TITLE: Wastewater Irrigation
PUBLICATION DATE: July 1993
ENTRY DATE: April 1995
EXPIRATION DATE:
UPDATE FREQUENCY:
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DOCUMENT TYPE: text
DOCUMENT SIZE: 217 k (98 pages)
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ISSN: 1052-5378
United States Department of Agriculture
National Agricultural Library
10301 Baltimore Blvd.
Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351
Wastewater Irrigation
January 1990 - June 1993
QB 93-55
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Wastewater Irrigation
January 1990 - June 1993
Quick Bibliography Series: QB 93-55
158 citations from AGRICOLA
Karl Schneider
Reference and User Services Branch
July 1993 National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:
Schneider, Karl
Wastewater irrigation.
1. Irrigation water--Bibliography. 2. Water-supply,
Agricultural--Bibliography. 3. Land treatment of wastewater--
Bibliography. I. Title.
aZ5071.N3 no.93-55 AGRICOLA
Citations in this bibliography were entered in the AGRICOLA
database between January 1979 and the present.
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Citations in this bibliography are from the National
Agricultural Library's AGRICOLA database. An explanation of
sample journal article, book, and audiovisual citations
appears below.
JOURNAL ARTICLE:
Citation # NAL Call No.
Article title.
Author. Place of publication: Publisher. Journal Title.
Date. Volume (Issue). Pages. (NAL Call Number).
Example:
1 NAL Call No.: DNAL 389.8.SCH6
Morrison, S.B. Denver, Colo.: American School Food Service
Association. School foodservice journal. Sept 1987. v. 41
(8). p.48-50. ill.
BOOK:
Citation # NAL Call Number
Title.
Author. Place of publication: Publisher, date. Information
on pagination, indices, or bibliographies.
Example:
1 NAL Call No.: DNAL RM218.K36 1987
Exploring careers in dietetics and nutrition.
Kane, June Kozak. New York: Rosen Pub. Group, 1987.
Includes index. xii, 133 p.: ill.; 22 cm. Bibliography:
p. 126.
AUDIOVISUAL:
Citation # NAL Call Number
Title.
Author. Place of publication: Publisher, date.
Supplemental information such as funding. Media format
(i.e., videocassette): Description (sound, color, size).
Example:
1 NAL Call No.: DNAL FNCTX364.A425 F&N AV
All aboard the nutri-train.
Mayo, Cynthia. Richmond, Va.: Richmond Public Schools,
1981. NET funded. Activity packet prepared by Cynthia
Mayo. 1 videocassette (30 min.): sd., col.; 3/4 in. +
activity packet. Wastewater Irrigation
Search Strategy
1. SS EFFLUENT? OR WASTEWATER? OR SLUDGE? OR
WATER?(S)(PROCESS? OR DISCHARG?)
2. SS IRRIGAT? OR CROP?(3N)WATER? OR RECHARG?
3. C14*8
4. L15/1990:1993
WASTEWATER IRRIGATION
1 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Agricultural and munipal use of wastewater.
Bouwer, H.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 26
(7/8): p. 1583-1591; 1992. In the series analytic: Water
Quality International '92. Part 4 / edited by M. Suzuki, et
al. Proceedings of the Sixtennth Biennial Conference of the
International Association on Water Pollution Research and
Control, held May 24-30, 1992, Washington, D.C. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Refuse; Waste water treatment; Water reuse;
Irrigation water; Water quality; Quality standards
2 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Anaerobic/aerobic pretreatment of sugarcane mill wastewater
for application of drip irrigation.
Yang, P.Y.; Chang, L.J.; Whalen, S.A.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9):
p. 243-250; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater
Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano.
Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate
Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava,
Spain. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hawaii; Sugarcane; Sugar factory waste; Waste
water treatment; Aerobic treatment; Anaerobic treatment;
Pretreatment; Water reuse; Irrigation water; Trickle
irrigation; Organic compounds; Solid wastes; Removal;
Hydraulics; Retention; Time; Aeration; Lagoons; Cost analysis
3 NAL Call. No.: TD172.J6
An animal model to assess the potential for viral disease
transmission from lawns irrigated with wastewater.
Deming, E.J.; Mote, C.R.; Von Bernuth, R.D.; Potgieter, L.N.D.
New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1992 Dec.
Journal of environmental science and health : Part A :
Environmental science and engineering v. 27 (8): p. 2199-2211;
1992 Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lawns and turf; Irrigation; Waste water;
Contamination; Porcine enterovirus; Pigs; Disease
transmission; Animal models; Disease models; Human diseases;
Infection; Risk
4 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 W295
Applicability of the steady state flow assumption for solute
advection in field soils.
Destouni, G.
Washington, D.C. : American Geophysical Union; 1991 Aug.
Water resources research v. 27 (8): p. 2129-2140; 1991 Aug.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Agricultural soils; Solutes; Transport processes;
Transient flow; Soil water movement; Soil texture; Soil depth;
Plant water relations; Simulation models
Abstract: A comparison between solute travel times predicted
by a transient and a steady state flow model is made. Data for
five different soil profiles with detailed measurements of
their hydraulic properties and their variation with depth are
used. Daily measurements of meteorological data are used as
input parameters in the transient simulations that include
snow and frost dynamics, interception of precipitation, and
evapotranspiration. The parameters of the steady state flow
model are related to the measured soil properties and the
hydrological characteristics of each transient simulation.
Furthermore, the influence of solute injection time on the
predicted travel time is analyzed, and the effect of root
water uptake on the applicability, of the steady state flow
assumption for solute advection is investigated. The results
indicate that the steady, state flow model may provide
estimates of the mean solute advection that are compatible
with those of the transient flow model. The constant rate of
recharge in the steady state flow, model should then be
interpreted as the average annual effective infiltration
(i.e., infiltration minus actual evapotranspiration). When
root water uptake is accounted for, an arithmetic depth-
averaging of the soil parameters appears to yield steady state
estimates of arrival time that are closest to the transient
predictions. When root water uptake is neglected, a harmonic
depth-averaging of the soil parameters provides the best
steady state results. The discrepancy between the arrival
times predicted with the two flow models decreases with the
travel distance from the soil surface.
5 NAL Call. No.: S612.I756
Application of a hydraulic model for testing management
decisions at distributary level.
Bhutta, M.N.; Kijne, J.W.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.
Irrigation science v. 13 (1): p. 15-20; 1992. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pakistan punjab; Irrigation systems; Water
allocation; Surface water; Water distribution; Simulation
models; Canals; Channels; Discharge; Water use; Water policy
Abstract: This study was conducted on the Lagar Distributary
of Gugera Branch of Lower Chenab Canal, Punjab, Pakistan. A
computer model "MISTRAL" was adopted for evaluating management
options. The study showed that the model can be used as a
decision support tool for prioritizing management options. The
model suggests that under current physical conditions of this
distributary the combination of rotation between the
distributaries and along the distributary canals can improve
the equity of water discharge. For example, in case of Lagar
Distributary the discharge of tail outlets can be increased
threefold by introducing rotation between the tail of the
distributary and an offtaking minor canal. A small decrease in
the discharge of the minor would result from adopting this
option. A combination of rotations between this and
neighboring distributaries and along the Lagar itself can
increase the discharge of tail outlets up to seven times. The
results of the model indicate that operational changes can
improve the discharge of tall outlets to some extent, but the
improvement of physical conditions of the distributary is
needed to achieve equity conditions, as specified in the
design.
6 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Appropriate industrial waste management technologies: the New
Zealand meat industry.
Rao Bhamidimarri, S.M.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (1):
p. 89-95; 1991. Paper presented at the "First IAWPRC East
African Regional Conference on Industrial Wastewaters,"
October 25-28, 1989, Nairobi, Kenya. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: New Zealand; Meat and livestock industry;
Industrial wastes; Waste treatment; Technology; Organic
fertilizers; Organic farming; Water reuse; Irrigation water
7 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Appropriate wastewater treatment and reuse in Morocco-Boujad:
a case study. Niedrum, S.B.; Karioun, A.; Mara, D.D.; Mills,
S.W.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9):
p. 205-213; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater
Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano.
Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate
Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava,
Spain. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Morocco; Effluents; Waste water treatment;
Stabilizing; Ponds; Water reuse; Irrigation water; Water
quality; Microbial contamination; Public health; Health
protection; Case studies; Algae; Organic fertilizers; Yield
response functions
8 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
The Carini experimental station for wastewater reuse in
agriculture--preliminary indications.
Croce, F.; Pollara, J.R.; Oliveri, R.L.; Torregrossa, M.V.;
Valentino, L. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 26
(9/11): p. 2617-2620; 1992. In the series analytic: Water
Quality International '92. Part 5 / edited by M. Suzuki,
et.al. Proceedings of the Sixteenth Biennial Conference of the
International Association on Water Pollution Research and
Control held May 24-30, 1992, Washington, D.C.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sicily; Waste water treatment; Water reuse;
Irrigation water; Soil pollution; Human diseases; Pathogens
9 NAL Call. No.: TD172.J6
Characterization and control of domestic wastewater in
Bahrain: assessment of possible applications.
Akhter, M.S.; Madany, I.M.
New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1991.
Journal of environmental science and health : Part A :
Environmental science and engineering v. 26 (6): p. 971-979;
1991. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Bahrain; Waste water; Water reuse; Treatment;
Chemical analysis; Irrigation water; Groundwater recharge;
Landscaping
10 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 J82
Checks on the measurement of potential evapotranspiration
using water balance data and independent measures of
groundwater recharge.
Essery, C.I.; Wilcock, D.N.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Publishers, B.V.; 1990 Dec01.
Journal of hydrology v. 120 (1/4): p. 51-64; 1990 Dec01.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Northern ireland; Evapotranspiration;
Evaporation; Measurement; Water balance; Water table; Heat
flow; Temperate climate
Abstract: A twelve-year record of daily evaporation and
evapotranspiration measurements at the Coleraine campus of the
University of Ulster in Northern Ireland is analysed.
Potential evapotranspiration (PE) is independently derived
from: (i) Penman PT estimates; (ii) irrigated grass lysimeters
PE(L);, (iii) measurements of tank evaporation, PE(T). Both
PE(T) and PE(L) are higher in winter than PT and have more
prolonged summer peaks. Examination of soil moisture deficits
during the period shows that actual evapotranspiration (AE)
rarely falls below the potential rate and that PE and AE are
therefore equal for most of the year. The availability of
rainfall, stream discharge and groundwater data from an
instrumented river catchment on the University campus enables
water balances to be constructed for the period of study.
Separate water balances using each of the PE estimates show
that Penman PT most satisfactorily reflects catchment storage
changes monitored independently. Penman PT is therefore
confirmed as the most appropriate estimate of PE for the
climatic, soil and vegetation conditions of the region. The
use of Penman PT in water balance determinations, however,
does not secure perfect agreement between estimated recharge
and depletion of catchment storage on the one hand, and
observed changes in water-table level on the other. The
combined effects of error in surface water balance
determinations are estimated at about 13%.
11 NAL Call. No.: QH540.J6
Chemical effects of saline irrigation water on a San Joaquin
Valley soil. I. Column studies.
Thellier, C.; Sposito, G.; Holtzclaw, K.M.
Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1990 Jan.
Journal of environmental quality v. 19 (1): p. 50-55; 1990
Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: California; Soil salinity; Irrigation water;
Saline water; Soil depth; Leaching; Exchangeable sodium;
Exchangeable cations; Saturation extract; Capillary rise;
Laboratory tests
Abstract: A glasshouse soil column experiment was performed
to characterize salinity and sodicity developed from waters of
differing composition applied to a representative soil from
the San Joaquin Valley of California. The soil column
experiment was designed to simulate physicochemical conditions
in a field experiment conducted in the western San Joaquin
Valley, where an Entisol above a shallow, saline aquifer was
irrigated with waters of varying quality. Columns 0.46 m long
containing the Entisol were leached with "California Aqueduct
water" (EC = 0.72 dS m-1, SAR = 4 mole(c) 1/2m-3/2 or with
saline "well water" (EC = 8 ds m-1, SAR = 13 mole(c) 1/2m-3/2)
for periods up to 1 yr. When a simulated "aquifer" was 0.43 m
below the soil surface, leaching with aqueduct water produced
a positive downward gradient of soluble salt concentrations
and exchangeable Na, whereas leaching with well water produced
a dramatic increase of sodicity at the soil surface and a zone
of soluble bivalent cation accumulation about 0.2 m below.
These effects reflected the combined influence of the applied
water quality and evaporative capillary arise from the saline
"aquifer." After the simulated "aquifer" was withdrawn, soil
saturation extracts indicated equilibration with the applied
waters after 0.5 to 1 yr, the rate being greater under
leaching with aqueduct water. The saturation extract and
drainage effluent for the soil receiving aqueduct water became
more dilute, producing calcite dissolution and increasing
exchangeable Ca, with a consequent decline in sodicity. The
soil receiving well water showed an increase in exchangeable
Na at the expense of exchangeable Ca, with little or no change
in exchangeable K and Mg. At the completion of the experiment,
the soil irrigated with well water had become more saline and
sodic but, since EC was sufficiently high as compared to SAR,
no major permeability problems with the soil were expected.
Therefore, from the results of this study, the reuse of saline
12 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 J82
The chemical evolution of groundwater in a first-order
catchment and the process of salt accumulation in the soil
profile.
Salama, R.B.; Farrington, P.; Bartle, G.A.; Watson, G.D.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Mar15.
Journal of hydrology v. 143 (3/4): p. 233-258; 1993 Mar15.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Western australia; Watersheds; Groundwater;
Salinity; Streams; Chemical composition; Surface water; Flow;
Ions; Salts; Water quality; Weathering; Gibbsite; Kaolinite;
Drainage water; Profiles; Rain; Geochemistry; Carbon dioxide;
Transpiration; Leakage; Aquifers; Evaporation
Abstract: The chemical characteristics of surface water, base
flow and groundwater in a first-order catchment in the
wheatbelt of Western Australia were used to study the
weathering process and its relationship to the development of
groundwater and stream salinity. Meteoric water infiltrates
through the unsaturated zone to the water table aquifer and
through the aquifer outcrop in the case of a confined aquifer.
The groundwater composition changes in space and time,
becoming more saline with depth and distance away from the
recharge zone. The concentration of salt in the system can be
explained by four main mechanisms: withdrawal of water through
uptake by plant roots for transpiration; loss of water during
the weathering process and the formation of new minerals;
leakage between aquifers; evaporation upstream of geological
structures and near discharge zones. The groundwater is mainly
of Na-Cl type, and is at saturation with respect to most of
the carbonate minerals, chalcedony, talc and tremolite. The
water changes in its chemical composition as rock-water
interaction takes place. The weathering products are gibbsite
and kaolinite, with the release of Na+ K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, HCO-3
and H4SiO4. The preclearing weathering products are produced
in a system open to CO2 (through the plant roots), with
groundwater under this system having excess Na+. After
clearing the system becomes depleted in CO2 and the
groundwater becomes depleted in Na+ through exchange with Mg2+
from the rock surface. Geochemical modelling showed that most
of the constituents in groundwater can be accounted for by
taking into consideration the constituents of rainfall, with
minor additions from the weathering process.
13 NAL Call. No.: SB319.2.F6F56
Citrus irrigation with reclaimed municipal wastewater.
Koo, R.C.J.; Zekri, M.
S.l. : The Society; 1990 May.
Proceedings of the ... annual meeting of the Florida State
Horticulture Society v. 102: p. 52-56; 1990 May. Proceedings
held October 31-November 2, 1989, Tampa, Florida. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Florida; Citrus sinensis; Irrigation; Irrigation
water; Waste water; Water quality; Plant nutrition
14 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
The clogging capacity of reclaimed wastewater: a new quality
criterion for drip irrigation.
Teltsch, B.; Juanico, M.; Azov, Y.; Ben-Harim, I.; Shelef, G.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9):
p. 123-131; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater
Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano.
Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate
Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava,
Spain. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Israel; Waste water treatment; Water reuse;
Irrigation water; Trickle irrigation; Water quality;
Requirements; Filtration; Capacity; Water pollution;
Particles; Control methods; Biological techniques; Freshwater
fishes; Plankton; Concentration
15 NAL Call. No.: TD172.J6
Comparative survival of enteric viruses and coliphage on
sewage irrigated grass.
Badawy, A.S.; Rose, J.B.; Gerba, C.P.
New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1990.
Journal of environmental science and health : Part A :
Environmental science and engineering v. 25 (8): p. 937-952;
1990. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lawns and turf; Irrigation water; Activated
sludge; Sewage effluent; Water pollution; Enterovirus;
Survival; Health hazards
16 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Comparison between chlorine dioxide and chlorine for use as a
disinfectant of wastewater effluents.
Narkis, N.; Kott, Y.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 26
(7/8): p. 1483-1492; 1992. In the series analytic: Water
Quality International '92. Part 4 / edited by M. Suzuki, et
al. Proceedings of the Sixtennth Biennial Conference of the
International Association on Water Pollution Research and
Control, held May 24-30, 1992, Washington, D.C. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Israel; Refuse; Waste treatment; Effluents;
Disinfection; Disinfectants; Comparisons; Water reuse;
Irrigation water
17 NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
Considerations for tile drainage-water quality studies in
temperature regions. Milburn, P.; MacLeod, J.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
Engineers; 1991 Mar. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 7
(2): p. 209-215; 1991 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Water quality; Drainage; Tile drainage; Temperate
zones; Crop management; Discharge; Experimental design
Abstract: Experimental designs of 14 subsurface drainage-
water quality studies conducted over the past 18 years are
reviewed. To more accurately determine mass contaminant flux
and processes, more intense monitoring of drain discharge rate
and drainage water quality is needed than in most past
studies. A recently installed field scale system of subsurface
drainage-water quality plots and associated equipment, capable
of intense, year round monitoring, is described and
preliminary data showing performance of the system is
presented. The material presented should be of interest to
those planning and designing drainage-water quality studies,
or refitting existing drainage installation for water quality
investigations.
18 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Contamination of lettuces with nematode eggs by spray
irrigation with treated and untreated wastewater.
Ayres, R.M.; Stott, R.; Lee, D.L.; Mara, D.D.; Silva, S.A.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 26
(7/8): p. 1615-1623; 1992. In the series analytic: Water
Quality International '92. Part 4 / edited by M. Suzuki, et
al. Proceedings of the Sixtennth Biennial Conference of the
International Association on Water Pollution Research and
Control, held May 24-30, 1992, Washington, D.C. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Brazil; Waste water treatment; Infestation;
Ascaridia galli; Ascaris lumbRicoides; Water reuse; Irrigation
water; Sprinkler irrigation; Lactuca sativa
19 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P
Control of nutrient mixing and uptake by irrigation frequency
and relative humidity.
Kargbo, D.; Skopp, J.; Knudsen, D.
Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Nov.
Agronomy journal v. 83 (6): p. 1023-1028; 1991 Nov. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Nutrient uptake; Irrigation scheduling;
Soil water content; Water uptake; Water availability; Field
capacity; Solutes; Soil solution; Transport processes;
Diffusion; Potassium; Phosphorus; Diffusivity; Relative
humidity; Soil pore system
Abstract: The distribution of nutrients and water between
mobile and immobile pores should influence nutrient uptake.
The distribution can be regulated through control of the
water-filled pore space. This research was conducted to
determine the effect of varying soil-water content and water
uptake upon nutrient uptake. Corn (Zea mays L.) was grown in a
growth chamber for 2 wk at 35 or 55% relative humidity (RH).
Three soils [Boelus LS, 5% slope (sandy over loamy, mixed,
mesic Udic Haplustoll); Boelus LS, 2% slope; and Plano Soil
(fine-silty, mixed, thermic Typic Haplustolf)] were watered to
field capacity. Plants on each soil were allowed to extract
water to one of three minimal levels before rewatering. After
harvest, P and K content and other root and leaf parameters
were determined. The values of minimal levels were chosen so
that, for each soil, the three values ensured no low-water
stress. Effective diffusion coefficients were determined for
the three soils. Increased minimal levels for a soil required
for frequent watering, which led to greater mixing of solutes
between pores. At 55% RH, no water treatment significantly
affected P and K flux, despite significant differences in
diffusion coefficients. At 35% RH, however, phosphate flux to
roots increased as minimum levels increased. The significant
increase of phosphate flux with more frequent watering at low
RH suggests that plant uptake is affected by soil physical
processes other than simple diffusion and convection to
individual roots. More frequent watering results in greater
mixing of solute between pores containing mobile and immobile
water and, consequently, greater uptake.
20 NAL Call. No.: QK867.J67
Control of root size and root environment of fruit trees for
optimal fruit production.
Bravdo, B.A.; Levin, I.; Assaf, R.
New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1992.
Journal of plant nutrition v. 15 (6/7): p. 699-712; 1992.
Paper presented at the "Workshop on Root Distribution, and
Chemistry and Biology of the Root-Soil Interface", January
9-11, 1990, Ithaca, New York. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Citrus; Malus pumila; Vitis vinifera; Root
systems; Roots; Size; Biomass; Fruits; Crop yield; Water
availability; Matric potential; Nutrient availability;
Fertilizers; Fertigation; Application rates; Trickle
irrigation; Irrigation requirements; Sensors; Automatic
irrigation systems
Abstract: Recent development in technologies of irrigation
and fertilization enable us to control root size and
environment under field conditions. Low volume irrigation and
fertilization affects root size and rate of rootlets
production and consequently vegetative and reproductive
processes of whole plants. The mechanisms involved seem to
include growth regulators production at the root apexes and
their translocation to the shoots. Field experiments in a few
species of deciduous trees and citrus, showed that root
systems are very flexible and can adjust to low volume
irrigation irrespective of age or size of the trees or stage
of development. Root restriction under field conditions was
found to cause precocity, increase productivity and reduce the
size of the trees. A greater number of trees per unit land can
be grown without reducing light penetration which is the most
important factor affecting physiological processes controlling
fruit bud differentiation, such as assimilate translocation,
photosynthetic efficiency fruit composition, size and
coloration. Control of root environment in terms of soil
matric potential, mineral concentration and aeration can also
be achieved by irrigating and fertilizing at the rate of
consumptive use. A non uniform distribution of water and
minerals was found to exist when a point source irrigation
such as drip was used. Nevertheless, a highly efficient uptake
of water and minerals were found under conditions of an almost
continuous supply of water and minerals by drip irrigation
systems. Results of various studies show that this phenomenon
may be attributed to transfer of water, minerals and air among
individual roots of a root system subjected to gradients of
water, minerals, and oxygen concentrations. A computer
controlled automated irrigation and fertilization system which
consists of soil matric potential sensors located in the main
root zone was developed. This system provides means for
controlling the size of the root system as well
21 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Dairy wastewater treatment and reuse.
Hadjivassilis, I.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (1):
p. 83-87; 1991. Paper presented at the "First IAWPRC East
African Regional Conference on Industrial Wastewaters,"
October 25-28, 1989, Nairobi, Kenya. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cyprus; Dairy industry; Industrial wastes; Waste
water treatment; Water reuse; Activated sludge; Irrigation
water
22 NAL Call. No.: QH84.8.B46
Denitrification activity in the root zone of a sludge-amended
desert soil. Artiola, J.F.; Pepper, I.L.
