| M | social sciences, economics, and law b-out d-out qh |
| SN | The different social sciences study human groups and interactions from different perspectives, but they are highly interrelated. Phenomena studied mainly in one area are often of interest in other areas as well. While this classification uses traditional disciplines as the principle of organization, concepts are not discipline-bound, that is, they should be used to index phenomena regardless of the discipline that studies them. Furthermore, since psychology overlaps with (and is sometimes considered part of) the social sciences, some descriptors needed to index social science topics are found in *+FA psychology* qh ah. | |
| ST | behavioral sciences | |
| NT | +PBe demography qh ah | |
| RT | +FAe psychology qh ah | |
| +Le social psychology and related concepts qh ah | ||
| +PM history, geography, and the environment qh ah | ||
| +PZ4e psychosocial environment qh ah | ||
| +S field, discipline, or occupation qh ah |
| MAe | sociology and anthropology d-out qh |
| SN | Sociology and major areas of anthropology overlap and converge to such an extent that for purposes of this thesaurus it seemed practical to combine them. To index sociological and anthropological studies, use any descriptor from this section (the whole section *+M social sciences, economics, and law* qh ah), as well as *+FA psychology* qh ah, *+N communication, information, and education* qh ah, or any other section of the thesaurus. When it seems particularly indicated to index the perspective of the study, use *MA2.2 sociology* qh ah, *+MA2.4 anthropology* qh ah, and/or another descriptor from *+MA2 perspectives in sociology and anthropology* qh ah. | |
| ST | society and culture | |
| NT | +AK6.8e sociocultural AODC qh ah | |
| +GA10.4.4 sociocultural disease cause qh ah | ||
| +LAe social psychology qh ah | ||
| +LNe social context qh ah | ||
| +MB type of society and culture qh ah | ||
| +MCe sociocultural aspects of AOD use qh ah | ||
| +MD material and nonmaterial culture qh ah | ||
| MD6e cultural integration qh ah | ||
| +ME sociocultural values, norms, and social control qh ah | ||
| +MF social position qh ah | ||
| +MF2 social status and social role qh ah | ||
| +MF4 social equality and inequality qh ah | ||
| +MF6 social stratification qh ah | ||
| MF8 social mobility qh ah | ||
| +MG social group and organization qh ah | ||
| +MHe group behavior qh ah | ||
| +MI sociocultural discrimination concepts qh ah | ||
| +MJe sociocultural change qh ah | ||
| +MKe social condition qh ah | ||
| +MLe community action qh ah | ||
| RT | +FAe psychology qh ah | |
| +JA2.2e health services research qh ah | ||
| +Le social psychology and related concepts qh ah | ||
| +PBe demography qh ah | ||
| +TT status by occupation qh ah |
| MA2 | perspectives in sociology and anthropology qh |
| ST | social theory | |
| sociological and anthropological theory |
| MA2.2 | . sociology qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| SN | Sociology is the study of the structure and functioning of human groups; their origin, growth, and change; and of human beings as they appear in social interactions in these groups, as actors taking account of one another in their behavior. The groups studied include informal groups, such as the family or peer groups, formal social organizations, such as government or corporations, and territorially defined communities. Sociologists tend to focus on specific segments of social organizations or on group processes within large modern industrial societies and to concentrate on current concerns, usually within their own societies. Sociologists often use survey and statistical methods. | |
| RT | +MAe sociology and anthropology qh ah |
| MA2.4 | . anthropology qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| SN | Anthropology is the study of human nature, human society and culture, and human history. It includes physical anthropology, cultural anthropology (which covers social organization, material culture,
and anthropological linguistics), and archaeology. The anthropological perspective is holistic, in that it integrates all these areas, drawing on specialized disciplines as needed to arrive at a
broad overview of entire societies or cultures; comparative, in that it detects commonalities among all societies and cultures; and evolutionary, in that it is concerned with human evolution from
the early hominids to the present.
In practice, anthropological research usually is focused on the social organization and material culture of small-scale preliterate or preindustrial societies. It uses fieldwork, in which the researcher observes and/or experiences other peoples' ways of life, and a qualitative case-study approach. | |
| NT | PN6 archaeology qh ah | |
| RT | +MAe sociology and anthropology qh ah | |
| RD8.2e comparative study qh ah |
| MA2.4.2 | . . cultural anthropology qh |
| ST | social anthropology | |
| sociocultural anthropology |
| MA2.4.2.2e | . . . ethnology qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 1995. | |
| SN | The process of analyzing and explaining the way of life of the people of a region, or of comparing a variety of ways of living in order to test hypotheses about the causes of human lifeways in general. Ethnologists seek to discover the causes of the differences and similarities between the customs and beliefs of diverse human populations. |
| MA2.4.2.4e | . . . ethnography qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 1995. | |
| SN | The ethnographer seeks to construct a coherent overall picture of the way of life, that is, the social organization and material culture, of a people or culture being studied. Ethnographic data form the basis for the comparison of different societies and cultures, which is the aim of the broader field of cultural anthropology. |
| MA2.6 | . functionalism (sociocultural) qh |
| SN | Theoretical orientation that analyzes sociocultural elements in terms of their usefulness to individuals or to the whole sociocultural system. | |
| ST | structural functionalism |
| MA2.8 | . social exchange theory qh |
| SN | Social interactions conceptualized as economic transactions, with social behavior oriented toward expected returns (either material or psychic). | |
| ST | exchange theory |
| MA2.10 | . symbolic interactionism qh |
| SN | Theoretical orientation concerned with the meanings people place on their own or one another's behavior. |
| MA2.12 | . conflict theory qh |
| SN | Views society as being in a constant state of social conflict with only temporary stable periods. | |
| RT | +LU6.6e conflict qh ah |
| MA2.14 | . idealist approach qh |
| SN | Theoretical orientation holding that perceptions and classifications of natural and social reality, values, world views, and other kinds of cultural knowledge are partly or wholly independent of material conditions. |
| MA2.16 | . materialist approach qh |
| SN | Theoretical orientation holding that the main influence on human ways of life is how people acquire resources from their environment. |
| MA2.18 | . interpretive anthropology qh |
| SN | Theoretical orientation that analyzes elements of sociocultural systems by analyzing them within their own context. |
| MA2.18.2 | . . cultural structuralism qh |
| SN | A theoretical orientation that assumes that ways of life are the product of unconscious mental processes. |
| MA2.20 | . methodological approach to society and culture qh |
| BT | +RCe research and evaluation method qh ah | |
| RT | +RE4e field study qh ah | |
| RP10.2e participant observation qh ah |
| MA2.20.2 | . . ethnomethodology qh |
| SN | The study of sets of unwritten rules or guidelines that people use in their everyday living practices. |
| MA4 | perspectives in the interpretation of societies and cultures qh |
| MA4.2 | . ethnocentrism qh |
| SN | The tendency to judge other cultures in terms of the standards, values, and customs of one's own culture. | |
| ST | cultural bias | |
| RT | +FRe attitude and behavior qh ah | |
| +MI18e prejudice qh ah | ||
| +MI18.6e racism qh ah | ||
| MJ18.6e cultural conflict qh ah | ||
| TH2.4e ethnic differences qh ah |
| MA4.4 | . cultural openness qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| RT | +LBe culture and personality qh ah |
| MA4.6 | . cultural relativism qh |
