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Contents
Abbreviations
Preface
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Pauline Christology: What Is It?
Pauline Christology: The Theological Difficulty
Pauline Christology in the Twentieth Century
Pauline Christology: Some Basic Matters
Whither Pauline Christology?
1 Corinthians 8:6
Colossians 1:13-17
Philippians 2:6-11
Paul and the Septuagint
Did Paul Know and Use the Septuagint?
Would Paul's Readers Be Aware of This Usage?
A Numerical Analysis of the Pauline Data
PART I: ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 2: CHRISTOLOGY IN THE THESSALONIAN CORRESPONDENCE
I. Christology in 1 Thessalonians
A Preliminary Look at the Data
Excursus: The Use of the Definite Article with Kuvrio
Jesus as Messianic/Eternal Son of God
1 Thessalonians 1:1, 3 (God as Father)
1 Thessalonians 1:9-10 (Christ as Son)
Jesus as the Kuvrio
of Septuagint Yahweh Texts
1 Thessalonians 3:13
1 Thessalonians 4:16
Other Kuvrio
Phrases That Echo Septuagint Usage
The Word of the Lord
The Name of the Lord
The Day of the Lord
The Lord as Avenger
The Lord Our Hope
God and oJ Kuvrio
Share in Divine Purposes and Activity
The Church Exists in God and Christ (1 Thess 1:1)
God's Will in Christ Jesus (1 Thess 5:18)
The Divine Presence at the Parousia
Christ the Lord Invoked in Prayer
The Grace Benediction (1 Thess 5:28)
1 Thessalonians 3:11-13
II. Christology in 2 Thessalonians
A Preliminary Look at the Data
A Case of Messianic Intertextuality (2 Thess 2:8)
Jesus as the Kuvrio
of Septuagint Yahweh Texts
2 Thessalonians 1:6-10
2 Thessalonians 1:12
2 Thessalonians 2:13-14
2 Thessalonians 3:5
2 Thessalonians 3:16
Kuvrio
Phrases That Echo Septuagint Usage
The Name of the Lord
The Word of the Lord
The Day of the Lord
God and oJ Kuvrio
Share in Divine Purposes and Activity
The Peace of the Lord (2 Thess 1:2, 12)
The Divine Glory (2 Thess 2:14)
The Divine Faithfulness (2 Thess 3:3)
The One Who Strengthens Believers (2 Thess 3:3)
The Gospel of God and of Christ (2 Thess 1:8)
Christ the Lord Invoked in Prayer
2 Thessalonians 2:16-17
2 Thessalonians 3:5
2 Thessalonians 3:16
Conclusion
Appendix I
Appendix II
CHAPTER 3: CHRISTOLOGY IN 1 CORINTHIANS
A Preliminary Look at the Data
Christ: Preexistent Lord and Agent of Creation
The Corinthian Context (1 Cor 8:1-13)
1 Corinthians 8:6
Christ as Preexistent with Israel
1 Corinthians 10:4
1 Corinthians 10:9
Excursus: 1 Corinthians 15:47 and the Man of Heaven
Jesus as Messianic/Eternal Son of God
1 Corinthians 1:3, 9
1 Corinthians 1:13-2:16
Excursus: The Crucified Messiah and Jewish Wisdom
1 Corinthians 1:30; 2:7
1 Corinthians 15:23-28
Jesus as Second Adam
1 Corinthians 15:21-22
1 Corinthians 15:44-49
Jesus as Kuvrio
1 Corinthians 16:22 - The Lord and Early Christian Devotion
1 Corinthians 5:6-8; 10:16-17; 11:17-34 - The Lord of the Eucharistic Meal
1 Corinthians 12:3 - The Lord and the Earliest Christian Confession
1 Corinthians 12:4-6 - The Lord and the Divine Triad
1 Corinthians 9:1 - Paul's Encounter with the Risen Lord