Berlin : Springer International; 1992 Aug.
Biology and fertility of soils v. 13 (4): p. 200-205; 1992
Aug. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Arizona; Gossypium hirsutum; Denitrification;
Desert soils; Nitrates; Roots; Sludges; Soil amendments; Clay
loam soils; Furrow irrigation
23 NAL Call. No.: TD419.R47
Denitrification by an expanded bed biofilm reactor.
MacDonald, D.V.
Alexandria, Va. : The Federation; 1990 Sep.
Research journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation v.
62 (6): p. 796-802. maps; 1990 Sep. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: California; Waste water treatment;
Denitrification; Biofilms; Bioreactors; Design; Performance;
Installation; Effluents; Utilization; Irrigation water;
Groundwater recharge; Projects; Costs
24 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Design methods for the development of wastewater land disposal
systems. Thoma, K.; Baker, P.A.; Allender, E.B.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1993.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 27 (1):
p. 77-86; 1993. In the series analytic: Appropriate waste
management technologies / edited by G. Ho and K. Mathew.
Proceedings of the International Conference, held November
27-28, 1991, Perth, Australia. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: South australia; Waste water; Waste disposal
sites; Application to land; Systems; Design; Industrial
wastes; Irrigation; Eucalyptus; Forest plantations; Soil
pollution
25 NAL Call. No.: GB701.W375 no.92-4024A
Detailed study of irrigation drainage in and near wildlife
management areas, west-central Nevada, 1987-90 Part A Water
quality, sediment composition, and hydrogeochemical processes
in Stillwater and Fernley Wildlife Management areas.. Water
quality, sediment composition, and hydrogeochemical processes
in Stillwater and Fernley Wildlife Management areas
Lico, Michael S.
Geological Survey (U.S.)
Carson City, Nev. : U.S. Geological Survey ; Denver, CO :
Books and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],; 1992.
vii, 65 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm. (Water-resources
investigations report ; 92-4024A). U.S. Geological Survey ...
[et al.]. Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-65).
Language: English
Descriptors: Irrigation; Water quality; Water
26 NAL Call. No.: S612.I756
Determination of evapotranspiration from an alfalfa crop
irrigated with saline waste water from an electrical power
plant.
Malek, E.; Bingham, G.E.; McCurdy, G.D.; Hanks, R.J.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.
Irrigation science v. 13 (2): p. 73-80; 1992. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Utah; Medicago sativa; Evapotranspiration;
Irrigated stands; Irrigation water; Saline water; Waste water;
Waste disposal
Abstract: Investigations were carried out in 1989 to
determine the evapotranspiration (ET) of alfalfa when
irrigated with saline waste water coming from the evaporation
of fresh water in the cooling towers of Utah Power and Light
Company Electrical Power Plant at Huntington in central Utah,
U.S.A. The primary goal is to dispose of the waste water from
the power plant by irrigation and to maximize salt deposition
in the soil, maximize crop ET, minimize runoff from the soil
surface, and minimize leaching to the ground water. Using the
Bowen ratio-energy balance method, alfalfa evapotranspiration
was measured at an experimental site for each 20-minute period
during the 1989 irrigation season. Using a simplified seasonal
water balance, the results showed that cumulative irrigation
plus rain was less than evapotranspiration for the 1989
irrigation season. This means that for the long term in
addition to irrigation and precipitation some water was
withdrawn from the soil for alfalfa crop water requirements
(ET(a)). Short term evaluations showed that because of
unforeseen heavy rain (thunder showers) in this mountainous
area between irrigations, ET(a) was occasionally less than
irrigation plus rain. This means the excess water was stored
in the soil for later use. The average value for ET(a)/ET(p)
(potential ET) for the 1989 irrigation season was 0.47 but
occasionally the ratio was greater than unity. Short-term
studies (Hanks et al. 1990a) indicate that yield and ET(a) are
likely to decrease only slightly for the coming years if
saline irrigation water is applied. This method of
investigation can be applied to any industrial processes which
produce waste water.
27 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
The development of health guidelines for wastewater
reclamation. Shuval, H.I.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (7):
p. 149-155; 1991. In the series analytic: Advanced Wastewater
Treatment and Reclamation / edited by J. Kurbiel. Proceedings
of the IAWPRC Conference, September 25-27, 1989, Cracow,
Poland. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Israel; Developing countries; Waste water
treatment; Water reuse; Water purification; Irrigation water;
Health hazards; Guidelines; Microbial contamination;
Helminths; Water quality; Quality standards; Stabilization;
Ponds; Who; Public health; Health protection; Water pollution;
Control methods
28 NAL Call. No.: TC801.I66
Discharge rates, salinities, and the performance of subsurface
collector drains in Egypt.
El Atfy, H.; El Gamaal, H.; Mourik, E. van
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1991 Nov.
Irrigation and drainage systems : an international journal v.
5 (4): p. 325-338; 1991 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Egypt; Subsurface drainage; Drain pipes;
Hydraulics; Performance; Discharge; Drainage water; Salinity
29 NAL Call. No.: TD419.R47
Dissolved organic carbon in the unsaturated zone under land
irrigated by wastewater effluent.
Amiel, A.J.; Magaritz, M.; Ronen, D.; Lindstrand, O.
Alexandria, Va. : The Federation; 1990 Nov.
Research journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation v.
62 (7): p. 861-866; 1990 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Israel; Waste water; Effluents; Irrigated soils;
Soil pollution; Aquifers; Water pollution; Groundwater;
Pollutants; Dissolving; Carbon; Biodegradation
30 NAL Call. No.: TD426.J68
Distribution of metals in a polluted aquifer: a comparison of
aquifer suspended material to fine sediments of the adjacent
environment. Magaritz, M.; Amiel, A.J.; Ronen, D.; Wells, M.C.
Amsterdam : Elsevier; 1990 May.
Journal of contaminant hydrology v. 5 (4): p. 333-347; 1990
May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Israel; Groundwater; Contamination; Aquifers;
Contaminants; Metals; Distribution; Fertigation; Sewage
effluent
31 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 J82
Distribution of recharge and discharge areas in a first-order
catchment as interpreted from water level patterns.
Salama, R.B.; Farrington, P.; Bartle, G.A; Watson, G.D.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Mar15.
Journal of hydrology v. 143 (3/4): p. 259-277; 1993 Mar15.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Western australia; Watersheds; Groundwater
recharge; Discharge; Groundwater; Aquifers; Groundwater flow;
Groundwater level; Spatial distribution; Geomorphology; Land
management; Watershed management; Water quality; Streams;
Dams; Salinity; Upland areas
Abstract: A major problem in managing and reclaiming saline
land is identifying areas of recharge and discharge in a
catchment. In a first-order catchment in the wheatbelt of
Western Australia, four trends of water level changes have
been observed: monotonically rising water levels; continuously
rising water levels with seasonal fluctuations; continuously
falling water levels; seasonally fluctuating water levels.
Each pattern is associated with a specific hydrologic
mechanism--recharge, recharge-discharge and discharge. The
spatial distribution of the aquifer systems in the catchment
follows a configuration which is controlled by the basin
morphology. Recharge takes place in confined aquifers at the
watershed and in the uplands; recharge-discharge occurs in the
unconfined to semiconfined aquifer of the midslopes, and
discharge becomes dominant along the unconfined aquifers of
the drainage lines. The main areas of discharge of higher-
salinity groundwater occur just upstream of geological
structures along the drainage line. Surface water dams were
found to contribute to the establishment of new discharge
areas. They cause increased pressure in the deep aquifers,
resulting in a rise in water levels and groundwater discharge
below the dams.
32 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 J82
Ecological impact of groundwater extraction on wetlands (Douro
Basin, Spain). Bernaldez, F.G.; Rey Benayas, J.M.; Martinez,
A.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Jan.
Journal of hydrology v. 141 (1/4): p. 219-238; 1993 Jan.
Special Issue: Hydrogeology of Wetlands. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Spain; Wetlands; Groundwater extraction;
Depletion; Water table; Environmental impact; Landscape;
Groundwater recharge; Discharge; Hydrological factors
Abstract: Declining water table levels in the Douro River
basin, Central Spain, are caused by the extraction of
groundwater from a relatively homogeneous aquifer, and results
in several types of impact on local wetlands which vary
according to their characteristics. These wetlands are local,
intermediate and regional groundwater discharge sites,
seepages from post-tertiary deposits, and non-linked ponds to
groundwater dynamics. The following important factors
influence the type of impact: the recharge or discharge nature
of the affected sector of landscape; the type of connection
with the regional aquifer; flow lengths and residence time of
the water; the interaction between the water and the surface
material, particularly clay. A wide range of wetland values
and functions are affected according to the type of impact.
These include productivity, amenity, recreational, scientific,
educational and conservation values.
33 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Effect of effluent quality and application method on
agricultural productivity and environmental control.
Oron, G.; DeMalach, Y.; Hoffman, Z.; Manor, Y.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 26
(7/8): p. 1593-1601; 1992. In the series analytic: Water
Quality International '92. Part 4 / edited by M. Suzuki, et
al. Proceedings of the Sixtennth Biennial Conference of the
International Association on Water Pollution Research and
Control, held May 24-30, 1992, Washington, D.C. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Israel; Households; Waste water treatment;
Effluents; Water quality; Water reuse; Irrigation water;
Trickle irrigation; Sprinkler irrigation; Food crops
34 NAL Call. No.: TD760.S65
Effect of irrigation with brackish and sewage effluent waters
on potassium reactions in soils.
Sparks, Donald L.; Feigenbaum, Sala
United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and
Development Fund Bet Dagan, Israel : BARD,; 1990.
169 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. Final report. Project no. US-971-85.
Includes bibliographical references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sewage irrigation; Soils; Potassium content
35 NAL Call. No.: QE1.E5
Effect of paper mill effluents on accumulation of heavy metals
in coconut trees near Nanjangud, Mysore District, Karnataka,
India.
Fazeli, M.S.; Sathyanarayan, S.; Satish, P.N.; Muthanna, L.
New York, N.Y. : Springer; 1991 Jan.
Environmental geology and water sciences v. 17 (1): p. 47-50;
1991 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Karnataka; Paper mill sludge; Waste water
treatment; Irrigation; Cocos nucifera; Uptake; Heavy metals;
Plant composition; Metal tolerance
36 NAL Call. No.: 18 J825
Effect of pulp and paper mill effluent irrigation on carbon-
di-oxide evolution in soils.
Kannan, K.; Oblisami, G.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Paul Parey; 1990.
Zeitschrift fur Acker- und Pflanzenbau v. 164 (2): p. 116-119;
1990. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Tamil nadu; Pulp mill effluent; Waste water
disposal; Carbon dioxide; Decomposition; Fertirrigation;
Microbial activities; Soil biology; Soil fertility
37 NAL Call. No.: GB701.W375 no.88-4174
Effect of spray irrigation of treated wastewater on water
quality of the surficial aquifer system, Reedy Creek
Improvement District, central Florida. German, E. R.
Reedy Creek Improvement District (Fla.),Geological Survey
(U.S.) Tallahassee, Fla. : U.S. Geological Survey ; Denver,
Colo. : Books and Open-File Reports [distributor],; 1990.
vi, 43 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm. (Water-resources
investigations report ; 88-4174). Includes bibliographical
references (p. 42-43).
Language: English
Descriptors: Aquifers; Sprinkler irrigation; Water quality;
Water reuse; Plants, Effect of pollution on
38 NAL Call. No.: QK867.J67
Effects of different management practices on surface water
quality from rice fields in south Louisiana.
Feagley, S.E.; Sigua, G.C.; Bengtson, R.L.; Bollich, P.K.;
Linscombe, S.D. New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1992.
Journal of plant nutrition v. 15 (8): p. 1305-1321; 1992.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Louisiana; Flooded rice; Fields; Water quality;
Mineral content; Nutrient content; Pesticide residues; Surface
water; Water management; Cultivation; Flood irrigation;
Sediment
Abstract: Water samples collected in the Mermentau River
Basin over several years at Louisiana Department of
Environmental Quality monitoring sites contained high levels
of total solids and nutrients during the spring that were
highly correlated to pre- and post-plant discharges from rice
fields. This study was developed to evaluate the potential of
selected management practices (MP's) for reducing total
solids, nutrients and pesticides from discharge water in order
to improve the surface water quality in southwest Louisiana.
Five rice plots located on the Rice Research Station in
Crowley, LA represented the different MP's to be evaluated.
The five water seeding MP's were: a.1-no till; a.2-water
cultivation with 30-day settling, a.3-dry cultivation with
clear water planting; a.4-mudding-in with vegetated filter,
and b-mudding-in (control). Quality of discharged water from
rice fields in the Mermentau River Basin was clearly affected
by the different MP's. From the first year of data, all the
MPa's were better than the mudding-in (MPb). The
concentrations of the total solids (kg/ha) in the discharged
water (initial + final drain) for the different MP's were in
the order: MPb(4860) > MPa.3(3906) > MPa.4(3412) > MPa.2(3068)
> MPa.1(1807). The Mpa.3, Mpa.4 and MPb had no detectable
amounts of pesticides being released. The 30-day holding
period (Mpa.2), clear water planting (MPa.3) and the mudding-
in with vegetated filter (MPa.4) were similar as far as TDS,
TSS and TS with the no-till (MPa.1) being the least. The 30-
day holding period (Mpa.2) and the no-till (MPa.1) had less
nutrients, but more pesticides released. Depending on the
priority of the stream problems, different MP's may be more
advantageous than others. All of the selected MP's were better
than the control (MPb), and therefore, should help to improve
water quality.
39 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 J82
The effects of irrigation waste-water disposal in a former
discharge zone of the Murray Basin, Australia.
Chambers, L.A.; Williams, B.G.; Barnes, C.J.; Wasson, R.J.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Aug01.
Journal of hydrology v. 136 (1/4): p. 303-323; 1992 Aug01.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Australia; Irrigation water; Waste water;
Disposal; Saline water; Groundwater; Aquifers; Salinity;
Differentiation; Monitoring; Analytical methods
Abstract: In the Murray Basin in southeastern Australia,
saline waste irrigation waters are often discharged to natural
depressions and saline lakes as a salinity and land management
strategy. At the Noora disposal basin in South Australia the
waste irrigation water (EC = 17-19 dS m(-1)) has formed a lens
in the top of the highly saline (50-80 dS m(-1)) regional
groundwater (Parilla Sands) aquifer. Using salinity and
environmental isotopes of water (deuterium and oxygen-18) the
lens has been shown to extend about 500 m in a northwesterly
direction from the disposal pond. The major effects of this
lens have been: (1) to cause upwards displacement of the
regional ground water over an area of about 285 km(2),
implying increased evaporation from areas surrounding the
lens; (2) to reduce evaporation of regional ground water from
the central low-lying area. Electromagnetic induction
techniques for detecting preferred flowpaths away from the
basin were rendered ineffective in this environment because of
lithologic variations within the dune system. However,
examination of bore-logs and groundwater gradients indicated
that there was little evidence of stratigraphic control of
mound development. Salinity in the Parilla Sands aquifer was
closely related to the depth of the water table from the soil
surface. Shallow (2-4 m) water tables were affected by
recharge and evaporation to a much greater extent than ground
water located below the higher dunes. There was, however, an
almost instantaneous pressure response throughout the whole
groundwater system to changes induced in the low-lying areas.
Analyses of piezometric data showed that there was a seasonal
variation imposed on the groundwater mound development.
Corrected mean annual water-table increments and estimates of
the mound volume and area were derived from a Theis response
curve of the water table rise associated with the mound alone.
Calculations using fitted parameters from the Theis analyses
also suggested high transmissivit
40 NAL Call. No.: 80 AC82
Effects of olive oil waste water irrigation on young olive
plants. Briccoli-Bati, C.; Lombardo, N.
Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science;
1990 Dec. Acta horticulturae (286): p. 489-491; 1990 Dec.
Paper presented at the "International Symposium on Olive
Growing," Sept. 26-29, 1989, Cordoba, Spain. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Olea europaea; Olive oil; Processing; Waste
water; Irrigation water; Crop production; Fertilizers
41 NAL Call. No.: 280.8 J822
The effects of pricing policies on water conservation and
drainage. Caswell, M.; Lichtenberg, E.; Zilberman, D.
Ames, Iowa : American Agricultural Economics Association; 1990
Nov. American journal of agricultural economics v. 72 (4): p.
883-890; 1990 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: California; Cotton; Irrigated farming; Trickle
irrigation; Drainage; Innovation adoption; Water conservation;
Farm management; Farmland; Farm inputs; Water costs; Price
policy; Environmental policy; Pollution; Profitability;
Simulation models
Abstract: A general model of adoption of input-conserving
technologies by competitive firms is introduced using drip
irrigation as an example. An environmental regulation such as
a drainage effluent charge is shown to influence adoption.
Early adopters are likely to be producers with less efficient
fixed assets (land of low quality or antiquated capital),
higher input costs (higher water prices or greater depth to
groundwater), and in more environmentally sensitive regions.
Simulations show that drainage regulations can be expected to
play a major role in adoption of more efficient irrigation
technologies in California. Thus, conservation may be a key to
solving resource scarcity problems and reducing external
environmental costs.
42 NAL Call. No.: SB319.2.F6F56
Effects of reclaimed wastewater on leaf and soil mineral
composition and fruit quality of citrus.
Zekri, M.; Koo, R.C.J.
S.l. : The Society; 1991 Jun.
Proceedings of the ... annual meeting of the Florida State
Horticulture Society v. 103: p. 38-41; 1991 Jun. Meeting held
December 17-19, 1990, Lake Buena Vista, Florida. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Florida; Citrus; Irrigation; Waste water; Water
conservation; Crop quality; Foliar diagnosis; Mineral
nutrition; Soil water
43 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 J82
Effects of sludge disposal on groundwater nitrate
concentrations. Spalding, R.F.; Exner, M.E.; Martin, G.E.;
Snow, D.D.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Feb.
Journal of hydrology v. 142 (1/4): p. 213-228; 1993 Feb.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nebraska; Groundwater; Nitrate nitrogen;
Nitrogen; Stable isotopes; Sewage sludge; Soil injection;
Agricultural land; Denitrification; Persistence; Carbon;
Chloride; Water pollution; Drinking water; Groundwater
recharge
Abstract: More than 100 groundwater samples were collected
and analyzed for nitrate-nitrogen, delta 15N of the nitrate,
dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and chloride. Multilevel
samplers and nested monitoring wells were located beneath and
down-gradient from an irrigated cornfield on which human waste
sludge was injected. The sampling delineated a 1.3 km X 0.3 km
plume of nitrate contamination. Both the nitrate-nitrogen
concentrations and the delta 15N values within the plume's
centroid were homogeneous. The levels were 34 +/- 3 mg l-1 and
+13.4 +/- 1.2%, respectively. A retarding zone of clayey silt
split the plume and separated the oxic water from the deeper
anoxic water. Nitrate levels were lower in the anoxic water
and declined rapidly with depth. The significant association
(r = -0.91) between increasing delta 15N values and decreasing
nitrate concentrations indicated that the nitrate was
denitrified. High chloride concentrations in the anoxic zone
beneath the retarding layer are thought to originate from the
sludge storage lagoon and/or the sludge compost piles. Tritium
and atrazine levels confirm that this is recent recharge
water. Denitrification has utilized most of the original
nitrate and DOC in the plume.
44 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Effects on crops of irrigation with facultative pond effluent.
Monte, H.M. do; Sousa, M.S.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 26
(7/8): p. 1603-1613; 1992. In the series analytic: Water
Quality International '92. Part 4 / edited by M. Suzuki, et
al. Proceedings of the Sixtennth Biennial Conference of the
International Association on Water Pollution Research and
Control, held May 24-30, 1992, Washington, D.C. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Portugal; Refuse; Waste water treatment; Lagoons;
Effluents; Water reuse; Irrigation; Water; Crop yield; Crop
quality
45 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Effluent reuse by trickle irrigation.
Oron, G.; DeMalach, Y.; Hoffman, Z.; Manor, Y.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9):
p. 103-108; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater
Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano.
Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate
Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava,
Spain. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Israel; Effluents; Waste disposal; Waste
treatment; Fertigation; Trickle irrigation; Water reuse;
Irrigation water; Sprinkler irrigation; Soil; Crops;
Contamination; Zea mays; Sweetcorn; Bacteria; Viruses;
Counting
46 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.C2C3
Effluent water for turfgrass irrigation.
Harivandi, A.
Berkeley, Calif. : The Service; 1991.
Leaflet - University of California, Cooperative Extension
Service (21500): 11 p.; 1991. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Effluents; Irrigation; Lawns and turf; Landscape;
Waste water treatment; Health hazards; Water quality
47 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Effluents quality along a multiple-stage wastewater
reclamation system for agricultural reuse.
Azov, Y.; Shelef, G.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 23
(10/12): p. 2119-2126; 1991. Paper presented at the
"Fifteenth Biennial Conference of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control," July 29-
August 3, 1990, Kyoto, Japan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Israel; Waste water treatment; Effluents;
Quality; Irrigation water; Gossypium
48 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Evaluation of the California wastewater reclamation criteria
using enteric virus monitoring data.
Asano, T.; Leong, L.Y.C.; Rigby, M.G.; Sakaji, R.H.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 26
(7/8): p. 1513-1524; 1992. In the series analytic: Water
Quality International '92. Part 4 / edited by M. Suzuki, et
al. Proceedings of the Sixtennth Biennial Conference of the
International Association on Water Pollution Research and
Control, held May 24-30, 1992, Washington, D.C. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: California; Regulations; Refuse; Evaluation;
Reclamation; Indicators; Enterovirus; Water reuse; Irrigation
water
49 NAL Call. No.: TP963.A1F4
Fertilization under drip irrigation.
Bar-Yosef, B.
New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1991.
Fertilizer science and technology series v. 7: p. 285-329;
1991. In the series analytic: Fluid fertilizer science and
technology / edited by D.A. Palgrave. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Fertigation; Liquid fertilizers; Fluids; Trickle
irrigation; Fertilizer requirement determination; Irrigation
water; Ph; Salinity; Plant nutrition; Nutrient requirements;
Nutrient uptake; Temporal variation; Nitrogen; Movement in
soil; Transport processes; Spatial distribution; Root systems;
Soil water content; Soil solution; Mathematical models;
Monitoring; Fertilizer technology; Management; Crop production
50 NAL Call. No.: 56.9 SO3
Field study of bromacil transport under continuous-flood
irrigation. Jaynes, D.B.
Madison, Wis. : The Society; 1991 May.
Soil Science Society of America journal v. 55 (3): p. 658-664;
1991 May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Bromacil; Flood irrigation; Herbicide residues;
Leaching; Movement in soil; Transport processes; Agricultural
soils; Mathematical models
Abstract: The transport processes of sorbing chemicals in
field soils are poorly understood. This study characterized
the leaching behavior of the weakly sorbing herbicide bromacil
(5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil) in comparison to Br-
during continuous-flood irrigation of a small field plot.