| SN | An approach to cross-cultural research that requires social scientists to view and analyze behaviors and customs within the context in which they occur. | |
| RT | MD4.2.8 cultural universal qh ah |
| MA6 | homogeneous culture and multiculturalism qh |
| MA6.2 | . homogeneous culture qh |
| MA6.4e | . multiculturalism qh |
| SN | Refers to the existence of a number of cultures within a larger culture or society. | |
| ST | biculturalism | |
| cultural diversity | ||
| cultural pluralism | ||
| pluralistic culture | ||
| pluralistic society | ||
| RT | +LB4.8 socialization in a multicultural society qh ah | |
| MI4e race and ethnic relations qh ah | ||
| +MJ18 change involving two cultures qh ah | ||
| MJ18.6e cultural conflict qh ah | ||
| TH2.4e ethnic differences qh ah |
| MA8 | high and popular culture qh |
| MA8.2 | . high culture qh |
| MA8.4e | . popular culture qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | Artistic and commercial expressions that reach a majority of the people through mass media, mass production, or transportation. | |
| ST | mass culture | |
| RT | +LN32.4e entertainment qh ah | |
| +NA14.6e mass media qh ah |
| MA10 | subculture and counterculture qh |
| SN | Ethnic, regional, economic, or social groups exhibiting characteristic patterns of behavior sufficient to distinguish them from the larger society to which they belong. | |
| RT | ME2e sociocultural values qh ah | |
| +Te demographic characteristics qh ah |
| MA10.2e | . subculture qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| RT | LR12.8e skid row qh ah | |
| MI4e race and ethnic relations qh ah | ||
| MI10e minority group qh ah | ||
| NA12.4.8.6 jargon qh ah |
| MA10.4e | . youth culture qh |
| RT | MJ10 generational differences qh ah |
| MA10.6e | . counterculture qh |
| SN | A subculture in which the values, norms, and lifestyle are fundamentally at odds with the dominant culture. | |
| RT | LU8.4.4.2 dissent qh ah | |
| MJ18.6e cultural conflict qh ah | ||
| +MX4.12.2 cults qh ah |
| MA10.6.2e | . . drug culture qh |
| BT | +MC8 AOD culture qh ah | |
| RT | +OC AOD artifacts qh ah |
| MB | type of society and culture d-out qh |
| BT | +MAe sociology and anthropology qh ah |
| MB2 | . type of society by subsistence sphere qh |
| MB2.2 | . . hunting and gathering society qh |
| SN | A foraging society in which the members hunt for and gather their food and subsist on wild animals and vegetation. |
| MB2.4 | . . horticultural society qh |
| SN | A society in which the members subsist primarily on hoe cultivation of domesticated plants. |
| MB2.6 | . . pastoral society qh |
| SN | A society in which the members subsist primarily on domesticated herd animals. | |
| ST | herding society | |
| RT | MB6.4e traditional society qh ah |
| MB2.8 | . . agricultural society qh |
| SN | A society in which the members subsist primarily on cultivated crops and use plows and draft animals. |
| MB2.10 | . . industrial society qh |
| SN | A society in which the members primarily use mechanized means of production. | |
| RT | MB6.2e modern society qh ah | |
| MB10 mass society qh ah | ||
| MJ6 modernization qh ah | ||
| MT30.2.2 industrialization qh ah | ||
| MT32.2e industrialized country qh ah |
| MB2.10.2 | . . . postindustrial society qh |
| SN | A society in which the members "subsist" primarily on the production of services and information and use specialized knowledge to bring about continuing progress in technology. |
| MB4 | . nonurban and urban society qh |
| RT | MJ12 urbanization qh ah | |
| MJ14 gentrification qh ah | ||
| MJ16 suburbanization qh ah |
| MB4.2 | . . nonurban society qh |
| MB4.2.2 | . . . rural society qh |
| MB4.4 | . . suburban society qh |
| MB4.6 | . . urban society qh |
| ST | urban sociology | |
| BT | +PV2.4e urban area qh ah | |
| RT | MB10 mass society qh ah |
| MB6 | . modern and traditional society qh |
| MB6.2e | . . modern society qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| RT | +MB2.10 industrial society qh ah | |
| MB8.4 Western society qh ah | ||
| +MJe sociocultural change qh ah | ||
| MJ6 modernization qh ah |
| MB6.4e | . . traditional society qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| RT | MB2.6 pastoral society qh ah | |
| MF6.6.2 caste system qh ah | ||
| MT30.4 economic underdevelopment qh ah | ||
| MT32.4e developing country qh ah |
| MB8 | . non-Western and Western society qh |
| MB8.2e | . . non-Western society qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. |
| MB8.4 | . . Western society qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| RT | MB6.2e modern society qh ah |
| MB10 | . mass society qh |
| SN | Known only in modern industrial societies. Refers to a large social system characterized by impersonality, anonymity, and functional interdependence. Technology is an important element of this type of society. | |
| RT | +LB16.8e social detachment qh ah | |
| +MB2.10 industrial society qh ah | ||
| MB4.6 urban society qh ah |
| MCe | sociocultural aspects of AOD use d-out qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| BT | +MAe sociology and anthropology qh ah | |
| RT | +AFe purpose of AOD use qh ah | |
| JA6.14.6.8.8 sociocultural risk and protective factors qh ah |
| MC2e | . societal attitude toward AOD qh |
| SN | Attitudes of society as a whole or of subgroups or subcultures, including those of families. | |
| ST | societal support for AOD use or abstinence | |
| NT | FR16.6.4.2e attitude toward AOD addict or abuser qh ah | |
| LG2.2e family attitude toward AOD qh ah | ||
| MP14.2.2e public opinion on AOD qh ah | ||
| +MP18.2e public policy on AOD qh ah | ||
| MX16.2e organized religion attitude toward AOD qh ah | ||
| BT | +FR16.2e attitude toward AOD qh ah | |
| RT | MG2.4e social network qh ah | |
| MH4.2.2e temperance movement qh ah | ||
| MH4.2.4e anti-prohibition movement qh ah | ||
| +MU2e work-related AOD issue qh ah |
| MC2.2e | . . cultural expectations on drunken comportment qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | Use also for other drugs. |
| MC6e | . cultural patterns of AOD use qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| ST | cultural position of AOD use |
| MC6.2e | . . cultural patterns of drinking qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | The cultural patterns of drinking can be described along two dimensions: (1) engagement with alcohol (extent and frequency of drinking, approval of drinking) and (2) seriousness of drinking (quantity consumed on one occasion, duration of the drinking episode, and frequency and approval of drunkenness). | |
| ST | cultural position of drinking |
| MC8 | . AOD culture qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| ST | culture surrounding AOD use | |
| NT | MA10.6.2e drug culture qh ah |
| MC10 | . degree of integration of AOD use in daily life qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. |
| MC12e | . sociocultural AOD use qh |
| ST | cultural AOD use | |
| BT | +AA2e AOD use qh ah | |
| RT | +AA2.2e nonproblematic AOD use qh ah | |
| +AD12.14e moderate AOD use qh ah | ||
| +AFe purpose of AOD use qh ah | ||
| +LM context qh ah |
| MC12.2e | . . solitary AOD use qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. |
| MC12.4e | . . social AOD use qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| NT | MC12.8.2e social drinking qh ah |
| MC12.6e | . . AOD use in ceremony or ritual qh |
| ST | AOD as a sacral substance | |
| BT | +AFe purpose of AOD use qh ah | |
| +ME4.6.2 ceremony and ritual qh ah |
| MC12.6.2 | . . . unsanctioned ritualistic AOD use qh |
| SN | Refers to nonreligious, ritualistic drug use such as use in opium dens. | |
| ST | illegal ritualistic drug use | |
| RT | ME4.6.2.16 other rite qh ah | |
| +MX14e spiritual and religious rites qh ah |
| MC12.8 | . . sociocultural alcohol use qh |
| BT | +BBe alcohol in any form qh ah | |
| RT | +ADe AOD use behavior qh ah |
| MC12.8.2e | . . . social drinking qh |
| SN | 1. Literally, drinking in company, as opposed to solitary drinking. 2. Often used loosely to mean a drinking pattern that is not problem drinking. 3. More prescriptively, the use of alcoholic
beverages in compliance with social custom, primarily in the company of others, and then only for socially acceptable reasons and in socially acceptable ways (also known as integrated drinking).
