Donald M. Anderson, Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Abstract

Managers faced with the negative impacts of harmful algal blooms typically minimize those impacts through routine monitoring programs, harvesting closures, or other related activities. These managers, as well as the general public, often ask the scientific community whether anything can be done to prevent or control HABs. This talk will address the current status of effort in various countries to prevent, control, or mitigate HABs and their impacts. Examples of several promising technologies will be highlighted, including those that directly target the bloom populations. Some of these, (such as clay flocculation of motile cells in the water column), are reasonably well advanced and are in use in the coastal waters of some countries. Other methods, such as the use of algicidal bacteria, show promise for bloom control, but are further from implementation. The latter concept provides a good example that will be used to stimulate discussion on the difficulties faced by scientists and managers who have an effective bloom control technology, but face significant obstacles in obtaining the environmental and public approvals needed to implement the strategy in natural waters. This talk will also highlight less controversial approaches to HAB prevention, control, and mitigation (PCM), such as large- scale nutrient reductions, bloom prediction, collection and disposal of dead fish, and even the creation of effective communication networks. A final topic for discussion will be the extent to which PCM activities are being included in funding programs, both nationally and internationally. Experience in the United States suggests that, though the topic is compelling and seems eminently practical, it has proven difficult to fund a PCM program or to involve a large number of scientists in research on the topic.

Paul S. Anderson, Director (acting), Maine Sea Grant, Coburn Hall, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA 04469

Abstract

The integration of citizen-based environmental monitoring with monitoring efforts of regulatory agencies has provided for more robust data sets, improved trust of agency activities and enhances public education of the issues that surround environmental regulation. In the state of Maine, environmental monitoring has involved citizen volunteers for many years in assessment of water quality in fresh and saltwater environments that has enabled community-based decision making to be effective and has helped to create collaborative relationships between citizens and government. In recent years the citizen-based environmental monitoring has added potentially toxigenic phytoplankton to its monitoring needs.

The Maine State Department of Marine Resources (DMR) is responsible for monitoring biotoxin levels in shellfish in order to ensure that marketed shellfish are safe for consumption. Until recently, this program was based solely on the levels of toxin found in the tissues of shellfish samples from the harvest areas and analyzed in the laboratory. In 1996 a partnership of organizations created the Maine Phytoplankton Monitoring Program which utilizes trained citizen volunteers to collect samples of phytoplankton and provide relative abundance data of potentially toxigenic phytoplankton to the DMR. There are currently 40 stations along Maine's coast that are being sampled at least weekly by over 80 volunteers who collect salinity, water temperature, other meteorological information and phytoplankton samples. Sampling is conducted between April and November each year. Results are sent to the DMR by fax and DMR is able to determine whether it is necessary to sample shellfish in the area for Biotoxin. Although the volunteer information is not used for regulatory purposes, there have been several instances over the past 5 years of the program when volunteer observers have documentedthe presence of Alexandrium in the water shortly before the DMR found elevated PSP toxin in shellfish in that area.

The information gathered by the volunteers is also being examined by researchers studying the ecology of Harmful Algal blooms in the Gulf of Maine, and is generally adding to the knowledge base by providing observations at geographic and temporal scales not otherwise possible. In addition to Alexandrium sp. volunteers are also documenting the occurrence of other Harmful Algal events in this region to better understand their potential impacts on aquaculture and general ecology. This poster will present these findings and general information about this community-based approach to environmental monitoring.

E.A. Black, Aquaculture Science Branch, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 200 Kent Street, Ottawa Ontario

Abstract

Harmful algal blooms affect a wide variety of marine fisheries. These fisheries range from the capture of wild organisms, to the harvest of cultured organisms kept in captivity throughout their life cycle. Regardless, of the type of fishery the goal of harmful algal management and mitigation (HAMM) is to protect human health and economic activity.

Each of these fisheries may emphasize different subsets of knowledge to achieve these goals however, they all rely on an understanding of bloom ecology and effects as the basis of their application of knowledge. Aquaculture requires the broadest range of knowledge because it generally operates in all seasons and affects the cultured organism and its environment for the majority of its life cycle. As a result aquaculturists also have the greatest breadth of opportunity to manage and mitigate the effects of harmful algal blooms.

In the context of controlling risk of the negative effects of a bloom I propose an approach to organizing and using our information of HAMMs. This involves limiting the risk by examining farm siting, farm design and farm operation. Within each of these areas a number of options and approaches will be examined. Examples of application of the knowledge are included.

Azra Blythe, Ministry of Agriculture. Veterinary Services Division, Jamaica

Abstract

The presence of toxic phytoplankton species has not been well documented in the Caribbean region and focus has only been on a few species such as; Gambierdiscus toxicus which is known to occur in coral reef areas and leads to ciguatera fish poisoning and Pyrodinium bahamense which forms luminescent blooms and serves as major tourist attractions, (found in Oyster Bay, Jamaica). Toxic phytoplankton species are often linked to shellfish fishery because of the occurrence of neurological and gastrointestinal symptoms in humans from shellfish poisoning which is one of the main indicators of the presence of the toxins in the water along with fish kills. Numerous small-scale fish kills have occurred in Jamaican coastal waters and have been associated with red tides among other pollutants. The causative or dominant species responsible have seldom been positively identified and when recorded are usually in numbers below harmful levels. Pedro Bank is the main harvesting site for Jamaica accounting for over half the amount of fisheries resource landed annually, and the only site large enough to sustain a vibrant commercial fishery (conch fishery). It is a large submarine plateau located approximately 70km south-west of Jamaica. Environmental assessments to identify the presence of toxic species in this area and routinely carry out test are expensive and not feasible as a management tool. A monitoring programme however is more cost effective and will not only assist in the sustainable management of all fisheries resources, but safeguard public health, decrease economic losses and fulfill requirements set by some export market such as the European Commission.

Phil Busby*, Catherine Seamer
Food Assurance Authority, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, P. O. Box 2526, Wellington, NEW ZEALAND, Phone 0064 4 4744 167, Fax 0064 4744 239, busbyp@maf.govt.nz

Abstract (Key Words: biotoxin, WTO, validation, regulatory management)

Since New Zealand's first marine biotoxin event in 1992/1993, marine biotoxin management has advanced to a fully integrated two-tier programme involving phytoplankton monitoring with gene probe testing to differentiate toxigenic species and shellfish toxicity testing. Currently shellfish testing involves mouse bioassay screen testing for the DSP and NSP groups with confirmatory testing approved for ASP (HPLC and LC-MS), PSP (mouse bioassay), OA and DTX-1 (DSP ELISA Check Kit, PP2A or LC-MS), PTXs and YTXs (LC-MS).

Development, validation, approval and implementation of LC-MS methods for all groups of marine biotoxins has progressed throughout 2001 along with the expansion of the gene probe development programme.

Issues that have been encountered during the development, validation, approval and implementation of these new marine biotoxin management practices such as test method validation, toxin standards, lack of international expertise, and market access will be discussed.

CAI Yanhong, Marine Enviromental Mornitoring center of Ningbo

Abstract

Baneful red tides have occurred along the coast of China at an evidently upward trend in recent years, with increasing frequency, expanding size, and continuous ppearance of new red tide algae. This increased the damage to coastal economy, with 10 billion yuan loss annually.

According to the result of our investigation in the red tide monitoring of The East China Sea, especially Xiangshan harbor, study of Red Tide Emergency Monitoring and disaster precaution technique are believed to be emphasized.

1. Intensifying the emergency monitoring, whole course controlling the occurrence and development of red tide, strengthening study of combined systems of chemistry, biology, kinetic, ecology, oceanography, aerography and environmental science;
2. Establishing a harmonization mechanism for monitoring, information, investigation, prevention and cure of Xiangshan Harbor Red Tide, constituting a red tide emergency response plan and a red tide information publication manage regulation, especially, the standardization manage of baneful red tides information publication. From May to June of 2000, there have been large scale red tides near the maritime space of Zhejiang province, 150 million yuan economical loss was reduced by timely monitoring and precaution of our monitoring center, therefore our center has established a foundation for red tide emergency monitoring and the standardization management of information ;

Caoconghua Guomingke and Huangrui Shangjie, Center for Marine Forecasts of North Sea Department of National Institute of Oceanology Qingdao 266033

Abstract

There are many factors about affecting the occurrence of the red tide.Also,the occurrence of the red tide had been analyzed and studied in many articles from creature species and nutrition factors.But under the condition of the seawater eutrophication increasing step by step,the leading action of the meteorological condition is more and more obvious.Once the meteorological condition fit in with the position,the red tide will be breaking out possiablely,and it is the direct leading factors which have triggered the occurrence of the red tide .Therefore,it is very important to predict and forewarn the red tide to strengthen the analysis and study of the red tide breaking out,the air position and the hydrographic meteorological factors.This article mainly analyze to the occurring process of red tide in the Bayuquan in 2001,according to historic red tide incidents from the air position and the hydrographic meteorological environmental dynamic factors to study and statistic the red tide breaking out .The result is that which are the similarly air position and hydrographic meteorological environmental dynamic changing regularity,and it is basic of the red tide predicting and forewarning in the future .

Allan D. Cembella¹ , Diego A. Ibarra², John J. Cullen², and Richard F. Davis²

1 Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1. E-mail: Allan.Cembella@nrc.ca; ²Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4J1. E-mails: John.Cullen@Dal.CA, dibarra@is2.Dal.Ca, Richard.Davis@Dal.CA

Abstract

Recent advances in the development of in situ optical sensing technology and rapid diagnostic assays for plankton components provide new opportunities for autonomous environmental monitoring and assessment in coastal waters. Moored optical sensors can provide continuous measures of water properties for documenting long-term trends in water quality in the coastal zone, such as eutrophication, run-off of coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM), changes in seston abundance, and environmental effects of aquaculture. Such real-time optical systems are also well suited for detecting transient plankton events, such as harmful algal blooms. In areas affected by seasonal blooms of harmful algae many countries have instituted plankton surveillance programs as an early warning of impending toxicity or fish mortalities. The objectives of the current case study were to validate the application of moored optical sensors in the water column for monitoring changes in seston abundance, coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and phytoplankton signatures within and adjacent to a mussel aquaculture site in Ship Harbour, Nova Scotia, Canada, an estuarine fjord with significant tidal flux and where harmful algal events occur annually.

Passive optical sensing systems are a valuable tool for continuous monitoring of the optical properties associated with plankton blooms and seston quantity in the coastal zone because the principal data products, ocean colour and depth-resolved attenuation coefficient (Kd), are well defined measurements that can be compared between sites over many years. Particularly when combined with rapid diagnostic assays, such methods offer sophisticated monitoring of harmful algal blooms and other water quality parameters.

Chan, Leo L^{1, 2}, *Hodgkiss, I. John² and *Lo, Samuel CL¹,¹Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University;²Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong,Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China

Keywords : Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; proteome; HAB species identification; MALDI-TOF; N-terminal amino acid sequencing

Abstract

This work had two objectives : Firstly, to document the global protein expression (proteome) of pure laboratory grown diatom and dinoflagellate cultures using 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) under resting condition. Secondly, to determine whether 2-D PAGE can be used as a simple and fast method for algal identification.In this study, water soluble proteins of 7 harmful algal bloom species - Pseudonitzchia pungens, Scippsiella trochoidea, Prorocentrum triestinum, Prorocentrum micans, Prorocentrum minimum, Prorocentrum sigmoides and an unknown species of Prorocentrum (gifts from Dr. Lu Songhui), were analyzed by 2D-PAGE. With the use of immobilized-pH-gradient strips, the first dimension (isoelectric focusing) was carried out in the 3-10 pH range. The second dimension was 12.5 % SDS-PAGE. Protein visualization was performed with silver stain. In the 2D- PAGE electrophoreto-grams obtained, most of the major proteins seen fell in the pH 3.5-6.9 range. Proteomes of these 7 algal species were obtained. Identification of each protein of interest in the proteome is currently in progress using N-terminal Edman amino acid sequencing and matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionisation time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. When comparing 2D-PAGE chromatograms obtained using different algal species, there are proteins that are unique in each algal species. These algal species- specific proteins were mostly in the acidic pH range (pI<5.2; MW<16kDa). Our results showed that protein expression of different algal species on 2D-PAGE gels could be used for identification purposes.To conclude, 2D-PAGE allowed detailed characterization of both the isoelectric points and molecular weights of the major water-soluble proteins and it distinguished between even closely related species. With the help of other proteomic tools such as amino acid sequencing and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, the differentially expressed proteins in the algal proteomes could be identified and characterized.

*Corresponding authors

Chen Yaqu, Yuan qi, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Shanghai 200090

Abstract

HAB is one of serious oceanic disaster in whole world. Shellfish toxin distribution scale is expanding and spreading also. Study of shellfish toxin has been carried out since 1998 in China Sea supported by Ministry of agriculture of China. 247 samples were analysed using both HPLC and Enzyme-Linked-Immunosobent-Assay (ELISA) two methods. Samples collected from yellow sea, East China Sea, South China Sea. Testing by pre-column method results show that a few samples contain PSP. Their main compositions are GTX1, 4, GTX2, 3, in 240 samples only two samples contain low value C1, 4 and STX.

Result to test showed 11 samples - containing DSP in 30 samples. Bullacta exarata's Okadaic acid value are separated 112ng/g – 300ng/g

Test to ASP result to 12 samples showed domoic acid was not found. Some suggestions to control Red Tides and shellfish toxin were presented also.

