f the
building's tasks or interior areas are undefined, the most appropriate
value for that building from Table 401.3.2a shall be used for the
undefined spaces. Exceptions are as follows:
(a) Lighting power that is an essential technical element for the
function performed in theatrical, stage, broadcasting, and similar
uses.
(b) Specialized medical, dental, and research lighting.
(c) Display lighting for exhibits in galleries, museums, and
monuments.
(d) Lighting solely for indoor plant growth (between the hours of
10:00pm and 6:00am).
(e) Emergency lighting that is automatically off during normal
building operation.
(f) High-risk security areas.
(g) Spaces specifically designed for the primary use by the
physically impaired or aged.
(h) Lighting in dwelling units.
401.3.2.1 Trade-offs of the interior lighting power budgets among
interior spaces shall be allowed provided the total connected lighting
power within the building does not exceed the interior lighting power
allowance. Trade-offs between interior lighting power allowances and
exterior lighting power allowances shall not be allowed.
401.3.2.2 Building/Space Activities. Definitions of buildings/
space activity as they apply to Table 401.3.2a are as follows. These
definitions are necessary to characterize the activities for which
lighting is provided. They are applicable only to Table 401.3.2a. They
are not intended to be used elsewhere in place of building use group
definitions provided in the Building Code. They are not included in
Sec. 434.200, ``Definitions,'' to avoid confusion with ``Occupancy Type
Categories.''
Food service, fast food, and cafeteria: This group includes
cafeterias, hamburger and sandwich stores, bakeries, ice cream parlors,
cookie stores, and all other kinds of retail food service
establishments in which customers are generally served at a counter and
their direct selections are paid for and taken to a table or carried
out.
Garages: This category includes all types of parking garages,
except for service or repair areas.
Leisure dining and bar: This group includes cafes, diners, bars,
lounges, and similar establishments where orders are placed with a wait
person.
Mall concourse, multi-store service: This group includes the
interior of multifunctional public spaces, such as shopping center
malls, airports, resort concourses and malls, entertainment facilities,
and related types of buildings or spaces.
Offices: This group includes all kinds of offices, including
corporate and professional offices, office/laboratories, governmental
offices, libraries, and similar facilities, where paperwork occurs.
Retail: A retail store, including departments for the sale of
accessories, clothing, dry goods, electronics, and toys, and other
types of establishments that display objects for direct selection and
purchase by consumers. Direct selection means literally removing an
item from display and carrying it to the checkout or pick-up at a
customer service facility.
Schools: This category, subdivided by pre-school/elementary, junior
high/high school, and technical/vocational, includes public and private
educational institutions, for children or adults, and may also include
community centers, college and university buildings, and business
educational centers.
Service establishment: A retail-like facility, such as watch
repair, real estate offices, auto and tire service facilities, parts
departments, travel agencies and similar facilities, in which the
customer obtains services rather than the direct selection of goods.
Warehouse and storage: This includes all types of support
facilities, such as warehouses, barns, storage buildings,
[[Page 40901]]
shipping/receiving buildings, boiler or mechanical buildings, electric
power buildings, and similar buildings where the primary visual task is
large items.
401.3.2.--Tables and Figures, Table 401.3.2a, Interior Lighting Power Allowance W/ft2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Gross lighted area of total building
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Building Space Activity1, 2 0 to 2,000 2,001 to 10,001 to 25,001 to 50,001 to >250,000
ft2 10,000 ft2 25,000 ft2 50,000 ft2 250,000 ft2 ft2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Food Service:
Fast Food/Cafeteria........... 1.50 1.38 1.34 1.32 1.31 1.30
Leisure Dining/Bar............ 2.20 1.91 1.71 1.56 1.46 1.40
Offices........................... 1.90 1.81 1.72 1.65 1.57 1.50
Retail \3\........................ 3.30 3.08 2.83 2.50 2.28 2.10
Mall Concourse Multi-store Service 1.60 1.58 1.52 1.46 1.43 1.40
Service Establishment............. 2.70 2.37 2.08 1.92 1.80 1.70
Garages........................... 0.30 0.28 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.20
Schools:
Preschool/Elementary.......... 1.80 1.80 1.72 1.65 1.57 1.50
Jr. High/High School.......... 1.90 1.90 1.88 1.83 1.76 1.70
Technical/Vocational.......... 2.40 2.33 2.17 2.01 1.84 1.70
Warehouse/Storage................. 0.80 0.66 0.56 0.48 0.43 0.40
1 If at least 1012f the building area is intended for multiple space activities, such as parking, retail, and
storage in an office building, then calculate for each separate building type/space activity.
2 The values in the categories are building wide allowances which include the listed activity and directly
related facilities such as conference rooms, lobbies, corridors, restrooms, etc.
3 Includes general, merchandising, and display lighting.
Table 401.3.2b.--Unit Interior Lighting Power Allowance
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Common area/activity UPD W/ft \2\
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Auditorium \2\.......................................... 1.4
Corridor \3\............................................ 0.8
Classroom/Lecture Hall.................................. 2.0
Electrical/Mechanical Equipment Room:
General \3\......................................... 0.7
Control Rooms \3\................................... 1.5
Food Service:
Fast Food/Cafeteria................................. 1.3
Leisure Dining \4\.................................. 1.4
Bar/Lounge \4\...................................... 2.5
Kitchen............................................. 1.4
Recreation/Lounge....................................... 0.7
Stair:
Active Traffic...................................... 0.6
Emergency Exit...................................... 0.4
Toilet and Washroom..................................... 0.8
Garage:
Auto & Pedestrian Circulation Area.................. 0.3
Parking Area........................................ 0.2
Laboratory.............................................. 2.2
Library:
Audio Visual........................................ 1.1
Stack Area.......................................... 1.1
Card File & Cataloging.............................. 0.8
Reading Area........................................ 1.1
Lobby (General):
Reception & Waiting................................. 1.0
Elevator Lobbies.................................... 0.4
Atrium (Multi-Story):
First 3 Floors...................................... 0.7
Each Additional Floor............................... 0.2
Locker Room and Shower.................................. 0.8
Office Category 1
Enclosed offices, all open plan offices w/o partitions
or w/partitions \6\ lower than 4.5 ft below the
ceiling:\5\
Reading, Typing and Filing.......................... 1.5
Drafting............................................ 1.9
Accounting.......................................... 1.6
Office Category 2
Open plan offices 900 ft2 or larger w/partitions \6\ 3.5
to 4.5 ft below the ceiling. Offices less than 900 ft
\2\ shall use category 1:\3\
Reading, Typing and Filing.......................... 1.5
Drafting............................................ 2.0
Accounting.......................................... 1.8
[[Page 40902]]
Office Category 3
Open plan offices 900 ft \2\ or larger w/partitions*
higher than 3.5 ft below the ceiling. Offices less than
900 ft \2\ shall use category 1:\3\
Reading, Typing and Filing.......................... 1.7
Drafting............................................ 2.3
Accounting.......................................... 1.9
Common Activity Areas:
Conference/Meeting Room \2\......................... 1.3
Computer/Office Equipment............................... 1.1
Filing, Inactive........................................ 1.0
Mail Room............................................... 1.8
Shop (Non-Industrial):
Machinery........................................... 2.5
Electrical/Electronic............................... 2.5
Painting............................................ 1.6
Carpentry........................................... 2.3
Welding............................................. 1.2
Storage & Warehouse:
Inactive Storage.................................... 0.2
Active Storage, Bulky............................... 0.3
Active Storage, Fine................................ 0.9
Material Handling................................... 1.0
Unlisted Space.......................................... 0.2
\1\ Use a weighted average UPD in rooms with multiple simultaneous
activities, weighted in proportion to the area served.
\2\ A 1.5 power adjustment factor is applicable for multi-function
spaces when a supplementary system having independent controls is
installed that has installed power <ls-thn-eq>3312f the adjusted
lighting power for that space.
\3\ Area factor of 1.0 shall be used for these spaced.
\4\ UPD includes lighting power required for clean-up purposes.
\5\ Area factor shall not exceed 1.55.
Table 401.3.2c.--Unit Interior Lighting Power Allowance
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Specific building area/activity \1\ UPD W/ft \2\
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Airport, Bus and Rail Station:
Baggage Area........................................ 0.8
Concourse/Main Thruway.............................. 0.9
Ticket Counter...................................... 2.0
Waiting & Lounge Area............................... 0.8
Bank:
Customer Area....................................... 1.0
Banking Activity Area............................... 2.2
Barber & Beauty Parlor.................................. 1.6
Church, Synagogue, Chapel:
Worship/Congregational.............................. 1.7
Preaching & Sermon/Choir............................ 1.8
Dormitory:
Bedroom............................................. 1.0
Bedroom w/Study..................................... 1.3
Study Hall.......................................... 1.2
Fire & Police Department:
Fire Engine Room.................................... 0.7
Jail Cell........................................... 0.8
Hospital/Nursing Home:
Corridor \5\........................................ 1.3
Dental Suite/Examination/Treatment.................. 1.6
Emergency........................................... 2.0
Laboratory.......................................... 1.7
Lounge/Waiting Room................................. 0.9
Medical Supplies.................................... 2.4
Nursery............................................. 1.6
Nurse Station....................................... 1.8
Occupational Therapy/Physical Therapy............... 1.4
Patient Room........................................ 1.2
Pharmacy............................................ 1.5
Radiology........................................... 1.8
Surgical & OB Suites................................ 1.8
General Area........................................ 6.0
Operating Room...................................... 2.0
Recovery............................................ 2.0
Hotel/Conference Center:
Banquet Room/Multipurpose \2\....................... 1.7
[[Page 40903]]
Bathroom/Powder Room................................ 1.2
Guest Room.......................................... 0.9
Public Area......................................... 1.0
Exhibition Hall..................................... 1.8
Conference/Meeting \3\.............................. 1.5
Lobby............................................... 1.5
Reception Desk...................................... 2.4
Laundry:
Washing............................................. 0.9
Ironing & Sorting................................... 1.3
Museum & Gallery:
General Exhibition.................................. 1.9
Inspection/Restoration.............................. 3.0
Storage (Artifacts):
Inactive............................................ 0.6
Active.............................................. 0.7
Post Office:
Lobby............................................... 1.1
Sorting and Mailing................................. 2.1
Service Station/Auto Repair............................. 0.8
Theater:
Performance Arts.................................... 1.3
Motion Picture...................................... 1.0
Lobby............................................... 1.3
Retail Establishments--Merchandising and Circulation
Area (Applicable to all lighting, including accent and
display lighting, installed in merchandising and
circulation areas)
Type 1: Jewelry merchandising, where minute examination
of displayed merchandise is critical................... 5.6
Type 2: Fine merchandising, such as fine apparel and
accessories, china, crystal, and silver art galleries
and where the detailed display and examination of
merchandising is important............................. 2.9
Type 3: Mass merchandising, such as general apparel,
variety goods, stationary, books, sporting goods, hobby
materials, cameras, gifts, and luggage, displayed in a
warehouse type of building, where focused display and
detailed examination of merchandise is important....... 2.7
Type 4: General merchandising, such as general apparel,
variety goods, stationary, books, sporting goods, hobby
materials, cameras, gifts, and luggage, displayed in a
department store type of building, where general
display and examination of merchandise is adequate..... 2.3
Type 5: Food and miscellaneous such as bakeries,
hardware and housewares, grocery stores, appliance and
furniture stores, where pleasant appearance is
important..............................................
Type 6: Service establishments, where functional
performance is important............................... 2.4
Mall Concourse
Retail Support Areas
Tailoring
Dressing/Fitting Rooms
2.6
1.4
2.1
1.1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Use a weighted average UPD in rooms with multiple simultaneous
activities, weighted in proportion to the area served.
\2\ A 1.5 power adjustment factor is applicable for multi-function
spaces when a supplementary system having independent controls is
installed that has installed power 3312f the adjusted lighting power
for that space.
\3\ Area factor or 1.0 shall be used for these spaces.
\4\ UPD includes lighting power required for clean-up purpose.
\5\ Area factor shall not exceed 1.55.
\6\ Not less than 90 percent of all work stations shall be individually
enclosed with partitions of at least the height described.
Table 401.3.2d.--Unit Interior Lighting Power Allowance
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Indoor athletic area/activity 3, 6 UPD W/ft2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Seating Area, All Sports................................ 0.4
Badminton:
Club................................................ 0.5
Tournament.......................................... 0.8
Basketball/Volleyball:
Intramural.......................................... 0.8
College............................................. 1.3
Professional........................................ 1.9
Bowling:
Approach Area....................................... 0.5
Lanes............................................... 1.1
Boxing or Wrestling (platform):
Amateur............................................. 2.4
[[Page 40904]]
Professional........................................ 4.8
Gymnasium:
General Exercising and Recreation Only.............. 1.0
Handball/Racquetball/Squash:
Club................................................ 1.3
Tournament.......................................... 2.6
Hockey, Ice:
Amateur............................................. 1.3
College or Professional............................. 2.6
Skating Rink:
Recreational........................................ 0.6
Exhibition/Professional............................. 2.6
Swimming:
Recreational........................................ 0.9
Exhibition.......................................... 1.5
Underwater.......................................... 1.0
Tennis:
Recreational (Class III)............................ 1.3
Club/College (Class II)............................. 1.9
Professional (Class I).............................. 2.6
Tennis, Table:
Club................................................ 1.0
Tournament.......................................... 1.6
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Use a weighted average UPD in rooms with multiple simultaneous
activities, weighted in proportion to the area served.
2 A 1.5 power adjustment factor is applicable for multi-function spaces
when a supplementary system having independent controls is installed
that has installed power <ls-thn-eq>3312f the adjusted lighting power
for that space.
3 Area factor of 1.0 shall be used for these spaces.
4 UPD includes lighting power required for clean-up purpose.
5 Area factor shall not exceed 1.55.
6 Consider as 10 ft. beyond playing boundaries but less than or equal to
the total floor area of the sports space minus spectator seating area.
BILLING CODE 6450-01-P
[[Page 40905]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP06AU96.000
Billing Code 6450-01-C
401.3.3 Lighting Power Control Credits. The interior connected
lighting power determined in accordance with Sec. 434.401.3.2 can be
decreased for luminaries that are automatically controlled for
occupancy, daylight, lumen maintenance, or programmable timing. The
adjusted interior connected lighting power shall be determined by
subtracting the sum of all lighting power control credits from the
interior connected lighting power. Using Table 401.3.3, the lighting
power control credit equals the power adjustment factor times the
connected lighting power of the controlled lighting. The lighting power
adjustment shall be applied with the following limitations:
(a) It is limited to the specific area controlled by the automatic
control device.
(b) Only one lighting power adjustment may be used for each
building space or luminaire, and 50 percent or more of the controlled
luminaire shall be within the applicable space.
(c) Controls shall be installed in series with the lights and in
series with all manual switching devices.
(d) When sufficient daylight is available, daylight sensing
controls shall be capable of reducing electrical power consumption for
lighting (continuously or in steps) to 50 percent or less of maximum
power consumption.
(e) Daylight sensing controls shall control all luminaires to which
the adjustment is applied and that direct a minimum of 50 percent of
their light output into the daylight zone.
(f) Programmable timing controls shall be able to program different
schedules for occupied and unoccupied days, be readily accessible for
temporary override with automatic return to the original schedule, and
keep time during power outages for at least four hours.
Table 401.3.3.--Lighting Power Adjustment Factors
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Automatic control devices PAF
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Daylight Sensing controls (DS), continuous dimming. 0.30
(2) DS, multiple step dimming.......................... 0.20
(3) DS, ON/OFF......................................... 0.10
(4) DS continuous dimming and programmable timing...... 0.35
(5) DS multiple step dimming and programmable timing... 0.25
(6) DS ON/OFF and programmable timing.................. 0.15
(7) DS continuous dimming, programmable timing, and
lumen maintenance...................................... 0.40
(8) DS multiple step dimming, programmable timing, and
lumen maintenance...................................... 0.30
(9) DS ON/OFF, programmable timing, and lumen
maintenance............................................ 0.20
(10) Lumen maintenance control.......................... 0.10
(11) Lumen maintenance and programmable timing control.. 0.15
(12) Programmable timing control........................ 0.15
[[Page 40906]]
(13) Occupancy sensor (OS).............................. 0.30
(14) OS and DS, continuous dimming...................... 0.40
(15) OS and DS, multiple-step dimming................... 0.35
(16) OS and DS, ON/OFF.................................. 0.35
(17) OS, DS continuous dimming, and lumen maintenance... 0.45
(18) OS, DS multiple-step dimming and lumen maintenance. 0.40
(19) OS, DS ON/OFF, and lumen maintenance............... 0.35
(20) OS and lumen maintenance........................... 0.35
(21) OS and programmable timing control................. 0.35
401.3.4 Lighting Controls
401.3.4.1 Type of Lighting Controls. All lighting systems shall
have controls, with the exception of emergency use or exit lighting.
401.3.4.2 Number of Manual Controls. Spaces enclosed by walls or
ceiling-high partitions shall have a minimum of one manual control (on/
off switch) for lighting in that space. Additional manual controls
shall be provided for each task location or for each group of task
locations within an area of 450 ft\2\ or less. For spaces with only one
lighting fixture or with a single ballast, one manual control is
required. Exceptions are as follows:
401.3.4.2.1 Continuous lighting for security;
401.3.4.2.2 Systems in which occupancy sensors, local programmable
timers, or three-level (including OFF) step controls or preset dimming
controls are substituted for manual controls at the rate of one for
every two required manual controls, providing at least one control is
installed for every 1500 watts of power.
401.3.4.2.3 Systems in which four-level (including OFF) step
controls or preset dimming controls or automatic or continuous dimming
controls are substituted for manual controls at a rate of one for every
three required manual controls, providing at least one control is
installed for every 1500 watts of power.
401.3.4.2.4 Spaces that must be used as a whole, such as public
lobbies, retail stores, warehouses, and storerooms.
401.3.4.3 Multiple Location Controls. Manual controls that operate
the same load from multiple locations must be counted as one manual
control.
401.3.4.4 Control Accessibility. Lighting controls shall be
readily accessible from within the space controlled. Exceptions are as
follows: Controls for spaces that are be used as a whole, automatic
controls, programmable controls, controls requiring trained operators,
and controls for safety hazards and security.
401.3.4.5 Hotel and Motel Guest Room Control. Hotel and motel
guest rooms and suites shall have at least one master switch at the
main entry door that controls all permanently wired lighting fixtures
and switched receptacles excluding bathrooms. The following exception
applies: Where switches are provided at the entry to each room of a
multiple-room suite.
401.3.4.6 Switching of Exterior Lighting. Exterior lighting not
intended for 24-hour use shall be automatically switched by either
timer or photocell or a combination of timer and photocell. When used,
timers shall be capable of seven-day and seasonal daylight schedule
adjustment and have power backup for at least four hours.
401.3.5 Ballasts.
401.3.5.1 Tandem Wiring. One-lamp or three-lamp fluorescent
luminaries that are recess mounted within 10 ft center-to-center of
each other, or pendant mounted, or surface mounted within 1 ft of each
other, and within the same room, shall be tandem wired, unless threelamp
ballasts are used.