Social drinking is not always moderate drinking. In certain Latin American societies, for example, people engage in communally approved "fiesta" drinking, often to the point of intoxication. | |
| BT | +MC12.4e social AOD use qh ah | |
| RT | +AA2.2e nonproblematic AOD use qh ah | |
| +AD12.14e moderate AOD use qh ah | ||
| AD12.14.2 moderate drinking qh ah | ||
| +AD12.18e AOD use frequency qh ah |
| MC12.10e | . . recreational drug use qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | Use of a drug, usually illicit, in sociable or relaxing circumstances, by implication without dependence or other problems. The term is disfavored by those seeking to define all illicit drug use as a problem. |
| MD | material and nonmaterial culture d-out qh |
| BT | +MAe sociology and anthropology qh ah |
| MD2 | . material culture qh |
| SN | All the things human beings make and use. | |
| RT | +MZ fine arts qh ah | |
| +OA technology, manufacturing, and agriculture qh ah |
| MD2.2 | . . artifacts qh |
| RT | +OC AOD artifacts qh ah |
| MD4 | . nonmaterial culture qh |
| SN | The totality of knowledge, beliefs, values, and rules for appropriate behavior that specifies how members of a society should interact and solve their problems. Put differently, all the knowledge, common understandings, and expectations that the people of a group share and that their children learn. Abstract human creation (e.g., languages, ideas, beliefs, rules, customs, myths, skills, family patterns and political systems). | |
| NT | +ME sociocultural values, norms, and social control qh ah | |
| RT | +ME4.6 folkways and customs qh ah |
| MD4.2 | . . cognitive culture qh |
| SN | One of the two categories of nonmaterial culture. The thinking component of a culture, consisting of shared beliefs and knowledge of what the world is like -- what is real and what is not, what is important and what is trivial. | |
| RT | JD8e environmental model qh ah |
| MD4.2.2 | . . . social construction qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | The process by which people create their understanding of the nature of their environment. | |
| ST | societal perception | |
| RT | +MP14.2 public opinion qh ah |
| MD4.2.4 | . . . world view qh |
| SN | The way members of a society perceive and interpret reality and events, including their images of themselves and how they relate to the world around them. | |
| RT | +LL2e outlook on life qh ah |
| MD4.2.8 | . . . cultural universal qh |
| SN | Forms or patterns for resolving the common, basic, human problems found in all cultures: division of labor, incest taboo, marriage, the family, rites of passage and ideology. | |
| RT | MA4.6 cultural relativism qh ah |
| MD4.4e | . . social structure qh |
| SN | A regular pattern of social interaction and persistent relationships. Examples of social structures include socioeconomic status system, social class structure and social relationships between racial and ethnic groups. | |
| BT | +FV8.2 structure qh ah | |
| +MG10e organization qh ah | ||
| RT | +LC2e interpersonal interaction qh ah | |
| +LGe family and kinship qh ah | ||
| +MF social position qh ah | ||
| +MF6 social stratification qh ah | ||
| +MHe group behavior qh ah | ||
| +MI sociocultural discrimination concepts qh ah | ||
| +MJe sociocultural change qh ah | ||
| +MQ2 organizational structure qh ah |
| MD6e | . cultural integration qh |
| SN | The tendency for norms, values, beliefs, practices, and other elements of culture to complement one another. | |
| BT | +MAe sociology and anthropology qh ah | |
| RT | +MJe sociocultural change qh ah |
| ME | sociocultural values, norms, and social control d-out qh |
| NT | AJ10.6e anthropological theory of AODU qh ah | |
| FV32 symbol qh ah | ||
| +NA12.4 language (communication method) qh ah | ||
| BT | +MAe sociology and anthropology qh ah | |
| +MD4 nonmaterial culture qh ah | ||
| RT | +MF2.4e social role qh ah | |
| +MXe spirituality and religion qh ah | ||
| +MX14e spiritual and religious rites qh ah |
| ME2e | . sociocultural values qh |
| SN | A culture's general orientations toward life -- its notion of what is good and bad, what is desirable and undesirable. | |
| ST | cultural values | |
| RT | +MA10 subculture and counterculture qh ah |
| ME4e | . sociocultural norms qh |
| SN | Shared rules or guidelines that prescribe the behavior appropriate in a given situation. | |
| RT | FR22e sex role qh ah | |
| LB4.12e perception of norms qh ah |
| ME4.6 | . . folkways and customs qh |
| SN | Rules that govern everyday conduct. Ordinary usages and conventions of everyday life. Violations bring no serious repercussions. | |
| ST | traditions | |
| RT | +AFe purpose of AOD use qh ah | |
| LN4 context encouraging AOD use qh ah | ||
| LN6 context discouraging AOD use qh ah | ||
| +MD4 nonmaterial culture qh ah | ||
| +MX14e spiritual and religious rites qh ah |
| ME4.6.2 | . . . ceremony and ritual qh |
| NT | +MC12.6e AOD use in ceremony or ritual qh ah | |
| +MX14.18 spiritual and religious ceremony and ritual qh ah | ||
| RT | +LN28e social event qh ah |
| ME4.6.2.2 | . . . . rite of passage qh |
| ME4.6.2.4 | . . . . initiation rite qh |
| SN | Rites for initiation into a society or club. |
| ME4.6.2.6 | . . . . wedding qh |
| RT | LF8.4e marriage qh ah | |
| LK4.6 getting married qh ah |
| ME4.6.2.8 | . . . . funeral or wake qh |
| ST | burial | |
| interment | ||
| RT | LJ10e death qh ah |
| ME4.6.2.10 | . . . . purification rite qh |
| ME4.6.2.12 | . . . . curing rite qh |
| ME4.6.2.14 | . . . . restoring the balance rite qh |
| ME4.6.2.16 | . . . . other rite qh |
| SN | For example, political rites and judicial rites. | |
| RT | MC12.6.2 unsanctioned ritualistic AOD use qh ah |
| ME4.8e | . . sociocultural mores qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | Strong norms that are regarded as morally significant; violations of them are considered a serious matter. | |
| RT | +ME10e social control qh ah |
| ME4.8.2 | . . . taboo qh |
| SN | Powerful social belief that some specific act is utterly loathsome. | |
| RT | MM26.4.6e incest qh ah |
| ME6 | . ideal and real culture qh |
| ME6.2 | . . ideal culture qh |
| SN | The norms and values to which members of a society adhere in principle. |
| ME6.4 | . . real culture qh |
| SN | The norms and values to which members of a society adhere in practice. |
| ME8 | . anomie qh |
| RT | +LB14e social deviance qh ah | |
| MJ18.6e cultural conflict qh ah |
| ME8.2 | . . anomie (normlessness) qh |
| SN | The feeling that culture no longer provides adequate guidelines for behavior; a condition of "normlessness" in which values and norms have little impact. | |
| RT | +FD18.38e personality trait related to social interaction qh ah | |
| +LB16.8e social detachment qh ah |
| ME8.4 | . . anomie (cultural deprivation) qh |
| SN | The lack of access or acceptance felt by a person who wants to follow the cultural guidelines for behavior. |