Leslie Cheong, Singapore

Abatract

At the First International Conference on Harmful Algae Management and Mitigation (HAMM 1999), held in May 1999 in The Philippines, participants identified the need to gather more information on the medical and epidemiology aspects of human illnesses caused by ingestion of seafood contaminated by marine algal toxin. It was felt that information on this subject was lacking and medical doctors are unfamiliar with the symptoms and diagnosis of such cases. A survey was subsequently carried out amongst APEC economies and epidemiological investigation reports on toxin cases were received from Hong Kong, Mexico, New Zealand, Singapore and The Philippines. The information gathered and any others that are current could be collated and posted in a dedicated web site so as to facilitate medical doctors attending to toxin cases in the field. Besides containing a description of the clinical symptoms of toxin cases and photographs and description of the toxic algae and toxins involved, the site will have provision for the doctor to log in the case so that he can forward to experts for advice. It is estimated that it would cost an estimated USD5000 to establish such a site comprising 10 web pages. Yearly maintenance of the site would cost 20% of the cost, inclusive of hosting but exclusive of domain cost. A prototype web site will be shown at HAMM 2001.

Choo P. S., Fisheries Research Institute, 11960 Batu Maung, Penang, Malaysia

Abstract

In 1999, the world's seafood (fish, crustaceans, molluscs) production reached 106.8 million mt, with 92.9 million mt derived from capture fisheries and 13.9 million mt from marine/brackishwater aquaculture. Out of the total seafood production, mollusc comprised 13.6 million mt, of which 3.4 million mt (25.2%) were from capture fisheries. Seafood is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world market, and experienced a doubling of trade volume between 1984 and 1994. For 1999, the world's total value of seafood imports was US$57,492,816,000, with the international exports recording a value of US$52,882,533,000. Internationally, Japan ranked first in seafood imports, with Thailand taking pole position in seafood exports in 1999. With globalisation, seafood trade will be subjected to more stringent regulation and control. Presently, most countries are free to impose their own regulations concerning seafood imports for food safety reasons. Regulations imposed on Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) toxin contamination of seafood have always been contentious issues. Even though an HAB occurrence frequently places molluscs at greater risk of HAB toxin contamination, very often, importing countries choose the safer option by imposing a total ban on all seafood products from the HAB affected country. This action is needless and irrational, and has adverse economic impacts. The need for standardization of regulatory mechanism in relation to seafood trade and training for regulatory authorities is also discussed.

Paper presented in the Second International Conference on Harmful Algae Management and Mitigation, 12-16 November 2001 Qingdao, China

Clément, A., Aguilera, A., Canello, F., Grünewald, A and X. Rojas (*);Plancton Andino Ltda (PAL), P. O. Box 823, Puerto Montt, Chile, Phone: + 56 65 23 5046; Fax: + 56 65 23 5663;(*) Intesal, S.A. Luis Ross 548. Puerto Montt, Chile. http://www.plancton.cl/

Abstract

• Long term phytoplankton monitoring program is a practical tool to decrease risk of HAB and generates useful information and adequate management. Main results can define critical period, vulnerable areas, as well as inter-annual variability risk associated with meteorological -oceanographic anomalies. In addition, the results can be applied to improve the mitigation techniques, particularly those used in fish farms.

• Harmful Algae Bloom (HAB) caused by Leptocylindrus spp., Ch. convolutus, Heterosigma, Dinoflagellates, etc. present different seasonal and spatial pattern. Their impact depends on the functional group of algae and specie, site conditions, and type of animal in culture. Dinoflagellates are more often in summer and early fall, and generate greater impact, however, they have a low frequency appearance. Diatoms are more recurrent in spring, winter and early summer, but with a major frequency and this functional group created lower impact. Positive and negative rainfall anomalies have an influence in the frequency and harmful algae species. Most of the events (HAB) occur during negative anomalies, i.e., years with lower rainfall than normal.

• During the time period of analysis, ca. a decade, in general and using an annual basis statistic, the major numbers of events (HAB) per year are directly proportional to the highest negative anomalies observed. The majority of HAB due to flagellates (dinoflagellates and Heterosigma) occur during negative anomalies.

• From a practical point of view, oceanographic events and meteorological times series are an important tools to forecast the potential conditions for HAB in the South inland sea of Chile.

• However, the most relevant procedure for the aquaculture industry is the "action" or mitigation techniques to avoid the risk. Therefore, fish farmers are using different site-specific technology to protect the fish biomass, rather than killing or removing the harmful algae from the water.

Cui Tingwei^1,2, Ma Yi¹, Zhang Jie^1*, ¹Ocean University of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R.C., 266003, ²First Institute of Oceanography, S.O.A., Qingdao, Shandong, P.R.C., 266061

Abstract

Enclosed experiment of the red tide was carried out from July to September 2001. We got five species of biologies whose quantities of bion are dominant in the red tide. During the whole process from the beginning to their dying out for every specie, in situ water spectral measurements were carried out. After data processing, characteristic spectral curves of red tide water of different dominant species are got. Via comparison of characteristics of different spectral curves, we find that in the band region from 685 to 735 nanometers, spectral characteristics of red tide water is apparently different from that of non-red tide water. Compared to spectral curves of non-red tide water, spectral curves of red tide water have a strong reflectance apex in the above band region. As to spectral curves of red tide water of different dominant bion, the situations of reflectance apices are also different. Thus we can monitor the event of red tide and identify the dominant species by the application of the technology of airborne hyperspectral remote sensing.

Jonathan R. Deeds¹*, Daniel E. Terlizzi^1,2, and Allen R. Place¹, ¹University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, 701 East Pratt St., Suite 236, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA; ²University of Maryland Sea Grant Program and College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, College Park, MD 20742, USA

Abstract

Since 1996, three fish kill events associated with blooms of Gyrodinium galatheanum have occurred at HyRock Fish Farm, an etusarine pond production facility raising hybrid striped bass on the Chesapeake Bay, MD, USA. It has been observed at HyRock that blooms of G. galatheanum treated with copper resulted in greater mortality than blooms treated with potassium permanganate.

Gyrodinium galatheanum is a small (10-15 µm), non-thecate dinoflagellate that is found at a wide range of salinities and temperatures in the Chesapeake Bay (3-29 psu; 7- 28°C) (Li et al., 2000, J. Plankton Res., 22(11), 2105-2124). G. galatheanum from Norwegian waters has previously been shown to be ichthyotoxic (Nielsen, 1993, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 95, 273-277), but no specific toxins had been identified.

We have discovered at least one substance from G. galatheanum cultures that is ichthyotoxic, cytotoxic, and hemolytic. This substance appears to be released in small amounts in healthy cultures, but is released in greater amounts upon cell damage or lysis.

We have shown both copper sulfate (CuSO₄ - 2 mg/L) and potassium permanganate (KMnO₄ - 4 mg/L) cause significant lysis (>70%) of this organism within 24 hrs. Further, we have shown that toxic substance(s) are released upon copper sulfate treatments > 0.5 mg/L (80% ichthyotoxicity to sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus, larvae), but not upon potassium permanganate treatment (4 mg/L), suggesting oxidation of released cellular materials. Based on these results, it is recommended that copper sulfate not be used for treatment of blooms of this organism. Alternative oxidizing agents such as ozone are currently being evaluated.

Dou Yueming, Zhang Hongliang, and Qin Longyuan, Branch of North China Sea, S.O.A

Abstract

According to the inspection and forecast of red tide and the on-spot data of calamity elimination in Dong Gang breeding area in the north of Yellow Sea in 2001,this article analyzes the benefit that the ride tide calamity forecast brought aquaculture. On the base of the study by State Oceanic Administration and the Aquiculture Bureau in small area, we consummate the red tide administration and calamity elimination system in large area in Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea, which concludes the red tide inspection, forecast, information transfer, technique instruction, science spreading and calamity elimination consultation. Via the red tide inspection net and information transfer net, calamity elimination can be mastered quickly and effective measure can be carried out as early as possible.

FAN Xuewei, Branch of North China Sea, S.O.A

Abstract

With the PHI spectral data obtained in the North Sea of China in 2001, the methods of radiometric calibration and the retrieval between the DN value of the spectral picture and the reflectance are discussed. Combining the spectral data measured synchronously on the ground, the reflectance is calculated by the method of linear regression and therefore the spectral curves of the background sea water and various kinds of redtide water are acquired. In this paper, the spectral feature and spectral difference of different objects are also analyzed, which may provide references to identify the different redtide biological species.

Keywords: Radiometric calibration, Reflectance retrieval, Spectral curve

* FEI X.G. and C.K. Tseng, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, CHINA
e-mails: fei@ms.qdio.ac.cn & fei@public.qd..sd.cn: Fax: 86 532 2873244 & 2880645

Abstract

Eutrophication is a serious problem of coastal waters in many part of the world. Elevated nutrients are suggested to induces phytoplankton blooms, including "Red Tide" phenomenon.. This may be followed by heavy losses in areas of extensive aquaculture. Some cultivated seaweeds have very high productivity roles and are thus able to absorb large quantities of N, P and CO₂ , whilst also producing large amount of O₂ and so doing have an excellent effect on decreasing eutrophication. The author believes that large scale seaweed cultivation could provide good solution to the eutrophication problem in certain coastal waters. To put this idea into practice, four critaria should be addressed. (a) Large-scale cultivation could be undertakened. (b). Science and technology problems for cultivation have been fundamentally solved. (c). No harmful ecological effects could be experienced due to the cultivation. (d) Cultivation must be economically feasible and profitable.

For a number of years, the large-scale cultivation of Laminaria japonica has been encouraged in order to balance the negative effect from scallop cultivation in Northern China. Basic research has been conducted in South China in recent years and has shown that Gracilaria lemaneaformis, and Porphyra haitanensis are the two best candidates to be grown in order to reduce eutrophication along the Chinese southern coast, from Fujian to Guangdong, Guangxi and Hong Kong.

Feng Zhiquan, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023

Abstract

We have made threle cruise times investigations in the coastal areas of Liaodong Bay during from May to August in 2001.The first cruise was background investigation of ten stations. The investigation results indicated that ten kinds of red tide algae in the checked thirty-three kinds of Phytoplankon. In the first cruise, Ditylum brightwellii only in station A3 and A5 are dominant species, and density were respectively 8.3 cells/L and 1551 cells/L. In the second cruise Noctiluces cientillans was dominant species in A1 and B2, their density were respectively 354.28cells/L and 52.31 cells/L. Nitzschia paradoxa was dominant species in A16,A18,A5,A12,A1,A9,A20, it has been dominant species in station A18 for five day monitoring and their density was high, dominant degree was quite evident. In the third cruises, the dominant red tide algae haven't been found.

Graciela Ferrari* and Daniel Sienra**, * National Direction of Aquatic Resources, Constituyente 1497, CP 11200; ** Montevideo City Hall. Environmental Hygien Laboratory. Rambla Gandhi. Camino al Faro s/n. CP 11300. Montevideo, Uruguay; E-mail: gferrari@dinara.gub.uy

Abstract

T he Uruguayan coast is exposed to frequent toxic blooms of dinoflagellates. The National Direction of Aquatic Resources has been carrying out the National Monitoring Program of harmful algae and mollusc toxicity since 1980. Harmful cyanobacteria blooms are recurrent phenomena that have been increased in the last years. The blooms are formed in fresh water and overtaking the whole Río de la Plata fluvio-marine system exposing the cells to a gradient of salinity until reaching the Atlantic Ocean. The Río de la Plata drains the second largest basin of South America. It flows into the Atlantic Ocean generating an estuarine system of about 35,000 km², with only 5-15 m water depth, serving South American countries and supporting many activities including shipping, fishing, tourism and waste disposal. Microcystis aeruginosa commonly blooms in summer periods extending from the inner zone of the Río de la Plata to the oceanic area in Punta del Este, producing a large bright green discoloration like painting. Bloom extracts were analysed though mouse bioassays giving positive results. Toxicity levels were estimated between 100 y 1000 µg/g, resulting in a medium to high range of toxicity.

In summer 2001, a very extensive Microcystis aeruginosa bloom in different aquatic systems and in the coast of Río de la Plata was registered. This episode was accompanied by other cyanobacteria species: M. novacekii, M. flos-aquae, M. wessenbergii, Anabaena circinalis and A. cf. spiroides that have not been registered in the coast before. Microcystis aeruginosa was the dominant species during the bloom and the highest density was 2.5 x 10⁷ cel·l^-1, during calm weather, high temperature (27° C), 8 %o and soft wind condition. The Southern winds accumulated the scum on the beaches. When wind intensity increased the bloom was dispersed and dissolved. This phenomenon caused public impact, fish mortality and problems in drinkable water. Many people had skin problems, however neither of them were reported to the Public Health authorities or to the Toxicity centre. The authorities of the City Hall of Montevideo closed the beaches affected by the algae and warned about harmful effects. The National Direction of Aquatic Resources authorities recommended not to consume fish in affected areas.

The objective of the present study was to analyse the environmental conditions that favoured the development of harmful cyanobacteria blooms in the Uruguayan coast in January 2001 and evaluate the general situation in order to apply preventive measures on these episodes.