401.3.5.2 Power Factor. All ballasts shall have a power factor of
at least 90, with the exception of dimming ballasts, and ballasts for
circline and compact fluorescent lamps and low wattage HID lamps not
over 100 W.
Sec. 434.402 Building envelope assemblies and materials.
The building envelope and its associated assemblies and materials
shall meet the provisions of this section.
402.1 Calculations and Supporting Information.
402.1.1 Material Properties. Information on thermal properties,
building envelope system performance, and component heat transfer shall
be obtained from RS-4. When the information is not available from RS-4,
the data shall be obtained from manufacturer's information or
laboratory or field test measurements using RS-5, RS-6, RS-7, or RS-8.
402.1.1.1 The shading coefficient (SC) for fenestration shall be
obtained from RS-4 or from manufacturer's test data. The shading
coefficient of the fenestration, including both internal and external
shading devices, is SCx and excludes the effect of external shading
projections, which are calculated separately. The shading coefficient
used for louvered shade screens shall be determined using a profile
angle of 30 degrees as found in Table 41, Chapter 27 of RS-4.
402.1.2 Thermal Performance Calculations. The overall thermal
transmittance of the building envelope shall be calculated in
accordance with Equation 402.1.2:
U<INF>o = <greek-S>U<INF>iA<INF>i/A<INF>o = (U<INF>1A<INF>1 +
U<INF>2A<INF>2 + . . . + U<INF>NA<INF>N)/A<INF>0 (402.1.2)
where:
U<INF>o = the area-weighted average thermal transmittance of the gross
area of the building envelope; i.e., the exterior wall assembly
including fenestration and doors, the roof and ceiling assembly, and
the floor assembly, Btu/(h<bullet>ft2<bullet> deg.F)
A<INF>o = the gross area of the building envelope, ft2
U<INF>i = the thermal transmittance of each individual path of the
building envelope, i.e., the opaque portion or the fenestration, Btu/
(h<bullet>ft2<bullet> deg.F)
U<INF>i = 1/R<INF>i (where R<INF>i is the total resistance to heat flow
of an individual path through the building envelope)
A<INF>i = the area of each individual element of the building envelope,
ft2
The thermal transmittance of each component of the building
envelope shall be determined with due consideration of all major series
and parallel heat flow paths through the elements of the component and
film coefficients and shall account for any compression of insulation.
The thermal transmittance of opaque elements of assemblies shall be
determined using a series path procedure with corrections for the
presence of parallel paths within an element of the envelope assembly
(such as wall cavities with parallel paths through insulation and
studs). The thermal performance of adjacent
[[Page 40907]]
ground in below-grade applications shall be excluded from all thermal
calculations.
402.1.2.1 Envelope Assemblies Containing Metal Framing. The
thermal transmittance of the envelope assembly containing metal framing
shall be determined from one of three methods:
(a) Laboratory or field test measurements based on RS-5, RS-6, RS-
7, or RS-8.
(b) The zone method described in Chapter 22 of RS-4 and the
formulas on page 22.10.
(c) For metal roof trusses or metal studs covered by Tables
402.1.2.1a and b, the total resistance of the series path shall be
calculated in accordance with the following Equations:
Equation 402.1.2.1a
U<INF>i = 1/R<INF>t
R<INF>t = R<INF>i + R<INF>e
where:
R<INF>t = the total resistance of the envelope assembly
R<INF>i = the resistance of the series elements (for i = 1 to n)
excluding the parallel path element(s)
R<INF>e = the equivalent resistance of the element containing the
parallel path (R-value of insulation x F<INF>c). Values for F<INF>c and
equivalent resistances shall be taken from Tables 402.1.2.1a or b.
Table 402.1.2.1a.--Parallel Path Correction Factors--Metal Roof Trusses
Spaced 4 ft. o.c. or Greater That Penetrate the Insulation
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Correction Equivalent resistance
Effective framing/cavity R-values factor F<INF>c R<INF>e1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
R-0................................. 1.00 R-0
R-5................................. 0.96 R-4.8
R-10................................ 0.92 R-9.2
R-15................................ 0.88 R-13.2
R-20................................ 0.85 R-17.0
R-25................................ 0.81 R-20.3
R-30................................ 0.79 R-23.7
R-35................................ 0.76 R-26.6
R-40................................ 0.73 R-29.2
R-45................................ 0.71 R-32.0
R-50................................ 0.69 R-34.5
R-55................................ 0.67 R-36.0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Based on 0.66-inch-diameter cross members every one foot.
Table 402.1.2.1b.--Parallel Path Correction Factors--Metal Framed Walls With Studs 16 Ga. or Lighter
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Spacing of framing, Cavity insulation R- Correction Equivalent
Size of members in. value factor F<INF>c resistance R<INF>e
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
2 x 4............................. 16 O.C. R-11 0.50 R-5.0
R-13 0.46 R-6.0
R-15 0.43 R-6.4
2 x 4............................. 24 O.C. R-11 0.60 R-6.6
R-13 0.55 R-7.2
R-15 0.52 R-7.8
2 x 6............................. 16 O.C. R-19 0.37 R-7.1
R-21 0.43 R-9.0
2 x 6............................. 24 O.C. R-19 0.45 R-8.6
R-21 0.35 R-7.4
2 x 8............................. 16 O.C. R-25 0.31 R-7.8
2 x 8............................. 24 O.C. R-25 0.38 R-9.6
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
402.1.2.2 Envelope Assemblies Containing Nonmetal Framing. The
thermal transmittance of the envelope assembly shall be determined from
laboratory or field test measurements based on RS-5, RS-6, RS-7, or RS-
8 or from the series-parallel (isothermal planes) method provided in
page 23.2 of Chapter 23 of RS-4.
402.1.2.3 Metal Buildings. For elements with internal metallic
structures bonded on one or both sides to a metal skin or covering, the
calculation procedure specified in RS-9 shall be used.
402.1.2.4 Fenestration Assemblies. Calculation of the overall
thermal transmittance of fenestration assemblies shall consider the
center-of-glass, edge-of-glass, and frame components.
(a) The following equation 402.1.2.4a shall be used.
BILLING CODE 6450-01-P
[[Page 40908]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP06AU96.001
BILLING CODE 6450-01-C
[[Page 40909]]
(1) Results from laboratory test of center-of-glass, edge-of-glass,
and frame assemblies tested as a unit at winter conditions. One of the
procedures in Section 8.3.2 of RS-1 shall be used.
(2) Overall generic product C (commercial) in Table 13, Chapter 27,
of the RS-4. The generic product C in Table 13, Chapter 27, is based on
a product of 24 ft\2\. Larger units will produce lower U-values and
thus it is recommended to use the calculation procedure detailed in
Equation 402.1.2.4a.
(3) Calculations based on the actual area for center-of-glass,
edge-of-glass, and frame assemblies and on the thermal transmittance of
components derived from 402.1.2.4a, 402.1.2.4b or a combination of the
two.
402.1.3 Gross Areas of Envelope Components.
402.1.3.1 Roof Assembly. The gross area of a roof assembly shall
consist of the total surface of the roof assembly exposed to outside
air or unconditioned spaces and is measured from the exterior faces of
exterior walls and centerline of walls separating buildings. The roof
assembly includes all roof or ceiling components through which heat may
flow between indoor and outdoor environments, including skylight
surfaces but excluding service openings. For thermal transmittance
purposes when return air ceiling plenums are employed, the roof or
ceiling assembly shall not include the resistance of the ceiling or the
plenum space as part of the total resistance of the assembly.
402.1.3.2 Floor Assembly. The gross area of a floor assembly over
outside or unconditioned spaces shall consist of the total surface of
the floor assembly exposed to outside air or unconditioned space and is
measured from the exterior face of exterior walls and centerline of
walls separating buildings. The floor assembly shall include all floor
components through which heat may flow between indoor and outdoor or
unconditioned space environments.
402.1.3.3 Wall Assembly. The gross area of exterior walls
enclosing a heated or cooled space is measured on the exterior and
consists of the opaque walls, including between-floor spandrels,
peripheral edges of flooring, window areas (including sash), and door
areas but excluding vents, grilles, and pipes.
402.2 Air Leakage and Moisture Mitigation. The requirements of
this section shall apply only to those building components that
separate interior building conditioned space from the outdoors or from
unconditioned space or crawl spaces. Compliance with the criteria for
air leakage through building components shall be determined by tests
conducted in accordance with RS-10.
402.2.1 Air Barrier System. A barrier against leakage shall be
installed to prevent the leakage of air through the building envelope
according to the following requirements:
(a) The air barrier shall be continuous at all plumbing and heating
penetrations of the building opaque wall.
(b) The air barrier shall be sealed at all penetrations of the
opaque building wall for electrical and telecommunications equipment.
Table 402.2.1.--Air Leakage for Fenestration and Doors--Maximum Allowable Infiltration Rate
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
cfm/lin ft sash crack or cfm/ft\2\
Component Reference standard of area
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Fenestration
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Aluminum:
Operable.......................... RS-11.............................. 0.37 cfm/lin ft
Jalousie.......................... RS-11.............................. 1.50 cfm/ft \2\
Fixed............................. RS-11.............................. 0.15 cfm/ft\2\
PVC: Prime Windows.................... RS-12.............................. 0.06 cfm/ft\2\
Wood:
Residential....................... RS-13.............................. 0.37 cfm/ft\2\
Light Commercial.................. RS-13.............................. 0.25 cfm/ft\2\
Heavy Commercial.................. RS-13.............................. 0.15 cfm/ft\2\
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Sliding Glass Doors
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Aluminum.............................. RS-11.............................. 0.37 cfm/ft\2\
PVC................................... RS-12.............................. 0.37 cfm/lin ft
Doors--Wood:
Residential....................... RS-14.............................. 0.34 cfm/ft\2\
Light Commercial.................. RS-14.............................. 0.25 cfm/ft\2\
Heavy Commercial.................. RS-14.............................. 0.10 cfm/ft\2\
Commercial Entrance Doors............. RS-10.............................. 1.25 cfm/ft\2\
Residential Swinging Doors............ RS-10.............................. 0.50 cfm/ft\2\
Wall Sections Aluminum................ RS-10.............................. 0.06 cfm/ft\2\
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: [The ``Maximum Allowable Infiltration Rates'' are from current standards to allow the use of available
products.]
402.2.2 Building Envelope. The following areas of the building
envelope shall be sealed, caulked, gasketed, or weatherstripped to
limit air leakage:
(a) Intersections of the fenestration and door frames with the
opaque wall sections.
(b) Openings between walls and foundations, between walls and roof
and wall panels.
(c) Openings at penetrations of utility service through, roofs,
walls, and floors.
(d) Site built fenestration and doors.
(e) All other openings in the building envelope.
Exceptions are as follows: Outside air intakes, exhaust outlets,
relief outlets, stair shaft, elevator shaft smoke relief openings, and
other similar elements shall comply with subsection 403.
402.2.2.1 Fenestration and Doors Fenestration and doors shall meet
the requirements of Table 402.2.1.
402.2.2.2 Building Assemblies Used as Ducts or Plenums. Building
assemblies used as ducts or plenums shall be sealed, caulked, and
gasketed to limit air leakage.
402.2.2.3 Vestibules. A door that separates conditioned space from
the exterior shall be equipped with an
[[Page 40910]]
enclosed vestibule with all doors opening into and out of the vestibule
equipped with self-closing devices. Vestibules shall be designed so
that in passing through the vestibule, it is not necessary for the
interior and exterior doors to open at the same time. Exceptions are as
follows: Exterior doors need not be protected with a vestibule where:
(a) The door is a revolving door.
(b) The door is used primarily to facilitate vehicular movement or
material handling.
(c) The door is not intended to be used as a general entrance door.
(d) The door opens directly from a dwelling unit.
(e) The door opens directly from a retail space less than 2,000
ft2 in area, or from a space less than 1,500 ft2 for other
uses.
(f) In buildings less than three stories in building height in
regions that have less than 6,300 heating degree days base 65 deg.F.
402.2.2.4 Compliance Testing. All buildings shall be tested after
completion using the methodology in RS-11, or an equivalent approved
method to determine the envelope air leakage. A standard blower door
test is an acceptable technique to pressurize the building if the
building is 5,000 ft\2\ or less in area. The building's air handling
system can be used to pressurize the building if the building is larger
than 5,000 ft\2\. The following test conditions shall be:
(a) The measured envelope air leakage shall not exceed 1.57 pounds
per square foot of wall area at a pressure difference of 0.3 inches
water.
(b) At the time of testing, all windows and outside doors shall be
installed and closed, all interior doors shall be open, and all air
handlers and dampers shall be operable. The building shall be
unoccupied.
(c) During the testing period, the average wind speed during the
test shall be less than 6.6 feet per second, the average outside
temperature greater than 59 deg.F, and the average inside-outside
temperature difference is less than 41 deg.F.
402.2.2.5 Moisture Migration. The building envelope shall be
designed to limit moisture migration that leads to deterioration in
insulation or equipment performance as determined by the following
construction practices:
(a) A vapor retarder shall be installed to retard, or slow down the
rate of water vapor diffusion through the building envelope. The
position of the vapor retarder shall be determined taking into account
local climate and indoor humidity levels. The methodologies presented
in Chapter 20 of RS-4 shall be used to determine temperature and water
vapor profiles through the envelope systems to assess the potential for
condensation within the envelope and to determine the position of the
vapor retarder within the envelope system.
(b) The vapor retarder shall be installed over the entire building
envelope.
(c) The perm rating requirements of the vapor retarder shall be
determined using the methodologies contained in Chapter 20 of RS-4, and
shall take into account local climate and indoor humidity level. The
vapor retarder shall have a performance rating of 1 perm or less.
402.3 Thermal Performance Criteria.
402.3.1 Roofs; Floors and Walls Adjacent to Unconditioned Spaces.
The area weighted average thermal transmittance of roofs and also of
floors and walls adjacent to unconditioned spaces shall not exceed the
criteria in Table 402.3.1a. Exceptions are as follows: Skylights for
which daylight credit is taken may be excluded from the calculations of
the roof assembly U<INF>or if all of the following conditions are met:
(a) The opaque roof thermal transmittance is less than the criteria
in Table 402.3.1b.
(b) Skylight areas, including framing, as a percentage of the roof
area do not exceed the values specified in Table 402.3.1b. The maximum
skylight area from Table 402.3.1b may be increased by 50 10f a shading
device is used that blocks over 5012f the solar gain during the peak
cooling design condition. For shell buildings, the permitted skylight
area shall be based on a light level of 30-foot candles and a lighting
power density (LPD) of less than 1.0 w/ft\2\. For speculative
buildings, the permitted skylight area shall be based on the unit
lighting power allowance from Table 401.3.2a and an illuminance level
as follows: for LPD < 1.0, use 30 footcandles; for 1.0 < LPD < 2.5, use
50 footcandles; and for LPD <gr-thn-eq> 2.5, use 70 footcandles.
(c) All electric lighting fixtures within daylighted zones under
skylights are controlled by automatic daylighting controls.
(d) The U<INF>o of the skylight assembly including framing does not
exceed ______ Btu/(h<bullet>ft\2\<bullet> deg.F). [Use 0.70 for
<gr-thn-eq> 8000 HDD65 and 0.45 for >8000 HDD65 or both if the
jurisdiction includes cities that are both below and above 8000 HDD65.]
(e) Skylight curb U-value does not exceed 0.21 Btu/
(h<bullet>ft\2\<bullet> deg.F).
(f) The infiltration coefficient of the skylights does not exceed
0.05 cfm/ft\2\.
402.3.2 Below-Grade Walls and Slabs-on-Grade. The thermal
resistance (R-value) of insulation for slabs-on-grade, or the overall
thermal resistances of walls in contact with the earth, shall be equal
to or greater than the values in Table 403.3.2.
402.4 Exterior Walls. Exterior walls shall comply with either
402.4.1 or 402.4.2.
402.4.1 Prescriptive Criteria. (a) The exterior wall shall be
designed in accordance with subsections 402.4.1.1 and 402.4.1.2. When
the internal load density range is not known, the 0-1.50 W/ft\2\ range
shall be used for residential, hotel/motel guest rooms, or warehouse
occupancies; the 3.01-3.50 W/ft\2\ range shall be used for retail
stores smaller than 2,000 ft\2\ and technical and vocational schools
smaller than 10,000 ft\2\; and the 1.51-3.00 W/ft\2\ range shall be
used for all other occupancies and building sizes. When the building
envelope is designed or constructed prior to knowing the building
occupancy type, an internal load density of ______ W/ft\2\ shall be
used. [Use 3.0 W/ft\2\ for HDD65 <3000, 2.25 W/ft\2\ for 3000 < HDD65 <
6000, and 1.5 W/ft\2\ for HDD65 > 6000.]
(b) When more than one condition exists, area weighted averages
shall be used. This requirement shall apply to all thermal
transmittances, shading coefficients, projection factors, and internal
load densities rounded to the same number of decimal places as shown in
the respective table.
402.4.1.1 Opaque Walls. The weighted average thermal transmittance
(U-value) of opaque wall elements shall be less than the values in
Table 402.4.1.1. For mass walls (HC<gr-thn-eq>5), criteria are
presented for low and high window/wall ratios and the criteria shall be
determined by interpolating between these values for the window/wall
ratio of the building.
402.4.1.2 Fenestration. The design of the fenestration shall meet
the criteria of Table 402.4.1.2. When the fenestration columns labeled
``Perimeter Daylighting'' are used, automatic daylighting controls
shall be installed in the perimeter daylighted zones of the building.
These daylighting controls shall be capable of reducing electric
lighting power to at least 5012f full power. Only those shading or
lighting controls for perimeter daylighting that are shown on the plans
shall be considered. The column labeled ``VLT > = SC'' shall be used
only when the shading coefficient of the glass is less than its visible
light transmittance.
[[Page 40911]]
Example Alternate Component Package Table
The example Alternate Component Package tables illustrate the
requirements of subsections 301.1, 402.3.1, 402.3.2, 402.4.1.1 and
402.4.1.2. Copies of specific tables contained in this example can be
obtained from the Energy Code for Federal Commercial Buildings, Docket
No. EE-RM-79-112-C, Buildings Division, EE-432, Office of Codes and
Standards, U.S. Department of Energy, Room 1J-018, 1000 Independence
Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20585, (202) 586-0517.
BILLING CODE 6450-01-P
[[Page 40912]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP06AU96.002
BILLING CODE 6450-01-C
[[Page 40913]]
402.4.2 System Performance Criteria. The cumulative annual energy
flux attributable to thermal transmittance and solar gains shall be
less than the criteria determined using the ENVSTD21 computer program
in Standard 90.1-1989, or the equations in RS-1, Attachment 8-B. The
cumulative annual energy flux shall be calculated using the ENVSTD21
computer program or the equations in RS-1, Attachment 8-B.
Table 402.4.2.--EQUIP Default Values for ENVSTD21
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Default
Default Default adjusted
Occupancy equipment occupant load equipment
power adjustment power
density \1\ density
----------------------------------------\1\-----------------------------
Assembly.......................... 0.25 0.75 1.00
Health/Institutional.............. 1.00 -0.26 0.74
Hotel/Motel....................... 0.25 -0.33 0.00
Warehouse/Storage................. 0.10 -0.60 0.00
Multi-Family High Rise............ 0.75 N/A 0.00
Office............................ 0.75 -0.35 0.40
Restaurant........................ 0.10 0.07 0.17
Retail............................ 0.25 -0.38 0.00
School............................ 0.50 0.30 0.80
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Defaults as defined in Section 8.6.10.5, Table 8-4, and Sections
8.6.10.6 and 13.7.2.1, Table 13-2 from RS-1.