Twenty-four solution samplers were used to periodically
collect in situ samples from seven depths within four 1.83 by
1.83 m subplots. Estimates of the pore water velocity (vs) and
dispersion coefficient (D) were made by fitting an analytical
solution of the convection-dispersion (CD) equation to the Br-
data. Estimates of retardation (R) were made by fitting the CD
equation to the bromacil data using the vs and D estimates
from the Br- data and letting R be a fitting parameter.
Estimates of R were also made from the results of batch
equilibration studies using soil from seven depths. Best-fit
vs and D values exhibited considerable variability from
sampler to sampler (CV = 1.25 and 1.30, respectively) and
showed no significant trends with depth. Retardation values
estimated from the CD equation averaged 1.88, but varied from
1.21 to 3.35 and also showed no significant trend with depth.
In contrast, batch equilibration studies showed the absorption
properties of the surface 0.6 m of soil to be significantly
different than the 0.6- to 3-m depth, with R values decreasing
from 1.62 for the surface 0.6 m to 1.31 at 3 m. Although the
two methods gave the same estimate of R in the surface soil
neither the lower R values at deeper depths nor the tendency
to decrease with depth as predicted from the batch studies was
apparent in the transport data. Using D as an additional
fitting parameter to the bromacil data resulted in an average
increase of 1.96 for this parameter, indicating more
dispersion for the sorbing solute. Increased dispersion and
increased tailing of the sorbed solute may be attributed to
spatially variable adsorption and to a negative correlation
between vs and R (r = -0.524)
51 NAL Call. No.: 80 AC82
First observations on the disposal effects of olive oil mills
vegetation waters on cultivated soil.
Marsilio, V.; Di Giovacchino, L.; Solinas, M.; Lombardo, N.;
Briccoli-Bati, C. Wageningen : International Society for
Horticultural Science; 1990 Dec. Acta horticulturae (286): p.
493-496; 1990 Dec. Paper presented at the "International
Symposium on Olive Growing," Sept. 26-29, 1989, Cordoba,
Spain.
Language: English
Descriptors: Italy; Olea europaea; Olive oil; Processing;
Waste water; Irrigation water; Soil amendments; Soil fertility
52 NAL Call. No.: QH540.J6
A functional model of solute transport that accounts for
bypass. Corwin, D.L.; Waggoner, B.L.; Rhoades, J.D.
Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Jul.
Journal of environmental quality v. 20 (3): p. 647-658; 1991
Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Groundwater; Water quality; Transport processes;
Solutes; Water management; Mathematical models
Abstract: Public awareness of groundwater contamination has
created renewed interest in solute transport models that can
be practically applied as groundwater quality management
tools. Because of their simplicity with regard to input
requirements, functional models of solute transport are
excellent groundwater quality management tools. A functional
model of one-dimensional solute transport that accounts for
hydraulic bypass is presented. The transport model TETrans,
simulates the vertical movement of nonvolatile solutes (i.e.,
trace elements and nonvolatile organic chemicals) through the
vadose zone. Plant water uptake is taken into account assuming
no solute uptake by the plant. TETrans requires minimal input
data for its operation. Since TETrans uses a mass-balance
approach to solute transport, it offers the speed of an
analytical solution and the versatility of a numerical
approach without the need for input parameters, which are
difficult to measure. TETrans is able to account for bypass
with a single term, the mobility coefficient. The mobility
coefficient, gamma, represents the fraction of the soil liquid
phase, which is subject to piston-type displacement;
therefore, 1 - gamma represents the fraction of the liquid
phase that is bypassed. The mobility coefficient is a
temporally and spatially variable parameter (within a range of
0 to l) which is calculated from the deviation of the measured
chloride concentration from the predicted concentration
assuming piston displacement and assuming complete mixing of
the resident soil solution and incoming water for a given
irrigation and volume of soil. A constant mobility coefficient
for a given depth or entire profile can be determined by
averaging temporally varying mobility coefficients or
averaging spatially and temporally varying mobility
coefficients, respectively. In essence, the mobility
coefficient simplistically accounts for three physical
transport phenomena in a single term. On a microscopic level
there is flow thr
53 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Furrow infiltration and design with cannery wastewater.
Xanthoulis, D.; Wallender, W.W.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
Engineers; 1991 Nov. Transactions of the ASAE v. 34 (6): p.
2390-2396. ill; 1991 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: California; Sorghum; Surface irrigation; Waste
water; Design; Furrows; Infiltration; Cannery wastes;
Tomatoes; Waste disposal
Abstract: Surface irrigation is used to apply food processing
wastewater. A newly developed flow-through infiltrometer was
developed to measure the influence of wastewater quality on
infiltration and irrigation performance. Steady infiltration
rate decreased with increased loading of BOD and TS of tomato
processing wastewater. Using a hydraulic model to simulate
irrigation performance, it was shown that ignoring the decline
in infiltration with increased loading and using the
unadjusted infiltration function reduced predicted application
efficiency 23%. Surface irrigation system design should
therefore include the effect of wastewater quality.
54 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Golf course irrigation with reclaimed wastewater.
Mujeriego, R.; Sala, L.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9):
p. 161-171; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater
Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano.
Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate
Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava,
Spain. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Spain; Waste water treatment; Water reuse;
Irrigation water; Requirements; Golf courses; Public health;
Health protection; Microbial contamination; Water resources;
Water quality; Physicochemical properties; Operation;
Maintenance; Costs
55 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Ground water recharge with sewage effluent.
Bouwer, H.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 23
(10/12): p. 2099-2108; 1991. Paper presented at the
"Fifteenth Biennial Conference of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control," July 29-
August 3, 1990, Kyoto, Japan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Arizona; Sewage effluent; Treatment; Water reuse;
Irrigation water; Health protection; Groundwater recharge
56 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 W295
Groundwater flow and solute movement to drain laterals,
western San Joaquin Valley, California. 1. Geochemical
assessment.
Deverel, S.J.; Fio, J.L.
Washington, D.C. : American Geophysical Union; 1991 Sep.
Water resources research v. 27 (9): p. 2233-2246; 1991 Sep.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: California; Drainage water; Groundwater;
Groundwater flow; Flow to drains; Solutes; Agricultural soils;
Irrigated conditions; Selenium; Salinity; Water quality;
Geochemistry; Hydrology; Quantitative analysis
Abstract: A study was undertaken to quantitatively evaluate
the hydrologic processes affecting the chemical and isotopic
composition of drain lateral water in a drained agricultural
field in the western San Joaquin Valley, California. The
results elucidate the process of mixing of deep and shallow
groundwater (below and within 6 m from land surface) entering
the drain laterals. The deep groundwater was subject to
evapoconcentration prior to drainage system installation and
has been displaced downward (to depths greater than 6 m) in
the groundwater system. The proportions of deep and shallow
groundwater entering the drain laterals was calculated from
the end-member oxygen 18 compositions determined in
groundwater samples. The percentage of total drain lateral
flow which is deep groundwater flow is about 30% for the
shallow drain lateral (1.8 m below land surface) (drain
lateral 1)) and 60% for the deep drain lateral (2.7 m below
land surface (drain lateral 2)). During irrigation, the
percentages of deep groundwater flow decrease to 0 and 30% for
the shallow and deep drain laterals, respectively. Selenium
concentrations in drain lateral waters decrease during
irrigation but selenium loads increase. Total estimated annual
loads were 1.1 and 5.4 kg of selenium for drain laterals 1 and
2, respectively. Substantial percentages of the annual load
occurred during 8 days of irrigation, 23 and 9% for drain
laterals 1 and 2, respectively.
57 NAL Call. No.: QD1.A45
Groundwater-sampling network to study agrochemical effects on
water quality in the unconfined aquifer: southeastern
Delaware.
Denver, J.M.
Washington, D.C. : The Society; 1991.
ACS Symposium series - American Chemical Society (465): p.
139-149; 1991. In the series analytic: Groundwater residue
sampling design / edited by R.G. Nash and A.R. Leslie.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Delaware; Groundwater; Agricultural chemicals;
Water quality; Sampling
Abstract: Understanding local and regional groundwater-flow
patterns was necessary to design a sampling network to study
the movement and distribution of agrochemicals in the
unconfined aquifer in southeastern Delaware. Clusters of wells
completed at various depths were installed in the expected
direction of local groundwater flow along a transect from the
center of a 100-ha cultivated field toward a nearby stream.
Contrary to expectations, groundwater flow in the study area
is almost parallel to the stream, in the direction of regional
flow. Consequently, agrochemicals from the site migrate along
flow paths from source (recharge) areas to distant regional
discharge areas and do not significantly influence the water
quality in the stream. The sampling network was expanded
upgradient and downgradient from the original site during a
second phase of the study. The expanded network provided
better understanding of agrochemical distribution relative to
regional groundwater-flow patterns.
58 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Health guidelines and standards for wastewater reuse in
agriculture: historical perspectives.
Shuval, H.I.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 23
(10/12): p. 2073-2080; 1991. Paper presented at the
"Fifteenth Biennial Conference of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control," July 29-
August 3, 1990, Kyoto, Japan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Waste water; Water reuse; Irrigation
water; Health protection; Regulations; Historical records
59 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Human waste use: health protection practices and scheme
monitoring. Strauss, M.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9):
p. 67-79; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater
Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano.
Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate
Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava,
Spain. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Man; Wastes; Waste utilization; Agricultural
production; Aquaculture; Public health; Health protection;
Waste water; Water reuse; Guidelines; Waste water treatment;
Irrigation water
60 NAL Call. No.: 81 SO12
The impact of phytophthora root rot on water extraction from
soil by roots of field-grown processing tomatoes.
Ristaino, J.B.; Duniway, J.M.
Alexandria, Va. : The Society; 1991 Jul.
Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science v.
116 (4): p. 603-608; 1991 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: California; Lycopersicon esculentum; Root rots;
Soil fungi; Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica; Furrow
irrigation; Water uptake; Soil depth; Profiles
Abstract: Processing tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)
grown in field plots with soil infested with or free of
Phytophthora parasitica Dastur. were furrow-irrigated for 4 to
8 hours every 14 days (normal irrigation), for 4 to 8 hours
every 28 days (less frequent irrigation), or for 4 to 8 and 24
hours on alternate irrigations every 14 days (prolonged
irrigation). Disease developed more rapidly and symptom
severity was greater in inoculated plants that received
prolonged irrigation, whereas disease onset was delayed in
inoculated plants that were irrigated less frequently. Water
extraction by tomato roots from well-irrigated and noninfested
soil was usually greatest at shallow depths and decreased with
depth. When disease was increasing and soil moisture was high,
diseased plants extracted less total water from all depths and
significantly less water at shallow depths. Plants in the
drier soil profiles extracted the greatest amounts of water at
depths below 90 cm, and diseased plants irrigated less
frequently showed reductions in water extraction at shallow
depths later in the season. Tomato root systems appeared to
compensate for moderate levels of root disease at shallow
depths by extracting more water from deeper in the profile.
61 NAL Call. No.: RA1270.P35A1
Impact of sewage disposal on the hematological and biochemical
parameters of dairy cows.
Varadarajan, K.; Paliwal, K.; Rajamanickam, C.; Manickavel,
K.; Jeyapaul, G.; Logasundari, S.
New York, N.Y. : Springer-Verlag; 1991 Nov.
Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology v. 47
(5): p. 653-659; 1991 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Tamil nadu; Dairy cows; Sewage; Sewage effluent
disposal; Irrigated pastures; Toxicity; Blood picture;
Hematology
62 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Infiltration percolation for reclaimimg stabilization pond
effluents. Brissaud, F.; Restrepo-Bardon, M.; Soulie, M.;
Joseph, C. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9):
p. 185-193; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater
Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano.
Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate
Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava,
Spain. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: France; Waste water treatment; Stabilizing;
Ponds; Infiltration; Percolation; Construction; Water reuse;
Irrigation water; Lawns and turf; Landscape gardening
63 NAL Call. No.: QH84.8.B46
Influence of irrigation with pulp and paper mill effluent on
soil chemical and microbiological properties.
Kannan, K.; Oblisami, G.
Berlin : Springer International; 1990.
Biology and fertility of soils v. 10 (3): p. 197-201; 1990.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Tamil nadu; Kraft mill effluent; Microbiology;
Rhizobiaceae; Soil amendments; Soil biology; Soil chemistry;
Soil fungi
64 NAL Call. No.: S592.7.A1S6
Influence of paper mill effluent irrigation on soil enzyme
activities. Kannan, K.; Oblisami, G.
Exeter : Pergamon Press; 1990.
Soil biology and biochemistry v. 22 (7): p. 923-926; 1990.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Paper mill sludge; Irrigation; Agricultural land;
Enzyme activity; Cellulase; Beta-fructofuranosidase
65 NAL Call. No.: 382 SO12
The influence of saline irrigation and organic waste
fertilisation on the mineral content (N, P, K, Na, Ca and Mg)
of tomatoes.
Gomez, I.; Navarro-Pedreno, J.; Mataix, J.
Essex : Elsevier Applied Science; 1992.
Journal of the science of food and agriculture v. 59 (4): p.
483-487; 1992. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Tomatoes; Saline water; Irrigation; Calcareous
soils; Fertilizers; Almonds; Byproducts; Sewage sludge; Food
composition; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Potassium; Sodium; Calcium;
Magnesium
Abstract: Tomato plants were grown in a calcareous soil
supplemented with two organic wastes (sewage sludge and
epicarp-mesocarp of the almond tree fruit). They were
irrigated at three levels of salinity caused by the addition
of sodium chloride, N, P, K, Na, Ca and Mg were determined in
the soil and tomato fruits. The treatments had a significant
incidence on mineral content in fruit and soil.
66 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 J82
The interaction of two major old water bodies and its
implication for the exploitation of groundwater in the
multiple aquifer system of the central and northern Negev,
Israel.
Kronfeld, J.; Rosenthal, E.; Weinberger, G.; Flexer, A.;
Berkowitz, B. Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Publishers,
B.V.; 1993 Mar15. Journal of hydrology v. 143 (3/4): p.
169-190; 1993 Mar15. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Israel; Aquifers; Groundwater; Groundwater
recharge; Groundwater level; Salt water intrusion; Wells;
Groundwater flow; Ph; Temperature; Ions; Chemical composition;
Stable isotopes; Radiocarbon dating; Triticum
Abstract: In the Beer Sheva region of the Negev desert, the
only significant fresh groundwater is contained within the
Judea Group carbonate aquifer. It is found that this aquifer
holds two distinctly different old water bodies. One such
groundwater body has evolved in equilibrium with the carbonate
aquifer rocks after being recharged during the Holocene in the
Hebron Mountains north of the study area. At present, modern
recharge, as denoted by the tritium and radiocarbon contents,
is very minor. A subtle 'piston effect' generated by
contemporary replenishment is discussed in representative
hydrographs in Beer Sheva wells. Another groundwater body
identified in the Judea Group aquifer derives from the
underlying Kurnub Group aquifer. The regional artesian Kurnub
Group aquifer (Nubian Sandstone) contains an older and
brackish groundwater body which has been recharged in Sinai
during Pleistocene pluvials. Faulting in the Beer Sheva region
facilitated hydrologic contact between the two aquifers.
Exploitation of the Judea Group has released confining
pressures and resulted in the intrusion of Kurnub Group water
into the overlying Judea Group carbonate aquifer. This process
is most significant in those wells drilled close to major
faults where salinity increases with pumping. The intruding
water originating from the Kurnub Group sandstone aquifer has
not yet equilibrated chemically with the carbonate host. The
low pH and high temperatures that have been encountered
indicate continuing and very recent intrusion. In the Beer
Sheva area, in the absence of direct significant modern
recharge (as determined from tritium and 14C values), all
waters should be considered as paleowaters that are being
mined. A complete revision of the hydrologic concept by which
the multiple aquifer system can be exploited is required, to
take into account the fact that the fresh Judea Group
groundwater is actually an old (Holocene) water body intruded
by brackish and older (Pleistocene) water along fault
67 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
International perspective on water resources management and
wastewater reuse--appropriate technologies.
Bartone, C.R.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 23
(10/12): p. 2039-2047; 1991. Paper presented at the
"Fifteenth Biennial Conference of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control," July 29-
August 3, 1990, Kyoto, Japan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Waste water; Water reuse; Irrigation water;
Aquaculture
68 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Investigating land based disposal of Bolivar reclaimed water,
South Australia. Schrale, G.; Boardman, R.; Blaskett, M.J.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1993.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 27 (1):
p. 87-96; 1993. In the series analytic: Appropriate waste
management technologies / edited by G. Ho and K. Mathew.
Proceedings of the International Conference, held November
27-28, 1991, Perth, Australia. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: South australia; Sewage effluent disposal; Waste
water treatment; Application to land; Irrigated soils
69 NAL Call. No.: SB476.G7
Irrigating with effluent.
Howard, H.F.
Overland Park, Kan. : Intertec Publishing Corporation; 1992
Mar. Grounds maintenance v. 27 (3): p. 52, 54, 58; 1992 Mar.
Language: English
Descriptors: Irrigation; Effluents; Ponds; Aeration; Pumps;
Filters; Water filters; Protozoa; Aquatic weeds; Algae; Weed
control; Pathogens; Waterfowl; Botulism; Sodium
70 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P
Irrigation of turfgrass with secondary sewage effluent. I.
Soil and leachate water quality.
Hayes, A.R.; Mancino, C.F.; Pepper, I.L.
Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1990 Sep.
Agronomy journal v. 82 (5): p. 939-943; 1990 Sep. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Arizona; Lawns and turf; Sewage effluent;
Application to land; Waste utilization; Irrigation water; Soil
ph; Electrical conductivity; Exchangeable sodium; Arid
regions; Leachates; Water quality
Abstract: In arid climates water is a limited resource, and
turfgrass is often irrigated with municipal effluent. However,
the effects of continuous turfgrass irrigation with sewage
effluent on soil and leachate water quality needs to be
evaluated. The objective of this field experiment was to
evaluate the effect of secondary treated municipal effluent
irrigation on soil and leachate properties under a turf
groundcover during the first 16 mo of irrigation. Research
plots were irrigated identically with either effluent or
potable water using a leaching fraction of approximately 20%.
Effluent irrigation resulted in significant changes in soil
properties after a relatively short period of time. After 16
mo of use, when compared with potable irrigation, effluent was
found to increase electrical conductivity (EC) by 0.5 dS m-1,
NO3-N by 7.8 mg kg-1, P by 31.7 mg kg-1, K by 134 mg kg-1, Na
by 6.0 mmol L-1 and the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP)
by 6.8. Soil Ca + Mg concentrations were greater under
effluent irrigation by 0.5 mmol L-1 but decreased during the
study period. Soil pH was not significantly different from
potable irrigation. Leachates collected at 0.61-m depth
indicated that effluent soil leachates were higher than
potable leachates primarily in EC by 0.2 dS m-1 and Na content
by 0.8 mmol L-1. The increase did not exceed current
recommended limits for drinking water quality.
71 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P
Irrigation of turfgrass with secondary sewage effluent. II.
Turf quality. Hayes, A.R.; Mancino, C.F.; Forden, W.Y.; Kopec,
D.M.; Pepper, I.L. Madison, Wis. : American Society of
Agronomy; 1990 Sep.
Agronomy journal v. 82 (5): p. 943-946; 1990 Sep. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Arizona; Cynodon dactylon; Lolium perenne; Sewage
effluent; Irrigation water; Application to land; Crop
establishment; Seedling emergence; Nitrogen fertilizers;
Application rates; Crop quality; Nutrient excesses; Waste
utilization
Abstract: Due to limited water resources, golf course
irrigation with municipal sewage effluent is a common
practice, and, in some areas of the USA Desert Southwest
mandatory. However, effluent irrigation changes soil
properties and therefore different management practices are
needed for good quality turfgrass. This field experiment
evaluated the continuous use of secondary treated municipal
sewage effluent on turfgrass quality over a 64-wk period. In
April 1987, common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.)
was seeded to a Sonoita gravelly sandy loam (coarse-loamy,
mixed, thermic Typic Haplargid) and maintained under fairway
conditions. In October of that year, perennial ryegrass
(Lolium perenne L.) was overseeded to maintain an actively
growing turf. Plots were irrigated identically with either
effluent or potable water. Effluent irrigation led to
significantly lower seed emergence but improved seed
establishment. Turf quality was assessed under each irrigation
with four N fertilization rates of 0, 16.1, 32.3 and 48.4 kg N
ha-1 (4 wk)-1. Established effluent irrigated turf did not
show signs of osmotic stress with the leaching fraction
employed. Effluent provided significant amounts of nutrients
at high application rates. No single fertilization rate or
irrigation regime consistently produced a superior turf
quality over the course of the whole study. Effluent irrigated
turf showed signs of overfertilization, greater heat stress
and chlorosis of overseeded ryegrass stands during the summer
months on plots receiving N fertilizer amendments. Municipal
effluent did produce a high quality turf, but, the greater
soluble salt and nutrient content of the water necessitate
special management strategies.
72 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P
Irrigation of turfgrass with secondary sewage effluent: soil
quality. Mancino, C.F.; Pepper, I.L.
Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Jul.
Agronomy Journal v. 84 (4): p. 650-654; 1992 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Arizona; Cynodon dactylon; Lawns and turf;
Irrigation water; Sewage effluent; Waste utilization; Waste
water; Soil chemistry; Electrical conductivity; Potassium;
Soil ph; Sodium; Phosphorus; Soil fertility; Zinc; Iron;
Manganese; Copper; Soil organic matter; Soil bacteria
Abstract: Effluent and other secondary waters have become
important sources of irrigation water in the U.S. Southwest.
Information is inadequate relative to potential long-term
effluent irrigation effects on turfgrass and soil chemical
quality. The objective of this field research was to determine
the influence of secondarily treated municipal wastewater
irrigation on the chemical quality of bermudagrass (Cynodon
dactylon L.) turf soil (Sonoita gravelly sandy loam: coarse-
loamy, mixed, thermic Typic Haplargid) when compared to
similarly irrigated potable water plots. Research plots were
irrigated using a 20% leaching fraction. After 3.2 yr of use,
effluent water increased soil electrical conductivity by 0.2
ds m-1, Na by 155 mg kg-1, P by 26 mg kg-1, and K by 50 mg
kg-1 in comparison to potable irrigated plots. Soil pH was not
significantly affected by effluent irrigation. The
concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn were found to be within
the range considered normal for agricultural soil. Effluent
irrigation increased soil total organic carbon and nitrogen
during the first 1.3 yr of irrigation only. Total aerobic
bacteria populations were similar in all irrigated plots
indicating these microbes were not promoted or inhibited by
the use of this wastewater. In summary, the irrigation of this
turf soil for 3.3 yr with the secondarily treated wastewater
used in this study had no serious detrimental effects on soil
quality.