Graciela Ferrari, National Direction of Aquatic Resources, Constituyente 1497, CP 11200. Montevideo. Uruguay; E-mail: gferrari@dinara.gub.uy

Abstract

A n apparent increment in frequency and toxic events caused by algae species has been observed on a global scale. On the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean coast has not been out of this situation. In this zone, PSP, DSP, ASP and microcystin occur from Tierra del Fuego to the north of Brazil. The first report of PSP was detected in Peninsula Valdés (Argentina 42° S) in 1980 after a dramatic episode occurred where two members of the crew of the ship Constance died after eating contaminated mussels and Alexandrium tamarense was registered. Coincidentally, 60 persons were affected with neurotoxic symtomatology in Uruguay, PSP reached high levels, but the specie was not identified. After this episode several outbreaks of A. tamarense were recorded overtaking Brazilian waters and others dinoflagellates PSP producers: A. catenella and G. catenatum were identified. A. tamarense recurrently blooms in south Argentina and have been suggested that northwards currents spread A. tamarense reaching south Brazilian waters. Every year A. catenella blooms in the Tierra del Fuego fjords and shellfish toxicity is registered currently since 1992. PSP outbreaks in Uruguay were also associated with Gymnodinium catenatum during summer time since 1991 and in coastal sediments high cyst densities of this species were reported. This species was, recently in 1998, observed in Santa Catarina State coast (27° S).

PSP have also been detected in the freshwater cyanobacteria Cylindroespermopsis raciborskii, but no human intoxication was detected in Brazil.

In 1990 several persons showed gastrointestinal distress and diarrhea after eating mussels in Florianopolis (Brazil 27° S) and in Uruguay in 1991. In both countries, plankton analysis and mouse bioassay supported the evidence of DSP and Dinophysis acuminata. In Argentina D. acuminata and D. forti are present but no toxicity was detected until 1999 where 40 persons were intoxicated in Patagonia (Argentina 40° S) and was confirmed the Prorocentrum lima in the plankton and DSP in mussels.

Recently, the most relevant was the detection of ASP in Mar del Plata (Argentina 38° S) in winter 2000. The dominant specie was Pseudo-nitschia australis and the toxin was registered in mussel and in fish Engraulis anchoita and two massive mortality episodes of sea birds were reported.

Harmful cyanobacteria blooms are a recurrent phenomenon that have been increasing last years. Several Microcystis aeruginosa blooms in Lagoa dos Patos estuarine, Brazil (30° S) were registered with microcystin detections. The most shoking case was in Pernambuco State in Brazil in 1996 when 60 person died in an haemodialysis centre. After that, it was introduced new freshwater reglamentation for human consumption that include microcystin levels.

Microcystis aeruginosa commonly blooms in summer periods in Uruguay. Last February 2001, a very extensive bloom in different aquatic systems and in the coast of Río de la Plata was registered. This episode was accompanied by other cyanobacteria species: M. novacekii, M. flos-aquae, M. wessenbergii, Anabaena circinalis and A. cf. spiroides that have not been registered in the coast before This phenomenon caused public impact, fish mortality and problems in drinkable water. Many people had skin problems, however neither of them were reported to the Public Health authorities or to the Toxicity centre. The authorities of the City Hall of Montevideo closed the beaches affected by the algae and warned about harmful effects. The National Direction of Aquatic Resources authorities recommended not to consume fish in affected areas.

Chattonela sp. and Heterosigma akashiwo represent a risk at intensive shrimp cultures and shellfish cultures, in Santa Catalina, Brazil.

Argentina has a National Monitoring program of mussels toxicity in each coastal province throughout regional Laboratories and one fixed station in Mar del Plata. Brazil had a pilot monitoring during one year, but not National Monitoring Program was established. However, Uruguay, has a regular National Monitoring Program in mussels toxicity and toxic phytoplankton.

A Regional Science Planning workshop on harmful algal blooms in South America supported by IOC is carried out every two years and the countries have a information network for toxic events. The working group identifies the regional needs, the harmful algae species, the food regulation systems for marine toxins, the research priorities and promote contacts and information exchange between regional experts involved in the control and researcher.

Maria Luisa Fernández Cañamero, EU-CRL on Marine Biotoxins, Estación Marítima sn, 36271 Vigo, Spain

Abstract

A large number of European (EU) coastal countries are affected by toxic events related to Harmful Algae Blooms. Toxic episodes due to Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) have been registered from the 1950|s and Diarrhoetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) toxins have been the cause of prolonged closures of shellfish production areas. Domoic acid, main toxin responsible to ASP, has been the cause of prolongued banning of harvesting in shellfish production areas from Galicia (NW of Spain), Scotland (UK) and Ireland in the last few years. A new toxic syndrome caused by Azaspiracid and analogues has been identified in Irish mussels and might affect a number of EU countries. The European Union, currently integrated by 15 EU countries, constitutes a free trade area and uniform sanitary regulations have been established to bring about competition on equal terms and ensure quality products for consumers. EU Directives 91/492/EEC and 91/493/EEC state the conditions for production and marketing of live bivalves and fishery products. Monitoring programs for marine toxin control in seafood following EU Directives have been implemented by the EU countries. Concerning imports from countries outside the EU, sanitary conditions at least equivalent to those of production and placing on the market of EU products are required. A network of European official laboratories coordinated by a Community Reference Laboratory has been set up to create a forum of discussion and agreements on analytical methods, performance criteria, and action levels for toxin control. Several Working Groups integrated by experts and members of the EU laboratories have been created in order to cover different areas that require specific and further work. EU regulations and approaches to marine toxin control, conclusions and recommendations of the most recent Working Groups on DSP&AZP, ASP in scallops and Sampling Plans, and activities of the EU network of laboratories on the field of harmonisation of methods and limits are presented and discussed.

Patricia M. Glibert, Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, PO Box 775, Cambridge, Maryland 21613 U.S.A.(Glibert@hpl.umces.edu) and Robert Magnien, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, 580 Taylor Avenue D-2, Annapolis, Maryland 21401 U.S.A. (magnien@dnr.state.md.us)

Abstract

Harmful algal blooms in the Chesapeake Bay, USA, are not a new phemonemon, but may be increasing in frequency and diversity. Indeed, it is the diversity of such events that creates challenges for monitoring and management. The types of events that typically occur in Chesapeake Bay range from outbreaks of Pfiesteria piscicida (Dinophyceae), and associated fish kills, to blooms of other flagellates, such as Prorocentrum minimum and Aureococcus anophagefferens that have had varying impacts, from shellfish toxicity to environmental damage caused through the development of high biomass.

The Chesapeake Bay Monitoring Program measures a series of key variables, including physical/chemical properties, nutrient limitation of algal growth, ecosystem processes, river inputs of nutrients (inorganic and organic) and sediments, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and benthic organisms at numerous sites through the Bay and its tributaries on a regular basis. In addition, continuous monitoring of water quality conditions is ongoing at over 10 stations. Data from these instruments is available in near real-time on the web. New instruments, including nutrient sensors, are also being tested to determine their reliability in these waters.

Collaborations between academic institutions, state and federal laboratories have been established to respond to harmful algal bloom outbreaks or to other events that may require an immediate response. Upon learning of a potential harmful algal bloom event, samples are collected for identification of the presence of the harmful organism, by both traditional and molecular methods, water quality analysis, as well as potential toxicity. Where necessary, the medical community is also immediately informed. The diversity of types of events requires some different plans to be in effect, depending on causative organism, but the network of institutions and agencies results in a comprehensive response in all cases. The baseline monitoring, together with rapid response studies permits an understanding of how the Bay ecosystem functions as it relates to anthropogenic and natural stresses, and leads to appropriate management actions, such as river closures, when necessary, and long-term nutrient reduction strategies.

Guo Hao, National marine environmental monitoring Center (Dalian, China)

Abstract

Alexandrium tamarense is one of the main toxic red-tide-algae which can produced Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) and often burst out to form blooms in globe oceans. The growth characteristics of this unicellular alga was observed by artificial culture in laboratory. In addition we have confirmed the adscription and have detected toxins of this alga. The result demonstrate that the optimum situation is: T=22~26°C; S=28~31 ; L=1500~2500 lux and L/D=16/8h. The growth pattern accord with the Logistic Equation and the average double arise time is 85h.

Leonardo Guzmán, Hernán Pacheco, Gemita Pizarro and César Alarcón, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Punta Arenas, Chile
lguzman@ifop.cl

Abstract

In Chile, PSP, DSP and ASP have been detected between 41°-55° S.L., but ASP has been recently encountered at 27° and 30°S. Blooms of Alexandrium catenella and PSP outbreaks have occurred in the Magellan region in 1972, 1981, 1989 and since 1991, a bloom series persisting up to date. On 1994 blooms extended to the Aysén region, where also DSP is present. 387 PSP human intoxication have been registered, including 26 fatal cases, 20 of which occurred in the Magellan region.

Information available since 1972 is analysed, including mussel toxicity, density and relative abundance of A. catenella, and phytoplankton structure. Blooms and PSP distributions are different between years, if A. catenella density, period of the year, geographic coverture and its duration, and toxicity level are considered. In the Magellan region the highest toxicity records in mussels and the greatest geographic coverture occurred in 1994.

Guzmán, L.¹ , F. Garcia², S. Zunino³, A. Atalah⁴, E. Almonacid¹, R. Rivera⁵, H. Pacheco¹, S. Quiroz⁵, C. Alarcón¹ M.I. Banciella² & G. Pizarro^1
1Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Punta Arenas, Chile. lguzman@ifop.cl,²Servicio de Salud Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile,³ Museo de Historia Natural, Valparaíso, Chile,⁴ Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile,⁵ Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile

Abstract

Impact of Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) associated to Paralytic Shellfish Poison (PSP) to coastal communities are diverse depending on geographic features, importance to local economy of fisheries and aquaculture activities and cultural background of key groups and community in general. Prevention can be strength not only by a PSP monitoring programme but also through a strategy of specific training to objective groups and a suitable and opportune information dissemination.

Strategy applied in southern Chile (Magellan region) since 1997 is presented, which includes a) Training workshops orientated to diverse groups as physicians, nurses and assistant personnel of local Health Service, independent fishermen, students of tourism, infirmary and social working, risk prevention technicians, journalists, radio and TV speakers, persons linked to neighbours juntas and other community groups; b) Design and dissemination of key information about HAB and its effects, orientated to community in general, by using radio capsules, TV spots, WEB page, posters and other printed material; and c) Specific activities with low and high school teachers and students, which have included workshops, production of 2 videos and Web page, didactic manuals for teachers and students of low and high education levels, besides didactic modules to reinforce manuals application. Previously students knowledge and attitudes were measured and teachers needs were evaluated.

All activities have been assessed through focus groups, objectives enquiries, specific tests and opinion enquiries, to apply an adaptive strategy to reach objective groups and community in general, reinforcing specific subjects, reorienting determined matters, deleting others, as well as improving methods and techniques utilised.

Haifeng Gu and Dongzhao Lan, Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen , 361005

Abstract

Dinoflagellate is the main algae which result in red tide. Many species of dinoflagellate can produce resting cysts and form sediment. When the condition become suitable, the cysts can germinate and result in red tide a second time. It s difficult to detect the red tide of dinoflagellate because the period of this kind of red tide is quite short. We can forebode red tide by studying the species and amount of dinoflagellate cysts. It s difficult to identify the species and amount of dinoflagellate cysts unless they are separated and concentrated. We studied the living dinoflagellate cysts in West Harbor of Xiamen using sodinium tungstate method, and found that there are diverse living dinoflagellate cysts, but all are in small amounts.

Darlene Haverkamp and Karen Steidinger, Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Marine Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL

Abstract

Karenia brevis, a toxic dinoflagellate that produces brevetoxins, blooms almost annually in the Gulf of Mexico off Florida. These blooms can cause harmful effects to humans including toxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) and respiratory irritation. The most obvious effects from this type of harmful algal bloom are impacts to natural resources and the environment including surface water discoloration, fish kills, and other animal moralities.

Due to the impacts of these numerous events, the Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission's Florida Marine Research Institute (FMRI) has committed to creating and maintaining a historical database of K. brevis cell count and water quality data. This type of data is important as it lays the foundation for eventual prediction and management of these events. With this goal in mind, FMRI created a CD-Rom that includes: a subset of the database, Geographic Information System tools to view the data, Java-based query tools to ask summary questions of the data, remote sensing images for identification and potential prediction of red tide blooms. Eventually, this information will be migrated to the Internet and enhanced with meteorological and current data for more comprehensive analyses.

Porter Hoagland and Di Jin, Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 USA

Abstract

During the past several decades, harmful algal bloom (HAB) events have occurred in more locations than ever before throughout the United States and the world. Marine scientists continue to identify ever larger numbers of algal species involved in such events. There are now more known toxins, and fisheries have been affected more widely. Whether this global increase in HABs is taking place because of enhanced nutrient and pollutant loadings from anthropogenic sources is a topic of continuing debate within the marine scientific community. Whatever the reasons, virtually all coastal regions of the United States are now subject to an unprecedented variety and frequency of HAB events. In many places, these events have resulted in measurable economic damages. When such damages are likely to be significant, it is sensible to estimate their size. If the economic damages of HAB events are large enough, then it may be appropriate to take actions to mitigate their effects. We suggest an economic decision framework for determining the appropriateness of such actions.

In earlier work, we have developed an estimate of the "economic impacts" of HABs for events in the United States where such impacts were measurable with a fair degree of confidence during the six- year period from 1987 to 1992 (Anderson et al. 2001). We define the term economic impact broadly to mean either lost gross revenues in the relevant product or factor markets, expenditures for medical treatments, environmental monitoring, and management, or other costs that would not have been incurred in the absence of HABs. Although estimates of economic impacts are not always useful in a normative sense (i.e., they may involve only a crude estimate of true economic losses), they may help to guide our thinking about the identification and implementation of appropriate policy responses. Our study considered impacts of four basic types: (1) public health; (2) commercial fisheries; (3) recreation and tourism; and (4) monitoring and management. In the United States, a conservative estimate of total economic impacts due to HABs is on the order of $50 million per year. More importantly, however, the historical record reveals the occurrence of individual HAB events with economic damages that have met or exceeded our average annual estimate.