402.4.2.1 Equipment Power Density (EQUIP). The equipment power
density used in the ENVSTD21 computer program shall use the actual
equipment power density from the building plans and specifications or
be taken from Table 402.4.2 using the column titled ``Default Adjusted
Equipment Power Density'' or calculated for the building using the
procedures of RS-1. The program limits consideration of the equipment
power density to a maximum of 1 W/ft \2\.
402.4.2.2 Lighting Power Density (LIGHTS). The lighting power
density used in the ENVSTD21 computer program shall use the actual
lighting power density from the building plans and specifications or
the appropriate value from Tables 401.3.2a, b, c, or d.
402.4.2.3 Daylighting Control Credit Fraction (DLCF). When the
daylighting control credit fraction is other than zero, automatic
daylighting controls shall be installed in the appropriate perimeter
zone(s) of the building to justify the credit.
Sec. 434.403 Building Mechanical Systems and Equipment.
Mechanical systems and equipment used to provide heating,
ventilating, and air conditioning functions as well as additional
functions not related to space conditioning, such as, but not limited
to, freeze protection in fire projection systems and water heating,
shall meet the requirements of this section.
403.1 Mechanical Equipment Efficiency. When equipment shown in
Tables 403.1a through 403.1f is used, it shall have a minimum
performance at the specified rating conditions when tested in
accordance with the specified reference standard. Omission of minimum
performance requirements for equipment not listed in Tables 403.1a
through 403.1f does not preclude use of such equipment.
Table 403.1a--Unitary Air Conditioners and Condensing Units, Electrically Operated, Minimum Efficiency Requirements
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Equipment type Size category Subcategory or rating condition Minimum Efficiency b Test Procedure a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Air Conditioners, Air Cooled. <65,000 Btu/h.................. Split System..................... 10.0 SEER ARI 210/240
(RS-15).
Single Package................... 9.7 SEER.
<gr-thn-eq>65,000 Btu/h and Split System and Single Package.. 8.9 EERc ARI 210/240
<135,000 Btu/h. 8.3 IPLVc (RS-15).
<gr-thn-eq>135,000 Btu/h and Split System and Single Package.. 8.5 EERc
<240,000 Btu/h. 7.5 IPLVc
<gr-thn-eq>240,000 Btu/h and Split System and Single Package.. 8.5 EERc ARI-360
<760,000 Btu/h. 7.5 IPLVc (RS-16).
<gr-thn-eq>760,000 Btu/h....... Split System and Single Package.. 8.2 EERc ARI-360
7.5 IPLVc (RS-16).
Air Conditioners, Water and <65,000 Btu/h.................. Split System and Single Package.. 9.3 EERc ARI 210/240
Evaporatively Cooled. 8.4 IPLVc (RS-15).
<gr-thn-eq>65,000 Btu/h and Split System and Single Package.. 10.5 EERc ARI 210/240
<135,000 Btu/h. 9.7 IPLVc (RS-15).
<gr-thn-eq>135,000 Btu/h and Split System and Single Package.. 9.6 EERc ARI-360
<240,000 Btu/h. 9.0 IPLVc (RS-16).
<gr-thn-eq>240,000 Btu/h....... Split System and Single Package.. 9.6 EERc ARI-360
9.0 IPLVc (RS-16).
Condensing Units, Air Cooled. <gr-thn-eq>135,000 Btu/h....... ................................. 9.9 EER ARI 365
11.0 IPLV (RS-29).
Condensing Units, Water or <gr-thn-eq>135,000 Btu/h....... ................................. 12.9 EER ARI 365
Evaporatively Cooled. 12.9 IPLV (RS-29).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
a See Sec. 434.500 for detailed references.
b Deduct 0.2 from the required EER's and IPLV's for units that have a heating section.
c IPLV's are only applicable to equipment with capacity modulation.
[[Page 40914]]
Table 403.1b.--Unitary and Applied Heat Pumps, Electrically Operated, Minimum Efficiency Requirements
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Equipment type Size category Subcategory or rating condition Minimum efficiency b Test procedure a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Air Cooled (Cooling Mode).... < 65,000 Btu/h................. Split System..................... 10.0 SEER ARI 210/240
(RS-15).
Single Package................... 9.7 SEER
<gr-thn-eq> 65,000 Btu/h and < Split System and Single Package.. 8.9 EERc ARI 210/240
135,000 Btu/h. 8.3 IPLVc (RS-15).
<gr-thn-eq> 135,000 Btu/h and < Split System and Single Package.. 8.5 EERc ARI-340
240,000 Btu/h. 7.5 IPLVc (RS-17).
<gr-thn-eq> 240,000 Btu/h...... Split System and Single Package.. 8.5 EERc ARI-340
7.5 IPLVc (RS-17).
Water Source (Cooling Mode).. < 65,000 Btu/h................. 85 deg.F Entering Water......... 9.3 EER ARI-320
(RS-27).
75 deg.F Entering Water......... 10.2 EER
<gr-thn-eq> 65,000 Btu/h and < 85 deg.F Entering Water......... 10.5 EER ARI-320
135,000 Btu/h. (RS-27).
75 deg.F Entering Water......... 11.0 EER
Groundwater-Source (Cooling < 135,000 Btu/h................ 70 deg.F Entering Water......... 11.0 EER ARI 325
Mode). (RS-28).
50 deg.F Entering Water......... 11.5 EER
Ground Source (Cooling Mode). < 135,000 Btu/h................ 77 deg.F Entering Water......... 10.0 EER ARI 325
(RS-28).
70 deg.F Entering Water......... 10.4 EER
Air Cooled (Heating Mode).... < 65,000 Btu/h (Cooling Split System..................... 6.8 HSPF ARI 210/240
Capacity). (RS-15).
Single Package................... 6.6 HSPF
<gr-thn-eq> 65,000 Btu/h and < 47 deg.F db/43 deg.F wb Outdoor 3.00 COP ARI 210/240
135,000 Btu/h (Cooling Air. (RS-15).
Capacity).
17 deg.F db/15 deg.F wb Outdoor 2.00 COP
Air.
<gr-thn-eq> 135,000 Btu/h 47 deg.F db/43 deg.F wb Outdoor 2.90 COP ARI-340
(Cooling Capacity). Air. (RS-17).
17 deg.F db/15 deg.F wb Outdoor 2.00 COP
Water-Source (Heating Mode).. < 135,000 Btu/h (Cooling 70 deg.F Entering Water......... 3.80 COP ARI-320
Capacity). (RS-27).
75 deg.F Entering Water......... 3.90 COP
Groundwater-Source (Heating < 135,000 Btu/h (Cooling 70 deg.F Entering Water......... 3.40 COP ARI 325
Mode). Capacity). (RS-28).
50 deg.F Entering Water......... 3.00 COP
Ground Source (Heating Mode). < 135,000 Btu/h (Cooling 32 deg.F Entering Water......... 2.50 EER ARI-330
Capacity). (RS-45).
41 deg.F Entering Water......... 2.70 EER
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
a See Sec. 434.500 for detailed references
b Deduct 0.2 from the required EER's and IPLV's for units that have a heating section.
c IPLV's are only applicable to equipment with capacity modulation.
Table 403.1c.--Water Chilling Packages, Minimum Efficiency Requirements
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Equipment type Size category Subcategory or rating condition Minimum efficiency b Test procedure a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Air-Cooled, With Condenser, < 150 Tons..................... ................................. 2.70 COP ARI 550 Centrifugal/Rotary
Electrically Operated. 2.80 IPLV Screw (RS-30) or ARI 590
Reciprocating (RS-31).
<gr-thn-eq> 150 Tons........... ................................. 2.50 COP
2.50 IPLV
Air-Cooled, Without All Capacities................. ................................. 3.10 COP
Condenser, Electrically 3.20 IPLV
Operated.
Water Cooled, Electrically All Capacities................. ................................. 3.80 COP
Operated, Positive 3.90 IPLV
Displacement (Reciprocating).
Water Cooled, Electrically < 150 Tons..................... ................................. 3.80 COP
Operated, Positive 3.90 IPLV
Displacement (Rotary Screw
and Scroll).
<gr-thn-eq> 150 Tons and < 300 ................................. 4.20 COP
Tons. 4.50 IPLV
<gr-thn-eq> 300 Tons........... ................................. 5.20 COP
5.30 IPLV
[[Page 40915]]
Water-Cooled, Electrically <150 Tons...................... ................................. 380 COP ARI 550
Operated Centrifugal. 3.90 IPLV (RS-30).
<gr-thn-eq> 150 Tons and < 300 ................................. 4.20 COP
Tons. 4.50 IPLV
<gr-thn-eq> 300 Tons........... ................................. 5.20 COP
5.30 IPLV
Absorption Single Effect..... All Capacities................. ................................. 0.48 COP ARI 560
(RS-46).
Absorption Double Effect, All Capacities................. ................................. 0.95 COP
Indirect-Fired. 1.00 IPLV
Absorption Double-Effect, All Capacities................. ................................. 0.95 COP
Direct-Fired. 1.00 IPLV
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
a See Sec. 434.500 for detailed references.
b Equipment must comply with all efficiencies when multiple efficiencies are indicated.
Table 403.1d.--Packaged Terminal Air Conditioners, Packaged Terminal Heat Pumps, Room Air Conditioners, and Room Air-Conditioner Heat Pumps Electrically
Operated, Minimum Efficiency Requirements
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Equipment type Size category Subcategory or rating condition Minimum efficiency Test procedure a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
PTAC (Cooling Mode).......... All Capacities................. 95 deg.F db Outdoor Air.......... 10.0-(0.16 x ARI 310
Cap/1,000) b EER (RS-18).
82 deg.F db Outdoor Air.......... 12.2-(0.20 x ARI 380
Cap/1,000) b EER (RS-19).
PTHP (Cooling Mode).......... All Capacities................. 95 deg.F db Outdoor Air.......... 10.0-(0.16 x
Cap/1,000) b EER
82 deg.F db Outdoor Air.......... 12.2-(0.20 x
Cap/1,000) b EER
PTHP (Heating Mode).......... All Capacities................. ................................. 2.90-(0.26 x
CAP/1,000) b COP
Room Air Conditioners, With <6,000 Btu/h................... ................................. 8.0 EER ANSI/AHAM RAC-1
Louvered Sides. (RS-40).
<gr-thn-eq>6,000 Btu/h and ................................. 8.5 EER
<8,000 Btu/h.
<gr-thn-eq>8,000 Btu/h and ................................. 9.0 EER
<14,000 Btu/h.
<gr-thn-eq>14,000 Btu/h and ................................. 8.8 EER
<20,000 Btu/h.
<gr-thn-eq>20,000 Btu/h........ ................................. 8.2 EER
Room Air Conditioners, <6,000 Btu/h................... ................................. 8.0 EER ANSI/AHAM RAC-1
Without Louvered Sides. (RS-40).
<gr-thn-eq>6,000 Btu/h and ................................. 8.5 EER
<20,000 Btu/h.
<gr-thn-eq>20,000 Btu/h........ ................................. 8.2 EER
Room Air-Conditioner Heat All Capacities................. ................................. 8.5 EER ANSI/AHAM RAC-1
Pumps With Louvered Sides. (RS-40).
Room Air-Conditioner Heat All Capacities................. ................................. 8.0 EER ANSI/AHAM RAC-1
Pumps Without Louvered Sides. (RS-40).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
a See Sec. 434.500 for detailed references.
b Equipment must comply with all efficiencies when multiple efficiencies are indicated. (Note products covered by the 1992 Energy Policy Act have no
efficiency requirement for operation at other than standard rating conditions for products manufactured after 1/1/94).
c Cap means the rated capacity of the product in Btu/h. If the unit's capacity is less than 7,000 Btu/h, use 7,000 Btu/h in the calculation. If the
unit's capacity is greater than 15,000 Btu/h, use 15,000 Btu/h in the calculation.
Table 403.1e.--Warm Air Furnaces and Combination Warm Air Furnaces/Air Conditioning Units, Warm Air Duct Furnaces and Unit Heaters, Minimum Efficiency
Requirements
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Equipment type Size category Subcategory or rating condition Minimum efficiency d Test procedure a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Warm Air-Furnace, Gas-Fired.. <225,000 Btu/h................. ................................. 78AGUE or DOE 10 CFR 430
80 2.121996E-313<INF>tc (RS-20).
<gr-thn-eq>225,000 Btu/h....... Maximum Capacity c Minimum 80 2.121996E-313<INF>t ANSI Z21.47
Capacity c. 78 2.121996E-313<INF>t (RS-21).
Warm Air-Furnace, Oil-Fired.. <225,000 Btu/h................. ................................. 78AGUE or DOE 10 CFR 430
80 2.121996E-313<INF>tc (RS-20).
[[Page 40916]]
<gr-thn-eq>225,000 But/h....... Maximum Capacity b Minimum 81 2.121996E-313<INF>t U.L. 727
Capacity b. 81 2.121996E-313<INF>t (RS-22).
Warm Air Duct Furnaces, Gas- All Capacities................. Maximum Capacity b Minimum 78 2.121996E-313<INF>t ANSI Z83.9
Fired. Capacity b. 74 2.121996E-313<INF>t (RS-23).
Warm Air Unit Heaters, Gas All Capacities................. Maximum Capacity b Minimum 78 2.121996E-313<INF>t ANSI Z83.8
Fired. Capacity b. 74 2.121996E-313<INF>t (RS-24).
Oil-Fired.................... All Capacities................. Maximum Capacity b Minimum 81 2.121996E-313<INF>t U.L. 731
Capacity b. 81 2.121996E-313<INF>t (RS-25).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
a See Sec. 434.500 for detailed references.
b Minimum and maximum ratings as provided for and allowed by the unit's controls.
c Combination units not covered by NAECA (Three-phase power or cooling capacity <gr-thn-eq>65,000 Btu/h) may comply with either rating.
d E<INF>t=thermal efficiency. See referenced document for detailed discussion.
e Ec=combustion efficiency. Units must also include an IID and either power venting or a flue damper. For those furnaces where combustion air is drawn
from the conditioned space, a vent damper may be substituted for a flue damper.
Table 403.1f.--Boilers, Gas- and Oil-Fired, Minimum Efficiency Requirements
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Equipment type Size category Subcategory or rating condition Minimum efficiency c Test procedure a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Boilers, Gas-Fired........... <300,000 Btu/h................. Hot Water........................ 80AGUE DOE 10 CFR 430
(RS-20).
Steam............................ 75AGUE DOE 10 CFR 430
(RS-20).
<gr-thn-eq>300,000 Btu/h....... Maximum Capacity b............... 80 2.121996E-313<INF>c ANSI Z21.13
(RS-32).
Minimum Capacity b............... 80 2.121996E-313<INF>c .....<INF>............<SUP>.........
Boilers, Oil-Fired........... <300,000 Btu/h................. ................................. 80AGUE DOE 10 CFR 430
(RS-20).
Maximum Capacity b............... 83 2.121996E-313<INF>c .....<INF>............<SUP>.........
<gr-thn-eq>300,000 Btu/h....... Minumum Capacity b............... 83 2.121996E-313<INF>c U.L. 726
(RS-33).
Oil-Fired (Residual)......... <gr-thn-eq>300,000 Btu/h....... Maximum Capacity b............... 83 2.121996E-313<INF>c .....<INF>............<SUP>.........
Minimum Capacity b............... 83<INF>Ec ....<INF>.............<SUP>.........
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
a See Sec. 434.500 for detailed references.
b Minimum and maximum ratings as provided for and allowed by the unit's controls.
cE<INF>c=combustion efficiency (100 2.121996e-313ss flue losses). See reference document for detailed information.
403.1.1 Where multiple rating conditions and/or performance
requirements are provided, the equipment shall satisfy all stated
requirements.
403.1.2 Equipment used to provide water heating functions as part
of a combination integrated system shall satisfy all stated
requirements for the appropriate space heating or cooling category.
403.1.3 The equipment efficiency shall be supported by data
furnished by the manufacturer or shall be certified under a nationally
recognized certification program or rating procedure.
403.1.4 Where components, such as indoor or outdoor coils, from
different manufacturers are used, the system designer shall specify
component efficiencies whose combined efficiency meets the standards
herein.
403.2 HVAC Systems.
403.2.1 Load Calculations. Heating and cooling system design loads
for the purpose of sizing systems and equipment shall be determined in
accordance with the procedures described in RS-1 using the design
parameters specified in subpart C of this part.
403.2.2 Equipment and System Sizing. Heating and cooling equipment
and systems shall be sized to provide no more than the loads calculated
in accordance with subsection 403.2.1. A single piece of equipment
providing both heating and cooling must satisfy this provision for one
function with the other function sized as small as possible to meet the
load, within available equipment options. Exceptions are as follows:
(a) When the equipment selected is the smallest size needed to meet
the load within available options of the desired equipment line.
(b) Standby equipment provided with controls and devices that allow
such equipment to operate automatically only when the primary equipment
is not operating.
(c) Multiple units of the same equipment type with combined
capacities exceeding the design load and provided with controls that
sequence or otherwise optimally control the operation of each unit
based on load.
403.2.3 Separate Air Distribution System. Zones with special
process temperature and/or humidity requirements shall be served by air
distribution systems separate from those serving zones requiring only
comfort conditions or shall include supplementary provisions so that
the primary systems may be specifically controlled for comfort purposes
only. Exceptions: Zones requiring only comfort heating or comfort
cooling that are served by a system primarily used for process
temperature and humidity control need not be served by a separate
system if the total supply air to these comfort zones is no more than
2512f the total system supply air or the total conditioned floor area
of the zones is less than 1000 ft \2\.
[[Page 40917]]
403.2.4 Ventilation and Fan System Design. Ventilation systems
shall be designed to be capable of reducing the supply of outdoor air
to the minimum ventilation rates required by Section 6.1.3 of RS-41
through the use of return ducts, manually or automatically operated
control dampers, fan volume controls, or other devices. Exceptions are
as follows: Minimum outdoor air rates may be greater if:
(a) Required to make up air exhausted for source control of
contaminants such as in a fume hood.
(b) Required by process systems.
(c) Required to maintain a slightly positive building pressure. For
this purpose, minimum outside air intake may be increased up to no
greater than 0.30 air changes per hour in excess of exhaust quantities.
403.2.4.1 Ventilation controls for variable or high occupancy
areas. Systems with design outside air capacities greater than 3,000
cfm serving areas having an average design occupancy density exceeding
100 people per 1,000 ft \2\ shall include means to automatically reduce
outside air intake to the minimum values required by RS-41 during
unoccupied or low-occupancy periods. Outside air shall not be reduced
below 0.14 cfm/ft \2\. Outside air intake shall be controlled by one or
more of the following:
(a) A clearly labeled, readily accessible bypass timer that may be
used by occupants or operating personnel to temporarily increase
minimum outside air flow up to design levels.