| ME10e | . social control qh |
| SN | Societies' use of internal values and/or external sanctions, both formal and informal, and laws to circumscribe individual action. | |
| NT | LG18.2.4e parental control qh ah | |
| +MX14.16e spiritual and religious regulation of behavior qh ah | ||
| RT | +FR26e social behavior qh ah | |
| +LB12e social conformity qh ah | ||
| +ME4.8e sociocultural mores qh ah | ||
| +MK8 social order qh ah | ||
| +MP14.2 public opinion qh ah |
| ME10.2e | . . internal control qh |
| SN | Psychological mechanisms of social control that operate on people even in the absence of reactions by others. | |
| ST | internal means of social control | |
| internalization of norms | ||
| RT | +FD12.10.6.2 conscience qh ah | |
| +FS20.2 controlled behavior qh ah | ||
| +LBe culture and personality qh ah | ||
| +LB4e socialization qh ah | ||
| LB4.12e perception of norms qh ah |
| ME10.2.2 | . . . moral code qh |
| SN | The symbolic system made up of a culture's norms and values, in terms of which behavior takes on the quality of being good or bad, right or wrong. | |
| ST | moral duty | |
| moral principles | ||
| moral standards | ||
| RT | +FS20.2 controlled behavior qh ah | |
| +MY2.6 morality and immorality qh ah |
| ME10.4e | . . external control qh |
| SN | The social forces external to a person that channel his or her behavior into those forms that most closely approximate that culture's norms and values. | |
| ST | external means of social control | |
| NT | LN16 supervision level in context qh ah | |
| RT | +AE2 AOD use control qh ah | |
| LC2.14.4e peer pressure qh ah | ||
| +MX14e spiritual and religious rites qh ah |
| ME10.4.2e | . . . sanction qh |
| SN | Rewards and penalties used to regulate a person's behavior. | |
| NT | +MN36e criminal penalty qh ah |
| ME10.4.2.2e | . . . . formal sanction qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | Rewards or punishments applied in a patterned and organized way. | |
| NT | +MN36e criminal penalty qh ah | |
| RT | +MNe law qh ah | |
| +MO law enforcement and the justice system qh ah |
| ME10.4.2.4e | . . . . informal sanction qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | Rewards or punishments that occur through the spontaneous reactions of other people. | |
| RT | +MP14.2 public opinion qh ah |
| ME10.4.2.6 | . . . . deterrence qh |
| NT | +JG12.14.6.2e deterrence of AODU qh ah | |
| RT | MN36.2 goal of punishment qh ah |
| MF | social position d-out qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| SN | The systems and mechanisms in a society that influence or determine the social position or station of the individuals in the society. Also the overall system of these positions. | |
| BT | +MAe sociology and anthropology qh ah | |
| RT | MD4.4e social structure qh ah |
| MF2 | . social status and social role qh |
| BT | +MAe sociology and anthropology qh ah |
| MF2.2 | . . social status qh |
| SN | A socially recognized position in a social system. | |
| ST | prestige | |
| BT | +LHe life circumstances, life events qh ah | |
| +LH4 life circumstances qh ah | ||
| RT | +MF6 social stratification qh ah |
| MF2.2.2 | . . . ascribed status qh |
| ST | ascription | |
| RT | MF6.6.2 caste system qh ah |
| MF2.2.4 | . . . achieved status qh |
| RT | MF6.6.4 class system qh ah | |
| +MT14.8e standard of living qh ah |
| MF2.4e | . . social role qh |
| SN | A set of expected behavior patterns, obligations, and privileges attached to a particular social status. | |
| NT | FR18.2.4.2e role model qh ah | |
| FR22e sex role qh ah | ||
| +LG18.12e family role qh ah | ||
| RT | FK16.2.2.2e role playing qh ah | |
| +FRe attitude and behavior qh ah | ||
| +FR18.2.4e learned behavior qh ah | ||
| +LC2e interpersonal interaction qh ah | ||
| +LN14 role in social context qh ah | ||
| +ME sociocultural values, norms, and social control qh ah | ||
| MR6.16.2 use of celebrity in AODR message qh ah | ||
| +MU12.12e job performance qh ah |
| MF2.4.2 | . . . citizen's role qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | A person's public roles, as a pedestrian on the street, as a voter, as a volunteer worker, as a participant in a public event, etc. | |
| ST | citizenship role | |
| RT | +AN4e interpersonal AODR problems qh ah |
| MF2.4.4e | . . . celebrity qh |
| SN | Use this descriptor when describing a person or group that is well-known and popular, such as an entertainment or sports personality. A role assigned by the public. This descriptor will often be used when referring to famous people who have alcohol or other drug problems or to famous people who are role models for youth. | |
| ST | famous person | |
| famous personality | ||
| prominent person | ||
| NT | MR6.16.2 use of celebrity in AODR message qh ah | |
| RT | MR6.16.4 product endorsement qh ah | |
| +OZ2e AODU by athlete qh ah |
| MF2.4.6 | . . . person with responsibility qh |
| SN | Use this descriptor when describing a person or a group of people who are in responsible positions. A role assigned based on position in an organization or in society. | |
| ST | person in responsible position |
| MF4 | . social equality and inequality qh |
| BT | +MAe sociology and anthropology qh ah | |
| RT | MP2.2 political power qh ah | |
| +TRe socioeconomic status qh ah |
| MF4.2 | . . social equality qh |
| ST | social parity | |
| RT | MI16.2 affirmative action qh ah |
| MF4.4 | . . social inequality qh |
| RT | +MI12e social discrimination qh ah |
| MF6 | . social stratification qh |
| SN | A condition that exists when social inequality becomes part of the social structure and is transmitted from one generation to the next. | |
| ST | social hierarchy | |
| BT | +MAe sociology and anthropology qh ah | |
| RT | MD4.4e social structure qh ah | |
| +MF2.2 social status qh ah | ||
| +TM educational and socioeconomic status qh ah |
| MF6.2e | . . social class qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | Groupings stratified by wealth, privilege, modes of labor, way of life, and other sociocultural factors. | |
| RT | +LU4 hierarchical relationship and related descriptors qh ah | |
| MI2 class relations qh ah | ||
| MK10.4e poverty qh ah | ||
| MP2.2 political power qh ah | ||
| +TRe socioeconomic status qh ah |
| MF6.4 | . . open and closed society qh |
| MF6.4.2 | . . . open society qh |
| SN | A society that provides equal opportunity to compete for the role and status desired. |
| MF6.4.4 | . . . closed society qh |
| SN | A society in which the various aspects of people's lives are determined at birth and remain fixed. |
| MF6.6 | . . social stratification system qh |
| RT | +MI sociocultural discrimination concepts qh ah |
| MF6.6.2 | . . . caste system qh |
| RT | MB6.4e traditional society qh ah | |
| MF2.2.2 ascribed status qh ah | ||
| MI20.8 social segmentation qh ah |
| MF6.6.4 | . . . class system qh |
| RT | MF2.2.4 achieved status qh ah | |