HABs can result in negative economic impacts, but management measures undertaken to reduce or eliminate the economic damages of HABs can be costly too. In the United States, we estimate that HAB monitoring and management costs amount to approximately $2 million each year. A wide range of potential policy responses exist (see Table 1), although only a subset may be appropriate for any particular location, type of affected resource, or type of bloom. As we increase the level of any particular policy response (or set of complementary responses), we expect to see the economic damages from a HAB event decline. At the same time, we expect that the costs of the response may increase. The economically efficient level of response is found at that point where the sum of both economic damages and response costs are minimized. In some cases, private financial resources or public budgets may limit the level of response, thereby constraining mitigation to a suboptimal level.

We are in the process of developing a framework for the economically efficient control of HABs. The base of the framework is a theoretical model that allows decisionmakers to choose the optimal level of a policy response to a HAB event. However, before applying the theoretical model, several steps must be taken. It is important first to tailor the set of feasible responses to the type of HAB. Next, we need to characterize the extent to which economic damages may be reduced or eliminated through the implementation of each response (or through the implementation of a set of complementary responses). Third, we should estimate the costs associated with adopting each response (or combination of responses). Finally, we should evaluate the net benefits of implementing the response (or combination).

HODGKISS I.J., Lu, S.H., Lam, H.Y.I. and Chan, L.L. , Department of Ecology & Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong

Abstract

HABs have been well studied in Hong Kong since the early 1970s and, since the mid 1970s, the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department of the SAR Government has maintained a red tide data base. Until the 1980s red tides were present in low numbers, but they increased through the 1980s to reach a peak in 1988. After that, numbers decreased until the serious blooms of 1998.

During the late 1990s the numbers of toxic species increased and both new species (for example: Karenia digitata and K. longicanalis) and new records (for example: Chattonella ovata, C. globosa, C. antiqua, Gambierdiscus toxicus and Karenia brevis) of harmful taxa have been found during our studies of HAB species diversity and the establishment of a culture collection at the University of Hong Kong.

Many reasons have been put forward for increased algal blooms, but our research shows eutrophication of coastal waters (and particularly nitrogen to phosphorus ratios) have played a significant role in Hong Kong waters in terms of dinoflagellate induced red tides and HABs.

As a result of a recent red tide consultancy, new management policies were introduced, particularly in relation to monitoring and mitigation measures. As a result, our research has been focused in 3 areas: the biodiversity of HAB species; using telemetry in the prediction of red tides; and using proteomics to develop rapid identification methods for HAB species.

This paper presents a report on the present status of our studies in these 3 areas.

K. C. Ho and Y. K. Wong, Environmental studies Programme, The Open University of Hong Kong

Abstract

Experiments showed that ozone was an effective agent in mitigating dinoflagellate blooms during red tide. By means of indirect diffusion of ozone (injection rate = 1 gm O₃ /m³ seawater/hr) unto red tide affected waters, all the cells of Prorocentrum triestinum, Scrippsiella trochoidea and Karenia digitata (max. concentration = 7200 cells/mL) broken within 15 minutes. The level of dissolved oxygen was found also elevated to a level acceptable to the Water Quality Objective of Hong Kong. Furthermore, the levels of ammoniacal nitrogen and total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) decreased due to rapid oxidation process. While ozone was not directly injected into the seawater for fish cultivation i.e. seawater was pumped into a separated water tank for treatment, the level of residual ozone could be maintained to an acceptable level with the cultured fishes totally unaffected after re-introduction of the treated seawater. The economic aspects of ozone injection was critical analysed. It is found that ozone injection is most suitable for land-based, tanked cultivation of aquacultural products including fish fries. The crucial factor of widespread application of this technology rests on a properly designed ozone generator that is cheap and convenient to fishermen.

Hong-Nong Chou¹*, and Chih-Yu Chen², ¹Institute of Fisheries Science, and ²Department of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, Chinese Taipei

Abstract

Purple clams (Hiatula rostrata Lighttoot), which was fed with a toxic strain of the dinofagellate Alexandrium minutum Halim for study of accumulation of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins and subsequent study of toxin distribution during depuration (detoxification by a nontoxic microalgal diet or starvation). The results showed and confirmed the data in the literatures concerning the high toxicity of the digestive gland. It was also found the depuration efficiency between the toxic clams feeding subsequently with nontoxic microalgae and the ones put in starvation is similar. The toxin profile of the purple clams was similar with that of A. minutum at the end of the exposure period; GTX4 and GTX1 were dominant. However, at the end of the depuration period, GTX3 and GTX2 were dominant to show inconsistent removing rates of different toxins or a transformation of toxins occurred. However, no PSP toxins other than GTX-1, 2, 3 and 4 were detected in the experimental period. The non-visceral tissues were also found toxic after feeding with toxic algae. The toxicity was low and the profile was also similar with that of the toxic algae. The results concluded the fact of toxin translocation between tissues.

Key Words: Alexandrium minutum, gonyautoxins, paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins, Hiatula rostrata, depuration

Hong-Nong Chou¹*, and Chih-Yu Chen², ¹Institute of Fisheries Science, and ²Department of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, Chinese Taipei

Abstract

It was reported frequently that abrupt deaths occurred to the cultured shrimp and fish when Alexandrium minutum bloomed in the ponds. It was also found that fish mortality increased with the increasing of concentrations of algal cell or algal extract when milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal) fingerlings were treated with toxic A. minutum or its cell extract without appling any aeration during experiment. Milkfish fingerlings, which were exposed to toxic algae (1.5 x 10⁴ cells/ml~3.0 x 10⁴ cells/ml) or toxic algal extracts (5.13 x 10³ cells/ml~2.05 x 10⁴ cells/ml) for one day, revealed a noticeable edema, hyperplasia and necrosis of secondary lamellae in gill by light microscopic observations. Similar toxicological symptoms were also observed in fish treated with pure saxitoxin (6.475 x 10^-2mg/ml). At the same treatment it was found the fingerlings showed a higher oxygen consumption rate and a higher demand of critical oxygen pressure. However treating the milkfish finglings with the cells of nontoxic A. minutum or the algal cell extract did not give any damage effect to the gill, nor raise the oxygen consumption rate or critical oxygen demand of the fish. However, finglings died from suffocation in a cell concentration (2.10 x 10⁴ cells/ml) of nontoxic A. minutum without aeration support in 24 hrs. Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins showed similar stress effects and toxicological damages as heavy metals.

Keywords: Alexandrium minutum, gonyautoxins, paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins, Chanos chanos, ichthyotoxicity

Dennis P H Hsieh, Tian-Jiu Jiang¹, and Dazhi Wang, Department of Biology, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China; ¹Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China

Abstract

Our studies on the toxin profiles of Alexandrium species isolated from the South China Sea region have revealed that most of the species produce C2 toxin as a predominant member of the paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) under optimized laboratory conditions. The environmental significance of C2 toxin was assessed by monitoring its natural occurrence in some bivalve samples collected in this region. The toxins were extracted by the AOAC procedure and analyzed by HPLC and the mouse assay. Over 90% of the bivalve samples analyzed contained significant concentrations of C2 toxin and its derivatives including C1 toxin and gonyautoxin (GTX) 2 and 3. The highest concentration was found with C1 toxin. Our results confirm those of other investigators and indicate that C2 toxin is a major PST in this region and its monitoring in environmental and seafood samples is an important step in the mitigation of health risk presented by PSTs. (Supported by HK ECWW98/99.SC03 & RGC CAG 8730011)

Liangming Huang*, Kedong Yin, Xiaoping Huang, Jianqiang Yin, Yehui Tan, Xingyu Song, Weijun Jian, Pingping Shen, Sheng Liu, South China Sea Institute of Oceanography, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China

Abstract

Based on the data investigated above 10 years last, this paper present the changes of the composing of main red-tide organisms and relevant some ecological factors in the Pear River estuary and its adjacent waters including Daya Bay, Dapeng Bay, Lingdingyang and Hong Kong waters. The result indicated that there are more than 40 species of red tide organisms recorded in the researched waters. Principal species ever caused red tides have Noctiluca scintillans, Skeletonema costatum, Chattonella marina, Rhizosolenia alata f. gracillima, Gonyaulax polygramma, Pseudonitzschia pungens, Chaetoceros affinis, Thalassiosira subtilis, Scrippsiella trochoidea, Protocentrum sigmoides, Gymnodinium mikimotoi etc. Red tides could be caused by various factors, such as a close correlation with the weather conditions, water dynamics, nutrients and changes of the biological environment. In Pear River estuary, the high concentration of inorganic nitrogen quicken up phytoplankton grow and occurred in eutrophication. Season succession of phytoplankton and swilling fresh-water flow into the waters, the high ratio of N:P (>200) and significant correlation between phytoplankton and PO₄ indicated that P and turbidity were an important factors influencing phytoplankton grow. However, the relationship between the occurrence of red tides and their environmental conditions has not been well known, say nothing of what is the key stimulating factors and the shaping mechanisms of red tides, especially ecological and oceanographic regulation. All mentioned above make difficult to take pertinently to monitor, forecast, prevent and cure for red tides. Therefore, more spot monitoring and researches are especially requested for comprehensive father and preventing occurrence of red tides. Which would be useful for performing an integrated management and protect of the coastal environment, and to make a sustainable development.

Key words: Pearl River estuary, red tide organism, environmental factors, monitor research

* Liangmin Huang
South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301 China
E-mail: hlm@scsio.ac.cn; Tel: 86-20-84191140; Fax: 86-20-84451672

Abstract

Hyperspectral Remote sensing is a new synthetical probing technology in recent ten years,which is successfully used in the fields of geology investigation and vegetation in research.But in the filed of supervision and forecast of red tide ,its application is in the stage of experiment.In this article,we abstract the waveform of the spectra of the red tide area and the no red tide area from the Hyperspectral data,and calculate the spectral absorbed characteristic parameters including:the position,depth,wide,symmetry and area of the wavelength of the absorbed band.Constrast the result and use the spectral differential technology,we will get the two kinds of sea surfaces and analyse them protiminary.

Huang Xiuqing, Jiang Xiaoshan, East China Sea Monitoring Center of State Oceanic Administration Shanghai 200137

Abstract

The marine environmental condition is extremely important to maintain the sustainable propagation and compensation of the biological communities and keep the ecological balance in Changjiang estuary. The Changjiang estuary is a sensitive zone of HAB as a most serious eutrophic sea area in China influenced by the massive nutrient load of Changjiang and other coastal drain contamination. Based on the recent various monitor material about the hydrometeorology, chemical, sediment and biological communities in Changjiang estuary, this article analyze the marine environmental condition by the numbers and discuss the characteristics of the HAB in Changjiang estuary.

Joanne F. Jellett¹, M. Angelica Silva¹, Maurice V. Laycock¹, Elizabeth R. Belland¹, Pamela C. Bishop¹, Michael A. Quilliam² , Allan D. Cembella².
¹Jellett Biotek Ltd., 327 Prince Albert Rd. Suite 5, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, B2Y 1N7, Canada, (T)902-463- 7744,²National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Marine Biosciences, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada

Jellett Biotek Ltd., in collaboration with the National Research Council of Canada, has developed rapid diagnostic tests, MIST Alert^TM, that can detect the presence of biotoxins in shellfish and phytoplankton. In parallel trials with the mouse bioassay, MIST Alert for PSP^TM detected 100% of the toxic shellfish samples and detected the majority of extracts containing PSP toxin over 325g/100g.

Blooms of toxic microalgae species, such as those of the genus Alexandrium in Canada, Gymnodinium in New Zealand, and Pyrodinium in many parts of Southeast Asia, are associated with one of the most potentially harmful algal events, Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP). Human consumers of contaminated seafood are exposed to a serious health risk when PSP is present. The MIST Alert^TM test can instantly detect PSP toxins in phytoplankton, both in the laboratory and in the field, and has been shown to provide an effective early warning system of PSP algal blooms in field studies in Nova Scotia. The MIST Alert for PSP^TM, which has been adapted for detection of PSP toxins in phytoplankton, is capable of detecting 50-100 cells of the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense and can be used to track changes in cellular toxin content throughout the culture cycle. A similar test for ASP has also been field tested in Nova Scotia. It also can detect 50-100 cells and the same preparation method is used for both the ASP test and the PSP test. Further development and application of this rapid test as an early warning system of PSP toxic blooms will be carried out at aquaculture sites worldwide.

JIANG Tian-jiu, YIN Yi-wei, HUANG Wei-jian, CHEN Ju-fang, QI Yu-zao, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China

Abstract

The contents and profiles of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in digest gland extractions from scallop and mussel samples,which cultured in two stations in Daya Bay, Shenzhen, were determined by Oshima⎬s high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed a similar profile of toxins was present in each extraction. The six extractions that were analyzed had an unusually high proportion of low potency N-sulfocarbamoyl toxins GTX5, C1 and C2 (nearly 57 mole% of the total) and trace amount of saxitoxin derivatives STX, neoSTX and dcSTX (less than 3 mole% of the total toxin content). The most dominant toxin was GTX5 that was up to 35 mole% in average in scallop and 13 mole% in mussel. Either toxicity or toxin content of scallop is higher than that of mussel. The ratio of toxin C11 epimer a and b seem to have a positive linear relation with the amount of toxin content in the digest gland extraction of shellfish. The low potency N-sulfocarbamoyl GTX5 and C1-2 were dominant toxins in the digest gland extractions from the two shellfish species and as well as in the toxins from toxic algae ingested by the shellfish.