Jesus as the Kuvrio
of Septuagint Passages
1 Corinthians 1:2
1 Corinthians 1:31
1 Corinthians 2:16
1 Corinthians 10:19-22
1 Corinthians 10:26
Kuvrio
Jesus and Divine Prerogatives
The Grace of our Lord (1 Cor 1:3; 16:23)
The Day of the Lord (1 Cor 1:8)
In the Name of the Lord (1 Cor 1:10; 5:3-4)
Sent/Commissioned by Christ (1 Cor 1:17; 1:1)
The Lord of Glory (1 Cor 2:8)
The Lord Has Given/Assigned (1 Cor 3:5; 7:17)
The Lord Judges (1 Cor 4:4-5; 11:32)
If the Lord Wills/Permits (1 Cor 4:19; 16:7)
The Power of the Lord Jesus (1 Cor 5:4)
Striving to Please the Lord (1 Cor 7:32)
The Command of the Lord (1 Cor 7:10, 12, 25; 9:14; 14:36-37)
Under Christ's Law (1 Cor 9:21)
Texts That Imply Subordination
1 Corinthians 3:23 - "Christ Is of God"
1 Corinthians 11:3 - God as the "Head" of Christ
Conclusion
Appendix I
Appendix II
CHAPTER 4: CHRISTOLOGY IN 2 CORINTHIANS
A Preliminary Look at the Data
Christ: Preexistent and Incarnate Redeemer
2 Corinthians 8:9 - Incarnation as Paradigm for Giving to the Poor
2 Corinthians 5:21- He Who Knew No Sin
2 Corinthians 10:1 - Jesus' Attitudes as a Basis for Appeal
Jesus Christ, the Son of God
2 Corinthians 1:3-5; 11:31 - God as the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ
2 Corinthians 1:18-22 - Jesus, the Son of God
Jesus, the Son of God: God's Glory and True Image
Christ as Kuvrio
(2 Cor 3:16-18; 4:5)
Christ, the Glory of the Lord (2 Cor 3:18; 4:4, 6)
2 Corinthians 3:18
2 Corinthians 4:4, 6
Christ, the Bearer of the Divine Image (2 Cor 3:18; 4:4, 6)
Excursus: On the Alleged Influence of Wisdom on 2 Corinthians 4:4, 6
Christ as Sharer of Divine Prerogatives
2 Corinthians 2:10 - Forgiveness Offered in the "Presence of Christ"; 2 Corinthians 8:21 - "In the Presence of the Lord"
2 Corinthians 2:17; 12:19 - Speaking as One "in Christ" in the "Presence of God"
2 Corinthians 3:17 - The Spirit of the Lord
2 Corinthians 5:9 - Living So as "to Please the Lord"; 2 Corinthians 5:10 - The "Judgment Seat of Christ"; 2 Corinthians 11:2 - To "Present You to Christ"
2 Corinthians 5:11 - The "Fear of the Lord"
2 Corinthians 10:5 - "Obedience to Christ"
2 Corinthians 11:10 - Appeal Based on "the Truth of Christ" That Is in Paul
2 Corinthians 12:1 - "Revelations of the Lord"
2 Corinthians 12:8-10 - Prayer Directed "to the Lord"
2 Corinthians 13:13 - Christ in a Triadic Benediction
Christ Devotion and Soteriology - 2 Corinthians 5:14-6:2
Christ as the Bringer of the New Order (2 Cor 5:14-17)
Christ, the Means of God's Reconciliation (2 Cor 5:18-21)
Appendix I
Appendix II
CHAPTER 5: CHRISTOLOGY IN GALATIANS
A Preliminary Look at the Data
Christ, God's Messianic Son: Preexistent and Incarnate
Galatians 3:16 - Abraham's "Seed," Who Is Christ
Galatians 4:4-7 (+ Gal 1:19)
Galatians 1:16-17
Galatians 2:20
Excursus: Pivsti
ÆIhsou` Cristou` ("Faith in Christ Jesus")
Christ and the Divine Prerogatives
Galatians 1:1 - The Agent of Paul's Apostleship
Galatians 1:3; 6:18 - The Benedictory Grace of Christ
Galatians 1:6, 15; 2:21- The Grace of Christ/of God