73 NAL Call. No.: S405.A34 v.17
Irrigation with treated sewage effluent management for
environmental protection.
Feigin, A.; Ravina, I.; Shalhevet, Joseph
Berlin ; New York : Springer-Verlag,; 1991.
x, 224 p. : ill. ; 25 cm. (Advanced series in agricultural
sciences ; 17). Includes bibliographical references (p.
[201]-216) and index.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sewage irrigation
74 NAL Call. No.: QE1.E5
Land application: its effectiveness in purification of urban
and industrial wastewaters in La Mancha, Spain.
Bustamante, I. de
New York, N.Y. : Springer; 1990 Nov.
Environmental geology and water sciences v. 16 (3): p.
179-185. ill., maps; 1990 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Spain; Waste water treatment; Application to
land; Fertigation; Potassium; Sodium; Cations; Populus
canadensis; Water purification
75 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 W295
The Las Cruces Trench site: characterization, experimental
results, and one-dimensional flow predictions.
Wierenga, P.J.; Hills, R.G.; Hudson, D.B.
Washington, D.C. : American Geophysical Union; 1991 Oct.
Water resources research v. 27 (10): p. 2695-2705; 1991 Oct.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: New Mexico; Soil water; Water flow; Solutes;
Transport processes; Infiltration; Semiarid soils; Soil
variability; Wetting front; Saturated hydraulic conductivity;
Deterministic models; Prediction
Abstract: A comprehensive field trench study was conducted in
a semiarid area of southern New Mexico to provide data to test
deterministic and stochastic models of vadose zone flow and
transport. A 4 m by 9 m area was irrigated with water
containing a tracer using a carefully controlled drip
irrigation system. The area was heavily instrumented with
tensiometers and neutron probe access tubes to monitor water
movement and with suction tubes to monitor solute transport.
Approximately 600 disturbed and 600 core samples of soil were
taken to support deterministic and stochastic characterization
of the soil water hydraulic parameters. The core sample-based
saturated hydraulic conductivities ranged from 1.4 to 6731
cm/d with a mean of 533 cm/d and a standard deviation of 647
cm/d, indicating significant spatial variability. However,
visual observation of the wetting front on the trench wall
shows no indication of preferential flow or water flow through
visible root channels and cracks. The tensiometer readings and
the neutron probe measurements also suggest that the wetting
front moves in a fairly homogeneous fashion despite the
significant spatial variability of the saturated hydraulic
conductivity. In addition to the description of the experiment
and the presentation of the experimental results, predictions
of simple one-dimensional uniform and layered soil
deterministic models for infiltration are presented and
compared to field observations. These models are presented
here to provide a base case against which more sophisticated
deterministic and stochastic models can be compared in the
future. The results indicate that the simple models give
adequate predictions of the overall movement of the wetting
front through the soil during infiltration. However, the
models give poor predictions of point values for water content
due to the spatial variability of the soil. Comparisons
between the one-dimensional infiltration model predictions and
field observations show that the use of t
76 NAL Call. No.: S601.A34
Livestock waste treatment in a double channel oxidation ditch.
Ushikubo, A.; Yoshimura, M.; Kato, M.; Oyama, G.; D'Itri, F.M.
Amsterdam : Elsevier; 1991 Jun14.
Agriculture, ecosystems and environment v. 36 (1/2): p. 59-74;
1991 Jun14. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Japan; Animal wastes; Biological treatment;
Oxidation ditches; Aeration; Anaerobic conditions; Waste
water; Effluents; Waste utilization; Application to land;
Irrigation; Biological oxygen demand; Chemical oxygen demand;
Nitrogen; Nitrites; Nitrate nitrogen; Denitrification;
Ammonium nitrogen; Ammonia; Phosphorus; Dissolved oxygen;
Temperature; Regulations; Water quality
77 NAL Call. No.: QH84.8.B46
Longterm influence of liquid sewage sludge on the organic
carbon andnitrogen content of a furrow-irrigated desert soil.
Artiola, J.F.; Pepper, I.L.
Berlin : Springer International; 1992.
Biology and fertility of soils v. 14 (1): p. 30-36; 1992.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Arizona; Desert soils; Liquid wastes; Sewage
sludge; Application rates; Carbon; Mineralization; Nitrogen;
Soil organic matter; Furrow irrigation; Leaching; Waste
disposal; Water pollution
78 NAL Call. No.: QH540.J6
Maize production impacts on groundwater quality.
Schepers, J.S.; Moravek, M.G.; Alberts, E.E.; Frank, K.D.
Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Jan.
Journal of environmental quality v. 20 (1): p. 12-16; 1991
Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nebraska; Zea mays; Crop production;
Environmental impact; Groundwater; Irrigated conditions;
Leaching; Nitrate nitrogen; Nitrogen fertilizers; Water
management; Water quality; Yield targets
Abstract: The cumulative effects of management practices on
nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) leaching and groundwater quality are
frequently difficult to document because of the time required
for expression and the diversity of interacting processes
involved. This work reports results of a N and water
management program initiated by the Central Platte Natural
Resource District (CPNRD) in Nebraska. Cultural practices
recommended by the CPNRD and reported by producers for the
1988 growing season, representing approximately 3900 fields
covering 84 210 ha of irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) indicated
NO3-N contamination of groundwater was influenced by yield
goals and fertilizer N application rates. Groundwater NO3-N
concentrations were positively correlated with residual N in
the surface 0.9 m of soil prior to the growing season,
reflecting the effects of past N and water management
practices. Yield goals in 1988 averaged 9% higher than the
average 10.0 Mg ha-1 corn yield attained, which accounts for
an average of about 20 kg N ha-1 in excess of the average N
recommendation. By comparison, in a 1980 to 1984 study from an
area within the CPNRD, yield goals averaged 28% greater than
actual yields. Overly optimistic yield goals in 1988 accounted
for 42% of the average excess N application rate of 48 kg ha-1
(based on University of Nebraska recommendations). A large
portion of average excess N application is attributed to
producers in 14% of the area who applied > 100 kg N ha-1 more
than the recommended rates. Fertilizer N applied showed little
relationship to fertilizer N recommended. Better education and
more stringent measures may be required to address the select
group of producers who fail to follow CPNRD recommendations.
79 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Management of sugarcane mill wastewater in Hawaii.
Chang, L.J.; Yang, P.Y.; Whalen, S.A.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1990.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 22 (9):
p. 131-140; 1990. Paper presented at the "International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control Symposium
on Waste Management Problems in Agro-Industries," September
25-27, 1989, Istanbul, Turkey. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hawaii; Sugarcane; Sugar industry; Waste water
treatment; Installations; Performance; Design; Anaerobic
conditions; Pretreatment; Aerobic treatment; Removal;
Efficiency; Water reuse; Trickle irrigation; Washing; Cost
analysis
80 NAL Call. No.: S612.2.N38 1990
Managing wastewater/land application by computerized remote
monitor control. Howard, H.D.; Poppe, R.E.; Unruh< R.R.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
Engineers; 1990. Visions of the future : proceedings of the
Third National Irrigation Symposium held in conjunction with
the 11th Annual International Irrigation Exposition, October
28-November 1, 1990, Phoenix Civic Plaza, Phoenix, Arizona. p.
114; 1990. (ASAE publication ; 04-90).
Language: English
Descriptors: Oklahoma; Waste water; Irrigation; Computer
programming; Remote control
81 NAL Call. No.: GC302.3.M36 1990
Manual for water level gauging and discharge measurements.
Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit,
International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, Deutscher
Verband fur Wasserwirschaft und Kulturbau
Hamburg : P. Parey,; 1990.
xvi, 258 p. (4 folded) : ill. ; 30 cm. (Guidelines for water
management ; 301). "Deutscher Verband fur Wasserwirtschaft
und Kulturbau"--P. [2] of cover. English version of
"Pegelvorschrift.".
Language: English
Descriptors: Hydrography; Gaging; Tides
82 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 W295
A mathematical model of hillslope and watershed discharge.
Stagnitti, F.; Parlange, J.Y.; Steenhuis, T.S.; Parlange,
M.B.; Rose, C.W. Washington, D.C. : American Geophysical
Union; 1992 Aug.
Water resources research v. 28 (8): p. 2111-2122; 1992 Aug.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Connecticut; Watersheds; Water flow; Soil water;
Slopes; Soil water balance; Soil physical properties; Soil
depth; Runoff; Seepage; Evaporation; Water yield; Water
holding capacity; Saturated hydraulic conductivity; Catchment
hydrology; Mathematical models; Prediction
Abstract: A mathematical water balance model describing major
hydrological processes operating within wet forested
watersheds is proposed. The model is capable of predicting
hillslope and watershed discharge, evapotranspiration demands,
hillslope moisture status, and surface and subsurface flow
rates. It is based on soil physical principles and requires
the following input variables: average hillslope angle and
width, average soil depth, precipitation, average daily
evaporation rates, effective saturated hydraulic conductivity,
soil moisture holding capacity and initial moisture content.
These variables are often easily measured from field studies.
However, in some cases, the absence of field data may require
that some of the variables in the model, e.g., saturated
hydraulic conductivity, be estimated or calibrated from
hillslope hydrograph records. The watershed model is composed
of two submodels: a storage model and a hillslope model. The
storage model describes the dynamic variation in water table
elevation in recharge zones and the hillslope model is used to
predict runoff and seepage through flow from surrounding
hillsides. Application of the model is illustrated on a small
watershed located in North Madison, Connecticut.
83 NAL Call. No.: 107.6 SA23
Method for determining design discharge of main drainage
canal. Design and management of large scale irrigation system.
II.
Ogino, Y.; Yabe, K.; Murashima, K.; Tanigawa, T.
Sakai, Osaka : The University; 1992.
Bulletin of the University of Osaka Prefecture : Series B :
Agriculture and biology v. 44: p. 49-54; 1992. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Japan; Irrigation systems; Drainage channels;
Discharge; Design; Management; Agricultural land; Watersheds;
Calculation
84 NAL Call. No.: QK867.J67
Mineral nutrient concentration and uptake by tomato irrigated
with recirculating aquaculture water as influenced by quantity
of fish waste products supplied.
McMurtry, M.R.; Sanders, D.C.; Nelson, P.V.; Nash, A.
New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1993.
Journal of plant nutrition v. 16 (3): p. 407-409; 1993.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Nutrient availability;
Nutrient uptake; Nitrogen; Potassium; Phosphorus; Magnesium;
Calcium; Sulfur; Trace elements; Irrigation; Effluents; Fish
culture; Oreochromis mossambicus
Abstract: Fish and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)
production were linked in a recirculating water system. Fish
(tilapia) were fed a commercial diet with 32% protein. Tomato
cultivars 'Laura' and 'Kewalo' were grown during summer 1988
and spring 1989, respectively, in a Raleigh, NC greenhouse.
Plants were grown in biofilters at 4 plants/m2 and surface
irrigated 8 times daily with water pumped from an associated
fish tank. Four tank-to-biofilter ratios were established by
varying the filter size. Each system received identical
nutrient inputs and an equal quantity of water was applied per
plant. Biofilter drainage returned to the tanks. Biological
filtration, aeration, and mineral assimilation by plants
maintained water quality within limits for tilapia. All
nutrients were assimilated above deficiency levels. Tissue
concentrations of N, P, K and Mg were not limiting. Calcium
was low and S high when their sole nutrient source was fish
waste. Micronutrients were assimilated in excess of
sufficiency, but toxicity was not seen. Irrespective of fruit
yield, metabolic products of each kilogram increase in fish
biomass provided sufficient nutrient for two tomato plants for
a period of three months. Under reduced growth rates of mature
fish, K became limiting. Alterations in fish feed mineral
nutrient content are suggested which better meet plant
requirements and still remain within the range of fish needs.
85 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 W295
Modeling long-term solute transport in drained unsaturated
zones. Kandil, H.; Miller, C.T.; Skaggs, R.W.
Washington, D.C. : American Geophysical Union; 1992 Oct.
Water resources research v. 28 (10): p. 2799-2809; 1992 Oct.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Unsaturated flow; Transport processes; Solutes;
Drained conditions; Soil water balance; Water table; Water
quality; Prediction; Simulation; Mathematical models;
Algorithms
Abstract: Long-term assessment of solute transport in the
unsaturated zone is an important consideration for irrigation
management, pesticide management, and subsurface contaminant
restoration analysis and design. Mathematical models are often
used to perform such analyses. Modeling fluid flow and solute
transport in the unsaturated zone typically requires solution
of the nonlinear Richards equation and an advective-dispersive
equation for contaminant transport as a function of time. Such
solutions are possible but computationally expensive. A
simplified water balance approach to solve fluid flow in
shallow, drained unsaturated zones has been developed and
refined over the last 15 years. The objectives of this study
were to use results from a water balance model to obtain
solutions for solute transport in drained, shallow water table
soils, and to compare the results with solutions based upon
Richards' equation. Transient soil water flux rates computed
with a water balance model were used as input to a Petrov-
Galerkin advective-dispersive transport model to simulate
solute transport in unsaturated soils. The transport model was
checked for consistency by comparison with an analytical
solution. Sample simulations showed good agreement between a
Richards' equation-based transport model and a water balance-
based transport model. Simulations were performed to show
predicted trends in water quality over 1-year periods.
86 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 W295
Modeling of carbon dioxide transport and production in soil.
1. Model development.
Simunek, J.; Suarez, D.L.
Washington, D.C. : American Geophysical Union; 1993 Feb.
Water resources research v. 29 (2): p. 487-497; 1993 Feb.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Carbon dioxide; Production; Transport processes;
Spatial distribution; Water flow; Heat flow; Respiration; Soil
biology; Soil chemistry; Prediction; Simulation models;
Mathematical models
Abstract: Knowledge of the CO2 concentration in the
unsaturated zone is essential for prediction of solution
chemistry in the vadose zone and groundwater recharge as well
as for quantifying carbon source/sink terms as part of the
global CO2 mass balance. In this paper we present a predictive
simulation model, SOILCO2, based on process-oriented
relationships. The model includes one-dimensional water flow
and multiphase transport of CO2 utilizing the Richards and the
convection-dispersion equations, respectively, as well as heat
flow and a CO2 production model. The transport of CO2 in the
unsaturated zone can occur in both the liquid and gas phases.
The gas transport equation accounts for production of CO2 and
uptake of CO2 by plant roots associated with root water
uptake. The CO2 production model considers both microbial and
root respiration which is dependent on water content,
temperature, growth, salinity and plant and soil
characteristics. Heat flow is included, since some gas
transport parameters, partitioning coefficients and production
parameters are strongly temperature dependent. The resulting
set of partial differential equations is solved numerically
using the finite element and finite difference methods.
87 NAL Call. No.: 56.8 J823
Modelling water and solute transport in macroporous soil. II.
Chloride breakthrough under non-steady flow.
Jarvis, N.J.; Bergstrom, L.; Dik, P.E.
Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1991 Mar.
The Journal of soil science v. 42 (1): p. 71-81; 1991 Mar.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Soil physics; Macropore flow; Solutes; Chlorides;
Leaching; Prediction; Topsoil; Hydraulic conductivity;
Porosity; Clay soils; Mathematical models; Diffusion models
Abstract: A model of water and solute transport in
macroporous soils (Jarvis et al., 1991) has been evaluated in
column breakthrough experiments under field conditions.
Hydraulic properties were first measured in replicate soil
monolith lysimeters sampled from grass ley and continuous
barley treatments in a clay soil. A pulse input of 0.05 M KCl
was then supplied by drip irrigation and measurements made of
the water discharge and chloride leaching resulting from the
natural rainfall over a 1-month period. The results showed
that the macropores constituted the dominant flow pathway
(accounting for 80% of the total water outflow) and that
diffusive exchange of chloride between the two flow domains
was the main factor causing variability in leaching. Larger
hydraulic conductivities and macroporosities in the lower
topsoil and at plough depth in the grass ley monoliths were
taken as evidence of structural amelioration. Less of the
applied chloride was leached in the grass monoliths than in
the barley (means of 20% and 31% respectively). This was
mainly due to a smaller effective aggregate size and thus a
more efficient diffusion-controlled retention.
88 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P
Modification of infiltration rates in an organic-amended
irrigated soil. Martens, D.A.; Frankenberger, W.T. Jr
Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Jul.
Agronomy Journal v. 84 (4): p. 707-717; 1992 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: California; Soil treatment; Organic amendments;
Poultry manure; Sewage sludge; Barley straw; Alfalfa; Soil
organic matter; Soil physical properties; Aggregates;
Stability; Soil water; Infiltration; Soil chemistry; Soil
water content; Polysaccharides; Irrigated conditions; Soil
density; Bulk density; Microbial activities; Respiration rate
Abstract: Slow water infiltration in some California soils
results in considerable irrigation water loss through
increased runoff and evaporation. This 25-mo study was
conducted to evaluate the effects of different organic
amendments on soil physical parameters and water infiltration
rates on an irrigated soil. Incorporation of three loadings
(25 Mg ha-1 each) of poultry manure, sewage sludge, barley
straw (Hordeum vulgare L.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
to an Arlington soil (coarse-loamy, mixed, thermic Haplic
Durixeralf) for 2 yr increased soil respiration rates
(139-290%), soil aggreate stability (22-59%), organic C
content (13-84%), soil saccharide content (25-41%), soil
moisture content (3-25%), and decreased soil bulk density
(7-11%). The change in soil physical properties resulted in
significantly increased cumulative water infiltration rates
(18-25%) in the organic-amended plots as compared with the
unamended plots. Although additions of poultry manure and
sewage sludge contributed to higher soil organic matter
compared with straw and alfalfa, the straw amendment was
statistically more effective in increasing soil aggregate
stability, total saccharide content, infiltration rates, and
soil respiration rates and in decreasing bulk density in the
tillage zone. The increase in cumulative infiltration rates
measured with the first organic addition (April 1987-January
1988) were significantly correlated with increased soil
aggregation (P less than or equal to 0.01). Cumulative
infiltration rates during the second (February 1988-September
1988) and third (October 1988-May 1989) organic incorporation
were significantly correlated with decreased bulk density (P
less than or equal to 0.01), but not with aggregate stability.
Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that water
infiltration rates in the organic-amended soils were initially
increased by stimulation of microbial activity, which
increased the stability of soil aggregates. Cumulative
infiltration rates we
89 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Monitoring large scale wastewater reclamation systems--policy
and experience. Azov, Y.; Juanico, M.; Shelef, G.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 26
(7/8): p. 1545-1553; 1992. In the series analytic: Water
Quality International '92. Part 4 / edited by M. Suzuki, et
al. Proceedings of the Sixtennth Biennial Conference of the
International Association on Water Pollution Research and
Control, held May 24-30, 1992, Washington, D.C. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Israel; Waste water treatment; Effluents; Quality
controls; Monitoring; Programs; Water reuse; Irrigation water
90 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Monitoring the quality of secondary effluents reused for
unrestricted irrigation after underground storage.
Azov, Y.; Juanico, M.; Shelef, G.; Kanarek, A.; Priel, M.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9):
p. 267-275; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater
Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano.
Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate
Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava,
Spain. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Israel; Waste water treatment; Reclamation;
Systems; Effluents; Water reuse; Irrigation water; Water
quality; Monitoring; Underground storage; Microbial
contamination
91 NAL Call. No.: 292.9 C1282
The Montebello Forebay groundwater recharge project: the
promise of wastewater reclamation.
Hartling, E.C.
Riverside, Calif. : The Center; 1990 May.
Report - California Water Resources Center, University of
California (72): p. 165-174; 1990 May. Proceedings: Coping
with Water Scarcity: The Role of Ground Water. Paper presented
at the "Seventeenth Biennial Conference on Ground Water,
September 25-26, 1989, San Diego, California. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: California; Groundwater; Waste water treatment;
Water reuse
92 NAL Call. No.: TD419.R47
Monterey wastewater reclamation study for agriculture.
Sheikh, B.; Cort, R.P.; Kirkpatrick, W.R.; Jaques, R.S.;
Asano, T. Alexandria, Va. : The Federation; 1990 May.
Research journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation v.
62 (3): p. 216-226. ill., maps; 1990 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: California; Refuse; Waste water treatment;
Irrigation water; Heavy metals; Chlorine; Pathogens; Viruses;
Bacteria; Food contamination; Soil pollution; Yield response
functions
93 NAL Call. No.: 99.8 F7623
Municipal effluent irrigation of fast-growing hybrid popular
plantations near Vernon, British Columbia.
Carlson, M.
Ottawa : Canadian Institute of Forestry; 1992 Apr.
The Forestry chronicle v. 68 (2): p. 206-208; 1992 Apr. Paper
presented at "Contribution of Salicaceae Family to
Ameliorating our Environment." Joint Popular Council of
Canada/US Popular Council Annual Meeting held Sept. 26-29,
1991, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Language: English
Descriptors: British Columbia; Populus deltoides; Populus
trichocarpa; Populus nigra; Hybrids; Clones; Forest
plantations; Irrigation; Sewage effluent; Waste water; Growth;
Plant height; Volume
94 NAL Call. No.: 64.8 C883
Nitrogen, potassium, and irrigation effects on water relations
of Kentucky bluegrass leaves.
Carroll, M.J.; Petrovic, A.M.
Madison, Wis. : Crop Science Society of America; 1991 Mar.
Crop science v. 31 (2): p. 449-453; 1991 Mar. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Poa pratensis; Stomatal resistance; Leaves;
Turgor; Leaf water potential; Osmotic pressure; Nutrient
availability; Nitrogen; Potassium; Irrigation; Water
availability; Equations
Abstract: Transpiration and expansive growth in leaves are
turgor-dependent processes. Solute concentration and osmotic
potential are inextricably linked to turgor maintenance. An
empirical equation predicting stomatal resistance (Rs) from
bulk leaf turgor would be useful in developing computer
simulations for turfgrass management. A growth-chamber study
was conducted to quantify the relationship between Rs and bulk
leaf turgor in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L. cv. A-34).
The effects of N, K, and irrigation frequency on balk leaf
osmotic potential at full turgor and apoplastic water fraction
(AWF) also were examined, using psychrometric techniques.
Treatments consisted of two rates of N and K and two
irrigation frequencies. An exponential model was used to
describe the relationship between Rs and bulk leaf turgor. The
least squares prediction equation was Rs = 581 + 2500
exp(-6.99 bulk leaf turgor), r2 = 0.69, where bulk leaf turgor
and Rs are expressed in units of MPa and s m-1, respectively.
Increasing the time between rewatering containers to -0.02 MPa
from 1 to 5 d did not influence bulk leaf osmotic potential at
full turgor. For plants watered daily, increasing the amount
of N supplied every 30 d from 35 to 175 kg ha-1 increased bulk
leaf osmotic potential at full turgor 0.22 MPa, while
increasing K from 17.5 to 175 kg ha-1 for the same application
interval caused bulk leaf osmotic potential at full turgor to
decline 0.20 MPa. Altering the supply of N or K did not affect
bulk leaf osmotic potential at full turgor when the containers
were watered every 5 d. Increasing the irrigation interval
from 1 to 5 d caused AWF to decline from 22 to 12%, however,
AWF estimates were highly variable. Results indicate the
combined influences of N and K fertility practices can have a
significant impact on the concentration of osmotically active
solutes within Kentucky bluegrass bulk leaf tissue.