| MI2 class relations qh ah |
| MF6.6.6 | . . . sex-gender system qh |
| MF6.6.8 | . . . age-grade system qh |
| MF8 | . social mobility qh |
| SN | Includes inter- or intragenerational mobility as well as exchange and structural mobility. | |
| BT | +MAe sociology and anthropology qh ah |
| MG | social group and organization d-out qh |
| BT | +MAe sociology and anthropology qh ah | |
| RT | FR26.6 organizational behavior qh ah | |
| +LC interpersonal interaction and group dynamics qh ah | ||
| +NF24.4 extracurricular activity qh ah |
| MG2e | . social group qh |
| SN | A social group consists of two or more people who interact recurrently according to some pattern of social organization and who recognize that they constitute a distinct social unit. | |
| ST | cadres | |
| human group | ||
| NT | +LGe family and kinship qh ah | |
| RT | +LC interpersonal interaction and group dynamics qh ah | |
| +LF12 role of intimate qh ah | ||
| TW4.2 intimate qh ah |
| MG2.2 | . . primary and secondary group qh |
| MG2.2.2 | . . . primary group qh |
| SN | A group that is characterized by intimate face-to-face association and is basic to the development of the social self and the continued adjustment of its members. |
| MG2.2.2.2 | . . . . clique qh |
| MG2.2.2.4e | . . . . peer group qh |
| BT | +LB4.6 socializing agents qh ah | |
| +LC2.14e peer relations qh ah | ||
| +LC8.4 group of intimates or friends qh ah | ||
| +LG12 family substitute qh ah | ||
| RT | FR18.2.4.2e role model qh ah | |
| +JG10.4.8e peer prevention qh ah | ||
| JJ6.8e peer intervention qh ah | ||
| MG2.6 reference group qh ah | ||
| TW8 peer qh ah |
| MG2.2.2.4.2 | . . . . . peer group activities qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| RT | JG12.14.2e prevention through alternative activities qh ah |
| MG2.2.2.4.4e | . . . . . gang qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| NT | MM12.4 street gang qh ah | |
| BT | +LG12 family substitute qh ah |
| MG2.2.4 | . . . secondary group qh |
| SN | A group that is characterized by an impersonal, formal organization with specific goals. |
| MG2.4e | . . social network qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 1995. | |
| SN | Forms of social organization characterized by common interests and communication patterns among members, particularly those distributed widely in geographical terms.
Social networks are formed within the family, the school, and the peer group. In each context, three variables influence behavior patterns: (1) the opportunities and influences to which one is exposed; (2) the skills with which one performs; and (3) the relative balance of rewards one receives. | |
| ST | network | |
| RT | HZ2.6.6.4e network therapy qh ah | |
| +LB16.4e social connectedness qh ah | ||
| +LB16.6e social attachment qh ah | ||
| +LB16.6.2e social participation qh ah | ||
| +LC2.4e social support qh ah | ||
| +MC2e societal attitude toward AOD qh ah | ||
| +MQ2 organizational structure qh ah | ||
| +NAe communication qh ah |
| MG2.6 | . . reference group qh |
| SN | Real or theoretical groups (social, ethnic, family, etc.) that serve as sources for identification, motivation, aspiration, attitudes, behavior, or modes of living. | |
| RT | FD8.4 psychological identification qh ah | |
| FR18.2.4.2e role model qh ah | ||
| +MG2.2.2.4e peer group qh ah |
| MG4e | . profession qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | Use to index documents on the general nature of professions, professionalism, professional behavior, etc. Also use to index specific professions by combining with an appropriate descriptor from *+S field, discipline, or occupation* qh ah (e.g., for medical profession, combine *+MG4 profession* qh ah with *+SG medical specialty (field)* qh ah). | |
| ST | professionalism | |
| NT | +MY2.14 professional ethics qh ah | |
| RT | +MU labor and work qh ah | |
| +S field, discipline, or occupation qh ah |
| MG6e | . social community qh |
| SN | Consists of people who live close to one another, who frequently interact with one another, and who feel they have some common traits or values. |
| MG8 | . social institution qh |
| SN | Groups and organizations with norms and values that attend to basic needs of society (e.g., the family, education). The ordered social relationships that grow out of the values, norms, statuses, and roles that organize the activities that fulfill society's fundamental needs. | |
| RT | +LGe family and kinship qh ah | |
| +MK8 social order qh ah | ||
| +MXe spirituality and religion qh ah | ||
| +NFe education and training qh ah |
| MG10e | . organization qh |
| SN | Deliberately constructed collectives or groups with goals, statuses, roles, and rules. | |
| ST | formal organization | |
| NT | MD4.4e social structure qh ah | |
| +MM12e organized crime qh ah | ||
| MQ2.2 bureaucracy qh ah | ||
| +MS2 corporation qh ah | ||
| MU16.2e labor union qh ah | ||
| +NF2.6e educational institution qh ah | ||
| +NF24.4.2 student organization qh ah | ||
| RT | +MP10e government agency qh ah | |
| +MP10.10e armed forces qh ah | ||
| +MP12 political group or movement qh ah | ||
| +MQ2 organizational structure qh ah | ||
| +MQ16 general concepts related to organizations qh ah | ||
| MR6.16.4 product endorsement qh ah |
| MG10.2 | . . foundation qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| RT | +MQ12.12e funding qh ah | |
| +MQ12.12.4e funding source qh ah | ||
| MQ12.12.12 philanthropy qh ah |
| MG12 | . club or association qh |
| MG14 | . collective qh |
| SN | A context-dependent term for goal-oriented social organizations with shared, usually socialistic, political ideologies. |
| MG16 | . commune qh |
| ST | group living |
| MG18 | . cooperative qh |
| MHe | group behavior d-out qh |
| SN | Behavior of a group as a whole, as well as the behavior of a person as influenced by his or her membership in a group. | |
| NT | +MI20 mechanism of social dominance qh ah | |
| BT | +FR26e social behavior qh ah | |
| +MAe sociology and anthropology qh ah | ||
| RT | FR26.6 organizational behavior qh ah | |
| +LC interpersonal interaction and group dynamics qh ah | ||
| +LC6e group dynamics qh ah | ||
| MD4.4e social structure qh ah |
| MH2 | . collective behavior qh |
| SN | The relatively spontaneous and unstructured thoughts, feelings, and actions of a group of people responding to similar stimuli. | |
| RT | +LC6e group dynamics qh ah |
| MH4e | . social action qh |
| ST | social activism | |
| RT | +MH6e social responsibility qh ah | |
| +MJ4e social reform qh ah | ||
| MP14.4 political activism qh ah | ||
| MP14.8e lobbying qh ah | ||
| +MP14.10e advocacy qh ah | ||
| +MY2.4 responsibility qh ah |
| MH4.2e | . . social movement qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | A large number of people who have joined together to bring about or resist some social or cultural change. | |
| RT | LU8.4.4.2 dissent qh ah | |
| MP12.10 political movement qh ah | ||