(b) A carbon dioxide (CO<INF>2) control system having sensors
located in the spaces served, or in the return air from the spaces
served, capable of maintaining space CO<INF>2 concentrations below
levels recommended by the manufacturer, but no fewer than one sensor
per 25,000 ft \2\ of occupied space shall be provided.
(c) An automatic timeclock that can be programmed to maintain
minimum outside air intake levels commensurate with scheduled occupancy
levels.
(d) Spaces equipped with occupancy sensors.
403.2.4.2 Ventilation Controls for enclosed parking garages:
Garage ventilation fan systems with a total design capacity greater
than 30,000 cfm shall have automatic controls that stage fans or
modulate fan volume as required to maintain carbon monoxide (CO) below
levels recommended in RS-41.
403.2.4.3 Ventilation and Fan Power. The fan system energy demand
of each HVAC system at design conditions shall not exceed 0.8 W/cfm of
supply air for constant air volume systems and 1.25 W/cfm of supply air
for variable-air-volume (VAV) systems. Fan system energy demand shall
not include the additional power required by air treatment or filtering
systems with pressure drops over 1 in. w.c. Individual VAV fans with
motors 75 hp and larger shall include controls and devices necessary
for the fan motor to demand no more than 50 percent of design wattage
at 50 percent of design air volume, based on manufacturer's test data.
Exceptions are as follows:
(a) Systems with total fan system motor horsepower of 10 hp or
less.
(b) Unitary equipment for which the energy used by the fan is
considered in the efficiency ratings of subsection 403.1.
403.2.5 Pumping System Design. HVAC pumping systems used for
comfort heating and/or comfort air conditioning that serve control
valves designed to modulate or step open and closed as a function of
load shall be designed for variable fluid flow and capable of reducing
system flow to 50 percent of design flow or less. Exceptions are as
follows:
(a) Systems where a minimum flow greater than 5012f the design
flow is required for the proper operation of equipment served by the
system, such as chillers.
(b) Systems that serve no more than one control valve.
(c) Systems with a total pump system horse power <ls-thn-eq>10 hp.
(d) Systems that comply with subsection 403.2.6.8 without
exception.
403.2.6 Temperature and Humidity Controls.
403.2.6.1 System Controls. Each heating and cooling system shall
include at least one temperature control device.
403.2.6.2 Zone Controls. The supply of heating and cooling energy
to each zone shall be controlled by individual thermostatic controls
responding to temperature within the zone. For the purposes of this
section, a dwelling unit is considered a zone. Exception: Independent
perimeter systems that are designed to offset building envelope heat
losses or gains or both may serve one or more zones also served by an
interior system when the perimeter system includes at least one
thermostatic control zone for each building exposure having exterior
walls facing only one orientation for at least 50 contiguous ft and the
perimeter system heating and cooling supply is controlled by
thermostat(s) located within the zone(s) served by the system.
403.2.6.3 Zone Thermostatic Control Capabilities. Where used to
control comfort heating, zone thermostatic controls shall be capable of
being set locally or remotely by adjustment or selection of sensors
down to 55 deg.F or lower. Where used to control comfort cooling, zone
thermostatic controls shall be capable of being set locally or remotely
by adjustment or selection of sensors up to 85 deg.F or higher. Where
used to control both comfort heating and cooling, zone thermostatic
controls shall be capable of providing a temperature range or deadband
of at least 5 deg.F within which the supply of heating and cooling
energy to the zone is shut off or reduced to a minimum. Exceptions are
as follows:
(a) Special occupancy or special usage conditions approved by the
building official or
(b) Thermostats that require manual changeover between heating and
cooling modes.
403.2.6.4 Heat Pump Auxiliary Heat. Heat pumps having
supplementary electric resistance heaters shall have controls that
prevent heater operation when the heating load can be met by the heat
pump. Supplemental heater operation is permitted during outdoor coil
defrost cycles not exceeding 15 minutes.
403.2.6.5 Humidistats. Humidistats used for comfort purposes shall
be capable of being set to prevent the use of fossil fuel or
electricity to reduce relative humidity below 6012r increase relative
humidity above 30
403.2.6.6 Simultaneous Heating and Cooling. Zone thermostatic and
humidistatic controls shall be capable of operating in sequence the
supply of heating and cooling energy to the zone. Such controls shall
prevent: reheating; recooling; mixing or simultaneous supply of air
that has been previously mechanically heated and air that has been
previously cooled, either by mechanical refrigeration or by economizer
systems; and other simultaneous operation of heating and cooling
systems to the same zone. Exceptions are as follows:
(a) Variable-air-volume systems that, during periods of occupancy,
are designed to reduce the air supply to each zone to a minimum before
heating, recooling, or mixing takes place. This minimum volume shall be
no greater than the larger of 3012f the peak supply volume, the
minimum required to meet minimum ventilation requirements of the
Federal agency. (0.4 cfm/ft2 of zone conditioned floor area, and 300
cfm).
(b) Zones where special pressurization relationships or crosscontamination
requirements are such that variable-air-volume systems
are impractical, such as isolation rooms,
[[Page 40918]]
operating areas of hospitals and clean rooms.
(c) At least 7512f the energy for reheating or for providing warm
air in mixing systems is provided from a site-recovered or site-solar
energy source.
(d) Zones where specified humidity levels are required to satisfy
process needs, such as computer rooms and museums.
(e) Zones with a peak supply air quantity of 300 cfm or less.
403.2.6.7 Temperature Reset for Air Systems. Air systems supplying
heated or cooled air to multiple zones shall include controls that
automatically reset supply air temperatures by representative building
loads or by outside air temperature. Temperature shall be reset by at
least 2512f the design supply air to room air temperature difference.
Zones that are expected to experience relatively constant loads, such
as interior zones, shall be designed for the fully reset supply
temperature. Exception are as follows: Systems that comply with
subsection 403.2.6.6 without using exceptions (a) or (b).
403.2.6.8 Temperature Reset for Hydronic Systems. Hydronic systems
of at least 600,000 Btu/hr design capacity supplying heated and/or
chilled water to comfort conditioning systems shall include controls
that automatically reset supply water temperatures by representative
building loads (including return water temperature) or by outside air
temperature. Temperature shall be reset by at least 2512f the design
supply-to-return water temperature difference. Exceptions are as
follows:
(a) Systems that comply with subsection 403.2.5 without exception
or
(b) where the design engineer certifies to the building official
that supply temperature reset controls cannot be implemented without
causing improper operation of heating, cooling, humidification, or
dehumidification systems.
403.2.7 Off Hour Controls.
403.2.7.1 Automatic Setback or Shutdown Controls. HVAC systems
shall be equipped with automatic controls capable of accomplishing a
reduction of energy use through control setback or equipment shutdown.
Exceptions are as follows:
(a) Systems serving areas expected to operate continuously or
(b) equipment with full load demands not exceeding 2 kW controlled
by readily accessible, manual off-hour controls.
403.2.7.2 Shutoff Dampers. Outdoor air supply and exhaust systems
shall be provided with motorized or gravity dampers or other means of
automatic volume shutoff or reduction. Exceptions are as follows:
(a) Systems serving areas expected to operate continuously.
(b) Individual systems which have a design airflow rate or 3000 cfm
or less.
(c) Gravity and other non-electrical ventilation systems controlled
by readily accessible, manual damper controls.
(d) Where restricted by health and life safety codes.
403.2.7.3 Zone Isolation systems that serve zones that can be
expected to operate nonsimultaneously for more than 750 hours per year
shall include isolation devices and controls to shut off or set back
the supply of heating and cooling to each zone independently. Isolation
is not required for zones expected to operate continuously or expected
to be inoperative only when all other zones are inoperative. For
buildings where occupancy patterns are not known at the time of system
design, such as speculative buildings, the designer may predesignate
isolation areas. The grouping of zones on one floor into a single
isolation area shall be permitted when the total conditioned floor area
does not exceed 25,000 ft \2\ per group.
403.2.8 Economizer Controls.
403.2.8.1 Each fan system shall be designed and capable of being
controlled to take advantage of favorable weather conditions to reduce
mechanical cooling requirements. The system shall include either: a
temperature or enthalpy air economizer system that is capable of
automatically modulating outside air and return air dampers to provide
up to 8512f the design supply air quantity as outside air, or a water
economizer system that is capable of cooling supply air by direct and/
or indirect evaporation and is capable of providing 10012f the
expected system cooling load at outside air temperatures of 50 deg.F
dry-bulb/45 deg.F wet-bulb and below. Exceptions are as follows:
(a) Individual fan-cooling units with a supply capacity of less
than 3000 cfm or a total cooling capacity less than 90,000 Btu/h.
(b) Systems with air-cooled or evaporatively cooled condensers that
include extensive filtering equipment provided in order to meet the
requirements of RS-41.
(c) Systems with air-cooled or evaporatively cooled condensers
where the design engineer certifies to the building official that use
of outdoor air cooling affects the operation of other systems, such as
humidification, dehumidification, and supermarket refrigeration
systems, so as to increase overall energy usage.
(d) Systems that serve envelope-dominated spaces whose sensible
cooling load at design conditions, excluding transmission and
infiltration loads, is less than or equal to transmission and
infiltration losses at an outdoor temperature of 60 deg.F.
(e) Systems serving residential spaces and hotel or motel rooms.
(f) Systems for which at least 7512f the annual energy used for
mechanical cooling is provided from a site-recovered or site-solar
energy source.
(g) The zone(s) served by the system each have operable openings
(windows, doors, etc.) with an openable area greater than 512f the
conditioned floor area. This applies only to spaces open to and within
20 ft of the operable openings. Automatic controls shall be provided
that lock out system mechanical cooling to these zones when outdoor air
temperatures are less than 60 deg.F.
403.2.8.2 Economizer systems shall be capable of providing partial
cooling even when additional mechanical cooling is required to meet the
remainder of the cooling load. Exceptions are as follows:
(a) Direct-expansion systems may include controls to reduce the
quantity of outdoor air as required to prevent coil frosting at the
lowest step of compressor unloading. Individual direct-expansion units
that have a cooling capacity of 180,000 Btu/h or less may use
economizer controls that preclude economizer operation whenever
mechanical cooling is required simultaneously.
(b) Systems in climates with less than 750 average operating hours
per year between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. when the ambient dry-bulb
temperatures are between 55 deg.F and 69 deg.F inclusive.
403.2.8.3 System design and economizer controls shall be such that
economizer operation does not increase the building heating energy use
during normal operation.
403.2.9 Distribution System Construction and Insulation.
403.2.9.1 Piping Insulation. All HVAC system piping shall be
thermally insulated in accordance with Table 403.2.9.1. Exceptions are
as follows:
(a) Factory-installed piping within HVAC equipment tested and rated
in accordance with subsection 403.1.
(b) Piping that conveys fluids that have a design operating
temperature range between 55 deg.F and 105 deg.F.
(c) Piping that conveys fluids that have not been heated or cooled
through the use of fossil fuels or electricity.
[[Page 40919]]
Table 403.2.9.1.--Minimum Pipe Insulation (in.) 5a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Insulation conductivity a Nominal Pipe Diameter (in.)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fluid Design Operating Temp. Range ( Mean Rating
deg.F) Conductivity Range Btu.in./(h<t-bullet>ft Temp. <1.0 1.0 to 1.25 1.5 to 3.0 4.0 to 6.0
<INF>2<t-bullet> deg.F) deg.F
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Heating Systems (Steam, Steam Condensate, and Hot Water) b, c
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
>350.................................... 0.32-0.34................................... 250 1.0 1.5 1.5 2.5
251-350................................. 0.29-0.32................................... 200 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0
201-250................................. 0.27-0.30................................... 150 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5
141-200................................. 0.25-0.29................................... 125 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5
105-140................................. 0.22-0.28................................... 100 0.5 0.5 0.75 1.0
Domestic and Service Hot Water Systems
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
105 and Greater......................... 0.22-0.28................................... 100 0.5 0.5 0.75 1.0
Cooling Systems (Chilled Water, Brine, and Refrigerant) d
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
40-55................................... 0.22-0.28................................... 100 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Below 40................................ 0.22-0.28................................... 100 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
a For insulation outside the stated conductivity range, the minimum thickness (T) shall be determined as follows:
T = r{1 + t/r) K/k -1}
Where T = minimum insulation thickness (in), r = actual outside radius of pipe (in), t = insulation thickness listed in this table for applicable fluid
temperature and pipe size, K = conductivity of alternate material at mean rating temperature indicated for the applicable fluid temperature (Btu.in/
h<t-bullet>ft 2<t-bullet> deg.F); and k = the upper value of the conductivity range listed in this table for the applicable fluid temperature.
b These thicknesses are based on energy efficiency considerations only. Safety issues, such as insulation surface temperatures, have not been
considered.
c Piping insulation is not required between the control valve and coil on run-outs when the control valve is located within four feet of the coil and
the pipe diameter is 1 inch or less.
d Note that the required minimum thickness does not take water vapor transmission and possible surface condensation into account.
Table 403.2.9.2.--Minimum Duct Insulation R-value a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Cooling supply ducts Heating supply ducts
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Duct location CDD65 <ls-thn- 500< CDD65 <ls- 1,000< CDD65 <ls- CDD65 <gr-thn- HDD65 <ls-thn- 1,500< HDD65 <ls- 4,500< HDD65 <ls- HDD65 <gr-thn- Return ducts
eq>500 thn-eq>1,000 thn-eq>2,000 eq>2,000 eq>1,500 thn-eq>4,500 thn-eq>7,500 eq>7,500
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Exterior of Building......... R-3.3.......... R-5.0............ R-6.5............ R-8.0............ R-3.3............ R-5.0............ R-6.5........... R-8.0........... R-5.0
Ventilated Attic............. R-3.3.......... R-3.3............ R-3.3............ R-5.0............ R-5.0............ R-5.0............ R-5.0........... R-5.0........... R-3.3
Unvented Attic............... R-5.0.......... R-5.0............ R-5.0............ R-5.0............ R-5.0............ R-5.0............ R-5.0........... R-5.0........... R-3.3
Other Conditioned Spaces b... R-3.3.......... R-3.3............ R-3.3............ R-3.3............ R-3.3............ R-3.3............ R-3.3........... R-3.3........... R-3.3
Indirectly Conditioned Spaces none........... R-3.3............ R-3.3............ R-3.3............ R-3.3............ R-3.3............ R-3.3........... R-3.3........... none
c.
Buried....................... none........... none............. none............. none............. R-5.0............ R-5.0............ R-5.0........... R-5.0........... R-3.3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
a Insulation R-values, measured in (h<bullet>ft \2\<bullet> deg.F)/Btu, are for the insulation as installed and do not include film resistance. The required minimum thickness do not consider
water vapor transmission and possible surface condensation. The required minimum thicknesses do not consider water vapor transmission and condensation. For ducts that are designed to convey
both heated and cooled air, duct insulation shall be as required by the most restrictive condition. Where exterior walls are used as plenum walls, wall insulation shall be as required by the
most restrictive condition of this section or subsection 402. Insulation resistance measured on a horizontal plane in accordance with RS-6 at a mean temperature of 75 deg.F.
b Includes crawl spaces, both ventilated and non-ventilated.
c Includes return air plenums, with and without exposed roofs above.
403.2.9.2 Duct and Plenum Insulation. All supply and return air
ducts and plenums installed as part of an HVAC air distribution system
shall be thermally insulated in accordance with Table 403.2.9.1.
Exceptions are as follows:
(a) Factory-installed plenums, casings, or ductwork furnished as a
part of the HVAC equipment tested and rated in accordance with
subsection 403.1
(b) Ducts within the conditioned space that they serve.
403.2.9.3 Duct and Plenum Construction. All air-handling ductwork
and plenums shall be constructed and erected in accordance with RS-34,
RS-35, and RS-36. Where supply ductwork and plenums designed to operate
at static pressures from 0.25 in. wc to 2 in. wc, inclusive, are
located outside of the conditioned space or in return plenums, joints
shall be sealed in accordance with Seal Class C as defined in RS-34.
Pressure sensitive tape shall not be used as the primary sealant where
such ducts are designed to operate at static pressures of 1 in. wc, or
greater.
403.2.9.3.1 Ductwork designed to operate at static pressures in
excess of 3 in. wc shall be leak-tested in accordance with Section 5 of
RS-35, or equivalent. Test reports shall be provided in accordance with
Section 6 of RS-35, or equivalent. The tested duct leakage class at a
test pressure equal to the design duct pressure class rating shall be
equal to or less than leakage Class 6 as defined in Section 4.1 of RS-
[[Page 40920]]
35. Representative sections totaling at least 2512f the total
installed duct area for the designated pressure class shall be tested.
403.2.10 Completion.
403.2.10.1 Manuals. Construction documents shall require an
operating and maintenance manual provided to the Federal Agency. The
manual shall include, at a minimum, the following:
(a) Submittal data stating equipment size and selected options for
each piece of equipment requiring maintenance, including assumptions
used in outdoor design calculations.
(b) Operating and maintenance manuals for each piece of equipment
requiring maintenance. Required maintenance activity shall be
specified.
(c) Names and addresses of at least one qualified service agency to
perform the required periodic maintenance shall be provided.
(d) HVAC controls systems maintenance and calibration information,
including wiring diagrams, schematics, and control sequence
descriptions. Desired or field determined setpoints shall be
permanently recorded on control drawings, at control devices, or, for
digital control systems, in programming comments.
(e) A complete narrative, prepared by the designer, of how each
system is intended to operate shall be included with the construction
documents.
403.2.10.2 Drawings. Construction documents shall require that
within 30 days after the date of system acceptance, record drawings of
the actual installation be provided to the Federal agency. The drawings
shall include details of the air barrier installation in every envelope
component, demonstrating continuity of the air barrier at all joints
and penetrations.
403.2.10.3 Air System Balancing. Construction documents shall
require that all HVAC systems be balanced in accordance with the
industry accepted procedures (such as National Environmental Balancing
Bureau (NEBB) Procedural Standards, Associated Air Balance Council
(AABC) National Standards, or ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 111). Air and water
flow rates shall be measured and adjusted to deliver final flow rates
within 1012f design rates, except variable flow distribution systems
need not be balanced upstream of the controlling device (VAV box or
control valve).
403.2.10.3.1 Construction documents shall require a written
balance report be provided to the Federal agency for HVAC systems
serving zones with a total conditioned area exceeding 5,000 ft\2\.
403.2.10.3.2 Air systems shall be balanced in a manner to first
minimize throttling losses, then fan speed shall be adjusted to meet
design flow conditions or equivalent procedures. Exception: Damper
throttling may be used for air system balancing;
(a) With fan motors of 1 hp (0.746 kW) or less, or
(b) Of throttling results in no greater than \1/3\ hp (0.248 kW)
fan horsepower draw above that required if the fan speed were adjusted.
403.2.10.4 Hydronic System Balancing. Hydronic systems shall be
balanced in a manner to first minimize throttling losses; then the pump
impeller shall be trimmed or pump speed shall be adjusted to meet
design flow conditions. Exceptions are as follows:
(a) Pumps with pump motors of 10 hp (7.46 kW) or less.
(b) If throttling results in no greater than 3 hp (2.23 kW) pump
horsepower draw above that required if the impeller were trimmed.
(c) To reserve additional pump pressure capability in open circuit
piping systems subject to fouling. Valve throttling pressure drop shall
not exceed that expected for future fouling.