Key words: paralytic shellfish poisoning, HPLC; epimer, Daya Bay

Weijun Jian^{1, 2} and Jay-Chung Chen¹, ¹Center for Coastal and Atmospheric Research, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, ²South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, 164^#, Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou, China

Abstract

A survey of bio-optical characteristics was carried out during four cruises in the coastal waters near Hong Kong, including Peal River Estuary & Lamma Channel, Port Shelter, Tolo Harbor and Mirs Bay, from March to May 2001. Two red tides, the dominating species of which were Chattonella ovata and Prorocentrum dentatum, were captured in Port Shelter and Tolo Harbor, respectively. The samples were analyzed for Chlorophyll-a and other pigment concentrations, phytoplankton species composition and abundance. Optical property profiles at the sampling stations were taken by the Biospherical's PRR800 instrument. Together with the laboratory analysis, the relationship among the absorption coefficients of particulates, phytoplankton, detritus and soluble materials, reflectance and water leaving radiance were obtained. It is found that there were spatial and temporal differences of optical properties in coastal waters. The bio-optical properties varied clearly during the algal blooms. Especially both these two red tide causative species had high absorption characteristics in the UV region. Based on the results, the application feasibility of using the bio- optical properties in the UV region to monitor red tide in case 2 waters is discussed.

---

Chang Sook Kim, Sam Geun Lee and Hak Gyoon Kim
Harmful Algal Blooms Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-902, Rep. of Korea

Abstract

Cochlodinium polykrikoides is one of the most frequently appearing harmful dinoflagellate responsible for fish kill and the clear toxic mechanisms has not been identified. To elucidate the ichthyotoxic mechanisms of the C. polykrikoides, physiological responses of fish exposed to this algal blooms and whether or not the existence of toxins in this algal cells were investigated, respectively. Particularly, based on our previous results (J. Plankton Res. 21, 2105-2115; J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 254, 131- 141; J. Kor. Fish. Sci. Tech. 3, 111-117), the loss of structural integrity of gill membranes was examined. The gills of red sea bream exposed to dense blooms > 3000 cells/ml for 24h showed severe epithelial separation: a sever edema formation was found in the secondary epithelium and interlamella regions of primary lamella. Moreover, the membrane swelling and/or lysis were found to be out of all proportion to the level of algal cells and exposure time. Meanwhile, the aqueous and lipid-soluble fractions of Cochlodinium extracts did not showed toxicity against mice and fish. In addition, no effects of algal extracts on the growth of lymphoid cells as well as the mammalian mitochondrial respiration were also observed. The algal extracts did not showed any peaks corresponding to PSP on the fluorometric HPLC chromatograms. These results suggest that the mechanism of fish kill by a live C. polykrikoides is distinct from the special ichthyotoxic compounds- mediated toxic effects. What we can confirm this finding is that the gill of fish subjected to C. polykrikoides could be damaged, eg. the loss of functional and structural integrity of cell membranes, by some factors containing reactive oxygen species(ROS). Consequently, both physical clogging of gill by the algal cells debris and abnormal mucus excretion as well as gill damages by ROS may be involved in fish kill by C. polykrikoides.

Judith L. Kleindinst and Donald M. Anderson, Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Abstract:

An important aspect of harmful algal bloom (HAB) management is the dissemination of information. This may be among managers, between managers and the public, or among managers, the public and researchers. The internet can be an important tool in this process. This talk will highlight several websites and internet tools that have very different communication objectives.

The Harmful Algae webpage (http://www.redtide.whoi.edu/hab) maintained by the U.S. National Office for Harmful Algae and Marine Biotoxins seeks to provide a comprehensive resource for many different user groups, including the general public, scientists, and managers. It provides details about different HAB phenomena; human health problems associated with HABs, including information on diagnosis and treatment; news articles; funding and other important announcements; and copies of several science plans and other resource materials.

Another website maintained by the National Office (http://www.redtide.whoi.edu/pfie steria) has a very different purpose - mainly to be a technical repository for use by federal and state agencies and individuals involved in monitoring for Pfiesteria-like organisms. The webpage includes archives of analytical and monitoring protocols, workshop reports, reference lists, fact sheets, etc.

Another communication tool used in the U.S. is a listserver, allowing rapid communication among subscribers about a particular topic. These can be restricted to particular individuals (e.g. the Pfiesteria Working Group listserver) or open to all subscribers (e.g. Phycotoxins). Either type can be very useful when dealing withHAB events.

This talk will describe these internet-based communication tools and highlight their benefits as well as the difficulties, both technical and political, involved in establishing and maintaining them.

Cathie S.W. Kueh
Water Policy and Planning Group, Environmental Protection Department, the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

Abstract

Hong Kong s coastal marine water is under the influence of nutrient-rich Pearl River flow, pollution from local sources and those from the neighbouring Shenzhen. Between 1986 and 2000, an increase in inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus was observed in Deep Bay, parts of Southern water and some urban inshore areas. A rise in sewage bacteria E. coli in Victoria Harbour and Deep Bay was also found. During this period, the chlorophyll-a level in the water remained relatively stable. Available longer term data indicate that the coastal waters of Hong Kong may have experienced two cycles of heighten algal activity in the last 20 years, one in the 80s and another in the 90s, intercepted by a period of lower activity around 1991-1993.

Since the early 90s, there has been a wide-spread increase in chlorophyll- a, occurring at over 70% of the monitoring stations in most parts of the territory. While the diatom population remained relatively stable, dinoflagellates, small flagellates and other algal groups showed a distinct rise. Statistical analyses indicate that phytoplankton density was in general positively correlated with organic matter (BOD₅), total nitrogen and negatively correlated with total phosphorus, total inorganic nitrogen, orthophosphate, silicate and salinity. Relationships between nutrient parameters and phytoplankton groups in different water bodies will be discussed.

Chang Kyu Lee, Chang Su Jung, Wol Ae Lim, Sam-Geun Lee and Hak Gyoon Kim
Harmful Algal Blooms Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-902, Rep. of Korea

Abstract

Harmful algae, Cochlodinium polykrikoides has damaged to fisheries organisms by making massive blooms mainly in the South Sea during the higher water temperature season since 1995 in Korea. We studied the quantitative analysis of swimming cells and the hydrographic characteristics for three years, particularly, during the periods from the first appearance of swimming cells to the outbreaks in the South Sea of Korea.
One or two chained young swimming cells of the species were initially observed from the samples two to six weeks ago before making blooms in the South Sea of Korea. However, it took only one or two weeks until making blooms at the cell concentration of 50 cells/L in an average. Although there were no any significant differences in the date for the first appearance of swimming cells depending on the location in the South Sea, the elapsed time to blooms was the shortest near Narodo, indicating that the coastal area near Narodo was the most environmentally attractive place for the growth of the species.

The quantity of zooplankton for warm current indicate species was far more at the offshore between Geomoondo and Jejudo, about 25-75 miles off from Narodo, than at the inshore between Kwangdo and Narodo. Also, the hydrographic data such as temperature, transparency, nutrient concentration, etc gave us the context that the area near Kwangdo and Geomoondo was a frontal area where there was active mixing between inshore and offshore water. More ever, the quantity of young swimming cells near Kwangdo and Geomoondo at the initial appearance time outnumbered that of other area. Therefore, these kind of environmental characteristics at this area was assumed to lead the species to grow better than other area. In addition, the time when thermocline begins and what the strength of cold water is, annually concurring near Narodo, might affect deeply on the elapsed date to the beginning and scale of blooms for the species near Narodo.

Leng Yu, Li Qinliang, Zhang Aijun, Lu Qing, Xu Zijun, Monitoring Center of North China Sea, S.O.A

Abstract

In this article, we enumerate some data of experimental area on the basis of the fieldwork of red tide prediction in 2001. We elaborate the application of professional investigating techniques from multi-angles, such as biology, chemistry, weather and etc. And according to the analysis of the investigation data, we probe into the existing techniques and make some promotion to enable the more advanced application in the work of red tide prediction. And at the same time, this article will provide valuable reference to the expansion of the red tide investigation and prediction.

Li Qinliang, Zhang Hongliang, Zhang Aijun, Leng Yu, and Xu Zijun, Monitoring Center of North Sea, S.O.A., Qingdao

Abstract

This article used the data of biology, hydrology and chemistry, which were acquired by the investigation of 12 fixed spots in JiaoZhou Bay from May to November in 1991.

The ecological properties of the red tide plankton were concluded into three types: eurythermal and euyryhaline type, the type of little high- temperature with low salinity, and the type of little low-temperature with high salinity. In this article, the relation between the distribution of red tide plankton and environment of these 7 months was discussed briefly. And valuable suggestions of eutrophication prevention in Jiao Zhou Bay were put forward on basis of these discussions.

Liu Yuzhong, North China Sea Branch, S.O.A

Abstract

In 2001, State Oceanic Administration decided to carry out the experiment for the operation of red tide monitoring and forecast in Bo Hai. From July to September, the North China Sea Branch gained great success in red tide short-term forecast by the use of large quantity of ecology monitoring data. In the last ten-day of August, the tests of calamity prediction and calamity elimination were carried out in cultivation areas of the north part of Yellow Sea. There are 39 voyages of ecology investigation operated in the two experimental areas. And 72-hour short-term forecast, including breakout forecast and developing trend forecast, were issued for 35 times. The accuracy rate reaches to 60%-70%. The successful prediction of red tide calamity brought prominent economic benefits to cultivation. During the period of experiments, a series of viable investigation modes and technology patterns were established. And at the same time, plentiful ecology monitoring data of red tide prophase and the data during the corresponding period of red tides breakout were accumulated for the research on red tide forecast.

LI Weicai, LIU Jianzhong

Abstract

The introduction of invasive marine species into new environments by ships' ballast water has been identified as one threat to the world oceans. Ballast water also poses a serious ecological, economic and health problem, it may contain bacteria and other microbes, small invertebrates and the eggs, cysts and larvae of various marine species including algae in ships' ballast tank.

In response to this threat, the International Maritime Organisation(IMO) had adopted guidelines by the IMO Assembly in 1997 by resolution A.868(20), for the control and management of ships' ballast water, to minimize the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens.

In addition to the above, IMO also launches a new project named the Global Ballast Water Management Programme which aims to assist developing countries to implement effective measures to control the introduction of alien species, initially through six demonstration sites, they are:

It is planned that as these sites progress, they will be replicated throughout each region in the future.

Chinese government holds this programme great account, the State Quality Monitor and Inspection Quarantine Bureau has joined forces with scientific research establishments and universities to conduct investigation on such questions in China, Initially aimed at ports of Dalian, Qingdao, Ningbo et al. Surveying and studying planktons and pathogens carried in ships' ballast water, and also surveying baseline around those ports. Specialized meetings were already held in Beijing and Qingdao, further arrangements are underway by a number of scientists.

Douding Lu¹ and Jeanette Göbel², ¹Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Hangzhou 310012 China, ² Landesamt für Natur und Umwelt des Landes Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburger Chaussee 25, 24220 Flintbek, Germany

Abstract

Several extensive blooms caused by potentially toxic raphidophytes, Chattonella sp. cells, occurred from the German Bight to the almost north Skagen between late March and first half of May of 1998, 2000 and 2001 and caused fish killing. The extension and process of the bloom in the sea surface could be possibly observed by a series of remote sensing pictures in the near real-time situation. However, the peak concentration of the bloom might be situated at subsurface of seawater especially in the sunny weather condition and not visible from the satellite data. This organism has shown strong phototactic behavior.

Cells are 12 - 30 µm in length. Shape is very variable. From elongated ovoid to irregularly ovoid, looks unlikely Chattonella verruculosa. The cell contains numerous chloroplasts and it has mucocysts. Living cells are very sensitive. They can be dead in a few minutes under light microscope.

The pigment profiles of both species show that they contain large amounts of 19'- butanoyloxy-ucoxanthin as previously described in only one genus of Raphidophytes-Haramonas. In addition to 19'-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin, the Chattonella sp. in the North Sea contains three unidentified carotenoids which Chattonella verruculosa does not have.

The observations from microscopy and pigment profile from HPLC suggest that Chattonella sp. in the German Bight should be a new HAB species.

The history of Chattonella in the North Sea is not long. Because the cells are so small, fragile and difficult to preserve, they might be overlooked if cell density is low. On the other hand, raphidophytes species were never found in such high cell concentrations and formed large blooms in this area before 1998. It seems that they have established their ecological niche and potentiality of recurrence to form spring blooms in the North Sea. Does this phenomenon indicate some kind of environmental change?

Luo Qijun, Pei Luqing, and Ma Bin, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211

Abstract

Zhejiang sea area is a most important area for cultivation of Hizikia fusiforme in China. Red tides effect on Hizikia fusiforme during cultivation period. The results show ratio of fresh to pure production and length vegetable growth decrease. The production decrease in the rate of 23%. Hizikia fusiforme cultivated grows slowly on the effect of red tides.

Key Words: Hizikia fusiforme / construction of production / Red tide

Lu Songhui and I.J. Hodgkiss, Department of Ecology & Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

Abstract

Marine raphidophytes can pose a serious threat to finfish aquaculture. The first harmful bloom of raphidophytes in Hong Kong waters was caused by Heterosigma akashiwo, which bloomed in Yim Tin Tsai in March 1987. Blooms of Chattonella marina and C. ovata occurred in 1991 and 2001, respectively. Fish kills resulting from these blooms were recorded. So far 5 species of raphidophytes have been identified. They are: Chattonella antiqua, C. globosa, C. marina, C. ovata, and Heterosigma akashiwo.