95 NAL Call. No.: QR1.L47
Nitrogen-fixing heterotrophic bacteria and presumptive
coliforms in sewage treatment plants and irrigation reservoirs
in Libya.
Betaieb, M.; Jones, K.
Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1992 Jul.
Letters in applied microbiology v. 15 (1): p. 32-33; 1992 Jul.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Libya; Coliform bacteria; Enterobacteriaceae;
Nitrogen fixing bacteria; Microbial contamination; Irrigation
water; Water reservoirs; Sewage effluent; Sewage effluent
disposal; Waste water treatment
96 NAL Call. No.: S590.C63
Nonuniform leaching of nitrate and other solutes in a furrow-
irrigated, sludge amended field.
Artiola, J.F.
New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1991.
Communications in soil science and plant analysis v. 22
(9/10): p. 1013-1030; 1991. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Arizona; Gossypium; Nitrate nitrogen; Sewage
sludge; Soil amendments; Solutes; Leaching; Losses from soil
systems; Particle size; Soil water; Furrow irrigation
97 NAL Call. No.: QH545.A1E52
Nutrient accumulation in trees and soil following irrigation
with municipal effluent in Australia.
Stewart, H.T.L.; Hopmans, P.; Flinn, D.W.; Hillman, T.J.
Essex : Elsevier Applied Science; 1990.
Environmental pollution v. 63 (2): p. 155-177. ill; 1990.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Australia; Sewage effluent; Waste disposal;
Application to land; Irrigation; Forest trees; Soils;
Nutrients; Biomass accumulation
98 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 J82
On the origin of saline soils at Blackspring Ridge, Alberta,
Canada. Stein, R.; Schwartz, F.W.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Publishers, B.V.; 1990 Sep.
Journal of hydrology v. 117 (1/4): p. 99-131; 1990 Sep.
Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Alberta; Soil salinity; Saline soils; Salts in
soil; Salinization; Geology; Physiographic features;
Groundwater flow; High water tables; Hydraulic conductivity;
Stable isotopes; Chemistry; Electrical conductivity;
Evaporation; Transport processes; Surface water; Literature
reviews
Abstract: Problems of soil salinity occur at Blackspring
Ridge, Alberta, in four different settings. The most seriously
affected area is at the base of the ridge where salinity
appears as severe salt crusting on the surface, salt-tolerant
vegetation, and areas of poor or no crop production.
Blackspring Ridge is a structural bedrock high that is
underlain by Upper Cretaceous sediment of the Horseshoe Canyon
Formation. Bedrock is overlain by fluvial, glacial,
lacustrine, and aeolian sediment. Piezometric data indicate
that groundwater is recharged on and along the upper flanks of
Blackspring Ridge and discharges in southern parts of a
lacustrine plain that surrounds the ridge. Hydraulic
conductivity data, water-level fluctuations, stable isotopes,
and hydrochemical data indicate that the fractured near-
surface bedrock and overlying thin-drift sediment constitute a
zone of active groundwater flow within which salts are
generated and transported. Water discharging from this shallow
system evaporates and forms saline areas at the base of the
ridge. The most seriously affected areas on the lacustrine
plain coincide with places where the water table is less than
1.5 m from the ground surface. A high water table occurs
locally because of the changing topology of geologic units,
and lows in the topographic surface that focus groundwater and
surface water flows. Some proportion of the shallow
groundwater salinized by evaporation is also transported down
the flow system where it mixes with unevaporated water.
Surface water, from snowmelt and precipitation events,
dissolves salt that was deposited at the surface by
evaporating groundwater and redistributes the salt to areas of
lower elevation.
99 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 W295
Optimal reservoir operation for irrigation of multiple crops.
Vedula, S.; Mujumdar, P.P.
Washington, D.C. : American Geophysical Union; 1992 Jan.
Water resources research v. 28 (1): p. 1-9; 1992 Jan.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Karnataka; Multiple cropping; Water reservoirs;
Irrigation requirements; Irrigation scheduling; Water
availability; Water allocation; Crop growth stage; Water use
efficiency; Decision making; Mathematical models
Abstract: A model for the optimal operating policy of a
reservoir for irrigation under a multiple crops scenario using
stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) is developed.
Intraseasonal periods smaller than the crop growth stage
durations form the decision intervals of the model to
facilitate irrigation decisions in real situations. Reservoir
storage, inflow to the reservoir, and the soil moisture in the
irrigated area are treated as state variables. An optimal
allocation process is incorporated in the model to determine
the allocations to individual crops when a competition for
water exists among them. The model also serves as an
irrigation scheduling model in that at any given intraseason
period it specifies whether irrigation is needed and, if it
is, the amount of irrigation to be applied to each crop. The
impact on crop yield due to water deficit and the effect of
soil moisture dynamics on crop water requirements are taken
into account. A linear root growth of the crop is assumed
until the end of the vegetative stage, beyond which the root
depth is assumed to be constant. The applicability of the
model is demonstrated through a case study of an existing
reservoir in India.
100 NAL Call. No.: TC801.I66
Performance evaluation and control in water delivery decision-
making processes: Who cares?.
Nijman, C.M.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992.
Irrigation and drainage systems : an international journal v.
6 (2): p. 85-112; 1992. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sri lanka; Irrigation systems; Decision making;
Performance appraisals
101 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Physicochemical treatment of tropical wastewaters: production
of microbiologically safe effluents for unrestricted crop
irrigation. Gambrill, M.P.; Mara, D.D.; Silva, S.A.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 26
(7/8): p. 1449-1458; 1992. In the series analytic: Water
Quality International '92. Part 4 / edited by M. Suzuki, et
al. Proceedings of the Sixtennth Biennial Conference of the
International Association on Water Pollution Research and
Control, held May 24-30, 1992, Washington, D.C. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Brazil; Households; Waste water; Stabilizing;
Ponds; Waste water treatment; Technology; Effluents;
Microbiology; Health; Safety; Water reuse; Irrigation water
102 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Planning and implementation of water reuse projects.
Asano, T.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9):
p. 1-10; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater Reclamation
and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano. Proceedings of
the International Symposium of Wastewate Reclamation and
Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava, Spain. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Waste water treatment; Costs; Water reuse;
Irrigation water; Planning; Constraints; Water; Resources;
Water supply; Groundwater recharge; Urban areas
103 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Planning for reuse. Developing a strategy for the Northern
Territory, Australia.
Burgess, M.D.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9):
p. 31-43; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater
Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano.
Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate
Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava,
Spain. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Australian northern territory; Waste water
treatment; Water reuse; Irrigation water; Economic analysis;
Environmental impact; Planning; Waste disposal; Drinking
water; Water resources
104 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 J82
Preliminary analysis of water and solute movement beneath a
coniferous hillslope in Mid-Wales, U.K.
Chappell, N.A.; Ternan, J.L.; Williams, A.G.; Reynolds, B.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Publishers, B.V.; 1990 Aug.
Journal of hydrology v. 116 (1/4): p. 201-215. maps; 1990 Aug.
Special issue: Transfer of elements through the hydrological
cycle / C. Neal and M. Hornung, guest editors. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Wales; Soil water; Streams; Hill land; Coniferous
forests; Solutes; Sulfates; Nitrate; Aluminum; Hydrogen ions;
Recharge; Ion transport; Water quality; Storms; Runoff;
Movement in soil
Abstract: Streams draining coniferous forests are often
loaded with solutes such as hydrogen ion, sulphate, nitrate
and aluminium. As a result, fish populations can be reduced
and water quality may fall below recommended potable
standards. The transport of ions into water-courses is
governed by the movement of water. Within most temperate and
tropical areas the stream discharge and chemistry, during
periods of rapid runoff, is dominated by the exfiltration of
water and solutes from stream-side soils. The movement of
water to stream-side or 'riparian' areas remains, however, an
enigma. This paper attempts to explain how the riparian area
might be rapidly recharged during storm events. Two analytical
techniques, the free-surface method and tangent-continuity
method, are applied to hydrological properties monitored on a
steep coniferous hillslope, during a selected storm event.
Comparison of the ionic concentrations of waters within each
component of the hydrological system, is used to verify the
hydrological analysis. Perched water-tables developed within
the basal zones of the O/Ah and Eag soil horizons of the steep
podzolic hillslope, during all major storm events. Most of the
rapid response within the riparian zone could be explained by
lateral flow in these near-surface soil horizons, particularly
in the saturated basal zones. This pathway is corroborated by
the similarity of riparian zone and near-surface (or topsoil)
chemistries. Relatively low concentrations of monomeric
aluminium and relatively high concentrations of chloride,
sodium and hydrogen ion were observed within these zones,
compared with the subsoil (Bsl and B/C) horizons.
105 NAL Call. No.: 420 F662
Preliminary population assessment of Psychoda alternata
(Diptera: Psychodidae) in soil irrigated with wastewater for
turf cultivation.
Ali, A.; Kok-Yokomi, M.L.
Winter Haven, Fla. : Florida Entomological Society; 1991 Dec.
Florida entomologist v. 74 (4): p. 591-596; 1991 Dec.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Florida; Psychoda alternata; Population density;
Sewage; Soil insects; Waste water; Irrigated conditions; Lawns
and turf; Farm workers; Insect pests
106 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 J82
Principles of evaluation of soil water residence time using
queueing disciplines with water budget data (Theoretical
background--I). Gamble, B.F.; Eckstein, Y.; Edwards, W.M.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Publishers, B.V.; 1990 Feb.
Journal of hydrology v. 113 (1/4): p. 1-25; 1990 Feb.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Ohio; Soil water; Soil water movement; Water
budget; Catchment hydrology; Reservoirs; Recharge; Discharge;
Storage; Models; Computer software
Abstract: Soil water residence time is an important aspect of
soil hydrology. It is an important factor affecting the
chemical composition of water in the soil. Water that makes up
recharge and discharge to and from a hydrologic reservoir can
be considered to consist of individual increments of water
called fluid elements. Queueing disciplines can be used to
describe the order in which the fluid elements move through
the reservoir. Possible queueing disciplines that can be
related to soil water movement are last-in-first-out (LIFO),
first-in-first-out (FIFO), and a combination of LIFO and FIFO.
When water budget records are available, the queueing
disciplines can be used as models to allow the calculation of
residence time estimates. Computer algorithms have been
written for the purpose of making estimates of soil water
residence times in a weighable monolith lysimeter.
107 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Public health concerns in wastewater reuse.
Cooper, R.C.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9):
p. 55-65; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater
Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano.
Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate
Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava,
Spain. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Waste water; Water use; Water resources;
Irrigation water; Groundwater; Recharge; Drinking water;
Public health; Health protection; Water pollution
108 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Quality criteria for reclaimed water.
Crook, J.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9):
p. 109-121; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater
Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano.
Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate
Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava,
Spain. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Waste water treatment; Water reuse;
Irrigation water; Water quality; Quality standards;
Microbiology; Chemicals; Public health; Health protection;
Guidelines; Who
109 NAL Call. No.: 56.9 SO3
Quantification of postsettlement deposition in a northwestern
Illinois sediment basin.
Kreznor, W.R.; Olson, K.R.; Johnson, D.L.; Jones, R.L.
Madison, Wis. : The Society; 1990 Sep.
Soil Science Society of America journal v. 54 (5): p.
1393-1401. maps; 1990 Sep. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Geological sedimentation; Quantitative
techniques; Soil; Aggregates; Particle size distribution;
Slopes; Erosion; Basin irrigation
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to quantify the
postsettlement deposition in a 24 900-m2 (2.49-ha) sediment
basin with a single outlet in a 105 4O0-m2 (10.54-ha)
watershed and estimate the sediment delivery to a first-order
stream in northwestern Illinois. Methods included direct
measurements of the eroded sediment deposited in the sediment
basin. Buried A horizons (dated using fly ash as a time
marker) identify the presettlement (approximately 1854)
surface, which was overlain by as much as 116 cm of sediment.
Volume of the sediment within the basin was calculated at 11
394 m3 with a weight of 16 480 Mg. The modern soils of the
sediment basin were characterized, classified, and the spatial
variability of the sedimentation process was examined. Based
on representative measurements of postsettlement sediment
delivery obtained from research of drainage basins having
similar size or soil characteristics, it was inferred that 20
975 Mg of sediment was delivered to the stream with a total of
37 455 Mg of soil being removed from the watershed hillslopes
as a result of accelerated soil erosion. The measured rate of
postsettlement sediment accumulation has been approximately
0.34 cm yr-1. Based on the tightly packed deposits,
redeposition probably occurred as over land flow during storm
events, rather than as overland flow occurring after a
rainfall or as rain-splash transport. However, machinery
traffic and cultivation could have contributed to the high
soil bulk density. Intensive cultivation, biotic activity, and
freeze-thaw are probably responsible for destroying any
evidence of stratification.
110 NAL Call. No.: KF26.E559 1990d
Reclamation Wastewater and Groundwater Study Act and
Reclamation Projects Authorization and Adjustment Act of 1990
hearing before the Subcommittee on Water and Power of the
Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States
Senate, One Hundred First Congress, second session, on S. 2657
... H.R. 2567 ... September 27, 1990.
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and
Natural Resources. Subcommittee on Water and Power
Washington [D.C.] : U.S. G.P.O. : For sale by the Supt. of
Docs., Congressional Sales Office, U.S. G.P.O.,; 1991; Y 4.En
2:S.hrg.101-1181. iii, 72 p. : ill., maps ; 24 cm. (S. hrg. ;
101-1181). Distributed to some depository libraries in
microfiche.
Language: English
Descriptors: Water resources development; Water reuse;
Irrigation laws
111 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 W295
Redistribution of water and solute following infiltration from
a surface drip source.
Clothier, B.; Sauer, T.; Scotter, D.
Washington, D.C. : American Geophysical Union; 1991 Aug.
Water resources research v. 27 (8): p. 2091-2097; 1991 Aug.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Trickle irrigation; Soil water movement;
Redistribution; Infiltration; Solutes; Transport processes;
Sandy soils; Silt loam soils
Abstract: Laboratory, observations of the redistribution of
water and solute, following one-dimensional and three-
dimensional constant flux infiltration, reveal distinctly
different paterns of water and chemical transport. The
geometry-induced enhancement of capillarity, over gravity in
three dimensions is thought responsible for the rapid
attainment during redistribution of a near-constant water
content, some radial distance r around the dripper. This
renders simple the prediction of the maximum radial extent of
convective solute redistribution, r . Nevertheless, molecular
diffusion about r is the dominant mode of solute transport
during the weak convective redistribution in three dimensions.
112 NAL Call. No.: 464.8 P56
Relationship between amount of Phytophthora parasitica added
to field soil and the development of root rot in processing
tomatoes.
Neher, D.; Duniway, J.M.
St. Paul, Minn. : American Phytopathological Society; 1991
Oct. Phytopathology v. 81 (10): p. 1124-1129; 1991 Oct.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Phytophthora nicotianae
var. parasitica; Root rots; Epidemiology; Inoculum density;
Pathogenicity; Crop yield; Yield losses; Agricultural soils;
Roots; Crop growth stage; Seasonal variation
Abstract: Field plots in which Phytophthora parasitica was
not detected initially were planted to processing tomatoes,
and the soil was infested 35 or 45 days after planting in 1987
and 1988, respectively, to give average maximum levels of 1-2,
3-4, 7-28, and 29-65 colony-forming units of P. parasitica per
gram of soil. Inoculum levels in the four treatments were
significantly different when averaged across time between
infestation and crop maturity, and disease incidence and
severity increased significantly with increasing inoculum
levels. For example, final incidences of plants with shoot
symptoms were 1.5, 6.4, 14.0, and 24.4% and 0.4, 15.4, 30.2,
and 52.3% for the zero, low, intermediate, and high inoculum
treatments in 1987 and 1988, respectively. Yield was reduced
significantly (20%) only at the highest inoculum level in
1987. However, moderately severe symptoms frequently developed
on roots and shoots with low to high levels of inoculum
without causing yield losses in both years. Extending furrow
irriations from 4 to 24 h in duration did not significantly
affect disease incidence or severity. Crop growth, phenology,
and leaf water potentials were not affected significantly by
the inoculum or irrigation treatments. The results suggest
that development of Phytophthora root rot symptoms on
processing tomatoes depended on the inoculum level applied to
soil early in the cropping season.
113 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 J82
Relationships between groundwater contamination and major-ion
chemistry in a Karst Aquifer.
Scanlon, B.R.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Publishers, B.V.; 1990 Nov.
Journal of hydrology v. 119 (1/4): p. 271-291; 1990 Nov.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Kentucky; Aquifers; Groundwater pollution;
Microbial contamination; Nitrates; Land use; Soil organic
matter; Fertilizers; Septic tank effluent; Rural areas; Wells;
Springs; Water quality; Chemical analysis; Calcium; Magnesium;
Sodium carbonate; Sodium chloride; Temporal variation;
Seasonal fluctuations
Abstract: Groundwater contamination was examined within a
rural setting of the Inner Bluegrass Karst Region of central
Kentucky where potential contaminant sources include soil-
organic matter, organic and inorganic fertilizer, and septic-
tank effluent. To evaluate controls on groundwater
contamination, data on nitrate concentrations and indicator
bacteria in water from wells and springs were compared with
physical and chemical attributes of the groundwater system.
Bacterial densities greater than the recommended limit were
found in all springs and approximately half of the wells,
whereas nitrate concentrations > 45 mg 1-1 were restricted to
20% of the springs and 10% of the wells. Nitrate
concentrations varied markedly in closely spaced wells and
springs, which indicates that land use is not the primary
control on groundwater contamination. Groundwater
contamination is related to the distribution of chemical water
types in the study area. All Ca subtype water was contaminated
with nitrate and bacteria. Ca subtype water occurs in the
shallow, rapidly circulating groundwater zone, which is most
susceptible to contamination. The similarity in nitrate
concentrations between local springs, major springs, and wells
that contain Ca subtype water indicates that the occurrence of
large conduits is not the main control on nitrate and
bacterial contamination of groundwater. Temporal fluctuations
in nitrate concentrations of Ca subtype water are attributed
to seasonal fluctuations in recharge and in plant growth. Ca-
Mg water subtype was generally not contaminated, and Na-HCO3
and Na-Cl water types were not contaminated. Ca-Mg water
subtype, and Na-HCO3 and Na-Cl water types are associated with
longer residence times and reducing conditions, which allow
bacterial die-off and denitrification, respectively.
Differences in residence time and reducing conditions among
the chemical water types and subtypes are attributed to
variations in rock permeability and to the occurrence of
horizontal
114 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Residual faecal contamination on effluent-irrigated lettuces.
Vaz da Costa-Vargas, S.M.; Mara, D.D.; Vargas-Lopez, C.E.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9):
p. 89-94; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater
Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano.
Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate
Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava,
Spain. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Portugal; Lactuca sativa; Irrigated stands;
Septic tank effluent; Sprinkler irrigation; Crops;
Contamination; Fecal flora; Decontamination; Irrigation water;
Waste water treatment; Water reuse; Public health; Health
protection; Quality standards
115 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Reuse of wastewater from meat processing plants for
agricultural and forestry irrigation.
Russell, J.M.; Cooper, R.N.; Lindsey, S.B.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9):
p. 277-286; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater
Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano.
Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate
Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava,
Spain. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: New Zealand; Meat and livestock industry;
Industrial wastes; Chemical composition; Water reuse;
Irrigation water; Irrigated pastures; Forestry; Groundwater
pollution; Nitrates
116 NAL Call. No.: S592.7.A1S6
Review of some case studies on the abundance and on the
hydraulic efficiency of earthworm channels in Czechoslovak
soils, with reference to the subsurface pipe drainage.
Urbanek, J.; Dolezal, F.
Exeter : Pergamon Press; 1992 Dec.
Soil biology and biochemistry v. 24 (12): p. 1563-1571; 1992
Dec. In the special issue ISEE 4. Proceedings of the "4th
International Symposium on Earthworm Ecology," June 11-15,
1990, Avignon, France / edited by A. Kretzschmar. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Czechoslovakia; Earthworms; Earthworm channels;
Agricultural soils; Hydraulic conductivity; Permeability;
Macropores; Drainage; Infiltration; Case studies; Reviews
Abstract: During the last 22 yr, 16 case studies were
performed on different agricultural soils, both arable and
grasslands, in different zones of Czechoslovakia, in order to
evaluate the hydrological role of soil macropores, including
earthworm channels. The abundance and hydraulic efficiency of
the channels are presented, related to the site, depth and
size of the channels. The positive influence of earthworms
upon the preservation of high permeability in drain trench
backfills was demonstrated quantitatively, both by
infiltration experiments and by casting the channels with
gypsum. Additional semiquantitative estimates of the variance
of channel abundance, water retention capability and discharge
of water through the channels are also presented.
117 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Role of groundwater recharge in treatment and storage of
wastewater for reuse. Bouwer, H.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9):
p. 295-302; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater
Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano.
Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate
Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava,
Spain. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Waste water treatment; Water storage; Water
quality; Requirements; Water reuse; Irrigation water;
Irrigated stands; Vegetables; Microbial contamination;
Pathogens; Groundwater recharge; Application to land;
Aquifers; Public health; Health protection; Drinking water
118 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
The role of wastewater reclamation and reuse in the USA.
Asano, T.; Tchobanoglous, G.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 23
(10/12): p. 2049-2059; 1991. Paper presented at the
"Fifteenth Biennial Conference of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control," July 29-
August 3, 1990, Kyoto, Japan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Waste water treatment; Water reuse; Irrigation
water; Health protection; Water resources; Water management
119 NAL Call. No.: QH540.J6
Salinity, nitrate, and water in rangeland and terraced
wheatland above saline seeps.
Berg, W.A.; Naney, J.W.; Smith, S.J.
Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Jan.
Journal of environmental quality v. 20 (1): p. 8-11; 1991 Jan.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Oklahoma; Triticum aestivum; Nitrates;
Percolation; Slopes; Soil salinity; Soil water; Solubility;
Water table; Water erosion; Erosion control; Farmland; Plains;
Rangelands
Abstract: Saline seeps have emerged over the past 20 yr in
some Southern Plains soils cropped annually to winter wheat
(Triticum aestivum L). Saline seep development is a cumulative
process associated with percolation of small increments of
water over many years through saline strata in recharge areas
to build up water tables over less-permeable strata in lower
slope positions. In this study soluble salt, nitrate, and
water content were determined in Woodward soils (coarse silty,
mixed, thermic Typic Ustochrepts) to a depth of 3 m in
terraced farmland and in adjacent native rangeland upslope
from saline seeps. Significantly (P<0.05) more soluble salt
was present in the surface 3 m of rangeland than in adjacent
farmland. No difference (P>.05) was found in soluble salt
content in farmland between terraces as compared to soluble
salt in terrace channels. Greater amounts (P<0.05) of nitrate
and water were in the 3-m profiles under farmland than under
native range. The soluble salt profiles indicate more water
has percolated through the farmland than the rangeland. The
implication is cultivated land, both in terrace channels and
between terraces, is contributing salt and water to saline
seep. An alternative explanation is terrace channels are the
major recharge areas and lateral flow of this water leaches
salt from farmland between the terraces.