403.2.10.5 Control System Testing. HVAC control systems shall be
tested to assure that control elements are calibrated, adjusted, and in
proper working condition. For projects larger than 50,000 ft\2\
conditioned area, detailed instructions for commissioning HVAC systems
shall be provided by the designer in plans and specifications.
Sec. 434.404 Building service systems and equipment.
404.1 Service Water Heating Equipment Efficiency. Equipment must
satisfy the minimum performance efficiency specified in Table 404.1when
tested in accordance with RS-37, RS-38, or RS-39. Omission of equipment
from Table 404.1 shall not preclude the use of such equipment. Service
water heating equipment used to provide additional function of space
heating as part of a combination (integrated) system shall satisfy all
stated requirements for the service water heating equipment. All gasfired
storage water heaters that are not equipped with a flue damper
and use indoor air for combustion or draft hood dilution and that are
installed in a conditioned space, shall be equipped with a vent damper
listed in accordance with RS-42. Unless the water heater has an
available electrical supply, the installation of such a vent damper
shall not require an electrical connection.
Table 404.1.--Minimum Performance of Water Heating Equipment
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Input to Thermal
Category Type Fuel Input Rating V<INF>T V<INF>T ratio Test method a Energy factor efficiency Standby loss /
Btuh/gal E<INF>tHR
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
NAECA covered All Electri <ls-thn-eq>12 kW All c DOE Test Procedure <gr-thn-eq>0.93-0
water heating Storage c <ls-thn-eq>75,000 All c 10 CFR, Part 430 .00132V
equipment b Instantaneous Gas Btuh All (RS-37) <gr-thn-eq>0.62-0
Storage Gas <ls-thn-eq>200,000 All .0019V
Instantaneous Oil Btuh c All <gr-thn-eq>0.62-0
Oil <ls-thn-eq>105,000 .0019V
Btuh <gr-thn-eq>0.59-0
<ls-thn-eq>210,000 .0019V
Btuh <gr-thn-eq>0.59-0
.0019V
Pool heater Gas/oil All All ANSI Z21.56 (RS-38) <gr-thn-eq
>78
Other water Storage Electri All All ANSI Z21.10.3 (RS- <ls-thn-eq>0.30
heating Storage/ c <ls-thn-eq>155,000 All <4,000 39) <gr-thn-eq +27/V<INF>T
Equipment d instantaneous Gas/oil Btuh All <4,000 >78 <ls-thn-eq>1.3+
>155,000 Btuh <10 <gr-thn-e <gr-thn-eq 114/V<INF>T
<gr-thn- q4,000 >78 <ls-thn-eq>1.3+
e10 <gr-thn-e <gr-thn-eq 95V<INF>T
q4,000 >80
<gr-thn-eq <ls-thn-eq>2.3+
>77 67/V<INF>T
Unfired All <ls-thn-eq>6.5
storage tanks Btuh/ft2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
a For detailed references see Sec. 434.500.
b Consistent with National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA) of 1987.
c DOE Test Procedures apply to electric and gas storage water heaters with rated volumes <gr-thn-eq>20 gallons and gas instantaneous water heaters with
input ratings of 50,000 to 200,000 Btuh.
d All except those water heaters covered by NAECA.
[[Page 40921]]
404.1.1 Testing Electric and Oil Storage Water Heaters for Standby
Loss.
(a) When testing an electric storage water heater, the procedures
of Z21.10.3-1990 (RS-39), Section 2.9, shall be used. The electrical
supply voltage shall be maintained with <plus-minus>112f the center of
the voltage range specified on the water heater nameplate. Also, when
needed for calculations, the thermal efficiency (E<INF>t) shall be 98
When testing an oil-fired water heater, the procedures of Z21.10.3-1990
(RS-39), Sections 2.8 and 2.9, shall be used.
(b) The following modifications shall be made: A vertical length of
flue pipe shall be connected to the flue gas outlet of sufficient
height to establish the minimum draft specified in the manufacturer's
installation instructions. All measurements of oil consumption shall be
taken by instruments with an accuracy of <plus-minus>112r better. The
burner rate shall be adjusted to achieve an hourly Btu input rate
within <plus-minus>212f the manufacturer's specified input rate with
the CO<INF>2 reading as specified by the manufacturer with smoke no
greater than 1 and the fuel pump pressure within <plus-minus>112f the
manufacturer's specification.
404.1.2 Unfired Storage Tanks. The heat loss of the tank surface
area Btu/(h<bullet>ft2) shall be based on an 80 deg.F water-air
temperature difference.
404.1.3 Storage Volume Symbols in Table 404.1. The symbol ``V'' is
the rated storage volume in gallons as specified by the manufacturer.
The symbol ``V<INF>T'' is the storage volume in gallons as measured
during the test to determine the standby loss. V<INF>T may differ from
V, but it is within tolerances allowed by the applicable Z21 and
Underwriters Laboratories standards. Accordingly, for the purpose of
estimating the standby loss requirement using the rated volume shown on
the rating plate, V<INF>T should be considered as no less than 0.95V
for gas and oil water heaters and no less than 0.90V for electric water
heaters.
404.2 Service Hot Water Piping Insulation. Circulating system
piping and noncirculating systems without heat traps, the first eight
feet of outlet piping from a constant-temperature noncirculating
storage system, and the inlet pipe between the storage tank and a heat
trap in a noncirculating storage system shall meet the provisions of
subsection 403.2.9.
404.2.1 Vertical risers serving storage water heaters not having
an integral heat trap and serving a noncirculating system shall have
heat traps on both the inlet and outlet piping as close as practical to
the water heater.
404.3 Service Water Heating System Controls. Temperature controls
that allow for storage temperature adjustment from 110 deg.F to a
temperature compatible with the intended use shall be provided in
systems serving residential dwelling units and from 90 deg.F for other
systems. When designed to maintain usage temperatures in hot water
pipes, such as circulating hot water systems or heat trace, the system
shall be equipped with automatic time switches or other controls that
can be set to turn off the system.
404.3.1 The outlet temperature of lavatories in public facility
restrooms shall be limited to 110 deg.F.
404.4 Water Conservation. Shower heads and lavatories labeled as
meeting the requirements of the Energy Policy Act (Pub. L 102-486)
shall be used.
404.4.1 Lavatories in public facility restrooms shall be equipped
with a foot switch, occupancy sensor, or similar device or, in other
than lavatories for physically handicapped persons, limit hot water
delivery to 0.25 gal/cycle for circulating systems and 0.50 gal/cycle
for noncirculating systems.
404.5 Swimming Pools. All pool heaters shall be equipped with a
readily accessible on-off switch.
404.5.1 Time switches shall be installed on electric heaters and
pumps. Exceptions are as follows:
(a) Pumps required to operate solar or heat recovery pool heating
systems.
(b) Where public health requirements require 24-hour pump
operation.
404.5.2 Heated swimming pools shall be equipped with pool covers.
Exception: When over 7012f the annual energy for heating is obtained
from a site-recovered or site-solar energy source.
404.6 Combined Service Water Heating and Space Heating Equipment.
A single piece of equipment shall not be used to provide both space
heating and service water heating. Exceptions are as follows:
(a) The energy input or storage volume of the combined boiler or
water heater is less than twice the energy input or storage volume of
the smaller of the separate boilers or water heaters otherwise required
or
(b) the input to the combined boiler is less than 150,000 Btuh.
Subpart E--Building Energy Cost Compliance Alternative
Sec. 434.501 General.
501.1 This subpart E permits the use of the Building Energy Cost
Compliance Alternative as an alternative to many elements of Subpart D
of this part. When this subpart is used, it must be used with Subpart C
and Subpart D of this part, 401.1, 401.2, 401.3.4 and in conjunction
with the minimum requirements found in subsections 402.1, 402.2, and
402.3., 403.1, 403.2.1-7, 403.9 and 404.
501.2 Compliance. Compliance under this method requires detailed
energy analyses of the entire Proposed Design, referred to as the
Design Energy Consumption; an estimate of annual energy cost for the
proposed design, referred to as the Design Energy Cost; and comparison
against an Energy Cost Budget. Compliance is achieved when the
estimated Design Energy Cost is less than or equal to the Energy Cost
Budget. This subpart provides instructions for determining the Energy
Cost Budget and for calculating the Design Energy Consumption and
Design Energy Cost. The Energy Cost Budget shall be determined through
the calculation of monthly energy consumption and energy cost of a
Prototype or Reference Building design configured to meet the
requirements of subsections 401 through 404.
501.3 Designers are encouraged to employ the Building Energy Cost
Budget compliance method set forth in this section for evaluating
proposed design alternatives to using the elements prescribed in
subpart D of this part. The Building Energy Cost Budget establishes the
relative effectiveness of each design alternative in energy cost
savings, providing an energy cost basis upon which the building owner
and designer may select one design over another. This Energy Cost
Budget is the highest allowable calculated energy cost for a specific
building design. Other alternative designs are likely to have lower
annual energy costs and life cycle costs than those used to minimally
meet the Energy Cost Budget.
501.4 The Energy Cost Budget is a numerical reference for annual
energy cost. Its purpose is to assure neutrality with respect to
choices such as HVAC system type, architectural design and fuel choice
by providing a fixed, repeatable budget that is independent of any of
these choices wherever possible (i.e., for the prototype buildings).
The Energy Cost Budget for a given building size and type will vary
only with climate, the number of stories, and the choice of simulation
tool. The specifications of the prototypes are necessary to assure
repeatability, but have no other significance. They are not necessarily
recommended energy conserving practice, or even physically reasonable
practice for some climates or buildings, but represent a reasonable
worst case of energy cost resulting from
[[Page 40922]]
compliance with the provisions of subsections 401 through 404.
Sec. 434.502 Determination of the annual energy cost budget.
502.1 The annual Energy Cost Budgets shall be determined in
accordance with the Prototype Building Procedure in Sec. 434.503 and
Sec. 434.504 or the Reference Building Procedure in Sec. 434.505. Both
methods calculate an annual Energy Cost by summing the 12 monthly
Energy Cost Budgets. Each monthly Energy Cost Budget is the product of
the monthly Building Energy Consumption of each type of energy used
multiplied by the monthly Energy Cost per unit of energy for each type
of energy used.
502.2 The Energy Cost Budget shall be determined in accordance
with Equation 502.2.a as follows:
ECB=ECB<INF>jan+ . . . ECB<INF>m+ . . . +ECB<INF>dec (Equation
502.2.a)
Based on:
ECB<INF>m=BECON<INF>m11xECOS<INF>m1+ . . . +BECON<INF>mixECOS<INF>mi
(Equation 502.2.b)
Where:
ECB=The annual Energy Cost Budget
ECB<INF>m=The monthly Energy Cost Budget
BECON<INF>mi=The monthly Budget Energy Consumption of the ithtype
of energy
ECOS<INF>mi=The monthly Energy Cost, per unit of the ithtype of
energy
502.3 The monthly Energy Cost Budget shall be determined using
current rate schedules or contract prices available at the building
site for all types of energy purchased. These costs shall include
demand charges, rate blocks, time of use rates, interruptible service
rates, delivery charges, taxes, and all other applicable rates for the
type, location, operation, and size of the proposed design. The monthly
Budget Energy Consumption shall be calculated from the first day
through the last day of each month, inclusive.
Sec. 434.503 Prototype building procedure.
503.1 The Prototype Building procedure shall be used for all
building types listed below. For mixed-use buildings the Energy Cost
Budget is derived by allocating the floor space of each building type
within the floor space of the prototype building. For buildings not
listed below, the Reference Building procedure of Sec. 434.505 shall be
used. Prototype buildings include:
(a) Assembly;
(b) Office (Business);
(c) Retail (Mercantile);
(d) Warehouse (Storage);
(e) School (Educational);
(f) Hotel/Motel;
(g) Restaurant;
(h) Health/Institutional; and
(i) Multi-Family.
Sec. 434.504 Use of the prototype building to determine the energy
cost budget.
504.1 Determine the building type of the Proposed Design using the
categories in subsection 503.1. Using the appropriate Prototype
Building characteristics from all of the tables contained in this
subpart E, the building shall be simulated using the same gross floor
area and number of floors for the Prototype Building as in the Proposed
Design.
504.2 The form, orientation, occupancy and use profiles for the
Prototype Building shall be fixed as described in subsection 511.
Envelope, lighting, other internal loads and HVAC systems and equipment
shall meet the requirements of subsections 301, 401, 402, 403, and 404
and are standardized inputs.
Sec. 434.505 Reference building method.
505.1 The Reference Building procedure shall be used only when the
Proposed Design cannot be represented by one or a combination of the
Prototype Building listed in subsection 503.1 or the assumptions for
the Prototype Building in Subsection 510, such as occupancy and useprofiles,
do not reasonably represent the Proposed Design.
Sec. 434.506 Use of the reference building to determine the energy
cost budget.
506.1 Each floor shall be oriented in the same manner for the
Reference Building as in the Proposed Design. The form, gross and
conditioned floor areas of each floor and the number of floors shall be
the same as in the Proposed Design. All other characteristics, such as
lighting, envelope and HVAC systems and equipment, shall meet the
requirements of subsections 301, 401, 402, 403 and 404.
Sec. 434.507 Calculation procedure and simulation tool.
507.1 The Prototype or Reference Buildings shall be modeled using
the criteria of subsections 510 and 521. The modeling shall use a
climate data set appropriate for both the site and the complexity of
the energy conserving features of the design. ASHRAE Weather Year for
Energy Calculations (WYEC) data or bin weather data shall be used in
the absence of other appropriate data.
Sec. 434.508 Determination of the design energy consumption and design
energy cost.
508.1 The Design Energy Consumption shall be calculated by
modeling the Proposed Design using the same methods, assumptions,
climate data, and simulation tool as were used to establish the Energy
Cost Budget, except as explicitly stated in subsections 509 through
534. The Design Energy Cost shall be calculated per Equation 508.1.
BILLING CODE 6450-01-P
[[Page 40923]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP06AU96.003
BILLING CODE 6450-01-C
[[Page 40924]]
Sec. 434.509 Compliance.
509.1 If the Design Energy Cost is less than or equal to the
Energy Cost Budget, and all of the minimum requirements of subsection
501.2 are met, the Proposed Design complies with the standards.
Sec. 434.510 Standard calculation procedure.
510.1 The Standard Calculation Procedure consists of methods and
assumptions for calculating the Energy Cost Budget for the Prototype or
Reference Building and the Design Energy Consumption and Design Energy
Cost of the Proposed Design. In order to maintain consistency between
the Energy Cost Budget and the Design Energy Cost, the input
assumptions to be used are stated below. These inputs shall be used to
determine the Energy Cost Budget and the Design Energy Consumption.
510.2 Prescribed assumptions shall be used without variation.
Default assumptions shall be used unless the designer can demonstrate
that a different assumption better characterizes the building's energy
use over its expected life. The default assumptions shall be used in
modeling both the Prototype or Reference Building and the Proposed
Design, unless the designer demonstrates clear cause to modify these
assumptions. Special procedures for speculative buildings are discussed
in subsection 503. Shell buildings may not use Subpart E.
Sec. 434.511 Orientation and shape.
511.1 The Prototype Building shall consist of the same number of
stories, and gross and conditioned floor area as the Proposed Design,
with equal area per story. The building shape shall be rectangular,
with a 2.5:1 aspect ratio. The long dimensions of the building shall
face East and West. The fenestration shall be uniformly distributed in
proportion to exterior wall area. Floor-to-floor height for the
Prototype Building shall be 13 ft. except for dwelling units in hotels/
motels and multi-family high-rise residential buildings where floor-tofloor
height shall be 9.5 ft.
511.2 The Reference Building shall consist of the same number of
stories, and gross floor area for each story as the Proposed Design.
Each floor shall be oriented in the same manner as the Proposed Design.
The geometric form shall be the same as the Proposed Design.
Sec. 434.512 Internal loads.
512.1 The systems and types of energy specified in this section
are provided only for purposes of calculating the Energy Cost Budget.
They are not requirements for either systems or the type of energy to
be used in the Proposed Design or for calculation of Design Energy
Cost.
512.2 Internal loads for multi-family high-rise residential
buildings are prescribed in Tables 512.2.a and b, Multi-Family High
Rise Residential Building Schedules. Internal loads for other building
types shall be modeled as noted in this subsection.
Table 512.2.a.--Multi-Family High Rise Residential Buildings Schedules--
One-Zone Dwelling Unit
[Internal Loads Per Dwelling Unit Btu/h]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Occupants Lights Equipment
Hour ------------------------------------------------------
Sensible Latent Sensible Sensible Latent
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1................ 300 260 0 750 110
2................ 300 260 0 750 110
3................ 300 260 0 750 110
4................ 300 260 0 750 110
5................ 300 260 0 750 110
6................ 300 260 0 750 110
7................ 300 260 0 750 110
8................ 210 260 980 1250 190
9................ 100 80 840 2600 420
10............... 100 80 0 1170 180
11............... 100 80 0 1270 190
12............... 100 80 0 2210 330
13............... 100 80 0 2210 330
14............... 100 80 0 1270 190
15............... 100 80 0 1270 190
16............... 100 80 0 1270 190
17............... 100 80 0 1270 190
18............... 300 260 0 3040 450
19............... 300 260 0 3360 500
20............... 300 260 960 1490 220
21............... 300 260 960 1490 220
22............... 300 260 960 1490 220
23............... 300 260 960 1060 160
24............... 300 260 960 1060 160
[[Page 40925]]
Table 512.2.b.--Multi-Family High Rise Residential Building Schedules--Two-Zone Dwelling Unit
[Internal Loads Per Dwelling Unit Btu/h]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Bedrooms and bathrooms Other rooms
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Hour Occupants Lights Equipment Occupants Lights Equipment
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Sensible Latent Sensible Sensible Latent Sensible Latent Sensible Sensible Latent
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1 300 260 0 100 20 0 0 0 650 90
2 300 260 0 100 20 0 0 0 650 90
3 300 260 0 100 20 0 0 0 650 90
4 300 260 0 100 20 0 0 0 650 90
5 300 260 0 100 20 0 0 0 650 90
6 300 260 0 100 20 0 0 0 650 90
7 200 180 680 200 40 100 80 300 1050 150
8 110 120 240 200 40 100 80 600 2400 380
9 0 0 0 100 20 100 80 0 1070 160
0 0 0 0 100 20 100 80 0 1170 170
0 0 0 0 100 20 100 80 0 1170 170
0 0 0 0 100 20 100 80 0 2110 310
0 0 0 0 100 20 100 80 0 2110 310
14.............. 0 0 0 100 20 100 80 0 1170 170
15.............. 0 0 0 100 20 100 80 0 1170 170
16.............. 0 0 0 100 20 100 80 0 1170 170
17.............. 0 0 0 100 20 100 80 0 1170 170
18.............. 0 0 0 100 20 300 260 0 2940 430
19.............. 0 0 0 100 20 300 260 0 3260 480
20.............. 100 80 320 300 60 200 180 640 1190 160
21.............. 100 80 320 300 60 200 180 640 1190 160
22.............. 150 130 480 700 90 150 130 480 790 130
23.............. 300 260 640 410 70 0 0 320 650 90
24.............. 300 260 640 410 70 0 0 320 650 90
Sec. 434.513 Occupancy.