J. L. Martin¹, F.H. Page², A. Hanke², M.M. LeGresley¹ and M. Dowd², Biological Station, Fisheries & Oceans Canada, 531 Brandy Cove Road, St. Andrews, NB, CANADA E5B 2L9, E-mail: martinjl@mar.dfo- mpo.gc.ca

Abstract

Phytoplankton samples have been collected since 1988 at 4 stations (inshore and offshore) in the western Bay of Fundy, eastern Canada. Water samples for phytoplankton enumeration and community structure were settled in Zeiss counting chambers and cells greater than 5 µm were enumerated as cells (organisms) L^-1 using a Nikon inverted microscope. The dataset has been examined from several perspectives including that of annual timing of blooms. When cumulative cell counts within each year were calculated, beginning in January, the cumulative curves indicated that the annual increase in diatom abundance began around day 110 (early April) and reached 50% of its annual total betwe#ffffff">en days 150 and 250 (late May - early September) and had returned to background levels around day 275 (October 1). Cumulative curves for total dinoflagellates showed the annual increase was around day 150 (late May) - around 40 days later that the diatom increase. The range in median day for the dinoflagellates was narrower than diatoms - between days 210 and 230 (late July - mid August). Results indicate that there has been no significant interannual variability in the amplitude and phase of the dinoflagellate abundance cycle.

Alexandrium spp blooms occur annually between late May - August with highest concentrations observed during most years during the period July 9-21. During the period 1997-2000, concentrations were less that 1.0 X 10⁴ cells L^-1, which resulted in shellfish toxicity, but at levels below those observed during most years. Highest concentrations since 1988 were observed in 1989 with 1.62 X 10⁵ cells L^-1.

Domoic acid production has been associated with Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima in the Bay of Fundy and generally requires more than one million chains of cells L to be in the water in order for shellfish to become toxic above the regulatory level. Blooms tend to occur during late summer with highest concentrations observed during 1988 and 1995, during late August/ early September.

This dataset represents more than 70,000 records between 1988 and 2001. Future plans include further refining and quality control and exploring the temporal and spatial variability in the patterns more fully. Statistical methods will be applied for comparisons of the cumulative frequency curves between years and locations to detect significant time patterns in inter-annual variability, for detecting patterns in community structure (including HABs) for exploring potential associations between species abundance and environmental patterns.

Terry McMahon*, Joe Silke and Philipp Hess, Marine Institute, Snugboro Road, Abbotstown, Dublin 15, Ireland

Abstract

The Biotoxin Monitoring programme in Ireland began in 1984 and was initially based on the screening of samples for the presence of DSP toxins by bioassay. In recent years the detection of additional toxins, including Domoic acid and in particular Azaspiracids, as led to an increase in monitoring effort and the programme now includes weekly shellfish testing using DSP mouse bioassay, LC-MS (Okadaic acid, DTX2, Azaspiracids) and HPLC (Domoic acid) as well as phytoplankton analysis. Regular reports of the results of sample analysis are sent to the regulatory authorities, health officials as well as the shellfish producers and processors via FAX and mobile phone text messages. A Web based information system is being developed to increase access to the information.

Issues related to the occurrence of azaspiracids in bivalve molluscs in Ireland will be discussed. These issues include development and validation of detection methods, availability of standards, toxicological risk assessment, establishment of regulatory levels and the identification of the biogenic source of the toxin.

Paul McNabb, Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, New Zealand

Abstract

The New Zealand Biotoxin Monitoring programme combines regular shellfish flesh testing and phytoplankton monitoring to successfully manage shellfish harvesting and mitigate the risks associated with Harmful Algal blooms. A New Biotoxin Monitoring Programme providing data that is highly accurate, in a shorter time and without the use of mouse bioassay's is being developed for use in New Zealand. This paper will summarise progress towards implementation of a Biotoxin monitoring programme using test methods based on LCMS that can be used to provide chemical analytical data in place of bioassay screen test results. Issues discussed relate to the development and implementation of new test methods. These include funding, method validation, testing regulations, availability of analytical standards, comparison to existing tests, type of instrumentation and international cooperation.

Dennis H. F. Mui ¹, Andy Ho ¹ and K. C. Ho ², ¹Envirochem Enterprises Limited, Hong Kong, ²Environmental Studies Program, School of Science and Technology, The Open University of Hong Kong

Abstract

Satellite Data Collection System (SDCS), a system which comprises of satellites, receiving stations, data processing centres and user's transmitter, has been widely applied for environmental monitoring and management for more than ten years. Typical applications of the SDCS include tracing the treks of wildlife, studying oceanographic meteorology, monitoring hazardous materials transportation and mapping of fishery grounds. Yet, its applications in monitoring and management of harmful algal blooms (HAB) have been explored.

Recent technology development has equipped the SDCS with capacities for collecting and transmitting data on sea surface temperature, salinity, wind speed/direction and sea color changes accurately. It is revealed that the SDCS transmitters can be installed at user's place and send messages automatically to satellites in low-earth orbit. Once receiving the environmental data, the low-orbited satellites will relay the messages to ground stations and data processing centers for immediate analyses. The major advantages of the SDCS include its continuous monitoring, remote controlled characteristics and its global coverage independent of the locality and localised fixed telecommunication networks.

Taking into account of SDCS's specialties, a comprehensive monitoring and early warning project is being proposed for HABs at the South China coast. If sensors for measuring chlorophyll-a, sea water temperature and dissolved oxygen can be installed at strategic locations, the SDCS is considered a suitable system to yield regular and continuous data for future control and management of HABs.

Lam Ngoc Nguyen, National Institute of Oceanography, Cau Da 01, Vinh Nguyen, Nhatrang, Vietnam, Tel: (84-58) 59 04 76, Fax: (84 58) 59 00 34, E-mail: habviet@dng.vnn.vn; Jacob Larsen, IOC Science and Communication on Harmful Algae, Botanical Institute, Øster Farimagsgade 2D, DK-1353, Copenhagen K, Denmark, Tel: (45 33) 13 44 46, Fax: (45 33) 13 44 47, E-mail: jacobl@bot.ku.dk; Henrik Enevoldsen, IOC Science and Communication on Harmful Algae, Botanical Institute, Øster Farimagsgade 2D, DK-1353, Copenhagen K, Denmark, Tel: (45 33) 13 44 46, Fax: (45 33) 13 44 47, E-mail: henrike@bot.ku.dk; Nhu Hai Doan, National Institute of Oceanography, Cau Da 01, Vinh Nguyen, Nhatrang, Vietnam,Tel: (84-58) 59 04 76, Fax: (84 58) 59 00 34, E-mail: habviet@dng.vnn.vn

Abstract

A sampling programme was carried out during 1999 along the coast of Vietnam. A total of 500 samples including qualitative and quantitative samples were collected and analysed at the Vietnamese research institutions and the Centre in Copenhagen. Fifty-two species of potentially harmful micro algae belonging to Cyanophytes , Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, Raphidophytes, and Haptophytes were recorded. Only few of these species have been recorded previously from Vietnam. The species diversity in the Tonkin Gulf and in South Vietnam was low due compared to Central Vietnam. Quantitative studies were carried out in order to estimate the abundance and biomass of phytoplankton community in general as well as of the potentially toxic species.

A number of species including Alexandrium leei, A. tamarense Prorocentrum lima, P. mexicanum, Ostreopsis lenticularis, O. ovata, Coolia monotis, and Gambierdiscus toxicus have been isolated and are maintained in culture. Growth rates of Alexandrium leei and A. tamarense have been studied under different salinity regimes. Both species are low toxic (Kodama & Ogata, pers. comm.).

A monitoring programme in shellfish toxins and harmful algae for safeguarding sea products was also emplementing.

Grant C. Pitcher ¹, Collin S. Roesler ² & Grev Nelson ¹, ¹Marine & Coastal Management, Private Bag X2, Rogge Bay 8012, Cape Town, South Africa, ² Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine, USA

Abstract

In the southern Benguela, three upwelling centres may be distinguished, all of which coincide with a narrowing of the shelf: Namaqua (30^oS), Cape Columbine (33^oS) and Cape Peninsula (34^oS). The region between the Namaqua and Cape Columbine cells is particularly susceptible to red tide formation and its negative impacts. During late summer and autumn surface boundary layer characteristics favour phytoplankton life forms typically associated with harmful algae in this region. The habitat preference of these phytoplankton species may be identified by an index of stratification. Accumulation of the bloom and the development of red tide is associated with frontal systems and zones of convergence associated with the complex 3-dimensional characteristics of this region. Areas of potential impact are typically inshore and their exposure to harmful blooms is dependent on the duration and frequency of the transport of blooms into the coastal environment. The simultaneous measurement of currents with observations of blooms, has allowed the role of cross-shelf and longshore currents in the transport of blooms to be understood and quantified. Models of harmful blooms in local areas of potential impact may therefore reduce to the advective term of the population dynamics equation. Moorings providing measures of these specific hydrographic features, supported with in situ measures of ocean colour, show considerable promise in offering short-term prediction of the possible threat of red tide to the coastal environment.

Qi Yu-zao, Wang Yan, Shen Ping-ping, Xu Ning, Lu Song-hui, I J Hodgkiss

Abstract

Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) production by Phaeocystis and other algae were studied. P. globosa is a kind of red tide species with high DMS production. Production of the biological sulfur is related to growth stage of the alga. The content of the intracellular DMS per cell higher than that of exponentially growing ones. The production of DMS was affected by salinity and temperature.

DMS content of algae, other than Phaeocytis and the marine water were also tested. The experiments indicate that DMS and DMSP production infected obviously by environmental condition. This approach proved that phytoplankton is the main factors control the content of DMS/ DMSP.

Qi Yu-zao, Lu Song-hui, Chen Ju-fang

Abstract

Red tide researches in China were reviewed. It is divided into three stages: (1)Preliminary stage, (2) Opening stage and (3) developing stage. The research of red tide is uprisingly developed in this past decade, especially the two major projects dealing with HAB, supported by NSF, China, greatly promoted the progress of red tide research. It, of course, is fairly linked with international cooperation.

Red tide occurrence dramatically increased recently in China. Their tendency is discussed. It assumed that: (1) causative species diverted, also the dominant taxa from diatoms insteaded by dinoflagellates; (2) initiation frequency increased; (3) cover area expanded; (4) lasting period expanded and (5) toxic species and toxic impact grew.

The research of red tide in China linked with GEOHAB program is expected vigorously development as the new national HAB program (973) starts. It gives the research a new energy.

Michael A. Quilliam, Carmela Dell'Aversano and Philipp Hess, Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1

Poster Abstract

Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins are potent neurotoxins produced by several marine dinoflagellates. The accumulation of these toxins in wild and cultured shellfish during "red tide" episodes can have serious economic and public health repercussions in affected coastal regions. Freshwater cyanobacteria are also known to produce the same toxins and deaths of wildlife and domestic animals following the ingestion of contaminated water have been widely reported. PSP toxins are tetrahydropurine derivatives based on the parent compound, saxitoxin (STX), and can be divided into three classes: carbamate, N-sulfocarbamoyl and decarbamoyl toxins. Over 20 structural analogs have been identified. The toxicity of STX is attributed to the reversible blockage of voltage-activated sodium channels on excitable cells. The various PSP toxins have different toxicities, with the carbamate toxins being the most toxic and the N-sulfocarbamoyl toxins being the least toxic. The great variety of closely related toxin structures and the varying toxicities present significant challenges to the analytical chemist interested in developing a method for their detection and quantitation. Functional assays such as the standard mouse assay, cytotoxicity assays, and receptor assays are very useful for measuring the overall toxicity of a sample, while immunoassay methods offer the potential for very rapid and inexpensive screening of samples. However, none of these assay methods provide detailed information on the toxin profile in samples. The most widely used analysis method is ion-pair LC using reversed phase columns coupled with post-column oxidation and fluorescence detection. Typically the method requires three separate runs for the analysis all the toxins. In this paper we will present a new analysis method that allows the determination of all PSP toxins in one single run. It is based on the use of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) coupled with electrospray ionizationmass spectrometry (MS/MS) detection. Application to real plankton and shellfish samples will be demonstrated.

Michael Quilliam¹, William Hardstaff¹, Allan Cembella¹, Don Richard² and Shelly Hancock^3
1NRC Institute for Marine Biosciences, 1411 Oxford St. Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1; ²Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 343 University Avenue, Moncton, New Brunswick E1C 9B6; ³ Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1992 Baffin St., Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 3Z7

Poster Abstract

Spirolides are biologically-active macrocyclic imines found in plankton and shellfish from the eastern coast of Nova Scotia, Canada. They appear in lipophilic extracts of shellfish and cause rapid death (3-20 min) upon intraperitoneal injection into mice, with apparent neurotoxic symptomology. Several of these toxins have been structurally characterized and the primary producer of the spirolides has been shown to be the marine dinoflagellate, Alexandrium ostenfeldii. A rapid liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method based on electrospray ionization has been established for the analysis of spirolides in plankton and shellfish samples. This method provides very high sensitivity (low picogram or ng/mL detection limit) and has allowed the detection of several new spirolides. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) provides structural information for the identification of such new compounds. Extraction methods for both shellfish and plankton have been developed. This includes a new micro- extraction procedure for rapid analysis of spirolides in pooled plankton cells individually isolated by micropipette or flow cytometry. Such techniques have allowed us to study the geographical and temporal distribution of spirolides in Nova Scotian waters, as well as the production of spirolides by an isolate of A. ostenfeldii grown in culture.