120 NAL Call. No.: 56.9 SO3
Salt distribution and hardpans at dryland saline seeps in
southern Alberta. Sommerfeldt, T.G.; Chang, C.; Lamond, B.J.
Madison, Wis. : The Society; 1990 Jan.
Soil Science Society of America journal v. 54 (1): p. 136-138;
1990 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Alberta; Saline soils; Salts in soil; Pans;
Calcium sulfate; Calcium carbonate; Brown chernozemic soils;
Soil depth
Abstract: Hardpans at 30- to 60-cm depth were found at three
dryland saline-seep sites in southern Alberta. The soils were
sampled for analyses at 0.3-m depth intervals to 1.2 m along
two parallel transects across the sites. Of the acid-
extractable salts, CaCO3 was the most abundant. Shallow
hardpans were found only in the saline, waterlogged, CO3-rich
soil in the discharge areas, generally at the depth where the
1:25 acid-extractable Ca and CO3 contents exceeded 0.6 mol
kg-1 of soil. Similar contents were also found in the recharge
areas, where there was no detectable hardpan. Conditions in
the discharge areas apparently were suitable for the
precipitation and cementation necessary to form the hardpans.
Further research is needed to characterize the hardpans and to
study conditions, mechanisms, and causes for their formation
and their relationships with saline seeps.
121 NAL Call. No.: QD1.A45
Sampling groundwater in a northeastern U.S. watershed.
Pionke, H.B.; Urban, J.B.; Gburek, W.J.; Rogowski, A.S.;
Schnabel, R.R. Washington, D.C. : The Society; 1991.
ACS Symposium series - American Chemical Society (465): p.
222-241; 1991. In the series analytic: Groundwater residue
sampling design / edited by R.G. Nash and A.R. Leslie.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Northeastern states of U.S.A.; Groundwater;
Agricultural chemicals; Nitrates; Water pollution; Sampling;
Watersheds
Abstract: The sampling of groundwater, particularly for
nitrates, is examined in a flow system and watershed context.
A groundwater flow dominated watershed located in east-central
Pennsylvania provides an example and basis for this analysis.
Groundwater sampling is also viewed from a groundwater
recharge (percolate) and discharge (streamflow) perspective.
Some spatial and timing controls are described and examined in
terms of where and when to sample.
122 NAL Call. No.: S539.5.A77
Sand culture of vegetables using recirculated aquacultural
effluents. McMurtry, M.R.; Nelson, P.V.; Sanders, D.C.;
Hodges, L.
New York, N.Y. : Springer; 1990.
Applied agricultural research v. 5 (4): p. 280-284. ill; 1990.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Phaseolus vulgaris; Cucumis sativus; Lycopersicon
esculentum; Tilapia aurea; Sandy loam soils; Culture media;
Vegetables; Aquaculture; Effluents; Greenhouse culture;
Drainage; Fish ponds
Abstract: Fish production and biofiltration provided by sand-
cultured vegetable crops were linked in a closed system of
recirculating water. Blue tilapia (Sarotherodon aureus L.)
were stocked as mixed-sex fingerlings at a density of 1.68
kg.m-3 (0.105 lb.ft-3). Fish were fed a commercial chow.
Greenhouse-grown bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cucumber
(Cucumis sativus L.), and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum
Mill.) were irrigated with water drawn from the bottom of the
tilapia tank for 30 minutes every three hours during the
daylight hours. Drainage from the 0.5 m (1.64 ft) deep sand
beds was returned to the fish tank. Each crop was also grown
in a sandy loam soil. Feeding 1 kg (2.20 lb) of fish food
produced an increase of 0.76 kg (1.68 lb) fish and 1.66 kg
(3.66 lb) of vegetables. Both water quality and nutrient
content were adequate for tilapia and plant growth in sand
culture with no supplemental fertilization. The feasibility of
an integrated, recirculatory system for concurrent production
of vegetables and fish with no additional fertilizer
application was demonstrated.
123 NAL Call. No.: TD478.D4
Satellite wastewater reclamation plants: how to get what you
bargin for. McHaney, S.X.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Oct.
Desalination v. 88 (1/3): p. 215-223; 1992 Oct. Proceedings
of the NWSIA 1992 Biennial Conference on "Desalting and
Recycling: Meeting Today's Water Challenges," August 23-27,
1992, Newport Beach, California. Volume 2.
Language: English
Descriptors: California; Urban areas; Waste water;
Reclamation; Utilization; Irrigation water; Lawns and turf;
Landscape; Public parks; Golf courses
124 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 W295
The second Las Cruces Trench experiment: experimental results
and two-dimensional flow predictions.
Hills, R.G.; Wierenga, P.J.; Hudson, D.B.; Kirkland, M.R.
Washington, D.C. : American Geophysical Union; 1991 Oct.
Water resources research v. 27 (10): p. 2707-2718; 1991 Oct.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: New Mexico; Soil water; Water flow; Tritium;
Bromide; Solutes; Transport processes; Infiltration;
Redistribution; Semiarid soils; Soil variability; Measurement;
Deterministic models; Prediction
Abstract: As part of a comprehensive field study designed to
provide data to test stochastic and deterministic models of
water flow and contaminant transport in the vadose zone,
several trench experiments were performed in the semiarid
region of southern New Mexico. The first trench experiment is
discussed by Wierenga et al. (this issue). During the second
trench experiment, a 1.2 m wide by 12 m long area on the north
side of and parallel to a 26.4 m long by 4.8 m wide by 6 m
deep trench was irrigated with water containing tracers using
a carefully controlled drip irrigation system. The irrigated
area was heavily instrumented with tensiometers and neutron
probe access tubes to monitor water movement, and with suction
samplers to monitor solute transport. Water containing tritium
and bromide was applied during the first 11.5 days of the
study. Thereafter, water was applied without tracers for an
additional 64 days. Both water movement and tracer movement
were monitored in the subsoil during infiltration and
redistribution. The experimental results indicate that water
and bromide moved fairly uniformly during infiltration and the
bromide moved ahead of the tritium due to anion exclusion
during redistribution. Comparisons between measurements and
predictions made with a two-dimensional model show qualitative
agreement for two of the three water content measurement
planes. Model predictions of tritium and bromide transport
were not as satisfactory. Measurements of both tritium and
bromide show localized areas of high relative concentrations
and a large downward motion of bromide relative to tritium
during redistribution. While the simple deterministic model
does show larger downward motions for bromide than for tritium
during redistribution, it does not predict the high
concentrations of solute observed during infiltration, nor can
it predict the heterogeneous behavior observed for tritium
during infiltration and for bromide during redistribution.
125 NAL Call. No.: 56.9 SO3
Selenate reduction in an alluvial soil.
Sposito, G.; Yang, A.; Neal, R.H.; Mackzum, A.
Madison, Wis. : The Society; 1991 Nov.
Soil Science Society of America journal v. 55 (6): p.
1597-1602; 1991 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: California; Alluvial soils; Agricultural soils;
Selenium; Movement in soil; Water pollution; Drainage water;
Contamination; Transformation; Reduction; Redox reactions;
Solubility; Adsorption; Transport processes; Thermodynamics;
Kinetics; Redox potential; Soil ph; Soil water regimes;
Nitrate; Nitrites; Manganese; Oxygen; Physicochemical
properties; Biological activity in soil; Soil bacteria
Abstract: Recent studies of the mobility and solubility of Se
in western San Joaquin Valley soils suggest that this
potentially hazardous element can be managed by controlling
its oxidation-reduction reactions. The soluble species, SeO4,
which is highly mobile and toxic, can, in principle, be
reduced to SeO3, which is strongly adsorbed, or to
organoselenium species, which may volatilize under suitable
conditions. Chemical thermodynamics predicts that the
reduction sequence in soils should be: NO3 leads to SeO4 leads
to MnO2 at pH > 5. The objective of this study was to
establish the position of SeO4 in the kinetic reduction
sequence for a representative western San Joaquin Valley soil
incubated in suspension with its own saturation extract. In a
series of replications of an incubation experiment, it was
observed that native NO3 (plus NO2) concentrations became
undetectable after 100 h in the soil suspension without O2
supply. Soluble Se, either added as Na2SeO4 or indigenous to
the soil disappeared after 50 to 200 h. Native soluble Mn
began to rise after 50 h and showed a sharp increase after 100
h of incubation. Retardation of SeO4 reduction in the presence
of added NO3 was noted. The results indicated that, at native
levels of NO3, effective microbial catalysis of SeO4 reduction
occurred in the soil under the conditions of the experiments,
in agreement with the recent isolation of bacterial species
that can respire SeO4 while oxidizing organic acids typical of
suboxic soil environments.
126 NAL Call. No.: 56.9 SO3
Selenium mobility and distribution in irrigated and
nonirrigated alluvial soils.
Fio, J.L.; Fujii, R.; Deverel, S.J.
Madison, Wis. : The Society; 1991 Sep.
Soil Science Society of America journal v. 55 (5): p.
1313-1320; 1991 Sep. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: California; Selenium; Salts in soil; Movement in
soil; Alluvial soils; Irrigated soils; Alkaline soils;
Solutes; Transport processes; Adsorption; Desorption;
Irrigation; Drainage; Irrigation water; Drainage water;
Dispersion; Mathematical models; Dissolving; Leaching;
Groundwater; Oxidation; Saturated conditions; Spatial
distribution; Soil depth; Gypsum; Hysteresis; Time lag;
Physicochemical properties
Abstract: Dissolution and leaching of soil salts by
irrigation water is a primary source of Se to shallow
groundwater in the western San Joaquin Valley, California. In
this study, the mobility and distribution of selenite and
selenate in soils with different irrigation and drainage
histories was evaluated using sorption experiments and an
advection-dispersion model. The sorption studies showed that
selenate (15-12 400 micrograms Se L-1) is not adsorbed to soil
whereas selenite (10-5000 micrograms Se L-1) is rapidly
adsorbed. The time lag between adsorption and desorption of
selenite is considerable, indicating a dependence of reaction
rate on reaction direction (hysteresis). Selenite adsorption
and desorption isotherms were different, and both were
described with the Freundlich equation. Model results and
chemical analyses of extracts from the soil samples showed
that selenite is resistant to leaching and therefore can
represent a potential long-term source of Se to groundwater.
In contrast, selenate behaves as a conservative constituent
under alkaline and oxidized conditions and is easily leached
from soil.
127 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 W295
A semidiscrete model for water and solute movement in tile-
drained soils. 2. Field validation and applications.
Kamra, S.K.; Singh, S.R.; Rao, K.V.G.K.; Van Genuchten, M.T.
Washington, D.C. : American Geophysical Union; 1991 Sep.
Water resources research v. 27 (9): p. 2449-2456; 1991 Sep.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: India; Drainage water; Solutes; Movement in soil;
Tile drainage; Subsurface drainage; Depth; Spacing; Soil
salinity; Water table; Effluents; Water quality; Aquifers;
Simulation; Prediction; Mathematical models
Abstract: An exact-in-time two-dimensional finite element
model for simulating convective-dispersive solute transport in
a tile-drained field is validated against observed data from a
subsurface drainage experiment. The model is capable of
predicting the long-term effects of different irrigation and
drainage practices on the salt distribution in an artificially
drained soil-aquifer system. The model was used to predict
transient changes in the salinity of the soil, the shallow
groundwater table, and the drain effluent. Results are also
presented on the effects of imposing alternative drain
spacing-depth combinations, initial groundwater salinities,
solute distribution coefficients, and different types of
layering of the aquifer, on the computed salinity
distributions in the unsaturated zone, the groundwater, and
the drain effluent.
128 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Sequential batch-fed effluent storage reservoirs: a new
concept of wastewater treatment prior to unrestricted crop
irrigation.
Mara, D.D.; Pearson, H.W.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 26
(7/8): p. 1459-1464; 1992. In the series analytic: Water
Quality International '92. Part 4 / edited by M. Suzuki, et
al. Proceedings of the Sixtennth Biennial Conference of the
International Association on Water Pollution Research and
Control, held May 24-30, 1992, Washington, D.C. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Israel; Waste water treatment; Effluents;
Storage; Reservoirs; Water reuse; Irrigation water
129 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Significance and current status of wastewater reuse in Sicily.
Croce, F.; Dardanoni, L.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9):
p. 45-54; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater
Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano.
Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate
Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava,
Spain. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sicily; Waste water; Water reuse; Irrigation
water; Water resources; Water pollution; Water conservation;
Fresh water; Deficiency; Saline water; Desalinization; Public
health; Health protection; Drinking water
130 NAL Call. No.: S671.J68
Simplified methods for estimation of mean daily discharge at
confluences and regulators in tidal rivers for adequate water
management. Development of flow estimation method for tidal
river basin using mean daily water stage in the delta area of
the Chao Phraya River, Thailand. II.
Shioda, K.; Iwasaki, K.; Khao-Uppatum, V.
Tokyo : Japanese Society of Irrigation, Drainage, and
Reclamation Engineering; 1992 Aug.
Journal of irrigation engineering and rural planning (23): p.
6-22; 1992 Aug. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Thailand; Water management; Rivers; Stream flow;
Irrigation systems; Simulation models; Estimation;
Methodology; Deltas
131 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 W295
Simulating physical processes and economic behavior in saline,
irrigated agriculture: model development.
Lefkoff, L.J.; Gorelick, S.M.
Washington, D.C. : American Geophysical Union; 1990 Jul.
Water resources research v. 26 (7): p. 1359-1369. maps; 1990
Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Colorado; Irrigation water; Saline water;
Streams; Aquifers; Water use; Profits; Costs; Decision making;
Crop mixtures; Zea mays; Medicago sativa; Crop yield;
Simulation models; Regressions
Abstract: A model of an irrigated, saline stream-aquifer
system is constructed to simulate economic, agronomic, and
hydrologic processes. The model is applied to a section of the
Arkansas Valley in southeastern Colorado and is used to
examine the effect of crop-mixing strategies on long-term
profits. Mixing in excess of crop rotation requirements
provides an index of farmers' willingness to exchange some
profit for a reduction in the risk of short-term loss. The
model contains three components. The economic component
simulates water use decisions that maximize annual profit for
each farm, The hydrologic component simulates salt transport
by employing regression equations that predict changes in
groundwater salinity as a function of hydrologic conditions
and water use decisions. The agronomic component approximates
changes in corn and alfalfa production in response to the
depth and salinity of irrigation applications. Results from
the entire economic-hydrologic-agronomic model are consistent
with the few historical observations available for the site.
132 NAL Call. No.: 56.8 C162
Soil and sweet cherry responses to irrigation with wastewater.
Neilsen, G.H.; Stevenson, D.S.; Fitzpatrick, J.J.; Brownlee,
C.H. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Feb.
Canadian journal of soil science v. 71 (1): p. 31-41; 1991
Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Prunus avium; Sandy soils; Irrigation water;
Waste water; Waste utilization; Nitrogen fertilizers; Soil ph;
Electrical conductivity; Foliar nutrition; Nutrient uptake
133 NAL Call. No.: TD930.A32
Soil denitrification rates at wastewater irrigation sites
receiving primary-treated and anaerobically treated meat-
processing effluent. Russel, J.M.; Cooper, R.N.; Lindsey, S.B.
Essex : Elsevier Science Publishers; 1993.
Bioresource technology v. 43 (1): p. 41-46; 1993. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Meat and livestock industry; Effluents; Anaerobic
treatment; Waste water; Irrigation; Soil; Denitrification
134 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 J82
Solute and heat transport experiments for estimating recharge
rate. Taniguchi, M.; Sharma, M.L.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Publishers, B.V.; 1990 Nov.
Journal of hydrology v. 119 (1/4): p. 57-69; 1990 Nov.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Soil water content; Sand; Loam soils; Water flow;
Infiltration; Transport processes; Solutes; Tracers; Heat;
Recharge; Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity; Saturation;
Saturated conditions; Soil temperature; Soil depth; Specific
heat
Abstract: In order to examine the relationship between mobile
water content and water flux during infiltration, laboratory
experiments were conducted for simultaneous transport of
solute (bromide) and heat using columns of two soils,
Bassendean sand and Collie loam. Within a limited water flux
range, for the same flux the mobile water fraction was lower
for the sand than for the loam. The mobile fraction of soil
water increased with increasing water flux for sand but was
relatively constant for loam. These results have significant
implications in field estimations of deep drainage (recharge
rate) using tracer techniques, and also in the development of
empirical expressions for the relationship between unsaturated
hydraulic conductivity and the effective saturation of
specific soils. Estimates of water flux based on the analysis
of soil temperature changes agreed well with those based on
the solute tracer. This agreement was closest when water flux
using solute was calculated using the mobile water content,
and the heat capacity for the temperature method was
calculated using the total water content.
135 NAL Call. No.: TD172.J6
Some changes in nitrate, calcium, and other ions in water as
they penetrate soil layers.
Itoyama, T.; Yokose, H.
New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1993.
Journal of environmental science and health : Part A :
Environmental science and engineering v. A28 (1): p. 235-255;
1993. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Japan; Waste water; Water quality; Forest soils;
Sloping land; Nitrates; Calcium; Silica; Sprinkler irrigation;
Irrigation scheduling; Drainage water; Recovery; Water flow;
Soil chemistry; Soil physical properties; Surface layers;
Subsurface layers
136 NAL Call. No.: 57.8 C734
Source reduction for wastewater.
Kourik, R.
Emmaus, Pa. : J.G. Press; 1990 Jan.
BioCycle v. 31 (1): p. 35; 1990 Jan.
Language: English
Descriptors: California; Waste waters; Waste utilization;
Subsurface irrigation
137 NAL Call. No.: GB701.W375 no.90-4006
Sources and distribution of nitrate in ground water at a
farmed field irrigated with sewage treatment-plant effluent,
Tallahassee, Florida. Berndt, Marian P.
Tallahassee (Fla.),Geological Survey (U.S.)
Tallahassee, Fla. : Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological
Survey ; Denver, Colo. : U.S. Geological Survey, Books and
Open-File Reports [distributor],; 1990; I 19.42/4:90-4006.
v, 33 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm. (Water-resources investigations
report ; 90-4006). Includes bibliographical references (p.
31-33).
Language: English; English
Descriptors: Water, Underground; Florida; Tallahassee;
Quality; Sewage sludge as fertilizer; Environmental aspects;
Florida; Tallahassee; Nitrates
138 NAL Call. No.: 56.9 SO3
Spatial scale dependence of in situ solute transport.
Van Wesenbeeck, I.J.; Kachanoski, R.G.
Madison, Wis. : The Society; 1991 Jan.
Soil Science Society of America journal v. 55 (1): p. 3-7;
1991 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Ontario; Soil water movement; Soil water;
Potassium chloride; Solutes; Tracers; Soil solution; Transport
processes; Spatial variation; Horizons; Methodology; Field
experimentation; Agricultural soils; Forest soils
Abstract: In field solute-transport experiments, two spatial
scales of the continuum of the dispersion process have been
measured: local scale and field scale. The objective of this
experiment was to develop a method for measuring in situ the
transition from the local scale to the field scale during
unsaturated flow conditions. The spatial variability of in
situ solute dispersion was examined in two field sites. Soil-
solution samplers were installed in a transect at a 0.4-m
depth and 0.2-m spacing in both a cultivated and never-
cultivated (forested) site. A pulse of KCl was applied to both
sites under conditions of constant surface flux density of
water, which was applied using a trickle irrigation system.
The variance of solute travel time, V2(t), at different
spatial scales was calculated from moment analysis of
breakthrough curves (BTC) obtained by averaging local BTC
across different spatial scales. The scale dependence of V2(t)
indicated scales of at least 2.8 and 3.8 m were needed to
reach an effective far field variance for the forested and
cultivated sites, respectively. The larger scale in the
cultivated site was due to an increase in horizontal
correlation length scales of soil properties caused by tillage
mixing. The scale dependence of V2(t) can be used to determine
the minimum plot size necessary to include all major
horizontal variations in solute travel time, which can then be
compared with spatial distributions of soil properties
affecting transport.
139 NAL Call. No.: TC801.I66
A study of water distribution from a branch to distributary
canals: A case study of Gugera Branch, Punjab, Pakistan.
Bhutta, M.N.; Latif, M.; Kijne, J.W.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1991 Aug.
Irrigation and drainage systems : an international journal v.
5 (3): p. 229-247; 1991 Aug. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pakistan punjab; Irrigation systems; Management;
Water distribution; Canals; Design; Discharge; Regulation;
Gates; Site selection
140 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM3PS (IR)
Subsurface microirrigation with effluent.
Oron, G.; DeMalach, J.; Hoffman, Z.; Cibotaru, R.
New York, N.Y. : American Society of Civil Engineers; 1991
Jan. Journal of irrigation and drainage engineering v. 117
(1): p. 25-36; 1991 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Israel; Gossypium hirsutum; Zea mays; Triticum
aestivum; Pisum sativum; Trickle irrigation; Subsurface
irrigation; Emitters; Sewage effluent; Waste water; Nutrient
content; Crop yield; Productivity; Semiarid zones; Arid zones
141 NAL Call. No.: TC801.I66
Testing and statistical analysis of the performance of a pipe
drainage system: a case study in North-eastern Italy.
Borin, M.; Berti, A.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1991 May.
Irrigation and drainage systems : an international journal v.
5 (2): p. 165-182; 1991 May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Italy; Pipe drainage; Systems; Discharge; Water
table; Depth; Samples; Size; Case studies
142 NAL Call. No.: QR1.L47
Thermophilic campylobacters in two sewage treatment plants in
Libya. Betaieb, M.; Jones, K.
Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1990 Aug.
Letters in applied microbiology v. 11 (2): p. 93-95; 1990 Aug.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Libya; Campylobacter; Thermophilic bacteria;
Sewage effluent; Irrigation water; Waste water treatment;
Chlorine; Disinfection; Sewage sludge; Drying; Anaerobic
digesters; Disease control; Waterborne diseases
143 NAL Call. No.: 81 SO12
Tomato fruit yields and quality under water deficit and
salinity. Mitchell, J.P.; Shennan, C.; Grattan, S.R.; May,
D.M.
Alexandria, Va. : The Society; 1991 Mar.
Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science v.