513.1 Occupancy schedules are default assumptions. The same
assumptions shall be made in computing Design Energy Consumption as
were used in calculating the Energy Cost Budget.
513.2 Table 513.2.a, Occupancy Density, establishes the density,
in ft \2\/person of conditioned floor area, to be used for each
building type. Table 513.2.b, Building Schedule Percentage Multipliers,
establishes the percentage of total occupants in the building by hour
of the day for each building type.
Table 513.2.a.--Occupancy Density
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Conditioned
Building type floor area
Ft \2\/
---------------------------------------------------------------person---
Assembly.................................................. 50
Office.................................................... 275
Retail.................................................... 300
Warehouse................................................. 15000
School.................................................... 75
Hotel/Motel............................................... 250
Restaurant, Health/Institutional.......................... 100
Multi-family High-rise Residential........................ 200
2 per unit
\1\
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Heat generation: Btu/h per person: 230 Btu/h per person sensible,
and 190 Btu/h per person latent. See Table 513.2.
Table 513.2.b.--Building Schedule Percentage Multipliers
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
- ASSEMBLY
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
WEEKDAY..................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 20 20 80 80 80 80 80 80 20 20 20 20 0 0
OCCUPANCY................................. SATURDAY.................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 20 20 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 0 0
SUNDAY...................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 10 10 10 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 0 0
ASSEMBLY.................................. WEEKDAY..................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 40 40 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 0 0
LTNG & RECEP.............................. SATURDAY.................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 30 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 0 0
SUNDAY...................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 30 30 30 30 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 0 0
ASSEMBLY.................................. WEEKDAY..................... Off Off Off Off Off On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On Off
HVAC...................................... SATURDAY.................... Off Off Off Off Off Off On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On Off
SUNDAY...................... Off Off Off Off Off Off On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On Off
ASSEMBLY.................................. WEEKDAY..................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 35 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SWH....................................... SATURDAY.................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 65 30 0 0 0
SUNDAY...................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 65 30 0 0 0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
- OFFICE
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
WEEKDAY..................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 20 95 95 45 45 95 95 95 95 95 30 10 10 10 0 0
OCCUPANCY................................. SATURDAY.................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 30 30 30 30 10 10 10 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 0
SUNDAY...................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
OFFICE.................................... WEEKDAY..................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 30 90 90 90 80 90 90 90 90 90 90 30 30 20 20 0 0
LTNG & RECEP.............................. SATURDAY.................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 30 30 30 30 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 0 0 0 0 0 0
SUNDAY...................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
OFFICE.................................... WEEKDAY..................... Off Off Off Off Off Off On On On On On On On On On On On On Off Off Off Off Off Off
HVAC...................................... SATURDAY.................... Off Off Off Off Off Off On On On On On On On Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off
SUNDAY...................... Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off
OFFICE.................................... WEEKDAY..................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 30 35 35 45 55 50 30 30 40 20 20 10 15 5 0 0
[[Page 40926]]
SWH....................................... SATURDAY.................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 20 15 20 15 15 10 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SUNDAY...................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
3. RETAIL
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
WEEKDAY..................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 20 20 80 80 80 80 80 80 20 20 20 20 0 0
OCCUPANCY................................. SATURDAY.................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 20 20 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 0 0
SUNDAY...................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 10 10 10 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 0 0
RETAIL.................................... WEEKDAY..................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 40 40 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 0 0
LTNG & RECEP.............................. SATURDAY.................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 30 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 0 0
SUNDAY...................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 30 30 30 30 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 0 0
RETAIL.................................... WEEKDAY..................... Off Off Off Off Off Off On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On Off Off Off
HVAC...................................... SATURDAY.................... Off Off Off Off Off Off On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On Off Off
SUNDAY...................... Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off On On On On On On On On On On On Off Off Off Off Off
RETAIL.................................... WEEKDAY..................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 55 60 60 45 40 45 45 40 30 30 0 0 0
SWH....................................... SATURDAY.................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 20 25 40 50 55 55 45 45 45 45 40 35 25 20 0 0
SUNDAY...................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 25 30 35 35 30 30 35 30 20 0 0 0 0 0
WEEKDAY..................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 70 90 90 90 50 85 85 85 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
4. WAREHOUSE
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
OCCUPANCY................................. SATURDAY.................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SUNDAY...................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
WAREHOUSE................................. WEEKDAY..................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 70 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
LTNG & RECEP.............................. SATURDAY.................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 25 25 25 10 10 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SUNDAY...................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
WAREHOUSE................................. WEEKDAY..................... Off Off Off Off Off Off Off On On On On On On On On On On Off Off Off Off Off Off Off
HVAC...................................... SATURDAY.................... Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off On On On On On On On On Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off
SUNDAY...................... Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off
WAREHOUSE................................. WEEKDAY..................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 25 35 35 45 55 50 35 50 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SWH....................................... SATURDAY.................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SUNDAY...................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
5. SCHOOL
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
WEEKDAY..................... ... ... ... 0 0 0 0 5 75 90 90 80 80 80 80 45 15 5 15 20 20 10 0 0
OCCUPANCY................................. SATURDAY.................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 10 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SUNDAY...................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SCHOOL.................................... WEEKDAY..................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 85 95 95 95 80 80 80 70 50 50 35 35 35 30 0 0
LTNG&RECEP................................ SATURDAY.................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 15 15 15 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SUNDAY...................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SCHOOL.................................... WEEKDAY..................... Off Off Off Off Off Off Off On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On
HVAC...................................... SATURDAY.................... Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On
SUNDAY...................... Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off On On On On On On On On On On On On On On
SCHOOL.................................... WEEKDAY..................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 30 55 60 70 75 80 60 60 5 5 15 20 20 20 20 0
SWH....................................... SATURDAY.................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SUNDAY...................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
WEEKDAY..................... 90 90 90 90 90 90 70 40 40 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 50 50 50 70 70 80 90 90
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
6. HOTEL/MOTEL
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
OCCUPANCY................................. SATURDAY.................... 90 90 90 90 90 90 70 50 50 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 50 60 60 60 70 70 70
SUNDAY...................... 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 50 50 50 30 20 20 20 20 30 40 40 60 60 80 80 80
HOTEL/MOTEL............................... WEEKDAY..................... 20 15 10 10 10 20 40 50 40 40 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 60 80 90 80 60 30
LTNG&RECEP................................ SATURDAY.................... 20 20 10 10 10 10 30 30 40 40 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 60 70 70 70 60 30
SUNDAY...................... 30 30 20 20 20 20 30 40 40 30 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 20 50 70 80 60 50 30
HOTEL/MOTEL............................... WEEKDAY..................... On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On
HVAC...................................... SATURDAY.................... On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On
SUNDAY...................... On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On
HOTEL/MOTEL............................... WEEKDAY..................... 20 15 15 15 20 25 50 60 55 45 40 45 40 35 30 30 30 40 55 60 50 55 45 25
SWH....................................... SATURDAY.................... 20 15 15 15 20 25 40 50 50 50 45 50 50 45 40 40 34 40 55 55 50 55 40 25
SUNDAY...................... 25 20 20 20 20 30 50 50 50 55 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 40 50 50 40 50 40 30
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
7. RESTAURANT
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
WEEKDAY..................... 15 15 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 20 50 80 70 40 20 25 50 80 80 80 50 35 20
OCCUPANCY................................. SATURDAY.................... 30 25 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 20 45 50 50 35 30 30 30 70 90 70 65 55 35
SUNDAY...................... 20 20 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 25 25 15 20 25 35 55 65 70 35 20 20
RESTAURANT................................ WEEKDAY..................... 15 15 15 15 15 20 40 40 60 60 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 50 30
LTNG & RECEP.............................. SATURDAY.................... 20 15 15 15 15 15 30 30 60 60 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 90 90 90 90 90 50 30
SUNDAY...................... 20 15 15 15 15 15 30 30 50 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 60 60 60 60 60 60 50 30
RESTAURANT................................ WEEKDAY..................... On On On Off Off Off Off On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On
HVAC...................................... SATURDAY.................... On On On Off Off Off Off Off Off On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On
SUNDAY...................... On On On Off Off Off Off Off Off Off On On On On On On On On On On On On On On
RESTAURANT................................ WEEKDAY..................... 20 15 15 0 0 0 0 60 55 45 40 45 40 35 30 30 30 40 55 60 50 55 45 25
SWH....................................... SATURDAY.................... 20 15 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 45 50 50 45 40 40 35 40 55 55 50 55 40 30
SUNDAY...................... 25 20 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 40 40 30 30 30 40 50 50 40 50 40 20
WEEKDAY..................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 50 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 50 30 30 20 20 0 0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
8. HEALTH
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
OCCUPANCY................................. SATURDAY.................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 30 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 10 10 0 0 0 0 0
SUNDAY...................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HEALTH.................................... WEEKDAY..................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 30 30 30 30 30 0 0
LTNG & RECEP.............................. SATURDAY.................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 10 0 0 0 0 0
SUNDAY...................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
WEEKDAY..................... On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On
SATURDAY.................... On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On
SUNDAY...................... On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On
HEALTH.................................... WEEKDAY..................... 0 0 0 5 5 5 80 70 50 40 20 20 25 25 50 50 70 70 35 20 15 15 5 0
SWH....................................... SATURDAY.................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 45 50 50 35 30 30 30 70 90 70 65 55 35 30 25 5 0
SUNDAY...................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 25 25 15 20 25 35 55 65 70 35 20 20 20 20 5 0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTES FOR TABLE 513.2.2
(1) Reference: Recommendations for Energy Conservation Standards and Guidelines for New Commercial Buildings, Vol. III, App. A Pacific Northwest Laboratory, PNL-4870-8, 1983.''
[[Page 40927]]
(2) Table 513.2.1 contains multipliers for converting the nominal values for building occupancy (Table 514.2.1), receptacle power density (Table 516.2) service hot water (Table), and lighting
energy (Sec. 434.515) into time series data for estimating building loads under the Standard Calculation Procedure.''
(3) ``For each standard building profile there are three series--one each for weekdays, Saturday and Sunday. There are 24 elements per series. These represent the multiplier that should be
used to estimate building loads from 12 a.m. to 1 a.m. (series element #1) through 11 p.m. to 12 a.m. (series element #24). The estimated load for any hour is simply the multiplier from the
appropriate standard profile multiplied by the appropriate value from the tables cited above.''
(4) The Building HVAC System Schedule listed in Table 514.2.2 lists the hours when the HVAC system shall be considered ``on'' or ``off'' in accordance with Sec. 434.514.''
Sec. 434.514 Lighting.
514.1 Interior Lighting Power Allowance (ILPA), for calculating
the Energy Cost Budget shall be determined from subsection 401.3.2. The
lighting power used to calculate the Design Energy Consumption shall be
the actual adjusted power for lighting in the Proposed Design. If the
lighting controls in the Proposed Design are more effective at saving
energy than those required by subsection 401.3.1 and 401.3.2, the
actual installed lighting power shall be used along with the schedules
reflecting the action of the controls to calculate the Design Energy
Consumption. This actual installed lighting power shall not be adjusted
by the Power Adjustment Factors listed in Table 514.1.
Table 514.1.--Power Adjustment Factor (PAF)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Standard
Automatic control device(s) PAF
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Occupancy Sensor.......................................... 0.30
(2) Daylight Sensing Continuous Dimming....................... 0.30
(3) Daylight Sensing Multiple Step Dimming.................... 0.20
(4) Daylight Sensing On/Off................................... 0.10
(5) Lumen Maintenance......................................... 0.10
514.2 Table 513.2.2 establishes default assumptions for the
percentage of the lighting load switched-on in each Prototype or
Reference Building by hour of the day. These default assumptions can be
changed when calculating the Energy Cost Budget to provide, for
example, a 12-hour rather than an 8-hour workday.
Sec. 434.515 Receptacles.
515.1 Receptacle loads and profiles are default assumptions. The
same assumptions shall be made in calculating Design Energy Consumption
as were used in calculating the Energy Cost Budget.
515.2 Receptacle loads include all general service loads that are
typical in a building. These loads exclude any process electrical usage
and HVAC primary or auxiliary electrical usage. Table 515.2, Receptacle
Power Densities, establishes the density, in W/ft2, to be used for
each building type. The receptacle energy profiles shall be the same as
the lighting energy profiles in Table 513.2. This profile establishes
the percentage of the receptacle load that is switched on by hour of
the day and by building type.
Table 515.2.--Receptable Power Densities
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
W/ft\2\ of
Building type conditioned
floor area
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Assembly................................................... 0.25
Office..................................................... 0.75
Retail..................................................... 0.25
Warehouse.................................................. 0.1
School..................................................... 0.5
Hotel/Motel................................................ 0.25
Restaurant................................................. 0.1
Health..................................................... 1.0
Multi-family High Rise Residential......................... (\1\)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Included in Lights and Equipment portions of Table 513.2.
Sec. 434.516 Building exterior envelope.
516.1 Insulation and Glazing. The insulation and glazing
characteristics of the Prototype and Reference Building envelope shall
be determined by using the first column under ``Base Case'', with no
assumed overhangs, for the appropriate Alternate Component Tables (ACP)
in Table 402.4.1.2, as defined by climate range. The insulation and
glazing characteristics from this ACP are prescribed assumptions for
Prototype and Reference Buildings for calculating the Energy Cost
Budget. In calculating the Design Energy Consumption of the Proposed
Design, the envelope characteristics of the Proposed Design shall be
used.
516.2 Infiltration. For Prototype and Reference Buildings, the
infiltration assumptions in subsection 516.2.1 shall be prescribed
assumptions for calculating the Energy Cost Budget and default
assumptions for the Design Energy Consumption. Infiltration shall
impact perimeter zones only.
516.2.1 When the HVAC system is switched ``on,'' no infiltration
shall be assumed. When the HVAC system is switched ``off,'' the
infiltration rate for buildings with or without operable windows shall
be assumed to be 0.038 cfm/ft\2\ of gross exterior wall. Hotels/motels
and multi-family high-rise residential buildings shall have
infiltration rates of 0.038 cfm/ft\2\ of gross exterior wall area at
all times.
516.3 Envelope and Ground Absorptivities. For Prototype and
Reference Buildings, absorptivity assumptions shall be prescribed
assumptions for computing the Energy Cost Budget and default
assumptions for computing the Design Energy Consumption. The solar
absorptivity of opaque elements of the building envelope is assumed to
be 70The solar absorptivity of ground surfaces is assumed to be 80
(20reflectivity).
516.4 Window Management. For the Prototype and Reference Building,
window management drapery assumptions shall be prescribed assumptions
for setting the Energy Cost Budget. No draperies shall be the default
assumption for computing the Design Energy Consumption. Glazing is
assumed to be internally shaded by medium-weight draperies, closed onehalf
time. The draperies shall be modeled by assuming that one-half the
area in each zone is draped and one-half is not. If manually-operated
draperies, shades, or blinds are to be used in the Proposed Design, the
Design Energy Consumption shall be calculated by assuming they are
effective over one-half the glazing area in each zone.
516.5 Shading. For Prototype and Reference buildings and the
Proposed Design, shading by permanent structures, terrain, and
vegetation shall be taken into account for computing energy
consumption, whether or not these features are located on the building
site. A permanent fixture is one that is likely to remain for the life
of the Proposed Design.
Sec. 434.517 HVAC systems and equipment
517.1 The specifications and requirements for the HVAC systems of
the Prototype and Reference Buildings shall be those in Table 517.1.1,
HVAC Systems for Prototype and Reference Buildings. For the calculation
of the Design Energy Consumption, the HVAC systems and equipment of the
Proposed Design shall be used.
517.2 The systems and types of energy presented in Table 517.1.1
are assumptions for calculating the Energy Cost Budget. They are not
requirements for either systems or the type of energy to be used in the
Proposed Building or for the calculation of the Design Energy Cost.
[[Page 40928]]
Table 517.1.1.--HVAC Systems of Prototype and Reference Buildings 1,2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Building/space occupancy System No. (Table 517.4.1) Remarks (Table 517.4.1)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Assembly................................... 1
a. Churches (any size)................. 1 or 3........................... Note 1.
b. <ls-thn-eq>50,000 ft \2\ or <ls-thn- 3
eq>3 floors.
c. >50,000 ft \2\ or >3 floors.........
Office:
a. <ls-thn-eq>20,000 ft \2\............ 1
b. <ls-thn-eq>50,000 ft \2\ and either 4
<ls-thn-eq>3 floors or <ls-thn-
eq>75,000 ft \2\.
c. <75,000 ft \2\ or >3 floors......... 5
Retail:
a. <ls-thn-eq>50,000 ft \2\............ 1 or 3........................... Note 1.
b. >50,000 ft \2\...................... 4 or 5........................... Note 1.
Warehouse.................................. 1................................ Note 1.
School:
a. <ls-thn-eq>75,000 ft \2\ or <ls-thn- 1
eq>3 floors.
b. >75,000 ft \2\ or >3 floors......... 3
Hotel/Motel:
a. <ls-thn-eq>3 stories................ 2 or 7........................... Note 5, 7.
b. >3 stories.......................... 6................................ Note 6.
Restaurant................................. 1 or 3........................... Note 1.
Health:
a. Nursing Home (any size)............. 2 or 7........................... Note 7.
b. <ls-thn-eq>15,000 ft\2\............. 1
c. >15,000 ft \2\ or <ls-thn-eq>50,000 4................................ Note 2.
ft \2\.
d. >50,000 ft \2\...................... 5................................ Note 2, 3.
Multi-family High Rise Residential >3 7
stories.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Space and Service Water Heating budget calculations shall be made using both electricity and natural gas.
The Energy Cost Budget shall be the lower of these two calculations. If natural gas is not available at the
rate, electricity and #2 fuel oil shall be used for the budget calculations.
\2\ The system and energy types presented in this Table are not intended as requirements or recommendations for
the proposed design. Floor areas below are the total conditioned floor areas for the listed occupance type in
the building. The number of floors indicated below is the total number of occupied floors for the listed
occupancy type.
517.3 HVAC Zones. HVAC zones for calculating the Energy Cost
Budget of the Prototype or Reference Building shall consist of at least
four perimeter and one interior zones per floor. Prototype Buildings
shall have one perimeter zone facing each cardinal direction. The
perimeter zones of Prototype and Reference Buildings shall be 15 ft in
width, or one-third the narrow dimension of the building, when this
dimension is between 30 ft and 45 ft inclusive, or one-half the narrow
dimension of the building when this dimension is less than 30 ft.
Zoning requirements shall be a default assumption for calculating the
Energy Cost Budget. For multi-family high-rise residential buildings,
the prototype building shall have one zone per dwelling unit. The
proposed design shall have one zone per unit unless zonal thermostatic
controls are provided within units; in this case, two zones per unit
shall be modeled. Building types such as assembly or warehouse may be
modeled as a single zone if there is only one space.
517.4 For calculating the Design Energy Consumption, no fewer
zones shall be used than were in the Prototype and Reference Buildings.
The zones in the simulation shall correspond to the zones provided by
the controls in the Proposed Design. Thermally similar zones, such as
those facing one orientation on different floors, may be grouped
together for the purposes of either the Design Energy Consumption or
Energy Cost Budget simulation.