Michael A. Quilliam¹, Hong-Nong Chou² and Allan Cembella¹

¹NRC Institute for Marine Biosciences, 1411 Oxford St. Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3Z1; ²Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, 1 Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Chinese Taipei

Abstract

The volume, diversity and value of seafood trade among APEC member economies and to their export markets outside APEC are impeded by a lack of validated analytical methods that can be employed to test and certify products safe for public consumption with respect to natural toxins. In addition, there is a lack of adequate calibration standards and reference materials to ensure the accuracy of these analytical methods. In 1999, the APEC Red Tide/HAB Project of the Marine Resources Conservation Working Group put forward a proposal to the APEC Trade and Investment Liberalisation and Facilitation (TILF) Special Account. The overall purpose of the proposed project is to facilitate trade of seafood products and to protect public health by:

1. Validating appropriate analytical methods for routine monitoring of seafood for contamination by principal and emerging marine algal toxins;
2. Developing certified calibration standards and certified reference materials for analysis of principal and emerging marine algal toxins;
3. Facilitating the introduction of validated analytical methods, supported by certified standards and reference materials, into seafood product testing and certification agencies of APEC economies, through the dissemination of reports and a workshop in the final year of the project.

The proposal was accepted and a contract was signed in February 2001. The project will continue until December 2003. The approach we have taken is to build on and fast track existing programs underway in expert laboratories in APEC economies that are testing and validating new methods for algal toxin analysis, as well as preparing the necessary analytical standards and certified reference materials. The Institute for Marine Biosciences is the principal contractor and work will be sub-contracted to groups in New Zealand, Australia, Chinese Taipei, Singapore, Japan, USA and Canada. Many other laboratories will be invited to participate in assorted inter-laboratory studies.

Mario R. Sengco and Donald M. Anderson, Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Abstract

Clay minerals have been used successfully to treat harmful algal blooms (HABs) in Japan and South Korea. This control strategy is based on the mutual aggregation of clays and cells leading to the formation of larger, more-rapidly sinking particles that eventually settle to the ocean floor. The outcome is the physical removal of the causative species and the reduction of their deleterious impacts, with minimal effects of clay treatment on maricultured fish and the benthic environment.

The goal of this presentation is to provide managers with information on clay dispersal which they can evaluate and use determine whether clay is a suitable means of mitigating HABs in their jurisdiction. This talk will present our current understanding regarding the effectiveness of clay dispersal with respect to the following topics: (1) clay properties such as mineralogy and particle size, (2) properties of the target species, (3) clay and cell concentration, (4) the influence of treatment scale and hydrodynamics, and (5) the use of chemical flocculants to enhance cell removal efficiency. In addtion, this talk will include a discussion of the possible impacts of clay treatment on the chemical and biological properties of the water column and the benthic environment. It will include a short review of pertinent literature and recent laboratory studies.

Shi Qiang¹, Gao Zhenhui¹, Li Qinliang¹, Zhang Aijun¹, Sun Peiyan¹, Yang Jianqiang¹, Zhou Zhiliang¹, Qiu Li², ¹The North Sea Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266003;China; ²The North Sea Information Center, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266003;China)

Abstract

Based on analyzing monitor data of HAB (harmful algal blooms) in Bayuquan coastal region of Bohai Sea, the author think that HAB can formed easily in coastal surface seawater frontal zone of SST, Salinity, DIN, DIP, et al. HAB s disappearing went with coastal surface seawater frontal zone s weakening. Red tides of Noctiluca Scintillans in Bayuquan coastal region are fit for seawater which is high salinity, high SST and adequate NP ratio, But comparison with Noctiluca scintillans, Red tides of Leptocylindrus danicus and Eucampia zoodicacus are fit for seawater which is low salinity, low SST and high NP ratio. These weather changes, including daily mean air temperature sudden rising, pressure sudden descending, would play induction role in the Red tides formed.

Sierra-Beltrán, A. P.¹, Lluch-Cota, D. B.², Lluch-Cota, S. E.² and Cortés-Altamirano, R.³, Mario Castillo- Chavez⁴, Luis Pacas⁵ and Roxana Viquez⁶.
¹Molecular Genetics Laboratory, CIBNOR. P. O. Box 128, La Paz, B. C. S., México. Tel (52) 112 53633 ext 3805, Fax (52) 112 53625 e-mail: asierra@cibnor.mx, ²Climatology Laboratory, CIBNOR. P. O. Box 128, La Paz, B. C. S., México. Tel (52) 112 53633 ext 3770, Fax (52) 112 53625 e-mail: dblluch@cibnor.mx & slluch@cinbor.mx, ³Plankton Laboratory, ICMyL-UNAM, P. O. Box 818, Mazatlán 82040 Sinaloa, México. Tel (52) 69 852845, Fax (52) 69 826133 e-mail: roberto@mar.icmyl.unam.mx, ⁴Environmental Health Direction, Mexican SSP, Health Ministry. Mariano Escobedo 366, C.P. 11590, D.F. México. Tel: (52) 52 034951 e- mail: castillochavez@hotmail.com, ⁵Center for Aquaculture Studies. University of Guatemala. Building T14, University City, Zone 12, Guatemala City. Guatemala. Tel: (50) 24 7654795 e-mail: pacas_luis@yahoo.com, ⁶Marine Biology. Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas. Universidad Nacional. P.O. Box 126-5400, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Tel: (50) 66 613 022 Fax: (50) 66 613 635 e-mail: roxana@una.ac.cr

Abstract

The Pacific coast of Central and North America have been and still are impacted by the flourishing of microalgal populations known as Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). The organisms that have caused recent HABs episodes in the region are among others Gymnodinium catenatum, Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum, and recently Cochlodinium cf. catenatum. In spite of the piling of effects on the human health, the economic activities and the environment, there is still a lack of information available on the subject. The augmented use of coastal zones for human activities is also paralleled by increased awareness of global climate changes. Thus, discriminating whether, anthropogenic or natural phenomena, or both, are the major driving forces is not an easy task. The long-term data sets available for reduced regions, as well as some sporadic observations during notorious blooms, allowed us to make evident major changes in the biodiversity and biogeography of HAB organisms. The number of events, the area covered, the duration and frequency, the number of species blooming and the appearance of not previously reported harmful taxa are among the factors affected. The variable more clearly related to this dynamic phenomena, seems to be sea surface temperature while, up to date is not possible to weight its contribution. The participation of wind force and rain is not fully evaluated to date. The collaborative communication among small budget monitoring activities in the region allowed to "pass the voice" in due case of peaking concentrations of HAB organisms, diminishing the risk of poisoning.

Sam-geun Lee, Chang -sook Kim, Eun -seob Cho and Chang -kyu Lee, Harmful Algal Blooms Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan, Korea

Abstract

Harmful algal blooms in Korea have been significantly increased in scale, duration, and frequency since 1981. Cochlodinium polykrikoides is known as one of the most harmful species in Korean coastal waters, affected an enormous economic loss on fisheries industries by the mass mortalities of marine organisms. This study aims to give a useful information for fisherman to mitigation of fisheries damages by red tide forecast when the harmful algal blooms is occurred. It was examined that 5 kinds of fish, flounder(Paralichthys olivaceus), jacopever (Sebastes schlegeli), red sea bream (Parus major), rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) and filefish (Aluterus monoceros), and 4 kinds of shellfish, oyster (Crassostrea gigas), musse (Mytilus edulis), ark shell(Scapharca broughtonii) and abalone (Norditus discus) in 20 L transparent plastic tank for 3 days. Density of experimental tanks were ranged from 1,000 cells/mL to 100,000 cells/mL. The water temperature and photoperiod were adjusted to 20°C and 12L : 12D. Result of this experiment it was certified that Heterosigma. akashiwo, Alexandrium tamarense, Eutretilla gymnastica, Prorocentrum micans and Heterocapsa triquetra were not harm the examined fishes and shellfishes even with their maximum density. But C. polykrikoides killed fishes from more than the density of 3,000 cells/mL, that is, 100% of filefish, rock bream, red sea bream and flatfish were died at the density of C. polykrikoides 8,000 cells/mL within 18 hours from started examination, even though air was supplied sufficiently. And Jacopever was damaged 35% at the density of 8,000 cells/mL in 48 hours. While oyster, mussel and ark shell were not affected by C. polykrikoides during the examination. Some mucus releasing from cell of C. polykrikoides might be caused the death of fishes making respiration difficulty to the clogging of gillfilament. Also generation of reactive oxygen such as hydron peroxide, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical might be responsible for fish mortality.

Sam-geun Lee, Hak-gyoon Kim, Chang -kyu Lee and Chang- sook Kim, Harmful Algal Blooms Research Department, National Fisheries Research, Development Institute, Pusan, 619 - 900, Republic of Korea. E-mail: sglee@nfrdi.re.kr

Abstract

The problem of harmful algal blooms(HABs) in Korea are now deeply concerned with frequency, intensity and scale. The blooms of Cochlodinium polykrikoides that is most harmful species to kill farmed fish in Korea have been persisted in the whole coast of the southern coast of Korea every year from August to October since 1995. National Fisheries Research and Development Institute(NFRDI) is carrying HABs monitoring around Korean coastal waters at 70 stations biweekly or monthly by research vessels, helicopter and satellites from March to November to investigate the status of water quality and HABs since 1981. Monitoring information are given to the fisherman by fax, newspapers, automatic response system, and radio and TV broadcasting to mitigate the fisheries damages. HABs movement and distribution is dependent on the wind direction and tidal current. The notice of precaution and warning are forecasted when the density of C. polykrikoides exceed 300 cells/ml and 1,000cells/ml, respectively. The best way to minimize the fisheries damages is to find out the outbreaks of HABs at the initial stage and take emergent action. HABs alarm facility composed of sensor and alarm apparatus was invented to prevent the inflow of HABs into the fish culture tank in 1997. For mitigation strategies, local government authorities scatter yellow clay on the sea surface affected with HABs. The clay has a capability to scavenge the particles and carry them to bottom sediments. The removal efficiency was up to 90% in 10g/l. No big difference was found between the laboratory and field test. In the field, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand and chlorophyll-a concentration decreased slightly after dispersion. Furthermore, surface water temperature by NOAA and chlorophyll-a concentration by SeaWiFS, MODIS and OCM image are also studied to know subsequent development and horizontal distribution. In addition, If fisheries damages arise due to HABs, the government grants governmental subsidy and relief bank loans for the sufferer.

Sam-geun Lee, Hak-gyoon Kim, Eun-seob Cho and Chang kyu Lee, Harmful Algal Blooms Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619- 900, Korea

Abstract

The bioassay and toxicity tests were conducted to investigate the effects of various concentrations of Kuwait oil, Arab oil, Bunker-C, diesel oil, kerosene, oil spill dispersants and mixtures of oil and dispersant on growth of the harmful alga Cochlodinium polykrikoides. Growth of C. polykrikoides treated with higher concentrations (³50 ppm) was found to decline markedly 4-10 days after the addition of oils used in this study compared with the control, whereas £1 ppm had no significant effect on growth. Similarly, growth was inhibited when the cells were exposed to higher concentrations in dispersants (³50 ppm), but they exhibited similar growth across the range of less than 1 ppm. In 10 days after the cells were exposed to higher concentrations mixtures of oil and dispersant (³50 ppm), C. polykrikoides was almost died regardless of types of oils and dispersants. However, lower concentrations (£1 ppm) did not play a role in critical toxicity concentration for supressing the growth of C. polykrikoides. These results suggest that higher concentrations of oils, dispersants and even mixtures make a serious impact of C. polykrikoides, whereas the cells were not associated with toxicity, with lower concentrations.

SONG Lirong, PAN Hui, LEI Lamei, LIU Yongding, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China

Abstract

Based on the evidence that the mcyB gene is closely associated with microcystin biosynthesis, we surveyed the distribution of this gene in different cyanobacteria and then differentiate toxic strains from nontoxic ones. Furthermore, PCR protocol was simplified by using intact cyanobacteria cells in culture, in water and in sediment samples, which made the detection more efficient and more sensitive. Thus, it is possible to discriminate toxic and non-toxic strains of Microcystis both in culture and in environmental sample directly. This method is sensitive enough to detect targeted mcyB gene in samples with less than 2000 Microcystis cells per mL. Results of HPLC, ELISA and mouse bioassay as well as sequences of amplifications confirmed the accuracy, specify and applicability of PCR using whole cyanobacteria cells.

Benjamín A. Suárez-Isla, Laboratory of Marine Toxins, Program of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 6530499, CHILE

Abstract

The Chilean coastline extends from the border with Perú (18° SL) to the Cape of Horn (54° SL). Chile's shellfish and finfish industries have experienced a major increase in marine phycotoxin problems in the last two decades. High levels of PSP and DSP have been reported in southern Chile (41°- 55° SL) that have been associated to the toxic dinoflagellate species Alexandrium catenella (PSP) and Dinophysis acuta (DSP). To date the paralytic and diarrhetic toxin groups have had the most severe public health and economic impact in Chile. This situation has made it necessary to close all natural shellfish beds from 44°SL southwards and to maintain nationwide monitoring programs. In addition to the presence of toxic dinoflagellates, yearly blooms of toxic diatom species (Pseudo-nitzschia australis) that synthesize domoic acid (DA), a toxin that can lead to Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP), have been observed. The percentage of shellfish samples with DA concentrations exceeding the regulatory level of 20 µg/g has increased steadily since 1997. These blooms have not been associated to date with cases of human intoxications, but constitute a serious potential threat to public health. In spite of these environmental constraints, shellfish aquaculture and exploitation of natural shellfish beds have grown steadily in the last ten years. Nowadays, over 110 different processing plants are certified to export their shellfish products for the European, US and Asian markets, totalling ca. US$ 90 million per year of exports and ca. US$ 30 million for internal markets. The impacts of HAB in Chile, new functional methods for toxin detection as well as national monitoring programs for shellfish and phytoplancton and management strategies will be discussed.