116 (2): p. 215-221; 1991 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: California; Lycopersicon esculentum; Irrigated
conditions; Water deficit; Saline water; Yield response
functions; Crop quality
Abstract: Effects of deficit irrigation and irrigation with
saline drainage water on processing tomato (Lycopersicon
esculentum Mill, cv. UC82B) yields, fruit quality, and fruit
tissue constituents were investigated in two field
experiments. Deficit irrigation reduced fruit water
accumulation and fresh fruit yield, but increased fruit
soluble solids levels and led to higher concentrations of
hexoses, citric acid, and potassium. Irrigation with saline
water had no effect on total fresh fruit yield or hexose
concentration, but slightly reduced fruit water content, which
contributed to increased inorganic ion concentrations. Fruit
set and marketable soluble solids (marketable red fruit yield
X percent soluble solids) were generally unaffected by either
irrigation practice. Water deficit and salinity increased
starch concentration during early fruit development, but, at
maturity, concentrations were reduced to < 1%, regardless of
treatment. Higher fruit acid concentrations resulted from
water deficit irrigation and from irrigation with saline water
relative to the control in one year out of two. These results
support the contention that deficit irrigation and irrigation
with saline drainage water may be feasible crop water
management options for producing high quality field-grown
processing tomatoes without major yield reductions.
Appropriate long-term strategies are needed to deal with the
potential hazards of periodic increases in soil salinity
associated with use of saline drainage water for irrigation.
144 NAL Call. No.: QH540.J6
Transport and prediction of sulfate in agricultural runoff.
Sharpley, A.N.; Smith, S.J.; Jones, O.R.; Berg, W.A.; Coleman,
G.A. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Apr.
Journal of environmental quality v. 20 (2): p. 415-420; 1991
Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Oklahoma; Texas; Watersheds; Sulfates; Runoff;
Transport processes; Leaching; Ground cover; Kinetics;
Desorption; Ph; Land management
Abstract: The measurement and simulation of sulfate-S (SO4-S)
mobility in agricultural watersheds is necessary to evaluate
the effect of management practices on associated crop S
deficiencies, enhanced leaching loss of nutrient cations, and
acidification of percolation waters. The concentrations and
amounts of SO4-S in runoff from six grassed and 13 cropped
watersheds in the Southern Plains were, thus, measured over a
4-yr period. Sulfate-S transport in runoff was predicted using
an equation describing the kinetics of SO4-S desorption from
soil and compared with measured values. No SO4-S was added to
any of the watersheds directly as S fertilizer or indirectly
in N or P fertilizer material. No difference (at 5% level) in
SO4-S concentration in runoff from grassed (mean annual value
of 12.6 mg L-1) and cropped (mean annual value of 11.0 mg L-1)
watersheds was observed. Differences in amounts (0.2-18.9 kg
ha-1 yr-1) were a function of runoff volume as influenced by
land management. A general trend of increasing SO4-S
concentration in runoff with decreasing pH was observed, which
may be a function of S dry deposition and soil and crop
conditions. Measured and predicted SO4-S concentrations in
runoff for individual events were not significantly different
(at 5% level), with an average predictive standard error of
1.6 mg L-1 for all watersheds, representing 17% of the
measured concentration. The equation may, thus, provide a
predictive tool in agronomic and environmental studies of SO4-
S movement in agricultural watersheds.
145 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Transport comparison of technical grade and starch-
encapsulated atrazine. Gish, T.J.; Schoppet, M.J.; Helling,
C.S.; Shirmohammadi, A.; Schreiber, M.M.; Wing, R.E.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
Engineers; 1991 Jul. Transactions of the ASAE v. 34 (4): p.
1738-1744; 1991 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Atrazine; Encapsulation; Groundwater; Leaching;
Movement in soil; Starch; Trickle irrigation; Water pollution
Abstract: The feasibility of using starch-encapsulated
atrazine to minimize convective transport under conditions
favoring preferential flow was evaluated. Forty small,
undisturbed, soil columns (45 cm2 X 3 cm) were removed from an
established no-tillage management site and randomly grouped
into one of five atrazine treatments: 1) technical grade; 2)
borate process, starch-encapsulated; 3) jet-cooked, pearl
starch-encapsulated; 4) jet-cooked, waxy starch-encapsulated;
and 5) untreated control. Columns were drip-irrigated at the
rate of 2.5 cm every three days. Highest atrazine levels, 1.30
mg L-1, were observed in the effluent from columns receiving
technical-grade atrazine after the first irrigation (2.3 pore
volumes), even though piston flow theory indicated that
atrazine should not have appeared before 21.9 pore volumes.
Computer simulations using the general convection-dispersion
equation with first-order dissipation and linear adsorption
also significantly underpredicted atrazine mobility. All
encapsulated formulations, relative to technical-grade,
revealed significantly lower initial atrazine levels in the
effluent. Cumulative effluent concentrations indicate that
after 16.1 pore volumes, 35, 10, 3, and < 1% of the available
atrazine had been leached from the technical-grade, borate,
pearl, and waxy starch formulations, respectively.
146 NAL Call. No.: QH540.J6
The transport of bioavailable phosphorus in agricultural
runoff. Sharpley, A.N.; Smith, S.J.; Jones, O.R.; Berg, W.A.;
Coleman, G.A. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy;
1992 Jan.
Journal of environmental quality v. 21 (1): p. 30-35; 1992
Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Oklahoma; Texas; Phosphorus; Runoff; Watersheds;
Farmland; Bioavailability; Phosphorus fertilizers; Tillage;
Minimum tillage; No-tillage; Rotations; Fallow; Stubble
mulching; Triticum aestivum; Grasses; Arachis hypogaea;
Sorghum bicolor; Losses from soil systems
Abstract: Bioavailable P (BAP) in agricultural runoff
represents P potentially available for algal uptake and
consists of soluble P (SP) and a variable portion of
particulate P (PP). Evaluation of the impact of agricultural
management on BAP in runoff will aid assessment of the
resultant biological productivity of receiving water bodies.
Soluble P, PP, and bioavailable PP (BPP) (estimated by NaOH
extraction) were determined over a 5-yr period in runoff from
20 unfertilized and fertilized, grassed, and cropped
watersheds in the Southern Plains. Soluble P, BPP, and BAP
loss in runoff was reduced by practices minimizing erosion and
runoff, with respective mean annual amounts ranging from 237
to 122, 1559 to 54, and 1796 to 176 g P ha-1 yr-1 (for peanut-
sorghum [Arachis hypogaea L.-Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and
native grass watersheds, respectively). However, as vegetative
cover improved, BAP (SP plus BPP) comprised a larger portion
of total P (TP) loss (29% for peanut-sorghum and 88% for
native grass). This results from an increasing contribution to
BAP of SP (13% for peanut-sorghum and 69% for native grass
watersheds) and BPP to PP (26% for peanut-sorghum and 69% for
native grass watersheds). Clearly, P bioavailability is a
dynamic function of physiochemical processes controlling
erosion, particle size enrichment, P desorption-dissolution
reactions, and plant residue breakdown, in addition to soil
and fertilizer P management. Hence, the change in trophic
state of a water body may not be adequately reflected by TP
inputs only. To more reliably evaluate the biological response
of a water body to agricultural P inputs, particularly from
conservation tillage practices, it may be necessary to
determine BAP in runoff.
147 NAL Call. No.: QK71.P83
Treated sewage effluent for irrigation.
Tarbox, G.L. Jr
Wayne, Pa. : The Association; 1990 Jul.
The Public garden : journal of the American Association of
Botanical Gardens and Arboreta v. 5 (3): p. 19. ill; 1990 Jul.
Language: English
Descriptors: South Carolina; Public gardens; Water reuse;
Sewage effluent; Waste water treatment; Irrigation water; Case
studies
148 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Treatment of wastewater from the textile industry.
Nicolaou, M.; Hadjivassilis, I.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 25 (1):
p. 31-35; 1992. Paper presented at the "International
Specialized Conference," November 20-22, 1990, Nicosia,
Cyprus. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cyprus; Textile industry; Waste water treatment;
Chemical treatment; Coagulation; Chemical precipitation;
Activated sludge; Irrigation water; Water reuse
149 NAL Call. No.: 10 OU8
The urban water cycle, including wastewater use in
agriculture. Pescod, M.B.
Oxon : C.A.B. International; 1992 Dec.
Outlook on agriculture v. 21 (4): p. 263-270. ill; 1992 Dec.
Special issue: Focus on water. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Waste water; Water resources; Health hazards;
Irrigation; Rural areas; Urban areas
150 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Wastewater disposal by sub-surface trickle irrigation.
Oron, G.; DeMalach, Y.; Hoffman, Z.; Keren, Y.; Hartman, H.;
Plazner, N. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 23
(10/12): p. 2149-2158; 1991. Paper presented at the
"Fifteenth Biennial Conference of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control," July 29-
August 3, 1990, Kyoto, Japan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Israel; Waste water treatment; Water reuse;
Disposal; Irrigation water; Zea mays; Sweetcorn; Trickle
irrigation; Crop yield
151 NAL Call. No.: aZ5071.N3
Wastewater irrigation, January 1987 - April 1990.
Schneider, K.
Beltsville, Md. : The Library; 1990 Aug.
Quick bibliography series - U.S. Department of Agriculure,
National Agricultural Library (U.S.). (90-64): 16 p.; 1990
Aug. Updates QB 88-55. Bibliography.
Language: English
Descriptors: Waste water; Irrigation; Bibliographies
152 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Wastewater reclamation and water resources management.
Shelef, G.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9):
p. 251-265; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater
Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano.
Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate
Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava,
Spain. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Israel; Waste water treatment; Water reuse;
Irrigation water; Water resources; Water quality;
Requirements; Economic evaluation
153 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Wastewater reuse case studies in the Middle East.
Banks, P.A.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 23
(10/12): p. 2141-2148; 1991. Paper presented at the
"Fifteenth Biennial Conference of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control," July 29-
August 3, 1990, Kyoto, Japan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Middle east; Waste water; Water reuse; Irrigation
water; Water quality; Quality standards; Waste water
treatment; Case studies
154 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Wastewater reuse for irrigation in the Near East Region.
Arar, A.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 23
(10/12): p. 2127-2134; 1991. Paper presented at the
"Fifteenth Biennial Conference of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control," July 29-
August 3, 1990, Kyoto, Japan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Middle east; Waste water treatment; Water reuse;
Irrigation water; Public health; Health protection
155 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
Wastewater treatment and reuse aspects of Lake Valencia,
Venezuela. Lansdell, M.; Carbonell, L.M.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9):
p. 19-30; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater
Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano.
Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate
Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava,
Spain. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Venezuela; Waste water treatment; Water reuse;
Lakes; Irrigation water; Drinking water; Water resources;
Water quality
156 NAL Call. No.: 80 AC82
Water requirement and crop coefficient for processing
tomatoes. Andre, R.G.B.; Churataa-Masca, M.G.C.
Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science;
1992 Jan. Acta horticulturae (301): p. 165-169; 1992 Jan.
Paper presented at the "Fourth International Symposium on
Processin g Tomatoes," February 18-21, 1991, Mendoza,
Argentina. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Water requirements
157 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Water table management practice effects on water quality.
Wright, J.A.; Shirmohammadi, A.; Magette, W.L.; Fouss, J.L.;
Bengtson, R.L.; Parsons, J.E.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
Engineers; 1992 May. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (3): p.
823-831; 1992 May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Water management; Water quality; Water table;
Drainage; Hydrology; Simulation models; Subsurface irrigation
Abstract: Impacts of water table management (WTM) practices
on water quality were modeled using a linked version of CREAMS
and DRAINMOD (Parsons and Skaggs, 1988). The CREAMS
denitrification component and the linked DRAINMOD-CREAMS model
were modified to simulate daily hydrology (runoff,
infiltration, evaporation, and soil moisture content),
erosion, and nutrient processes for different WTM conditions.
Measured data from Baton Rouge, Louisiana, were used to
validate the linked model, and then controlled drainage-
subirrigation (CD-SI) was simulated to investigate the effects
of different WTM systems on runoff, erosion, and nitrogen
losses. Results of the study indicated that the linked models
performed better than the original CREAMS model in predicting
runoff, infiltration, soil moisture content, and erosion, and
that the modified linked model performed better than both
CREAMS and the original linked model in predicting nitrogen
losses from the study site. Results also showed that the CD-SI
system simulated by the modified DRAINMOD-CREAMS model
predicted increased denitrification and lowered nitrate
leaching, unlike the original version. This study concluded
that the CD-SI system may be used as a BMP to reduce nitrogen
leaching to shallow groundwater systems for areas with high
water table conditions.
158 NAL Call. No.: 80 AC82
Water-fertilizer management of processing tomatoes.
Phene, C.J.; Hutmacher, R.B.; Davis, K.R.; McCormick, R.L.
Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science;
1990 Aug. Acta horticulturae (277): p. 137-143; 1990 Aug.
Paper presented at the "Third International Symposium on
Processing Tomatoes," November 29-December 2, 1989, Avignon,
France. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: California; Lycopersicon esculentum; Trickle
irrigation; Evapotranspiration; Nitrogen fertilizers;
Phosphorus fertilizers; Potassium fertilizers; Water use
efficiency; Crop yield
Abstract: Water and fertility management of processing
tomatoes were studied with high frequency subsurface drip
(SSD), high frequency surface drip (HFSD) and low frequency
surface drip (LFSD). In 1984 and 1985, N, and N + P were
injected uniformly through the drip systems, respectively. In
1987 N + K were injected uniformly through the drip systems,
and the subtreatments were 0, 15, and 30 mg/l P injected daily
in the irrigation water. The yields for all main treatments
increased with injected P (1985) and K 1987. The SDS out-
yielded the HFSD and LFSD in 1985 and 1987 when P was injected
with the irrigation water but was not different in 1984 when
only N was injected.
AUTHOR INDEX
Akhter, M.S. 9
Alberts, E.E. 78
Ali, A. 105
Allender, E.B. 24
Amiel, A.J. 29, 30
Andre, R.G.B. 156
Arar, A. 154
Artiola, J.F. 22, 77, 96
Asano, T. 48, 92, 102, 118
Assaf, R. 20
Ayres, R.M. 18
Azov, Y. 14, 47, 89, 90
Badawy, A.S. 15
Baker, P.A. 24
Banks, P.A. 153
Bar-Yosef, B. 49
Barnes, C.J. 39
Bartle, G.A 31
Bartle, G.A. 12
Bartone, C.R. 67
Ben-Harim, I. 14
Bengtson, R.L. 38, 157
Berg, W.A. 119, 144, 146
Bergstrom, L. 87
Berkowitz, B. 66
Bernaldez, F.G. 32
Berndt, Marian P. 137
Berti, A. 141
Betaieb, M. 95, 142
Bhutta, M.N. 5, 139
Bingham, G.E. 26
Blaskett, M.J. 68
Boardman, R. 68
Bollich, P.K. 38
Borin, M. 141
Bouwer, H. 1, 55, 117
Bravdo, B.A. 20
Briccoli-Bati, C. 40, 51
Brissaud, F. 62
Brownlee, C.H. 132
Burgess, M.D. 103
Bustamante, I. de 74
Carbonell, L.M. 155
Carlson, M. 93
Carroll, M.J. 94
Caswell, M. 41
Chambers, L.A. 39
Chang, C. 120
Chang, L.J. 2, 79
Chappell, N.A. 104
Churataa-Masca, M.G.C. 156
Cibotaru, R. 140
Clothier, B. 111
Coleman, G.A. 144, 146
Cooper, R.C. 107
Cooper, R.N. 115, 133
Cort, R.P. 92
Corwin, D.L. 52
Croce, F. 8, 129
Crook, J. 108
D'Itri, F.M. 76
Dardanoni, L. 129
Davis, K.R. 158
DeMalach, J. 140
DeMalach, Y. 33, 45, 150
Deming, E.J. 3
Denver, J.M. 57
Destouni, G. 4
Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit,
International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, Deutscher
Verband fur Wasserwirschaft und Kulturbau 81
Deverel, S.J. 56, 126
Di Giovacchino, L. 51
Dik, P.E. 87
Dolezal, F. 116
Duniway, J.M. 60, 112
Eckstein, Y. 106
Edwards, W.M. 106
El Atfy, H. 28
El Gamaal, H. 28
Essery, C.I. 10
Exner, M.E. 43
Farrington, P. 12, 31
Fazeli, M.S. 35
Feagley, S.E. 38
Feigenbaum, Sala 34
Feigin, A. 73
Fio, J.L. 56, 126
Fitzpatrick, J.J. 132
Flexer, A. 66
Flinn, D.W. 97
Forden, W.Y. 71
Fouss, J.L. 157
Frank, K.D. 78
Frankenberger, W.T. Jr 88
Fujii, R. 126
Gamble, B.F. 106
Gambrill, M.P. 101
Gburek, W.J. 121
Geological Survey (U.S.) 25
Gerba, C.P. 15
German, E. R. 37d
Gish, T.J. 145
Gomez, I. 65
Gorelick, S.M. 131
Grattan, S.R. 143
Hadjivassilis, I. 21, 148
Hanks, R.J. 26
Harivandi, A. 46
Hartling, E.C. 91
Hartman, H. 150
Hayes, A.R. 70, 71
Helling, C.S. 145
Hillman, T.J. 97
Hills, R.G. 75, 124
Hodges, L. 122
Hoffman, Z. 33, 45, 140, 150
Holtzclaw, K.M. 11
Hopmans, P. 97
Howard, H.D. 80
Howard, H.F. 69
Hudson, D.B. 75, 124
Hutmacher, R.B. 158
Itoyama, T. 135
Iwasaki, K. 130
Jaques, R.S. 92
Jarvis, N.J. 87
Jaynes, D.B. 50
Jeyapaul, G. 61
Johnson, D.L. 109
Jones, K. 95, 142
Jones, O.R. 144, 146
Jones, R.L. 109
Joseph, C. 62
Juanico, M. 14, 89, 90
Kachanoski, R.G. 138
Kamra, S.K. 127
Kanarek, A. 90
Kandil, H. 85p
Kannan, K. 36, 63, 64
Kargbo, D. 19
Karioun, A. 7
Kato, M. 76
Keren, Y. 150
Khao-Uppatum, V. 130
Kijne, J.W. 5, 139
Kirkland, M.R. 124
Kirkpatrick, W.R. 92
Knudsen, D. 19
Kok-Yokomi, M.L. 105
Koo, R.C.J. 13, 42
Kopec, D.M. 71
Kott, Y. 16
Kourik, R. 136
Kreznor, W.R. 109
Kronfeld, J. 66
Lamond, B.J. 120
Lansdell, M. 155
Latif, M. 139
Lee, D.L. 18
Lefkoff, L.J. 131
Leong, L.Y.C. 48
Levin, I. 20
Lichtenberg, E. 41
Lico, Michael S. 25
Lindsey, S.B. 115, 133
Lindstrand, O. 29
Linscombe, S.D. 38
Logasundari, S. 61
Lombardo, N. 40, 51
MacDonald, D.V. 23
Mackzum, A. 125
MacLeod, J. 17
Madany, I.M. 9
Magaritz, M. 29, 30
Magette, W.L. 157
Malek, E.‹ 26
Mancino, C.F. 70, 71, 72
Manickavel, K. 61
Manor, Y. 33, 45
Mara, D.D. 7, 18, 101, 114, 128
Marsilio, V. 51
Martens, D.A. 88
Martin, G.E. 43
Martinez, A. 32
Mataix, J. 65
May, D.M. 143
McCormick, R.L. 158
McCurdy, G.D. 26
McHaney, S.X. 123
McMurtry, M.R. 84, 122
Milburn, P. 17
Miller, C.T. 85
Mills, S.W. 7
Mitchell, J.P. 143
Monte, H.M. do 44
Moravek, M.G. 78
Mote, C.R. 3
Mourik, E. van 28