| MP12.12 civil disobedience qh ah |
| MH4.2.2e | . . . temperance movement qh |
| ST | antialcohol movement | |
| teetotalism | ||
| RT | +MC2e societal attitude toward AOD qh ah | |
| MH4.2.4e anti-prohibition movement qh ah | ||
| MP18.2.8.2e prohibition (AOD public policy) qh ah | ||
| PN4.8.2e Prohibition Era qh ah |
| MH4.2.4e | . . . anti-prohibition movement qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | If applicable, combine with other movements, groups, or organizations, for example, *+SO4 AOD industry* qh ah (or one of its narrower terms) or with *MH4.2.2 temperance movement* qh ah. | |
| ST | drug policy reform movement | |
| RT | +MC2e societal attitude toward AOD qh ah | |
| MP18.2.8.2e prohibition (AOD public policy) qh ah | ||
| +MP18.2.8.12 drug decriminalization qh ah | ||
| MP18.2.8.12.2 drug legalization qh ah | ||
| PN4.8.2e Prohibition Era qh ah |
| MH4.2.6e | . . . feminism qh |
| ST | equal rights for women | |
| women's liberation movement | ||
| women's rights movement | ||
| RT | FR22e sex role qh ah | |
| LB10.6 female emancipation qh ah | ||
| MI18.2e sexism qh ah | ||
| MN10.2.8e rights of pregnant women qh ah | ||
| +TE10e female qh ah |
| MH4.2.8 | . . . gay and lesbian rights movement qh |
| RT | MI18.4e homophobia qh ah |
| MH4.2.10 | . . . civil rights movement qh |
| BT | +MI16 racial or ethnic related social reform qh ah | |
| +MN10.2.16e civil rights qh ah | ||
| RT | +MI18.6e racism qh ah |
| MH6e | . social responsibility qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| NT | MS2.8e corporate responsibility qh ah | |
| BT | +MY2.4 responsibility qh ah | |
| RT | +FR26e social behavior qh ah | |
| +MH4e social action qh ah | ||
| +MP14.10e advocacy qh ah | ||
| +MVe human services qh ah | ||
| +MY2e ethics qh ah |
| MH8e | . intergroup relations qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| ST | intergroup dynamics | |
| relations between specific social groups | ||
| RT | +LC2e interpersonal interaction qh ah | |
| +LC4e relations between individuals and organizations qh ah | ||
| +LC6e group dynamics qh ah | ||
| LF8.6.8 exogamous marriage qh ah | ||
| MI2 class relations qh ah | ||
| MI4e race and ethnic relations qh ah |
| MH8.2e | . . male-female relations qh |
| ST | gender relations | |
| NT | +LF10e marital relations qh ah |
| MH8.4 | . . business-society relations qh |
| MH8.6 | . . business-government relations qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. |
| MH8.8 | . . military-civilian relations qh |
| MH8.10 | . . police-community relations qh |
| RT | MO4.14.2.4e community policing qh ah |
| MH8.12 | . . public-private sector relations qh |
| MH8.14 | . . church-state relations qh |
| MI | sociocultural discrimination concepts d-out qh |
| BT | +MAe sociology and anthropology qh ah | |
| RT | +FRe attitude and behavior qh ah | |
| MD4.4e social structure qh ah | ||
| +MF6.6 social stratification system qh ah | ||
| +TH10e ethnic group qh ah | ||
| +VZe religious group qh ah |
| MI2 | . class relations qh |
| RT | MF6.2e social class qh ah | |
| MF6.6.4 class system qh ah | ||
| +MH8e intergroup relations qh ah |
| MI4e | . race and ethnic relations qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| BT | +MK10e social problems qh ah | |
| RT | MA6.4e multiculturalism qh ah | |
| MA10.2e subculture qh ah | ||
| +MH8e intergroup relations qh ah | ||
| +MN10.2.16e civil rights qh ah |
| MI6e | . cultural sensitivity qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| NT | JG6e culturally sensitive prevention approach qh ah | |
| RT | JG10.4.2e social marketing prevention approach qh ah | |
| +LBe culture and personality qh ah | ||
| NA4.6 culturally specific communication qh ah |
| MI8 | . basis for determining minority group qh |
| SN | Basis for determining what constitutes a minority group (e.g., age, gender, sexual orientation). |
| MI10e | . minority group qh |
| SN | Subgroups within a larger society that are distinguished from the majority and each other by race, national heritage, or sometimes by religious or cultural affiliation. Minority groups also have the connotation of being objects of prejudice or discrimination. | |
| ST | subordinate group | |
| BT | +LU4.6.4 minority qh ah | |
| RT | MA10.2e subculture qh ah | |
| +MN10.2 civil liberty, civil rights qh ah | ||
| +VZe religious group qh ah |
| MI12e | . social discrimination qh |
| SN | Unfavorable treatment of people because of their membership in a certain group. | |
| NT | MU10.12 employment discrimination qh ah | |
| RT | MF4.4 social inequality qh ah | |
| MI16.2 affirmative action qh ah | ||
| +MN10.2 civil liberty, civil rights qh ah |
| MI12.2 | . . attitudinal discrimination qh |
| SN | Discrimination that stems from prejudicial attitudes. |
| MI12.4 | . . institutional discrimination qh |
| SN | Organizational practices and societal trends that exclude minorities from economic opportunity, power, and prestige. |
| MI12.6 | . . legal discrimination qh |
| SN | Unequal treatment on grounds of membership in a certain group that is upheld by law. |
| MI12.8 | . . reverse discrimination qh |
| RT | MI16.2 affirmative action qh ah | |
| MU10.12 employment discrimination qh ah |
| MI14 | . social reaction to discrimination qh |
| RT | FR26.4 social avoidance qh ah | |
| +LC2.10e social acceptance qh ah | ||
| LU6.10.6e resistance qh ah |
| MI14.2 | . . separatism qh |
| SN | Minorities' choosing to be isolated from the dominant group. | |
| RT | +LB16.8.2 social separation qh ah |
| MI16 | . racial or ethnic related social reform qh |
| NT | MH4.2.10 civil rights movement qh ah | |
| BT | +MJ4e social reform qh ah |
| MI16.2 | . . affirmative action qh |
| RT | MF4.2 social equality qh ah | |
| +MI12e social discrimination qh ah | ||
| MI12.8 reverse discrimination qh ah | ||
| +MN10.2.16e civil rights qh ah |
| MI16.4 | . . social desegregation qh |
| MI18e | . prejudice qh |
| SN | A rigidly held attitude toward a group of people defined by their racial, ethnic, or religious heritage, or by their occupation, sexual orientation, level of education, or place of residence. | |
| ST | intolerance | |
| BT | +FR16.8.4e attitude toward others qh ah | |
| +FS2.4 negative attitude qh ah | ||
| +MK10e social problems qh ah | ||
| RT | +FR16.6e attitude towards illness or disability qh ah | |
| MA4.2 ethnocentrism qh ah | ||
| +MI18e prejudice qh ah |
| MI18.2e | . . sexism qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| ST | gender chauvinism | |
| sex bias | ||
| sexual discrimination | ||
| RT | FR22e sex role qh ah | |
| MH4.2.6e feminism qh ah | ||
| MM26.4.2e sexual harassment qh ah |
| MI18.4e | . . homophobia qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| ST | negative attitudes toward homosexuality | |
| RT | FR24.12.8e homosexual behavior qh ah | |
| MH4.2.8 gay and lesbian rights movement qh ah |