Sun Peiyan^1,2, Gao Zhenhui¹, Zhang Youchi¹, Wang Xiulin² Shiqiang¹ , Yang Jianqian¹, Xieli¹, and Ma Zhaodang¹, ¹The North China Sea Monitoring Cente, SOA, China; ²Ocean University of Qingdao

Abstract

In this paper, based on the monitoring data of HAB (harmful algal blooms) in Bohai Sea area near Bayuquan in June 30 ~ Sep. 16, 2001, a neural network model is built to recognize different samples in no HAB period, HAB prior period and HAB occurrence period. The input parameters are the total quantity and ratio of inorganic nitrogen and phosphate and the accuracy rate of recognition is about 82%. Then by designing several groups of data, the relation between the total quantity and ratio (N and P) and HAB occurrence is discussed. The results indicate: HAB occurrence needs a reasonable range of total quantity and ratio of inorganic nitrogen and phosphate. Also, their general scope which HAB may happen in this sea area is calculated. This is helpful for HAB predication and mechanism research.

Jun SUN^*, Dongyan LIU, Yongqi LI, Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266003, China

Abstract

The phytoplankton community changes of a mixed type red tide event of Skeletonema costatum and >Biddulphia regia was observed around Nuekuoshan in the Jiaozhou Bay (China). This study analyzed the changes of phytoplankton community structure and its causes during a two months campaign. During the campaign, 37 genera belonging to 63 species (no include 11 unclear taxa) were found in the phytoplankton community. The phytoplankton community of the campaign was predominant by Bacillariophyceae, accompanying with Pyrrophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyceae. The red tide event occurred from 3^rd with a light grayish-brown color of seawater to 8^th July, cell abundance of the red tide reached maximum 6.26 x 10⁸ ind./m³ according to the chlorophyll a concentration of 30.72 mg/m³ on 5^th July. But the chlorophyll a concentration reached its maximum of 36.35 mg/m³ at cell abundance level of 1.16 x 10⁷ ind./m³. Two red tide causal species Biddulphia regia and Skeletonema costatum shown a different life strategy during the occurrence of the red tide. Skeletonema costatum grown more faster than Biddulphia regia, it started to increasing from 2.5 x 10⁴ ind./m³ on 4^th July to the maximum 6.2 x 10⁸ ind./m³ on 5^th July, then dropped rapidly to 1.3 x 10⁵ ind./m³ on 6^th July. This indicated that the forecasting of red tide of Skeletonema costatum is very difficult. Species succession analysis has shown that these two species were allochthonous species of the initial phytoplankton community, physical advection and decrease of salinity had heavily effect on the form of red tide.

Keywords: the Jiaozhou Bay, Red tide, Phytoplankton community, Skeletonema costatum, Biddulphia regia

M.R. Suseela, Algology Department, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226 001, INDIA. Email: suseela_mr@hotmail.com

Abstract

India is a sub-tropical country with number of fresh water bodies. Phytoplankton are the dominant flora of these waters. Among the hundreds of algal species few taxa cause harm due to the potent toxin they produce in their blooms. Impact of these algal toxins may range from mild ill-health to lethal not only to the fish and livestock but also to humans. Our studies concentrated mainly on blue-green algae of these planktons. The dominant alga is Microcystis aeruginosa , which is found as blooms in slow flowing nutrient rich waters, usually in warmer months of the year. In most parts of India, humans and livestock, who come in contact with these waters, develop tumours on their nostrils, ears etc. Other potent toxic blue green algae are Anabaena, Anacystis, Cylindrospermum, Hapalosiphon, Lyngbya, Nostoc, Phormidium and Oscillatoria which produce significant amount of toxins which are very dangerous and cause a range of health problems. Stimulation and increase of these harmful algal forms is mainly due to eutrophication and other anthropogenic activities. Human population explosion leads to the industrial development, which in turn release their effluents into the natural water bodies and cause eutrophication. Lack of public awareness is one of the main reasons for these consequences. Therefore public education and awareness to control eutrophication and the release of other pollutants into the water bodies and the control of harmful algae are discussed in detail in the present paper.

Kirsten Todd, Cawthron Institute, Private bag 2, Nelson, New Zealand

Abstract

New Zealand's Marine Biotoxin Monitoring Programme has been in place since 1993, and in this time most of the known toxin producing phytoplankton species have been recorded in New Zealand waters, with the one major exception of Gymnodinium catenatum. In May 2000, on-going low level PSP results led to the collection of water samples from the Manukau Harbour, West Coast North Island and the discovery of G. catenatum. This led to an extension of the phytoplankton monitoring programme into areas not always considered suitable for this type of testing, and instigated the biggest closure since the nation wide closure in 1993-94 due to NSP.

This paper will look at the progress of the bloom and the actions taken by authorities. The implications of this find for New Zealand and the mitigation measures put in place to manage the bloom and protect unaffected areas will also be discussed.

Gires Usup, Asmat Ahmad, Marine Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, MALAYSIA

Abstract

Up until 1990, problems related to harmful algal blooms and paralytic shellfish poisoning in Malaysia were relatively simple, being confined to the west coast of Sabah in Borneo. PSPs in that area are primarily due to Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum. A sufficiently effective shellfish toxicity monitoring program was established by the Malaysian Department of Fisheries, greatly reducing the occurrences of PSP despite recurring bloom events. In early 1991 PSP occurred for the first time in Peninsula Malaysia when three people were taken ill after eating farmed mussel from Sebatu in the Straits of Malacca. The dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamiyanavichi was eventually confirmed as the toxin producer. This event prompted the government to establish an additional shellfish toxicity monitoring facility based at the Fisheries Research Institute in Penang. In early 2000 PSP and shellfish toxicity were reported for the first time from the east coast of Sabah. Unfortunately the toxin producer in this case has yet to be identified. The latest development of PSP events in Malaysia took place in September 2001 when six people were taken ill after eating clams harvested from a coastal lagoon in Kelantan on the east coast of Peninsula Malaysia. One of the victims eventually died. Mouse bioassays and the receptor binding assay confirmed high levels of toxin in the clams. Inspection of plankton samples collected from the affected area showed high density of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tropicale. While the toxicity of this species has yet to be confirmed, it is highly probable that it is responsible for the toxicity. In some of the samples there were also significant numbers of as an unyet identified Alexandrium species. Both A. tropicale and the unidentified species have been established in culture. These events indicate the growing significance of PSP in Malaysia and it is a problem that could be magnified as shellfish aquaculture intensifies. Logistical considerations warrant the establishment of a shellfish toxicity monitoring facility on the east coast of Peninsula Malaysia. In the long term, these monitoring facilities should also include monitoring of DSP and ASP in their programmes.

Phone: 60-3-89293219
Fax: 60-3-89253357
E-mail: gires@pkrisc.cc.ukm.my

Wang jinhui and Huang xiuqing, East China Sea Monitor Center, SOA, Shanghai 200137

Abstract

The recent 30 years HAB statues and monitor work in East China Sea were summarized, total 151 HAB events were recorded and 204 HAB species were found exiting in East China Sea. Some wide- range HAB caused great loss to the economic and fishery resources. The ecological character of some important HAB species and recent active HAB specie Prorocentrum dentatum is described. Some advice about the quality control in monitoring work and the field monitoring experience are submitted for the relative works.

Wang shizhong and Ren yongqin, Institute of Ocean Technology, Tianjin 300111

Abstract

This paper gives the principle of design and the operation concerning the Spectrum Measure Unit of Algae and Suspension. Many series of measurements were made with the meter which uses the wavelength from 400-760nm. Algae and suspension in the water can be discerned by the Discrimination of Algae and Suspension with Optical Spectral. The instrument can real time carry out red tide monitoring. The experimental results from actual underwater applications are presented in this paper.

WANG Yan, SHEN Ping-ping, and QI Yu-zao, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China)

Abstract

Two different strains of Phaeocystis globosa were isolated respectively from the South China Sea coastal waters of Hong Kong (HK) and Shantou (ST) in Guangdong Province. The morphology, life cycle and growth curves of the two strains under laboratory conditions were examined in the present study. The life cycle of P. globosa is complex and heteromorphic, exhibiting alternations between two different morphological forms - free-living cells (motile and non-motile cells) and colonies. The free-living cells of the two strains were showed in globular form about 3-9 µm in diameter while the colonies were different in size. The maximum diameter of ST colony collected from seawater was 3.0cm, which was much larger than that of HK colony. The free-living cells reproduced by repeated bipartition and these cells were aggregated forming a colony. Continuous cell division and subsequent enlargement resulted in the growth of colony. When the nutrition in the medium were depleted, the colonies were lysised or decayed and thousands of free- living cells were released. The entire growth cycle of P. globosa took 20-30 days in batch culture. The growth rate of two strains varied from each other under three different temperatures(20, 25 and 30°C), and the optimal growth temperature was 25°C for the HK strain and 30°C for ST strain. The maximum specific growth rate were 0.38 and 0.42 for HK and ST strains, respectively. Temperature becomes one of the important limiting factors, which affect the growth of the two strains.

Key words: Phaeocystis globosa, Life cycle, Morphology, Growth curve

* This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) and by the Higher Education Department of Guangdong Province, China.

Weihong Zhao^*, Jintao Li^§, Dengfeng Yang^§
*Institute of Oceanology ,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Qingdao,266071, ^§Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Qingdao Ocean University, Qingdao, 266003

Abstract

Gold Star No.2 took a comprehensive survey in the Changjiang estuary and adjacent areas from July 23rd to August 14th, 2001. During the period, we carried out field cultivation experiments to study the nutrient needs of phytoplanton at C105 (123°E, 32°N), C205 (123°30' E, 31°N) and C304 (123°18'E , 29°40'N) stations.

1. A great scale of Skeletonema costatum blooming was taking place when our ship got to the C105 station which located in the northeast of the Changjiang Estuary , at five past thirteen o clock on July 27th ,2001. From our experiments, we found chlorophyll-a were very high at the beginning. If culture nutrients without phosphorus or without all nutrients were added to the culture seawater, the chlorophyll-a descended very quickly. Those were caused by depletion of phosphorus after red tide. If no nitrogen or no silicon were added, the chlorophyll-a would not decrease quickly. If all nutrients or without iron were added, the chlorophyll-a kept high level. Those experiments showed that the phytoplankton growth in this area were limited by phosphorus .

2. The second field experiment had been carried out at station C205 on the east of the Changjiang Esturay at five o clock on July 28th, 2001, where no red tide was taking place. The experiment results showed that phosphorus still was the major limitation factor. Nitrogen became one of limitation factors during the later culture period which is different with the results at C105 station.

3. When we came to the station C304, a great scale of Noctiluca scintiuans red tide were taking place. Because most phytoplankton was eaten up, in first five days chlorophyll-a in the culture seawater were very low. Little phytoplankton at the beginning limited their quick growths. Five days later, the chlorophyll-a began to elevate. The chlorophyll-a kept low in bottles without phosphorus added or without all nutrients add. The chlorophyll-a in bottles without nitrogen or without silicon added were higher than the former. The chlorophyll-a were highest in bottles with all nutrients added or without iron added. The experiments also showed that the phytoplankton growth was limited by phosphorus and Noctiluca scintiuans preying.

Wu Rongjun¹ Li Ruixiang^2,3 Zhu Mingyuan^2,3, ¹College of Marine Life, Ocean University of Qingdao,Qingdao 266003, ²First Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Qingdao 266061, ³Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering of Marine Ecology and Environment, SOA,Qingdao, 266061

Abstract

In recent decades, there are more events of harmful algae blooms(HABs), which cause severe effect to marine ecosystem d delay the sustainable development of marine industries. Mesocosm ecosystem with sea water enclosed is not affected by the tidal current and horizontal disturbing, and it can reflect better marine ecosystem than laboratory research methods. At the mean time, the hydrodynamics process is relatively simple and the reflections of results are good. So mesocosm experiment is a valid method to study the occurrence and mechanism of algae blooms. This paper summarizes studies of occurrence and its mechanism of HAB during the past decades: (1) The relationship of environmental factors and occurrence of HAB in mesocosm ecosystem, and especially the effects of eutrophication for the occurrence of algae blooms; (2)The changes of community structure, biomass and growth rate of causative organisms of HAB in mesocosm ecosystem; (3) The numerical simulation model of occurrence of algae blooms in mesocosm ecosystem .

Key words: Mesocosm experiment, Harmful Algae Blooms, Eutrophication

Xiulin Wang, Ocean University of Qingdao, Peiyan Sun Monitoring Center for North Seas Environments, SOA

Abstract

On the basis of research trend of harmful algal blooms (HABs), it is described several methods for predicting and forecasting occurrence of HABs, including experiential predication methods, statistic prediction methods, and numeric prediction methods. The experiential predication methods are based on the experiential analysis for environmental factors influencing or resulting from formation and collapse of HABs, and currently cumulative water temperature method and seawater transparency method have been developed. The statistic prediction methods are mainly based on multi-variance statistics to statically analyze the monitoring data during the formation and collapse of HABs. For example, discriminant analysis, principal component analysis, etc., have been applied. The numeric model prediction methods are constituted of the marine ecosystem dynamics models in which species of HABs is involved, such as nutrient dynamics model and the population dynamics model, etc. From the comments on the prediction methods, it is concluded that in situ monitoring data for the occurrence of HABs, especially during the whole process, and mechanism for the formation and collapse of HABs are necessary and key precondition for establishing the various prediction methods. Furthermore, the in situ monitoring is basic data, and the mechanism can provides theoretic basis for establishing the prediction methods, even for both the experiential and the statistic prediction methods.