Mujeriego, R. 54
Mujumdar, P.P. 99
Murashima, K. 83
Muthanna, L. 35
Naney, J.W. 119
Narkis, N. 16
Nash, A. 84
Navarro-Pedreno, J. 65
Neal, R.H. 125
Neher, D. 112
Neilsen, G.H. 132
Nelson, P.V. 84, 122
Nicolaou, M. 148
Niedrum, S.B. 7
Nijman, C.M. 100
Oblisami, G. 36, 63, 64
Ogino, Y. 83
Oliveri, R.L. 8
Olson, K.R. 109
Oron, G. 33, 45, 140, 150
Oyama, G. 76
Paliwal, K. 61
Parlange, J.Y. 82
Parlange, M.B. 82
Parsons, J.E. 157
Pearson, H.W. 128
Pepper, I.L. 22, 70, 71, 72, 77
Pescod, M.B. 149
Petrovic, A.M. 94
Phene, C.J. 158
Pionke, H.B. 121
Plazner, N. 150
Pollara, J.R. 8
Poppe, R.E. 80
Potgieter, L.N.D. 3
Priel, M. 90
Rajamanickam, C. 61
Rao Bhamidimarri, S.M. 6
Rao, K.V.G.K. 127
Ravina, I. 73
Reedy Creek Improvement District (Fla.),Geological Survey
(U.S.) 37
Restrepo-Bardon, M. 62
Rey Benayas, J.M. 32
Reynolds, B. 104
Rhoades, J.D. 52
Rigby, M.G. 48
Ristaino, J.B. 60
Rogowski, A.S. 121
Ronen, D. 29, 30
Rose, C.W. 82
Rose, J.B. 15
Rosenthal, E. 66
Russel, J.M. 133
Russell, J.M. 115
Sakaji, R.H. 48
Sala, L. 54
Salama, R.B. 12, 31
Sanders, D.C. 84, 122
Sathyanarayan, S. 35
Satish, P.N. 35
Sauer, T. 111
Scanlon, B.R. 113
Schepers, J.S. 78
Schnabel, R.R. 121
Schneider, K. 151
Schoppet, M.J. 145
Schrale, G. 68
Schreiber, M.M. 145
Schwartz, F.W. 98
Scotter, D. 111
Shalhevet, Joseph 73
Sharma, M.L. 134
Sharpley, A.N. 144, 146
Sheikh, B. 92
Shelef, G. 14, 47, 89, 90, 152
Shennan, C. 143
Shioda, K. 130
Shirmohammadi, A. 145, 157
Shuval, H.I. 27, 58
Sigua, G.C. 38
Silva, S.A. 18, 101
Simunek, J. 86
Singh, S.R. 127
Skaggs, R.W. 85
Skopp, J. 19
Smith, S.J. 119, 144, 146
Snow, D.D. 43
Solinas, M. 51
Sommerfeldt, T.G. 120
Soulie, M. 62
Sousa, M.S. 44
Spalding, R.F. 43
Sparks, Donald L. 34
Sposito, G. 11, 125
Stagnitti, F. 82
Steenhuis, T.S. 82
Stein, R. 98
Stevenson, D.S. 132
Stewart, H.T.L. 97
Stott, R. 18
Strauss, M. 59
Suarez, D.L. 86
Tallahassee (Fla.),Geological Survey (U.S.) 137
Tanigawa, T. 83
Taniguchi, M. 134
Tarbox, G.L. Jr 147
Tchobanoglous, G. 118
Teltsch, B. 14
Ternan, J.L. 104
Thellier, C. 11
Thoma, K. 24
Torregrossa, M.V. 8
United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and
Development Fund 34
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and
Natural Resources. Subcommittee on Water and Power 110
Unruh, R.R. 80
Urban, J.B. 121
Urbanek, J. 116
Ushikubo, A. 76
Valentino, L. 8
Van Genuchten, M.T. 127
Van Wesenbeeck, I.J. 138
Varadarajan, K. 61
Vargas-Lopez, C.E. 114
Vaz da Costa-Vargas, S.M. 114
Vedula, S. 99
Von Bernuth, R.D. 3
Waggoner, B.L. 52
Wallender, W.W. 53
Wasson, R.J. 39
Watson, G.D. 12, 31
Weinberger, G. 66
Wells, M.C. 30
Whalen, S.A. 2, 79
Wierenga, P.J. 75, 124
Wilcock, D.N. 10
Williams, A.G. 104
Williams, B.G. 39
Wing, R.E. 145
Wright, J.A. 157
Xanthoulis, D. 53
Yabe, K. 83
Yang, A. 125
Yang, P.Y. 2, 79
Yokose, H. 135
Yoshimura, M. 76
Zekri, M. 13, 42
Zilberman, D. 41
SUBJECT INDEX
Activated sludge 15, 21, 148
Adsorption 125, 126
Aeration 2, 69, 76
Aerobic treatment 2, 79
Aggregates 88, 109
Agricultural chemicals 57, 121
Agricultural land 43, 64, 83
Agricultural production 59
Agricultural soils 4, 50, 56, 112, 116, 125, 138
Alberta 98, 120
Alfalfa 88
Algae 7, 69
Algorithms 85
Alkaline soils 126
Alluvial soils 125, 126
Almonds 65
Aluminum 104
Ammonia 76
Ammonium nitrogen 76
Anaerobic conditions 76, 79
Anaerobic digesters 142
Anaerobic treatment 2, 133
Analytical methods 39
Animal models 3
Animal wastes 76
Application rates 20, 71, 77
Application to land 24, 68, 70, 71, 74, 76, 97, 117
Aquaculture 59, 67, 122
Aquatic weeds 69
Aquifers 12, 29, 30, 31, 37, 39, 66, 113, 117, 127, 131
Arachis hypogaea 146
Arid regions 70
Arid zones 140
Arizona 22, 55, 70, 71, 72, 77, 96
Ascaridia galli 18
Ascaris lumbRicoides 18
Atrazine 145
Australia 39, 97
Australian northern territory 103
Automatic irrigation systems 20
Bacteria 45, 92
Bahrain 9
Barley straw 88
Basin irrigation 109
Beta-fructofuranosidase 64
Bibliographies 151
Bioavailability 146
Biodegradation 29
Biofilms 23
Biological activity in soil 125
Biological oxygen demand 76
Biological techniques 14
Biological treatment 76
Biomass 20
Biomass accumulation 97
Bioreactors 23
Blood picture 61
Botulism 69
Brazil 18, 101
British Columbia 93
Bromacil 50
Bromide 124
Brown chernozemic soils 120
Bulk density 88
Byproducts 65
Calcareous soils 65
Calcium 65, 84, 113, 135
Calcium carbonate 120
Calcium sulfate 120
Calculation 83
California 11, 23, 41, 48, 53, 56, 60, 88, 91, 92, 123, 125,
126, 136, 143, 158
Campylobacter 142
Canals 5, 139
Cannery wastes 53
Capacity 14
Capillary rise 11
Carbon 29, 43, 77
Carbon dioxide 12, 36, 86
Case studies 7, 116, 141, 147, 153
Catchment hydrology 82, 106
Cations 74
Cellulase 64
Channels 5
Chemical analysis 9, 113
Chemical composition 12, 66, 115
Chemical oxygen demand 76
Chemical precipitation 148
Chemical treatment 148
Chemicals 108
Chemistry 98
Chloride 43
Chlorides 87
Chlorine 92, 142
Citrus 20, 42
Citrus sinensis 13
Clay loam soils 22
Clay soils 87
Clones 93
Coagulation 148
Cocos nucifera 35
Coliform bacteria 95
Colorado 131
Comparisons 16
Computer programming 80
Computer software 106
Concentration 14
Coniferous forests 104
Connecticut 82
Constraints 102
Construction 62
Contaminants 30
Contamination 3, 30, 45, 114, 125
Control methods 14, 27
Copper 72
Cost analysis 2, 79
Costs 23, 54, 102, 131
Cotton 41
Counting 45
Crop establishment 71
Crop growth stage 99, 112
Crop management 17
Crop mixtures 131
Crop production 40, 49, 78
Crop quality 42, 44, 71, 143
Crop yield 20, 44, 112, 131, 140, 150, 158
Crops 45, 114
Cucumis sativus 122
Cultivation 38
Culture media 122
Cynodon dactylon 71, 72
Cyprus 21, 148
Czechoslovakia 116
Dairy cows 61
Dairy industry 21
Dams 31
Decision making 99, 100, 131
Decomposition 36
Decontamination 114
Deficiency 129
Delaware 57
Deltas 130
Denitrification 22, 23, 43, 76, 133
Depletion 32
Depth 127, 141
Desalinization 129
Desert soils ˘22, 77
Design 23, 24, 53, 79, 83, 139
Desorption 126, 144
Deterministic models 75, 124
Developing countries 27
Differentiation 39
Diffusion 19
Diffusion models 87
Diffusivity 19
Discharge 5, 17, 28, 31, 32, 83, 106, 139, 141
Disease control 142
Disease models 3
Disease transmission 3
Disinfectants 16
Disinfection 16, 142
Dispersion 126
Disposal 39, 150
Dissolved oxygen 76
Dissolving 29, 126
Distribution 30
Drain pipes 28
Drainage 17, 41, 116, 122, 126, 157
Drainage channels 83
Drainage water 12, 28, 56, 125, 126, 127, 135
Drained conditions 85
Drinking water 43, 103, 107, 117, 129, 155
Drying 142
Earthworm channels 116
Earthworms 116
Economic analysis 103
Economic evaluation 152
Efficiency 79
Effluents 7, 16, 23, 29, 33, 44, 45, 46, 47, 69, 76, 84, 89,
90, 101, 122, 127, 128, 133
Egypt 28
Electrical conductivity 70, 72, 98, 132
Emitters 140
Encapsulation 145
Enterobacteriaceae 95
Enterovirus 15, 48
Environmental aspects 137
Environmental impact 32, 78, 103
Environmental policy 41
Enzyme activity 64
Epidemiology 112
Equations 94
Erosion 109
Erosion control 119
Estimation 130
Eucalyptus 24
Evaluation 48
Evaporation 10, 12, 82, 98
Evapotranspiration 10, 26, 158
Exchangeable cations 11
Exchangeable sodium 11, 70
Experimental design 17p
Fallow 146
Farm inputs 41
Farm management 41
Farm workers 105
Farmland 41, 119, 146
Fecal flora 114
Fertigation 20, 30, 45, 49, 74
Fertilizer requirement determination 49
Fertilizer technology 49
Fertilizers 20, 40, 65, 113
Fertirrigation 36
Field capacity 19
Field experimentation 138
Fields 38
Filters 69
Filtration 14
Fish culture 84
Fish ponds 122
Flood irrigation 38, 50
Flooded rice 38
Florida 13, 42, 105, 137, 137
Flow 12
Flow to drains 56
Fluids 49
Foliar diagnosis 42
Foliar nutrition 132
Food composition 65
Food contamination 92
Food crops 33
Forest plantations 24, 93
Forest soils 135, 138
Forest trees 97
Forestry 115
France 62
Fresh water 129
Freshwater fishes 14
Fruits 20
Furrow irrigation 22, 60, 77, 96
Furrows 53
Gaging 81
Gates 139
Geochemistry 12, 56
Geological sedimentation 109
Geology 98
Geomorphology 31•
Gibbsite 12
Golf courses 54, 123
Gossypium 47, 96
Gossypium hirsutum 22, 140
Grasses 146
Greenhouse culture 122
Ground cover 144
Groundwater 12, 29, 30, 31, 39, 43, 52, 56, 57, 66, 78, 91,
107, 121, 126, 145
Groundwater extraction 32
Groundwater flow 31, 56, 66, 98
Groundwater level 31, 66
Groundwater pollution 113, 115
Groundwater recharge 9, 23, 31, 32, 43, 55, 66, 102, 117
Growth 93
Guidelines 27, 59, 108
Gypsum 126
Hawaii 2, 79
Health 101
Health hazards 15, 27, 46, 149
Health protection 7, 27, 54, 55, 58, 59, 107, 108, 114, 117,
118, 129, 154
Heat 134
Heat flow 10, 86
Heavy metals 35, 92
Helminths 27
Hematology 61
Herbicide residues 50
High water tables 98
Hill land 104
Historical records 58
Horizons 138
Households 33, 101
Human diseases 3, 8
Hybrids 93
Hydraulic conductivity 87, 98, 116
Hydraulics 2, 28
Hydrogen ions 104
Hydrography 81
Hydrological factors 32
Hydrology 56, 157
Hysteresis 126
India 127
Indicators 48
Industrial wastes 6, 21, 24, 115
Infection 3
Infestation 18
Infiltration 53, 62, 75, 88, 111, 116, 124, 134
Innovation adoption 41
Inoculum density 112
Insect pests 105
Installation 23
Installations 79
Ion transport 104
Ions 12, 66
Iron 72
Irrigated conditions 56, 78, 88, 105, 143
Irrigated farming 41
Irrigated pastures 61, 115
Irrigated soils 29, 68, 126
Irrigated stands 26, 114, 117
Irrigation 3, 13, 24, 25, 35, 42, 44, 46, 64, 65, 69, 76, 80,
84, 93, 94, 97, 126, 133, 149, 151
Irrigation laws 110
Irrigation requirements 20, 99
Irrigation scheduling 19, 99, 135
Irrigation systems 5, 83, 100, 130, 139
Irrigation water 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18,
21, 23, 26, 27, 33, 39, 40, 45, 47, 48, 49, 51, 54, 55, 58,
59, 62, 67, 70, 71, 72, 89, 90, 92, 95, 101, 102, 103, 107,
108, 114, 115, 117, 118, 123, 126, 128, 129, 131, 132, 142,
147, 148, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155
Israel 14, 16, 27, 29, 30, 33, 45, 47, 66, 89, 90, 128, 140,
150, 152
Italy 51, 141
Japan 76, 83, 135
Kaolinite 12
Karnataka 35, 99
Kentucky 113
Kinetics 125, 144
Kraft mill effluent 63
Laboratory tests 11
Lactuca sativa 18, 114
Lagoons 2, 44
Lakes 155
Land management 31, 144
Land use 113
Landscape 32, 46, 123
Landscape gardening 62
Landscaping 9
Lawns and turf 3, 15, 46, 62, 70, 72, 105, 123
Leachates 70
Leaching 11, 50, 77, 78, 87, 96, 126, 144, 145
Leaf water potential 94
Leakage 12
Leaves 94
Libya 95, 142
Liquid fertilizers 49
Liquid wastes 77
Literature reviews 98
Loam soils 134
Lolium perenne 71
Losses from soil systems 96, 146
Louisiana 38
Lycopersicon esculentum 60, 84, 112, 122, 143, 156, 158
Macropore flow 87
Macropores 116
Magnesium 65, 84, 113
Maintenance 54
Malus pumila 20
Man 59
Management 49, 83, 139
Manganese 72, 125
Mathematical models 49, 50, 52, 82, 85, 86, 87, 99, 126, 127
Matric potential 20
Measurement 10, 124
Meat and livestock industry 6, 115, 133
Medicago sativa 26, 131
Metal tolerance 35
Metals 30
Methodology 130, 138
Microbial activities 36, 88
Microbial contamination 7, 27, 54, 90, 95, 113, 117
Microbiology 63, 101, 108
Middle east 153, 154
Mineral content 38
Mineral nutrition 42
Mineralization 77
Minimum tillage 146
Models 106
Monitoring 39, 49, 89, 90
Morocco 7
Movement in soil 49, 50, 104, 125, 126, 127, 145
Multiple cropping 99
Nebraska 43, 78
New Mexico 75, 124
New Zealand 6, 115
Nitrate 104, 125
Nitrate nitrogen 43, 76, 78, 96
Nitrates 22, 113, 115, 119, 121, 135, 137
Nitrites 76, 125
Nitrogen 43, 49, 65, 76, 77, 84, 94
Nitrogen fertilizers 71, 78, 132, 158
Nitrogen fixing bacteria 95
No-tillage 146
Northeastern states of U.S.A. 121
Northern ireland 10
Nutrient availability 20, 84, 94
Nutrient content 38, 140
Nutrient excesses 71
Nutrient requirements 49
Nutrient uptake 19, 49, 84, 132
Nutrients 97
Ohio 106
Oklahoma 80, 119, 144, 146
Olea europaea 40, 51
Olive oil 40, 51
Ontario 138
Operation 54
Oreochromis mossambicus 84
Organic amendments 88
Organic compounds 2
Organic farming 6
Organic fertilizers 6, 7
Osmotic pressure 94
Oxidation 126
Oxidation ditches 76
Oxygen 125
Pakistan punjab 5, 139
Pans 120
Paper mill sludge 35, 64
Particle size 96
Particle size distribution 109
Particles 14
Pathogenicity 112
Pathogens 8, 69, 92, 117
Percolation 62, 119
Performance 23, 28, 79
Performance appraisals 100
Permeability 116
Persistence 43
Pesticide residues 38
Ph 49, 66, 144
Phaseolus vulgaris 122
Phosphorus 19, 65, 72, 76, 84, 146
Phosphorus fertilizers 146, 158
Physicochemical properties 54, 125, 126
Physiographic features 98
Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica 60, 112
Pigs 3
Pipe drainage 141
Pisum sativum 140
Plains 119
Plankton 14
Planning 102, 103
Plant composition 35
Plant height 93
Plant nutrition 13, 49
Plant water relations 4
Plants, Effect of pollution on 37
Poa pratensis 94
Pollutants 29
Pollution 41
Polysaccharides 88
Ponds 7, 27, 62, 69, 101
Population density 105
Populus canadensis 74
Populus deltoides 93
Populus nigra 93
Populus trichocarpa 93
Porcine enterovirus 3
Porosity 87
Portugal 44, 114
Potassium 19, 65, 72, 74, 84, 94
Potassium chloride 138
Potassium content 34
Potassium fertilizers 158
Poultry manure 88
Prediction 75, 82, 85, 86, 87, 124, 127
Pretreatment 2, 79
Price policy 41
Processing 40, 51
Production 86
Productivity 140
Profiles 12, 60
Profitability 41
Profits 131
Programs 89
Projects 23
Protozoa 69
Prunus avium 132
Psychoda alternata 105
Public gardens 147
Public health 7, 27, 54, 59, 107, 108, 114, 117, 129, 154
Public parks 123
Pulp mill effluent 36
Pumps 69
Quality 47, 137
Quality controls 89
Quality standards 1, 27, 108, 114, 153
Quantitative analysis 56
Quantitative techniques 109
Radiocarbon dating 66
Rain 12
Rangelandsˇ 119
Recharge 104, 106, 107, 134
Reclamation 48, 90, 123
Recovery 135
Redistribution 111, 124
Redox potential 125
Redox reactions 125
Reduction 125
Refuse 1, 16, 44, 48, 92
Regressions 131
Regulation 139
Regulations 48, 58, 76
Relative humidity 19
Remote control 80
Removal 2, 79
Requirements 14, 54, 117, 152
Reservoirs 106, 128
Resources 102
Respiration 86
Respiration rate 88
Retention 2
Reviews 116
Rhizobiaceae 63
Risk 3
Rivers 130
Root rots 60, 112
Root systems 20, 49
Roots 20, 22, 112
Rotations 146
Runoff 82, 104, 144, 146
Rural areas 113, 149
Safety 101
Saline soils 98, 120
Saline water 11, 26, 39, 65, 129, 131, 143
Salinity 12, 28, 31, 39, 49, 56
Salinization 98
Salt water intrusion 66
Salts 12
Salts in soil 98, 120, 126
Samples 141
Sampling 57, 121
Sand 134
Sandy loam soils 122
Sandy soils 111, 132
Saturated conditions 126, 134
Saturated hydraulic conductivity 75, 82
Saturation 134
Saturation extract 11
Seasonal fluctuations 113
Seasonal variation 112
Sediment 38
Seedling emergence 71
Seepage 82
Selenium 56, 125, 126
Semiarid soils 75, 124
Semiarid zones 140
Sensors 20
Septic tank effluent 113, 114
Sewage 61, 105
Sewage effluent 15, 30, 55, 70, 71, 72, 93, 95, 97, 140, 142,
147
Sewage effluent disposal 61, 68, 95
Sewage irrigation 34, 73
Sewage sludge 43, 65, 77, 88, 96, 142
Sewage sludge as fertilizer 137
Sicily 8, 129
Silica 135
Silt loam soils 111
Simulation 85, 127
Simulation models 4, 5, 41, 86, 130, 131, 157
Site selection 139
Size 20, 141
Slopes 82, 109, 119
Sloping land 135
Sludges 22
Sodium 65, 69, 72, 74
Sodium carbonate 113
Sodium chloride 113
Soil 45, 109, 133
Soil amendments 22, 51, 63, 96
Soil bacteria 72, 125
Soil biology 36, 63, 86
Soil chemistry 63, 72, 86, 88, 135
Soil density 88
Soil depth 4, 11, 60, 82, 120, 126, 134
Soil fertility 36, 51, 72
Soil fungi 60, 63
Soil injection 43
Soil insects 105
Soil organic matter 72, 77, 88, 113
Soil ph 70, 72, 125, 132
Soil physical properties 82, 88, 135
Soil physics 87
Soil pollution 8, 24, 29, 92
Soil pore system 19
Soil salinity 11, 98, 119, 127
Soil solution 19, 49, 138
Soil temperature 134
Soil texture 4
Soil treatment 88
Soil variability 75, 124
Soil water 42, 75, 82, 88, 96, 104, 106, 119, 124, 138
Soil water balance 82, 85
Soil water content 19, 49, 88, 134
Soil water movement 4, 106, 111, 138
Soil water regimes 125
Soils 34, 97
Solid wastes 2
Solubility 119, 125
Solutes 4, 19, 52, 56, 75, 85, 87, 96, 104, 111, 124, 126,
127, 134, 138
Sorghum 53
Sorghum bicolor 146
South australia 24, 68
South Carolina 147
Spacing 127
Spain 32, 54, 74
Spatial distribution 31, 49, 86, 126
Spatial variation 138
Specific heat 134
Springs 113
Sprinkler irrigation 18, 33, 37, 45, 114, 135
Sri lanka 100
Stability 88
Stabilization 27
Stabilizing 7, 62, 101
Stable isotopes 43, 66, 98
Starch 145
Stomatal resistance 94
Storage 106, 128
Storms 104
Stream flow 130
Streams 12, 31, 104, 131
Stubble mulching 146
Subsurface drainage 28, 127
Subsurface irrigation 136, 140, 157
Subsurface layers 135
Sugar factory waste 2
Sugar industry 79
Sugarcane 2, 79
Sulfates 104, 144
Sulfur 84
Surface irrigation 53
Surface layers 135
Surface water 5, 12, 38, 98
Survival 15
Sweetcorn 45, 150
Systems 24, 90, 141
Tallahassee 137, 137
Tamil nadu 36, 61, 63
Technology 6, 101
Temperate climate 10
Temperate zones 17
Temperature 66, 76
Temporal variation 49, 113
Texas 144, 146
Textile industry 148
Thailand 130
Thermodynamics 125
Thermophilic bacteria 142
Tides 81
Tilapia aurea 122
Tile drainage 17, 127
Tillage 146
Time Š2
Time lag 126
Tomatoes 53, 65
Topsoil 87
Toxicity 61
Trace elements 84
Tracers 134, 138
Transformation 125
Transient flow 4
Transpiration 12
Transport processes 4, 19, 49, 50, 52, 75, 85, 86, 98, 111,
124, 125, 126, 134, 138, 144
Treatment 9, 55
Trickle irrigation 2, 14, 20, 33, 41, 45, 49, 79, 111, 140,
145, 150, 158
Triticum 66
Triticum aestivum 119, 140, 146
Tritium 124
Turgor 94
U.S.A. 58, 108
Underground storage 90
Unsaturated flow 85
Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity 134
Upland areas 31
Uptake 35
Urban areas 102, 123, 149
Utah 26
Utilization 23, 123
Vegetables 117, 122
Venezuela 155
Viruses 45, 92
Vitis vinifera 20
Volume 93
Wales 104
Washing 79
Waste disposal 26, 45, 53, 77, 97, 103
Waste disposal sites 24
Waste treatment 6, 16, 45
Waste utilization 59, 70, 71, 72, 76, 132, 136
Waste water 3, 9, 13, 24, 26, 29, 39, 40, 42, 51, 53, 58, 59,
67, 72, 76, 80, 93, 101, 105, 107, 123, 129, 132, 133, 135,
140, 149, 151, 153
Waste water disposal 36
Waste water treatment 1, 2, 7, 8, 14, 18, 21, 23, 27, 33, 35,
44, 46, 47, 54, 59, 62, 68, 74, 79, 89, 90, 91, 92, 95, 101,
102, 103, 108, 114, 117, 118, 128, 142, 147, 148, 150, 152,
153, 154, 155
Waste waters 136
Wastes 59
Water 25, 44, 102
Water allocation 5, 99
Water availability 19, 20, 94, 99
Water balance 10
Water budget 106
Water conservation 41, 42, 129
Water costs 41
Water deficit 143
Water distribution 5, 139
Water erosion 119
Water filters 69
Water flow 75, 82, 86, 124, 134, 135
Water holding capacity 82
Water management 38, 52, 78, 118, 130, 157
Water policy 5
Water pollution 14, 15, 27, 29, 43, 77, 107, 121, 125, 129,
145 Water purification 27, 74
Water quality 1, 7, 12, 13, 14, 17, 25, 27, 31, 33, 37, 38,
46, 52, 54, 56, 57, 70, 76, 78, 85, 90, 104, 108, 113, 117,
127, 135, 152, 153, 155, 157
Water requirements 156
Water reservoirs 95, 99
Water resources 54, 103, 107, 118, 129, 149, 152, 155
Water resources development 110
Water reuse 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 14, 16, 18, 21, 27, 33, 37, 44,
45, 48, 54, 55, 58, 59, 62, 67, 79, 89, 90, 91, 101, 102, 103,
108, 110, 114, 115, 117, 118, 128, 129, 147, 148, 150, 152,
153, 154, 155
Water storage 117
Water supply 102
Water table 10, 32, 85, 119, 127, 141, 157
Water uptake 19, 60
Water use 5, 107, 131
Water use efficiency 99, 158
Water yield 82
Water, Underground 137
Waterborne diseases 142
Waterfowlx 69
Watershed management 31
Watersheds 12, 31, 82, 83, 121, 144, 146
Weathering 12
Weed control 69
Wells 66, 113
Western australia 12, 31
Wetlands 32
Wetting front 75
Who 27, 108
Yield losses 112
Yield response functions 7, 92, 143
Yield targets 78
Zea mays 19, 45, 78, 131, 140, 150
Zinc 72