Galatians 1:12 - Christ, the One Who Reveals
Galatians 4:14 - Received Me as a[ggelon qeou', as Christ Jesus
Galatians 4:19 - Until Christ Is "Formed" in You
Galatians 6:2 - The "Law" of Christ
Conclusions
Appendix I
Appendix II
CHAPTER 6: CHRISTOLOGY IN ROMANS
A Preliminary Look at the Data
Jesus as Messianic/Eternal Son of God
Romans 1:2-4
Romans 1:9
Romans 5:10
Romans 8:3
Romans 8:15-17
Romans 8:28-39
Romans 8:29-30
Romans 8:32
Romans 9:4-5
Romans 15:6
Jesus as Lord
Romans 8:34
Romans 10:5-13
Romans 14:1-12
Romans 16:1-16, 18
Christ and the Divine Prerogatives
The Spirit of Christ (Rom 8:9-11)
The Love of Christ (Rom 8:35)
An Appeal through Christ (Rom 15:30)
All the Assemblies of Christ (Rom 16:16)
Jesus as Second Adam
Does Paul Call the Messiah "God"? (Rom 9:5)
Conclusions
Appendix I
Appendix II
CHAPTER 7: CHRISTOLOGY IN COLOSSIANS (AND PHILEMON)
A Preliminary Look at the Data
Jesus as Messianic/Eternal Son of God
Colossians 1:2-3 - God Our Father and the Father of Our Lord, Jesus Christ
Colossians 1:12-17 - Christ: Messianic and Eternal Son of God
Colossians 1:12-14 - The Messianic Son of God
Colossians 1:15-17 - The Eternal Son of God, Creator and Lord of All
Colossians 3:10- Christ and the New Creation: The Image Restored
The Son as Incarnate Redeemer
Colossians 1:18 - Christ the "Head" of the New Creation
Colossians 1:19-22 - Incarnation and Redemption
Colossians 1:19-20 (2:9) - Christ the Incarnate Reconciler
Colossians 1:21-22 - Application to the Colossians
Colossians 2:2-3
Excursus: Christ and Wisdom in Colossians
Paul's Actual Use of the Word Sofiva ("Wisdom")
Paul's Alleged Use of "Wisdom" Vocabulary
Christ as Exalted Lord
Colossians 1:10
Colossians 2:6
Colossians 3:1-4
Colossians 3:13-17
Colossians 3:18-4:1
Colossians 1:27-29
Conclusions
Appendix I
Appendix II
Appendix III - A Structural Analysis of Colossians 1:15-20
CHAPTER 8: CHRISTOLOGY IN EPHESIANS
A Preliminary Look at the Data
Jesus as Messianic/Eternal Son of God
Christ Jesus as the Son of the Father
Ephesians 1:2; 6:23
Ephesians 1:3, 6-7
Ephesians 1:4 - The Son as Preexistent
Ephesians 1:17
Ephesians 4:13
God as "Our" Father
Ephesians 2:18
Ephesians 3:14-16
Ephesians 4:6
Ephesians 5:1
Ephesians 5:20
Ephesians 5:5 - Jesus the Messianic King
Christ as Kuvrio
Ephesians 1:20-23 - The Exalted One at the Right Hand
Ephesians 4:4-6 - The One Kuvrio
and the Triadic Character of the One God
Ephesians 4:7-13 - The Exalted Christ, the Giver of Gifts
Christ and the Divine Prerogatives
Ephesians 3:19; 5:1-2, 25-27 - The Love of Christ
Ephesians 4:17 - A Modified Oath Formula
Ephesians 4:21 - The Truth That Is in Jesus
Ephesians 5:8-14 - Christ, the Source of Light
Ephesians 5:10 - Living to Please the Lord
Ephesians 5:17 (and 1:1; 6:6) - The Lord's Will and God's Will
Ephesians 5:19-20 - Singing to the Lord and in the Lord's Name
Ephesians 6:5 - Obedience to Christ, the Lord; Ephesians 6:8 - The Lord Will Reward
Ephesians 6:10 - Being Strong in the Lord
Conclusions
Appendix I
Appendix II
CHAPTER 9: CHRISTOLOGY IN PHILIPPIANS
A Preliminary Look at the Data