| MI18.6e | . . racism qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| ST | racial discrimination | |
| NT | MI20.6.2 Apartheid qh ah | |
| RT | MA4.2 ethnocentrism qh ah | |
| MH4.2.10 civil rights movement qh ah |
| MI18.8 | . . sources of prejudice qh |
| MI18.8.2e | . . . stereotype qh |
| SN | Fixed images and beliefs about members of certain groups. | |
| RT | FR22e sex role qh ah |
| MI18.8.2.2 | . . . . stigma qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| ST | stigmatization | |
| RT | +FR16.6e attitude towards illness or disability qh ah |
| MI18.8.2.4 | . . . . social labeling qh |
| SN | The stereotypic designation or definition of a person by a word or phrase that connotes stigma, status, or other characteristics. | |
| RT | +FV6 taxonomy qh ah |
| MI18.8.4 | . . . scapegoating qh |
| SN | Process by which blame, anger, and aggression are displaced on to innocent, usually less powerful, groups or individuals. |
| MI20 | . mechanism of social dominance qh |
| BT | +MHe group behavior qh ah |
| MI20.2 | . . subjugation qh |
| MI20.4 | . . expulsion of dominated group qh |
| HN | Changed descriptor 2000; through 1999 use "expulsion of minority group." | |
| SN | Practices that seek to expel a dominated group or minorities from areas controlled by the dominant groups. | |
| ST | ethnic cleansing |
| MI20.6 | . . oppression qh |
| RT | +MN10.2 civil liberty, civil rights qh ah | |
| +MN10.2.16e civil rights qh ah | ||
| MP6.6 dictatorship qh ah | ||
| MP6.8 totalitarianism qh ah |
| MI20.6.2 | . . . Apartheid qh |
| BT | +MI18.6e racism qh ah | |
| RT | VL12.16e South Africa qh ah |
| MI20.8 | . . social segmentation qh |
| SN | A characteristic of societies with highly differentiated social systems and divisions of labor in which groups become separated into subgroupings with minimal opportunities for interaction and community building. | |
| ST | social segregation | |
| BT | +LB16.8.2 social separation qh ah | |
| RT | MF6.6.2 caste system qh ah |
| MI20.10 | . . extermination of dominated group qh |
| HN | Changed descriptor 2000; through 1999 use "extermination." |
| MI20.10.2 | . . . genocide qh |
| MJe | sociocultural change d-out qh |
| SN | Evolution or change in the culture and/or society at large. | |
| ST | cultural change | |
| social change | ||
| sociocultural evolution | ||
| NT | MT30.2.2 industrialization qh ah | |
| BT | +MAe sociology and anthropology qh ah | |
| RT | LB2e enculturation qh ah | |
| +LB4.8 socialization in a multicultural society qh ah | ||
| MB6.2e modern society qh ah | ||
| MD4.4e social structure qh ah | ||
| MD6e cultural integration qh ah | ||
| MP12.12 civil disobedience qh ah | ||
| MP14.12 political reform qh ah | ||
| +MT30.2 economic development qh ah | ||
| +OA2 technological advancement qh ah | ||
| +PB4 demographic change qh ah |
| MJ2e | . cultural adaptation qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | The process whereby human beings adjust to the changes in their environment through specialization and generalized adaptability. |
| MJ4e | . social reform qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| NT | +MI16 racial or ethnic related social reform qh ah | |
| RT | +MH4e social action qh ah | |
| +MKe social condition qh ah | ||
| MP14.12 political reform qh ah |
| MJ6 | . modernization qh |
| SN | Process of change in a society or social institution in which the most recent ways, ideas, or styles are adapted or acquired. | |
| RT | +MB2.10 industrial society qh ah | |
| MB6.2e modern society qh ah | ||
| +OA2 technological advancement qh ah |
| MJ8 | . cultural lag qh |
| SN | Delay that occurs when one part of a culture changes more slowly than another part; also refers to the strain that results from this discrepancy. |
| MJ10 | . generational differences qh |
| ST | generation gap | |
| intergenerational differences | ||
| RT | LC2.16 intergenerational relations qh ah | |
| +LG18.2e parent-child relations qh ah | ||
| +LG18.10.4e family conflict qh ah | ||
| MA10.4e youth culture qh ah | ||
| TA2e age differences qh ah |
| MJ12 | . urbanization qh |
| RT | +MB4 nonurban and urban society qh ah |
| MJ14 | . gentrification qh |
| RT | +MB4 nonurban and urban society qh ah |
| MJ16 | . suburbanization qh |
| RT | +MB4 nonurban and urban society qh ah |
| MJ18 | . change involving two cultures qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | These descriptors are used both for changes in societies and for changes in individuals. | |
| BT | +LB4.8 socialization in a multicultural society qh ah | |
| RT | MA6.4e multiculturalism qh ah |
| MJ18.2e | . . acculturation qh |
| HN | >> ETOH descriptor 1995. | |
| SN | The sociocultural changes that occur whenever members of two cultural traditions come into and remain in contact. Also, changes in a person due to contact with a culture other than their own. |
| MJ18.4e | . . sociocultural assimilation qh |
| SN | The process whereby a minority group gradually gives up its own cultural patterns and acquires those of the dominant group. Also, assimilation of individuals, such as immigrants, into the dominant culture. | |
| ST | ethnic integration | |
| racial integration | ||
| social integration | ||
| BT | +LW4 inclusion and exclusion qh ah |
| MJ18.6e | . . cultural conflict qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | The reaction people may have when encountering cultural traditions different from their own. | |
| ST | culture shock | |
| intercultural conflict | ||
| RT | MA4.2 ethnocentrism qh ah | |
| MA6.4e multiculturalism qh ah | ||
| +MA10.6e counterculture qh ah | ||
| +ME8 anomie qh ah |
| MJ20 | . theory of change in a group qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. |
| MKe | social condition d-out qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | Quality of the social environment prevailing at a given place and time, particularly as this affects social problems, behaviors, and attitudes. | |
| ST | societal state | |
| BT | +MAe sociology and anthropology qh ah | |
| RT | JD8e environmental model qh ah | |
| +MJ4e social reform qh ah | ||
| +MP22 war and peace qh ah | ||
| +MT14.8e standard of living qh ah | ||
| +MVe human services qh ah |
| MK2e | . social indicators qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | A general measure of the well-being of the population within a specific geographic area. Examples include infant mortality rate, literacy rate, and the poverty rate. | |
| BT | +RM4 indicator variable qh ah | |
| RT | +MT14 economic indicators and measurements qh ah | |
| PD2e epidemiological indicators qh ah |
| MK4 | . well-functioning society qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. |
| MK6e | . societal dysfunction qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| ST | community dysfunction |
| MK8 | . social order qh |
| SN | Depends on people behaving in the way expected of them and conforming to social rules.