Table 517.4.1. HVAC System Description for Prototype and Reference Buildings\1\\2\
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
HVAC COMPONENT SYSTEM #1 SYSTEM #2 SYSTEM #3 SYSTEM #4 SYSTEM #5 SYSTEM #6 SYSTEM #7
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
System Description........... Packaged rooftop Packaged Air handler per Packaged rooftop Built-up Fourpipe fan Water source
single room, terminal air zone with VAV w/perimeter central VAV coil per zone pump.
one unit per conditioner central plant. reheat. with perimeter with central
zone. with space reheat. plant.
heater or heat
pump, one
heating/cooling
unit per zone.
Fan system Design supply Note 9.......... Note 10......... Note 9.......... Note 9.......... Note 9......... Note 9......... Note 10.
circulation.
Supply fan total static 1.3 in W.C...... N/A............. 2.0 in W.C...... 3.0 in W.C...... 4.0 in W.C..... 0.5 in W.C..... 0.5 in W.C.
pressure.
Combined supply fan, motor, 40N/A............. 50%............. 55A............ 25
and drive efficiency.
[[Page 40929]]
Supply fan control........... Constant volume. Fan Cycles with Constant volume. VAV w/forward VAVV w/air-foil Fan Cycles with Fan cycles w/
call for curved centrifugal call for call for
heating or contrifugal fan fan and AC heating or heating or
cooling. and variable frequency cooling. cooling.
inlet vanes. variable speed
drive.
Return fan total static N/A............. N/A............. 0.6 in W.C...... 0.6 in W.C...... 1.0 in W.C..... N/A............ N/A.
pressure.
Combined return fan, motor, N/A............. N/A............. 25%............. 30N/A............ N/A.
and drive efficiency.
Return fan control........... N/A............. N/A............. Constant volume. VAV w/forward VAV with air- N/A............ N/A.
curved foil
centrifutal fan centrifugal
and discharge fan and AC
damp ers. frequency
variable speed
drive.
Cooling System............... Direct expansion Direct expansion Chilled water Direct expansion Chilled water Chilled water Closed circuit,
air cooled. air cooled. (Note 1). air cooled. (Note 11). (Note 11). centrifugal
blower type
cooling tower
sized per Note
11.
Circulating
pump size for
2.7 GPM per
ton.
Heating System............... Furnace, heat Heat pump w/ Hot water (Note Hot water (Note Hot water (Note Hot water (Note Electric or
pump, or electric 8, 12). 12) or electric 12) or 12) or natural draft
electric resistance resistance electric electric fossil fuel
resistence auxiliary or (Note B). resistance resistance boiler (Note
(Note 8). air conditioner (Note 8). (Note 8). 8).
w/space heater
(Note 8).
Remarks...................... Dry bulb No economizer... Dry bulb Dry bulb Dry bulb No economizer.. Tower fans and
economizer per economizer per ecomomizer per economizer per boiler cycled
Section 7.4.3 Section 434.514. Section 434.514 Section 7.4.3 to maintain
(barometric Minimum VAV Minimum VAV circulating
relief). setting per setting per water
434.514 Section temperature
exception 1. 7.4.4.3. between 60 and
Supply air Supply air design tower
reset by zone reset by zone leaving water
of greatest of greatest temperature.
cooling demand. cooling demand.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes:
1. The systems and energy types presented in this Table are not intended as requirements or recommendations for the proposed design.
2. For numbered notes see end of Table 517.4.1.
Numbered Notes For Table 517.4.1 HVAC System Descriptions for Prototype
and Reference Buildings
NOTES:
- For occupancies such as restaurants, assembly and retail
which are part of a mixed use building which, according to Table
517.4.1, includes a central chilled water plant (systems 3, 5, or
6), chilled water system type 3 or 5, as indicated in the Table,
shall be used.
- Constant volume may be used in zones where pressurization
relationships must be maintained by code. VAV shall be used in all
other areas, in accordance with Sec. 517.4.
- Provide run-around heat recovery systems for all fan systems
with minimum outside air intake greater than 75Recovery
effectiveness shall be 0.60.
- If a warehouse is not intended to be mechanically cooled,
both the Energy Cost Budgets and Design Energy Costs, may be
calculated assuming no mechanical cooling.
- The system listed is for guest rooms only. Areas such as
public areas and back-of-house areas shall be served by system 4.
Other areas such as offices and retail shall be served by the
systems listed in Table 517.4.1 for those occupancy types.
- The system listed is for guest rooms only. Areas such as
public areas and back-of-house areas shall be served by System 5.
Other areas such as offices and retail shall be served by the
systems listed in Table 517.4.1.1 for those occupancy types.
- System 2 shall be used for Energy Cost Budget calculation
except in areas with design heating outside air temperatures less
than 10 deg.F.
- Prototype energy budget cost calculations shall be made using
both electricity and natural gas. If natural gas is not available at
the site, electricity and #2 fuel oil shall be used. The Energy Cost
Budget shall be the lower of these results. Alternatively, the
Energy Cost Budget may be based on the fuel source that minimizes
total
[[Page 40930]]
operating, maintenance, equipment, and installation costs for the
prototype over the building lifetime. Equipment and installation
cost estimates shall be prepared using professionally recognized
cost estimating tools, guides, and techniques. The methods of
analysis shall conform to those of Subpart A of 10 CFR 436. Energy
costs shall be based on actual costs to the building as defined in
this Section.
9. Design supply air circulation rate shall be based on a supply
air to room air temperature differences of 20 deg.F. A higher supply
air temperature may be used if required to maintain a minimum
circulation rate of 4.5 air changes per hour or 15 cfm per person at
design conditions to each zone served by the system. If return fans
are specified, they shall be sized from the supply fan capacity less
the required minimum ventilation with outside air, or 7512r the
supply air capacity, whichever is larger. Except where noted, supply
and return fans shall be operated continually during occupied hours.
10. Fan System Energy when included in the efficiency rating of
the unit as defined in Sec. 403.2.4.3 need not be modeled explicitly
for this system. The fan shall cycle with calls for heating or
cooling.
11. Chilled water systems shall be modeled using a reciprocating
chiller for systems with total cooling capacities less than 175
tons, and centrifugal chillers for systems with cooling capacities
of 175 tons or greater. For systems with cooling or 600 tons or
more, the Energy Cost Budget shall be calculated using two
centrifugal chillers lead/lag controlled. Chilled water pumps shall
be sized using a 12 deg.F temperature rise, from 44 deg.F to
56 deg.F operating at 65 feed of head and 65
ombined impeller and
motor efficiency. Condenser water pumps shall be sized using a
10 deg.F temperature rise, operating at 60 feet of head and 60
combined impeller and motor efficiency. The cooling tower shall be
an open circuit, centrifugal blower type sized for the larger of
85 deg.F leaving water temperature or 10 deg.F approach to design
wet bulb temperature. The tower shall be controlled to provide a
65 deg.F leaving water temperature whenever weather conditions
permit, floating up to design leaving water temperature at design
conditions. Chilled water supply temperature shall be reset in
accordance with Sec. 434.518.
12. Hot water system shall include a natural draft fossil fuel
or electric boiler per Note 8. The hot water pump shall be sized
based on a 30 deg.F temperature drop, for 18 deg.F to 150 deg.F,
operating at 60 feet of head and a combined impeller and motor
efficiency of 60Hot water supply temperature shall be reset in
accordance with Sec. 434.518.
517.5 Equipment Sizing and Redundant Equipment. For calculating
the Energy Cost Budget of Prototype or Reference Buildings, HVAC
equipment shall be sized to meet the requirements of subsection
403.2.2, without using any of the exceptions. The size of equipment
shall be that required for the building without process loads
considered. Redundant or emergency equipment need not be simulated if
it is controlled so that it will not be operated during normal
operations of the building. The designer shall document the
installation of process equipment and the size of process loads.
517.6 For calculating the Design Energy Consumption, actual air
flow rates and installed equipment size shall be used in the
simulation, except that excess capacity provided to meet process loads
need not be modeled unless the process load was not modeled in setting
Energy Cost Budget. Equipment sizing in the simulation of the Proposed
Design shall correspond to the equipment actually selected for the
design and the designer shall not use equipment sized automatically by
the simulation tool.
517.6.1 Redundant or emergency equipment need not be simulated if
it is controlled to not be operated during normal operations of the
building.
Sec. 434.518 Service water heating.
518.1 The service water loads for Prototype and Reference
Buildings are defined in terms of Btu/h per person in Table 518.1.1,
Service Hot Water Quantities. The service water heating loads from
Table 518.1.1 are prescribed assumptions for multi-family high-rise
residential buildings and default assumptions for all other buildings.
The same service water heating load assumptions shall be made in
calculating Design Energy Consumption as were used in calculating the
Energy Cost Budget.
Table 518.1.1.--Service Hot Water Quantities
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Btu/Person-
Building type hour \1\
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Assembly................................................... 215
Office..................................................... 175
Retail..................................................... 135
Warehouse.................................................. 225
School..................................................... 215
Hotel/Motel................................................ 1110
Restaurant................................................. 390
Health..................................................... 135
Multi-family High Rise Residential......................... \2\ 1700
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ This value is the number to be multiplied by the percentage
multipliers of the Building Profile Schedules in Table 513.2.2. See
Table 513.2.2 for occupancy levels.
\2\ Total hot water use per dwelling unit for each hour shall be 3,400
Btu/h times the multi-family high rise residential building SWH system
multiplier from Table 514.2.2.
518.2 The service water heating system, including piping losses
for the Prototype Building, shall be modeled using the methods of the
RS-47 using a system that meets all requirements of subsection 404. The
service water heating equipment for the Prototype or Reference Building
shall be either an electric heat pump or natural gas, or if natural gas
is not available at the site, either an electric heat pump or #2 fuel
oil. Exception: If electric resistance service water heating is
preferable to an electric heat pump when analyzed according to the
criteria of Sec. 434.404 or when service water temperatures exceeding
145 deg.F are required for a particular application, electric
resistance water heating may be used.
Sec. 434.519 Controls
519.1 All occupied conditioned spaces in the Prototype, Reference
and Proposed Design Buildings in all climates shall be simulated as
being both heated and cooled. The assumptions in this subsection are
prescribed assumptions. If the Proposed Design does not include
equipment for cooling or heating, the Design Energy Consumption shall
be determined by the specifications for calculating the Energy Cost
Budget as described in Table 517.4.1 HVAC System Description for
Prototype and Reference Buildings. Exceptions to 519.1 are as follows:
519.1.1 If a building is to be provided with only heating or
cooling, both the Prototype or Reference Building and the Proposed
Design shall be simulated, using the same assumptions. Such an
assumption cannot be made unless the building interior temperature
meets the comfort criteria of RS-2 at least 9812f the occupied hours
during the year.
519.1.2 If warehouses are not intended to be mechanically cooled,
both the Energy Cost Budget and Design Energy Consumption shall be
modeled assuming no mechanical cooling; and
519.1.3 In climates where winter design temperature (97.5
occurrence) is greater than 59 deg.F, space heating need not be
modeled.
519.2 Space temperature controls for the Prototype or Reference
Building, except multi-family high-rise residential buildings, shall be
set at 70 deg.F for space heating and 75 deg.F for space cooling with a
deadband per subsection
403.2.6.3. The system shut off during off-hours shall be according
to the schedule in Table 515.2, except that the heating system shall
cycle on if any space should drop below the night setback setting of
55 deg.F. There shall be no similar setpoint during the cooling season.
Lesser deadband ranges may be used in calculating the Design Energy
Consumption.
Exceptions to 519.2 are as follows:
(a) Setback shall not be modeled in determining either the Energy
Cost Budget or Design Energy Cost if setback is not realistic for the
Proposed Design,
[[Page 40931]]
such as 24-hour/day operations. Health facilities need not have night
setback during the heating season; and
(b) Hotel/motels and multi-family high-rise residential buildings
shall have a night setback temperature of 60 deg.F from 11:00 p.m. to
6:00 a.m. during the heating season; and
(c) If deadband controls are not to be installed, the Design Energy
Cost shall be calculated with both heating and cooling thermostat
setpoints set to the same value between 70 deg.F and 75 deg.F
inclusive, assumed to be constant for the year.
519.2.1 For multi-family buildings, the thermostat schedule for
the dwelling units shall be as in Table 519.1.2, Thermostat Settings
for Multi-Family High-rise Buildings. The Prototype Building shall use
the single zone schedule. The Proposed Design shall use the two-zone
schedule only if zonal thermostatic controls are provided. For Proposed
Designs that use heat pumps employing supplementary heat, the controls
used to switch on the auxiliary heat source during morning warm-up
periods shall be simulated accurately. The thermostat assumptions for
multi-family high-rise buildings are prescribed assumptions.
519.3 When providing for outdoor air ventilation in calculating
the Energy Cost Budget, controls shall be assumed to close the outside
air intake to reduce the flow of outside air to 0 cfm during setback
and unoccupied periods. Ventilation using inside air may still be
required to maintain scheduled setback temperature. Outside air
ventilation, during occupied periods, shall be as required by RS-41, or
the Proposed Design, whichever is greater.
519.4 If humidification is to be used in the Proposed Design, the
same level of humidification and system type shall be used in the
Prototype or Reference Building. If dehumidification requires
subcooling of supply air, then reheat for the Prototype or Reference
Building shall be from recovered waste heat such as condenser waste
heat.
Table 519.1.2.--Thermostat Settings for Multi-Family High-Rise Buildings
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Single zone dwelling Two zone dwelling unit
unit -------------------------------------------
Time of day ---------------------- Bedrooms/Bathrooms Other Rooms
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Heat Cool Heat Cool Heat Cool
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Midnight--6 a.m............................... 60 78 60 78 60 85
6 a.m.--9 a.m................................. 70 78 70 78 70 78
9 a.m.--5 p.m................................. 70 78 60 85 70 78
5 p.m.--11 p.m................................ 70 78 70 78 70 78
11 p.m.--Midnight............................. 60 78 60 78 60 78
Sec. 434.520 Speculative buildings.
520.1 Lighting. The interior lighting power allowance (ILPA) for
calculating the Energy Cost Budget shall be determined from Table
401.3.2a. The Design Energy Consumption may be based on an assumed
adjusted lighting power for future lighting improvements.
520.2 The assumption about future lighting power used to calculate
the Design Energy Consumption must be documented so that the future
installed lighting systems may be in compliance with these standards.
Documentation must be provided to enable future lighting systems to use
either the Prescriptive method or the Systems Performance method of
subsection 401.3
520.3 Documentation for future lighting systems that use
subsection 401.3 shall be stated as a maximum adjusted lighting power
for the tenant spaces. The adjusted lighting power allowance for tenant
spaces shall account for the lighting power provided for the common
areas of the building.
520.4 Documentation for future lighting systems that use
subsection 401.3 shall be stated as a required lighting adjustment. The
required lighting adjustment is the whole building lighting power
assumed in order to calculate the Design Energy Consumption minus the
ILPA value from Table 401.3.2c that was used to calculate the Energy
Cost Budget. When the required lighting adjustment is less than zero, a
complete lighting design must be developed for one or more
representative tenant spaces, demonstrating acceptable lighting within
the limits of the assumed lighting power allowance.
520.5. HVAC Systems and Equipment. If the HVAC system is not
completely specified in the plans, the Design Energy Consumption shall
be based on reasonable assumptions about the construction of future
HVAC systems and equipment. These assumptions shall be documented so
that future HVAC systems and equipment may be in compliance with these
standards.
Sec. 434.521 The Simulation Tool.
521.1 Annual energy consumption shall be simulated with a multizone,
8760 hours per year building energy model. The model shall
account for:
521.1.1 The dynamic heat transfer of the building envelope such as
solar and internal gains;
521.1.2 Equipment efficiencies as a function of load and climate;
521.1.3 Lighting and HVAC system controls and distribution systems
by simulating the whole building;
521.1.4 The operating schedule of the building including night
setback during various times of the year; and
521.1.5 Energy consumption information at a level necessary to
determine the Energy Cost Budget and Design Energy Cost through the
appropriate utility rate schedules.
521.1.6 While the simulation tool should simulate an entire year
on an hour by hour basis (8760 hours), programs that approximate this
dynamic analysis procedure and provide equivalent results are
acceptable.
521.1.7 Simulation tools shall be selected for their ability to
simulate accurately the relevant features of the building in question,
as shown in the tool's documentation. For example, a single-zone model
shall not be used to simulate a large, multi-zone building, and a
steady-state model such as the degree-day method shall not be used to
simulate buildings when equipment efficiency or performance is
significantly affected by the dynamic patterns of weather, solar
radiation, and occupancy. Relevant energy-related features shall be
addressed by a model such as daylighting, atriums or sunspaces, night
ventilation or thermal storage, chilled water storage or heat recovery,
active or passive solar systems, zoning and controls of heating and
cooling systems, and ground-coupled buildings. In addition, models
shall be capable of translating the Design Energy Consumption into
energy
[[Page 40932]]
cost using actual utility rate schedules with the coincidental
electrical demand of a building. Examples of public domain models
capable of handling such complex building systems and energy cost
translations available in the United States are DOE--2.1C and BLAST 3.0
and in Canada, Energy Systems Analysis Series.
521.1.8 All simulation tools shall use scientifically justifiable
documented techniques and procedures for modeling building loads,
systems, and equipment. The algorithms used in the program shall have
been verified by comparison with experimental measurements, loads,
systems, and equipment.
Subpart F--Building Energy Compliance Alternative
Sec. 434.601 General.
601.1 This subpart provides an alternative path for compliance
with the standards that allow for greater flexibility in the design of
energy efficient buildings using an annual energy use method. This path
provides an opportunity for the use of innovative designs, materials,
and equipment such as daylighting, passive solar heating, and heat
recovery, that may not be adequately evaluated by methods found in
subpart D of this part.
601.2 The Building Energy Compliance Alternative shall be used
with Subpart C and Subpart D, 401.1, 401.2, 401.3.4 and in conjunction
with the minimum requirements found in subsections 402.1, 402.2, and
402.3., 403.1, 403.2.1-7, 403.9 and 404.
601.3 Compliance under this section is demonstrated by showing
that the calculated annual energy usage for the Proposed Design is less
than or equal to a calculated Energy Use Budget. (See Figure 601.3,
Building Energy Compliance Alternative). The analytical procedures in
this subpart are only for determining design compliance, and are not to
be used either to predict, document or verify annual energy
consumption.
BILLING CODE 6450-01-P
[[Page 40933]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP06AU96.004
BILLING CODE 6450-01-C
[[Page 40934]]
601.4 Compliance under the Building Energy Use Budget method
requires a detailed energy analysis, using a conventional simulation
tool, of the Proposed Design. A life cycle cost analysis shall be used
to select the fuel source for the HVAC systems, service hot water, and
process loads from available alternatives. The Annual Energy
Consumption of the Proposed Design with the life cycle cost-effective
fuel selection is calculated to determine the modeled energy
consumption, called the Design Energy Use.
601.5 The Design Energy Use is defined as the energy that is
consumed within the five foot line of a proposed building per ft \2\
over a 24-hour day, 365-day year period and specified operating hours.
The calculated Design Energy Use is then compared to a calculated
Energy Use Budget.