Christ, Preexistent and Incarnate - Philippians 2:6-8
ÆEn morfh; qeou` uJpavrcwn ("Being in the 'Form' of God") - Verse 6a
To; ei\nai i[sa qeou` ("[the] Being Equal with God") - Verse 6b
Oujk aJrpagmov
("Not to His Own Advantage") - Verse 6b
ÆEkevnwsen eJautovn ("He Poured Himself Out") - Verse 7a
The Role of the Participles in Verses 7-8
"He Humbled Himself" - Verse 8
Excursus: A Final Note on the Alternative View
Christ, Exalted Lord of All - Philippians 2:9-11
God Highly Exalted Him (v. 9a)
The Name, the One above Every Name (v. 9b)
Every Knee Will Bow (v. 10)
Every Tongue Will Confess (v. 11)
Christ, Heavenly Savior and Lord - Philippians 3:20-21
Christ as "Savior" and "Lord"
The One Who Will Transform Our Bodies
The Final Subjection of All Things
Other Christological Passages/Phrases
Christ as Kuvrio
= Yahweh in Septuagint Phrases
The Day of Christ (1:6, 10; 2:16)
The Spirit of Jesus Christ (1:19)
That Christ Be Magnified (1:20)
Rejoice in the Lord (3:1; 4:4; cf. 4:10)
Boast in Christ Jesus (3:4); Know Christ Jesus My Lord (3:8)
The Lord Is Near (4:6)
Sharer of the Divine Prerogatives
With the Compassion of Christ Jesus (1:8)
Hope in the Lord Jesus (2:19); Confident in the Lord (1:24; 2:2)
The One Who Strengthens (4:13)
Paul and Christ Devotion
Conclusions
Appendix I
Appendix II
CHAPTER 10: CHRISTOLOGY IN THE PASTORAL EPISTLES
I. Christology in 1 Timothy
Preliminary Observations about Usage
Christ, the Incarnate Savior
1 Timothy 1:11-17
Verse 11
Verses 12-13
Verse 14
Verse 15
Verse 16
Verse 17
1 Timothy 2:3-6
1 Timothy 3:16
1 Timothy 6:13-16
Other Christological Moments
God and Christ Together (1 Tim 1:1-2)
Christ and the Apostle/Believers
II. Christology in Titus
Christ Jesus Our Savior (Titus 1:1-4)
Does Paul Call Jesus "God"? (Titus 2:13)
Christ the Manifestation of God's Glory (2:13)
Christ the Manifestation of God's Grace (2:11, 14)
Christ the Giver of the Spirit (Titus 3:6)
III. Christology in 2 Timothy
Preliminary Observations about Usage
Jesus as Preexistent and Incarnate
2 Timothy 1:8-10
2 Timothy 2:8-13
Jesus as the Kuvrio
of Septuagint Texts
2 Timothy 2:7
2 Timothy 2:19
2 Timothy 2:22
2 Timothy 2:24
2 Timothy 4:14
2 Timothy 4:16-18
Verse 16
Verse 17 (cf. 2 Tim 3:11)
Verse 18a
Verse 18b
Jesus oJ Kuvrio
and the Divine Prerogatives
Jesus the Lord as the Object of Prayer and Doxology
2 Timothy 1:16, 18
2 Timothy 4:22
Jesus the Lord as Heavenly King and Judge
2 Timothy 2:12
2 Timothy 4:1
2 Timothy 4:8
2 Timothy 4:14
Giving a Charge in the Presence of the Lord (2 Tim 2:14)
Christ the Lord as Source and Sustainer
2 Timothy 1:1 - "Apostle of Christ Jesus"
2 Timothy 1:1 - "Promise of life in Christ Jesus"
2 Timothy 1:12 - "The One Trusted and the Guardian of the Present Deposit"
2 Timothy 2:1 - "Grace in Christ Jesus"
Conclusion
Appendix I
Appendix II
PART II: SYNTHESIS
CHAPTER 11: CHRIST, THE DIVINE SAVIOR
The Central Role of Christ in Salvation
The Ultimate Goal of Salvation: Re-creation into the Divine Image
The Place of "Christ Devotion" in Pauline Christology