A context-dependent term denoting coherence and control in the social environment and rational cooperation among people and social institutions. | |
| NT | LU8.4.4.2 dissent qh ah | |
| RT | +ME10e social control qh ah | |
| MG8 social institution qh ah |
| MK8.2 | . . social cohesiveness qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. |
| MK8.4 | . . social disorganization qh |
| RT | +LB14e social deviance qh ah |
| MK8.6 | . . social unrest qh |
| SN | Long-term and widespread deterioration of social order and control in a population. | |
| ST | civil unrest |
| MK10e | . social problems qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| ST | social issues | |
| social pathology | ||
| NT | +AN8e societal AODR problems qh ah | |
| +GA4e public health qh ah | ||
| +LB16.8e social detachment qh ah | ||
| MI4e race and ethnic relations qh ah | ||
| +MI18e prejudice qh ah | ||
| +MM crime and violence qh ah | ||
| +MM26.6e domestic violence qh ah | ||
| MP22.2e war qh ah | ||
| +MU6.4.4e unemployment qh ah | ||
| NF12.2.4e illiteracy qh ah | ||
| RT | +LH4 life circumstances qh ah |
| MK10.2 | . . moral degeneration qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| RT | +LB14e social deviance qh ah | |
| +MY2e ethics qh ah |
| MK10.4e | . . poverty qh |
| ST | economic disadvantagement | |
| economic hardship | ||
| BT | +MT14.8e standard of living qh ah | |
| RT | LH4.4e financial problems qh ah | |
| MF6.2e social class qh ah | ||
| +TR4 lower socioeconomic class qh ah |
| MK10.6e | . . homelessness qh |
| RT | JM8.8.4 deinstitutionalization qh ah | |
| +LH4 life circumstances qh ah | ||
| +TU8.10e homeless qh ah |
| MK12 | . social costs and benefits qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| BT | +MT10.2 macroeconomic cost-benefit analysis qh ah |
| MK12.2 | . . social costs and benefits of AOD qh |
| SN | This descriptor should be used when only social costs and benefits as a result of AOD are being discussed (e.g., increased crime and violence, negative impact on family and individuals, and positive impact on relationships). Use *+MT2.14.2.2.2 economic cost of AODU* qh ah when costs are discussed in monetary terms. | |
| BT | +MT2.14e social and economic costs and benefits of AOD qh ah | |
| RT | +EE14.4.4e beneficial vs adverse drug effect qh ah | |
| +MVe human services qh ah |
| MK12.2.2e | . . . social cost of AOD qh |
| SN | Social costs arising from use of AOD and from distribution of AOD, such as crime affiliated with drug dealing. | |
| NT | +AN4e interpersonal AODR problems qh ah | |
| +LG2.6e AODR family problems qh ah | ||
| BT | +AN8e societal AODR problems qh ah | |
| +MT2.14.2.2 social and economic cost of AOD qh ah | ||
| RT | MO4.4e justice system cost due to AODU qh ah |
| MK12.2.4e | . . . social benefit of AOD qh |
| BT | +MT2.14.4e social and economic benefit of AOD qh ah |
| MLe | community action d-out qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| ST | community improvement | |
| BT | +MAe sociology and anthropology qh ah | |
| RT | JA8.6.6e community monitoring qh ah | |
| JF8e community-based prevention qh ah | ||
| MO4.14.2.2 neighborhood watch program qh ah | ||
| +MPe government and politics qh ah | ||
| MP12.8.2 grassroots organization qh ah | ||
| MP12.12 civil disobedience qh ah | ||
| MQ12.12.12 philanthropy qh ah | ||
| NF24.14e parent involvement qh ah |
| ML2e | . community development qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | Process by which communities and outside agencies plan, organize, or implement general improvement of community resources, facilities, economic conditions, etc. | |
| ST | community mobilization | |
| RT | +MP18.8 urban planning qh ah | |
| +MT30.2 economic development qh ah |
| ML4e | . community involvement qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | The active participation of community members in a formal or informal process of problem definition, decision making, and action to bring about a planned change or improvement in community life, services, and/or resources. | |
| ST | community mobilization | |
| community organizing | ||
| community participation | ||
| RT | JF8e community-based prevention qh ah | |
| +LB6e empowerment qh ah | ||
| +MO4.14.2 neighborhood justice program qh ah | ||
| MP12.8.2 grassroots organization qh ah |
| ML6 | . community empowerment qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| BT | +LB6e empowerment qh ah |
| ML8e | . community collaboration qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | There is no sharp boundary between community partnership and community coalition as defined below. Furthermore, in practice, the terminology is used very loosely so that the name of an entity is not always indicative of its nature. If in doubt, use the broad descriptor. |
| ML8.2 | . . community partnership qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| SN | Close collaboration of a number of community groups or organizations, including local government agencies, in planning and implementing a program or service. |
| ML8.4e | . . community coalition qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | Collaboration of a number of community groups or organizations for the purpose of advocating for a group or cause. | |
| ST | community alliance |
| ML10 | . volunteer community service qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| ST | volunteerism | |
| RT | +LB16.6.2e social participation qh ah | |
| +TS4.12 volunteer staff qh ah |
| ML12 | . civic responsibility qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| BT | +MY2.4 responsibility qh ah |
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