601.6 Compliance. The Energy Use Budget is determined by
calculating the annual energy usage for a Reference or Prototype
Building that is configured to comply with the provisions of Subpart E
for such buildings, except that the fuel source(s) of the Prototype or
Reference Building shall be the same life cycle cost-effective
source(s) selected for the Proposed Design. If the Design Energy Use is
less than or equal to the Energy Use Budget then the proposed design
complies with these standards.
601.7 This section provides instructions for determining the
Design Energy Use and for calculating the Energy Use Budget. The Energy
Use Budget is the highest allowable calculated annual energy
consumption for a specified building design. Designers are encouraged
to design buildings whose Design Energy Use is lower than the Energy
Use Budget.
Sec. 434.602 Determination of the annual energy budget.
602.1 The Energy Use Budget shall be calculated for the
appropriate Prototype or Reference Building in accordance with the
procedures prescribed in subsection 502 with the following exceptions:
The Energy Use Budget shall be stated in units of Btu/ft \2\/yr and the
simulation tool shall segregate the calculated energy consumption by
fuel type producing an Energy Use Budget for each fuel (the fuel
selections having been made by a life cycle cost analysis in
determining the proposed design).
601.2 The Energy Use Budget (EUB) is calculated similarly for the
Reference or Prototype Building using the following equation:
Equation 601.2
EUB=EUB<INF>1xf<INF>1+EUB<INF>2xf<INF>2+EUB<INF>ixf<INF>i
Where EUB<INF>1, EUB<INF>2, EUB<INF>i are the calculated annual energy
targets for each fuel used in the Reference or Prototype building and
f<INF>1, f<INF>2, * * * f<INF>i are the energy conversion factors given
in Table 602.2, Fuel Conversion Factors for Computing Design Annual
Energy Uses. In lieu of case by case calculation of the Energy Use
Budget, the designer may construct Energy Use Budget tables for the
combinations of energy source(s) that may be considered in a set of
project designs, such as electric heating, electric service water, and
gas cooling or oil heating, gas service water and electric cooling. The
values in such optional Energy Use Budget tables shall be equal to or
less than the corresponding Energy Use Budgets calculated on a case by
case basis according to this section. Energy Use Budget tables shall be
constructed to correspond to the climatic regions and building types in
accordance with provisions for Prototype or Reference Building models
in Subpart E of these standards.
Table 602.2.--Fuel Conversion Factors for Computing Design Annual Energy Uses
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
FUELS CONVERSION FACTOR
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Electricity................................................ 3412 Btu/kilowatt hour.
Fuel Oil................................................... 138,700 Btu/gallon.
Natural Gas................................................ 1,031,000 Btu/1000 ft \2\.
Liquified Petroleum (including Propane and Butane)......... 95,500 Btu/gallon.
Anthracite Coal............................................ 28,300,000 Btu/short ton.
Bituminous Coal............................................ 24,580,000 Btu/short ton.
Purchased Steam and Steam from Central Plants.............. 1,000 Btu/Pound.
High Temperature or Medium Temperature Water from Central Use the heat value based on the water actually
Plants. delivered at the building five foot line
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:
At specific locations where the energy source Btu content varies significantly from the value presented above
then the local fuel value may be used provided there is supporting documentation from the fuel source supplier
stating this actual fuel energy value and verifying that this value will remain consistent for the foreseeable
future. The fuel content for fuels not given above shall be determined from the best available source.
Sec. 434.603 Determination of the design energy use
603.1 The Design Energy Use shall be calculated by modeling the
Proposed Design using the same methods, assumptions, climate data, and
simulation tool as were used to establish the Energy Use Budget, but
with the design features that will be used in the final building
design. The simulation tool used shall segregate the calculated energy
consumption by fuel type giving an annual Design Energy Use for each
fuel. The sum of the Design Energy Uses multiplied by the fuel
conversion factors in Table 602.2 yields the Design Energy Use for the
proposed design:
Equation 603.1
DEU=DEU<INF>1xf<INF>1+DEU<INF>2xf<INF>2+....+DEU<INF>i xf<INF>i
Where f<INF>1, f<INF>2, . . . f<INF>i are the fuel conversion factors
in Table 602.2.
603.2 Required Life Cycle Cost Analysis for Fuel Selection
603.2.1 Fuel sources selected for the Proposed Design and
Prototype or Reference buildings shall be determined by considering the
energy cost and other costs and cost savings that occur during the
expected economic life of the alternative.
603.2.2 The designer shall use the procedures set forth in Subpart
A of 10 CFR Part 436 to make this determination. The fuel selection
life cycle cost analysis shall include the following steps:
603.2.2.1 Determine the feasible alternatives for energy sources
of the Proposed Design's HVAC systems, service hot water, and process
loads.
603.2.2.2 Model the Proposed Design including the alternative HVAC
and service water systems and conduct an annual energy analysis for
each fuel source alternative using the simulation tool specified in
this section. The annual energy analysis shall be computed on a monthly
basis in conformance with Subpart E with the exception that all process
loads shall be
[[Page 40935]]
included in the calculation. Separate the output of the analysis by
fuel type.
603.2.2.3 Determine the unit price of each fuel using information
from the utility or other reliable local source. During rapid changes
in fuel prices it is recommended that an average fuel price for the
previous twelve months be used in lieu of the current price. Calculate
the annual energy cost of each energy source alternative in accordance
with procedures in subpart E of this part for the Design Energy Cost.
Estimate the initial cost of the HVAC and service water systems and
other initial costs such as energy distribution lines and service
connection fees associated with each fuel source alternative. Estimate
other costs and benefits for each alternative including, but not
necessarily limited to, annual maintenance and repair, periodic and one
time major repairs and replacements and salvage of the energy and
service water systems. Cost estimates shall be prepared using
professionally recognized cost estimating tools, guides and techniques.
603.2.2.4 Perform a life cycle cost analysis using the procedure
specified in subsection 603.2.
603.2.2.5 Compare the total life cycle cost of each energy source
alternative. The alternative with the lowest total life cycle cost
shall be chosen as the energy source for the proposed design.
Sec. 434.604 Compliance.
604.1 Compliance with this section is demonstrated if the Design
Energy Use is equal to or less than the Energy Use Budget.
DEU < EUB
Equation 604
604.2 The energy consumption shall be measured at the building
five foot line for all fuels. Energy consumed from non-depletable
energy sources and heat recovery systems shall not be included in the
Design Energy Use calculations. The thermal efficiency of fixtures,
equipment, systems or plants in the proposed design shall be simulated
by the selected calculation tool.
Sec. 434.605 Standard calculation procedure.
605.1 The Standard Calculation Procedure consists of methods and
assumptions for calculating the Energy Use Budgets for Prototype and
Reference Buildings and the Design Energy Use for the Proposed Design.
In order to maintain consistency between the Energy Use Budgets and the
Design Energy Use, the input assumptions stated in subsection 510.2 are
to be used.
605.2 The terms Energy Cost Budget and Design Energy Cost or
Design Energy Consumption used in Subpart E of this part correlate to
Energy Use Budget and Design Energy Use, respectively, in this Subpart
F.
Sec. 434.606 The simulation tool.
606.1 The criteria established in subsection 521 for the selection
of a simulation tool shall be followed when using the compliance path
prescribed in this subpart F.
Sec. 434.607 Life cycle cost analysis.
607.1 The following life cycle cost criteria applies to the fuel
selection requirements of this subpart and to option life cycle cost
analyses performed to evaluate energy conservation design alternatives.
The fuel source(s) selection shall be made in accordance with the
requirements of subpart A of 10 CFR part 436. When performing optional
life cycle cost analyses of energy conservation opportunities the
designer may use the life cycle cost procedures of subpart A of 10 CFR
part 436 or OMB Circular 1-94 or an equivalent procedure that meets the
assumptions listed below:
607.1.1 The economic life of the Prototype Building and Proposed
Design shall be 25 years. Anticipated replacements or renovations of
energy related features and systems in the Prototype or Reference
Building and Proposed Design during this period shall be included in
their respective life cycle cost calculations.
607.1.2 The designer shall follow established professional cost
estimating practices when determining the costs and benefits associated
with the energy related features of the Prototype or Reference Building
and Proposed Design.
607.1.3 All costs shall be expressed in current dollars. General
inflation shall be disregarded. Differential escalation of prices
(prices estimated to rise faster or slower than general inflation) for
energy used in the life cycle cost calculations shall be those in
effect at the time of the latest ``Annual Energy Outlook'' (DOE/EIA-
0383) as published by the Department of Energy's Energy Information
Administration.
607.1.4 The economic effects of taxes, depreciation and other
factors not consistent with the practices of subpart A of 10 CFR part
436 shall not be included in the life cycle cost calculation.
Subpart G - Reference Standards
Sec. 434.701 Reference standards.
701.1 General. The standards, technical handbooks, papers,
regulations, and portions thereof, that are referred to in the sections
and subsections in the following list are hereby incorporated by
reference into this part 434. The following standards have been
approved for incorporation by reference by the Director of the Federal
Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 522(a) and 1 CFR part 51. A notice
of any change in these materials will be published in the Federal
Register. The standards incorporated by reference are available for
inspection at the Office of the Federal Register, 800 North Capitol
Street, N.W., suite 700, Washington, DC. The following standards are
incorporated by reference in this part:
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Ref. No. Standard Designation Section
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RS-1 ASHRAE/IES 90.1-89, Energy Efficient Design of New 301.1
Buildings Except New Low-Rise Residential
Buildings, and Addenda 90.1b, 90.1c, 90.1d, 90.1e,
90.1g, and 90.1i, American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers,
Atlanta, GA 30329.
RS-2* ANSI/ASHRAE 55-92, Thermal Environmental Conditions
for Human Occupancy, American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers,
Atlanta, GA 30329
RS-3* NEMA MG1-1993, ``Motors and Generators,'' Revision 401.1
No. 1, December 7, 1993, National Electrical
Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC 20037.
RS-4 ASHRAE, Handbook, 1989 Fundamentals Volume, 301.1
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and 402.1.1
Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA 30329. 402.1.2.4
RS-5 ASTM C177-85, Test Method for Steady-State Heat 402.1.1
Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission 402.1.2.1
Properties by Means of the Guarded-Hot-Plate 402.1.2.2
Apparatus, ASTM, Philadelphia, PA 19103.
[[Page 40936]]
RS-6 ASTM C518-85, Test Method for Steady-State Heat 402.1.1
Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission 402.1.2.1
Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Table 402.1.2.2
Apparatus, ASTM, Philadelphia, PA 19103. Table 403.2.9.2
RS-7 ASTM C236-80, Test Method for Steady-State Thermal 402.1.1
Performance of Building Assemblies by Means of a 402.1.2.1
Guarded Hot Box, ASTM, Philadelphia, PA 19103. 402.1.2.2
RS-8 ASTM C976-82, Test Method for Thermal Performance 402.1.1
of Building Assemblies by Means of a Calibrated 402.1.2.1
Hot Box, ASTM, Philadelphia, PA 19103. 402.1.2.2
RS-9 Johannesson, Gudni, ``Thermal Bridges in Sheet 402.1.2.3
Metal Construction,'' Studies in Building Physics,
Division of Building Technology, Lund Institute of
Technology, Lund, Sweden, Report TVAHB-3007, 1981
(see also Federal Register, Volume 54, No. 18,
January 30, 1989, 10 CFR Part 434).
RS-10* ASTM E283-89, Test Method for Rate of Air Leakage 402.2
Through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and 402.2.1
Doors, ASTM, Philadelphia, PA 19103.
RS-11* ANSI/AAMA 101-88, Aluminum Prime Windows and 402.2.1
Sliding Glass Doors, American Architectural
Manufacturers Association, Des Plaines, IL 60018.
RS-12* ASTM D4099-89, Specifications for Poly (Vinyl 402.2.1
Chloride) (PVC) Prime Windows, ASTM, Philadelphia,
PA 19103.
RS-13* ANSI/NWWDA I.S.2-93, Wood Window Units, National 402.2.1
Wood Window and Door Association (formerly the
National Woodwork Manufacturers Association), Des
Plaines, IL 60018.
RS-14* ANSI/NWWDA I.S.3-87, Wood Sliding Patio Doors, 402.2.2.1
National Wood Window and Door Association
(formerly the National Woodwork Manufacturers
Association), Des Plaines, IL 60018, 1987.
RS-15* ARI Standard 210/240-89, Unitary Air-Conditioning 403.1
and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment, Air-
Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute,
Arlington, VA 22209, 1989. (Addendum 90.1i).
RS-16 ARI Standard 360-86, Commercial and Industrial 403.1
Unitary Air-Conditioning Equipment, Air-
Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute,
Arlington, VA 22209, 1986.
RS-17 ARI Standard 340-86, Commercial and Industrial 403.1
Unitary Heat Pump Equipment, Air-Conditioning and
Refrigeration Institute, Arlington, VA 22209, 1986.
RS-18* ARI 310-90, Packaged Terminal Air-Conditioners, Air- 403.1.
Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute,
Arlington, VA 22209, 1990 (Addendum 90.1i)..
RS-19* ARI Standard, 380-90, Packaged Terminal Heat Pumps, 403.1
Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute,
Arlington, VA 22209, 1990. (Addendum 90.1i).
RS-20 Code of Federal Regulations, 10 CFR, Part 430, 403.1
Appendix N, Uniform Test Method for Measuring the
Energy Consumption of Furnaces (49 FR 12159, March
28, 1984, as amended at 54 FR 6076, February 7,
1989; 64 FR 11320, March 17, 1989), January 1,
1991, U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. (Addendum
90.1b).
RS-21 ANSI Z21.47-90, Gas-Fired Central Furnaces (Except 403.1
Direct Vent and Separated Combustion System
Furnaces); Addenda Z21.47 A-1985, Addenda Z21.47B-
1986, American Gas Association, Cleveland, OH
44131, 1990. (Addendum 90.1b).
RS-22* U.L. 727-90, Oil-Fired Central Furnaces, 403.1
Underwriters Laboratories, Northbrook, IL 60062,
1990. (Addendum 90.1b).
RS-23 ANSI Z83.9-90, Gas-Fired Duct Furnaces, American 403.1
Gas Association, Cleveland, OH 44131, 1990.
(Addendum 90.1b).
RS-24 ANSI Z83.8-90, Gas Unit Heaters; Addenda Z83.8A- 403.1
1986, American Gas Association, Cleveland, OH
44131, 1990. (Addendum 90.1b).
RS-25 U.L. 731-88, Oil-Fired Unit Heaters (R-1985), 403.1
Underwriters Laboratories, Northbrook, IL 60062,
1988. (Addendum 90.1b).
RS-26 CTI Standard--201(86), Certification Standard for 403.1
Commercial Water Cooling Towers, Cooling Tower
Institute, P.O. Box 73383, Houston, TX 77273, 1986.
RS-27 ARI Standard 320-86, Water-Source Heat Pumps, Air- 403.1
Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute,
Arlington, VA 22209, 1986.
RS-28 ARI Standard 325-85, Ground Water-Source Heat 403.1
Pumps, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
Institute, Arlington, VA 22209, 1985.
RS-29 ARI Standard 365-87, Commercial and Industrial 403.1
Unitary Air-Conditioning Condensing Units, Air-
Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute,
Arlington, VA 22209, 1987.
RS-30* ARI Standard 550-90, Centrifugal or Rotary Water- 403.1
Chilling Packages, Air-Conditioning and
Refrigeration Institute, Arlington, VA 22209, 1990.
RS-31 ARI Standard 590-86, Reciprocating Water-Chilling 403.1
Packages, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
Institute, Arlington, VA 22209, 1986.
RS-32 ANSI Z21.13-87, Gas-Fired Low-Pressure Steam and 403.1
Hot Water Boilers, Addenda Z21.13A-1983, American
Gas Association, Cleveland, OH 44131, 1987.
(Addendum 90.1b).
RS-33 ANSI/U.L., 726-90, Oil-Fired Boiler Assemblies (R- 403.1
1986), Underwriters Laboratories, Northbrook, IL
60062, 1990. (Addendum 90.1b).
RS-34 HVAC Duct Construction Standards--Metal and 403.2.9.3
Flexible, 1st Ed., Sheet Metal and Air-
Conditioning Contractors Assoc., Vienna, VA 22180,
1985.
RS-35 HVAC Duct Leakage Test Manual, 1st Ed., Sheet Metal 403.2.9.3
and Air-Conditioning Contractors Assoc., Vienna, 403.1
VA 22180, 1985.
RS-36 Fibrous Glass Duct Construction Standard, 5th Ed., 403.2.9.3
Sheet Metal and Air-Conditioning Contractors
Assoc., Vienna, VA 22180, 1979.
RS-37 Code of Federal Regulations 10 CFR, Part 430, Table 404.1
Subpart B, Appendix E, Uniform Test Method for
Measuring the Energy Consumption of Water Heaters
(55 FR 42619, October 17, 1990), U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.
RS-38 ANSI Z21.56-89, Gas Fired Pool Heaters, American Table 404.1
Gas Association, Cleveland, OH 44131, 1989.
[[Page 40937]]
RS-39 ANSI Z21.10.3-1990, Gas Water Heaters, Volume III, 404.1
Storage with Input Ratings above 75,000 Btu's per 404.1.1
Hour, Circulating and Instantaneous Water Heaters,
American Gas Association, Cleveland, OH 44131,
1990.
RS-40 ANSI/AHAM RAC-1-1982, Room Air Conditioners, 403.1
Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers,
Chicago, IL 60606, 1982.
RS-41 ASHRAE Standard 62-1989, Ventilation for Acceptable 403.2.4
Indoor Air Quality, American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers,
Atlanta, GA 30329, 1989.
RS-42 ANSI Z21.66-1988, Automatic Vent Damper Devices for 404.1
Use with Gas-Fired Appliances, 1988.
RS-43 NEMA MG 10-1983 (R 1988), Energy Management Guide
for Selection and Use of Polyphase Motors,
National Electric Manufacturers Association,
Washington, DC, 20037.
RS-44 NEMA MG 11-1977 (R 1982, 1987), Energy Management ................................
Guide for Selection and Use of Single-Phase
Motors, National Electrical Manufacturers
Association, Washington, DC 20037.
RS-45 ARI Standard 330-93, Ground-Source Closed Loop Heat 403.1
Pumps, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
Institute, Arlington, VA 22209.
RS-46 ARI Standard 560-92, Absorption Water Chilling and 403.1
Water Heating Packages, Air-Conditioning and
Refrigeration Institute, Arlington, VA 22209.
RS-47 ASHRAE, Handbook, 1991 Applications Volume,
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and
Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA 30329..
RS-48 ASHRAE, Handbook, 1993 Fundamentals Volume,
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and
Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA 30329.
RS-49 Codified Version of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1989,
Energy Code for Commercial and High Rise
Residential Buildings, including addenda b, c, d,
e, g, and i
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Example Alternate Component Package Tables
The example Alternate Component Package tables illustrate the
requirements of subsections 301.1, 402.3.1., 402.3.2, 402.4.1.1 and
402.4.1.2. Copies of specific tables contained in this example can be
obtained from the Energy Code for Federal Commercial Buildings, Docket
No. EE-RM-79-112-C, Buildings Division, EE-432, Office of Codes and
Standards, U.S. Department of Energy, Room 1J-018, 1000 Independence
Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20585, (202) 586-0517.
[FR Doc. 96-19671 Filed 8-5-96; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6450-01-P
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