Christ as Object of Personal Devotion
Christ as Object of Worship
Appendix: The Pauline Soteriological Texts
CHAPTER 12: CHRIST: PREEXISTENT AND INCARNATE SAVIOR
The Nature of Paul's Incarnational Christology
Christ as Agent of Creation and Redemption
1 Corinthians 8:6; 10:4, 9
Colossians 1:15-20
Colossians 2:9
Christ as "Impoverished" Redeemer
2 Corinthians 8:9
Philippians 2:6-8
2 Timothy 1:9-10
The Son as the "Sent One"
Galatians 4:4-7
Romans 8:3
1 Timothy 1:15; 2:5; 3:16
The Importance of the Incarnation for Paul
CHAPTER 13: JESUS AS SECOND ADAM
Paul and New Creation Theology
Sin and Death - The Explicit Comparisons
1 Corinthians 15:21-22
1 Corinthians 15:44-49
Romans 5:12-21
Christ as the Image of God - The Implied Comparison
1 Corinthians 15:49
2 Corinthians 3:18; 4:4-6
Romans 8:29
Colossians 1:15
Colossians 3:10
Philippians 2:6-8
The Pauline Emphasis - A Truly Human Savior
Paul and the Historical Jesus
Knowledge of the "Life of Jesus"
Knowledge of the Teaching of Jesus
Paul and the Earthly Jesus
Philippians 2:6-8
1 Timothy 2:5; 3:16
Galatians 4:4-5; Romans 8:3
Galatians 3:16; Romans 1:3; 9:5; 2 Timothy 2:8
The Use of the Name "Jesus"
The One Who "Died for Our Sins"
The One Who Knew No Sin
CHAPTER 14: JESUS: JEWISH MESSIAH AND SON OF GOD
Jesus as the Messianic Son of God
The Ultimate Scandal: Jesus as Crucified Messiah
1 Corinthians 15:3; 1:18-25
Galatians 1:14; Philippians 3:4-6
Galatians 3:13; 1 Corinthians 1:22
Christ and the Basic Narrative of Judaism
Creation
Abraham (with the Promise of Gentile Inclusion)
The Exodus (Deliverance from Bondage and Gaining Inheriting the Land)
The Giving of the Law
Jesus as the Davidic Son of God
Exodus 4:22-23
2 Samuel 7:13-14, 18 LXX
Psalm 2:7-8; 72:1 (71:1 LXX)
Psalm 89:26-27 (88:27-28 LXX)
The Story of Jesus in the Gospels
Jesus as the Eschatological King/Son of God
Romans 1:2-4
1 Corinthians 15:24-28
Colossians 1:13-15
Jesus as the Preexistent, Eternal Son of God
The Linguistic Data
God's Son as Savior
Jesus as the Son of the Father
The Abba-Cry
The Echoes of Abraham and Isaac (Gen 22)
Galatians 2:20
The Son as God's Image-bearer
God's Son as Creator
Conclusion: The Question of "Origins"
Appendix: Son of God/God as Father Texts in Paul's Letters
CHAPTER 15: JESUS: MESSIAH AND EXALTED LORD
Jesus Christ, Exalted Messianic Lord (Psalm 110:1)
The "Name" above Every Name
Jesus, The Lord of the Shema (1 Corinthians 8:6)
The Bestowal of the Name (Philippians 2:10-11)
Confessing the Name (Romans 10:9-13)
Calling on the Name (1 Corinthians 1:2 et al.)
Jesus the Lord: Eschatological Judge
The Day of the Lord
The Parousia of the Lord
1 Thessalonians 3:13 (Zech 14:5); 4:16 (Ps 47:5)
2 Thessalonians 1:7-8 (Isa 66:15, 4)
Jesus the Lord: Present and Eschatological Judge of His People
1 Thessalonians 4:6
1 Corinthians 4:4-5
2 Corinthians 5:9-11
Jesus the Lord: Eschatological Judge of the Wicked
2 Thessalonians 1:9-10 (Isa 2:10; Ps 89:7; 68:35)
2 Thessalonians 2:8
Jesus the Lord: Invoked in Prayer
Prayer to "the Lord" in the Thessalonian Correspondence
Other Prayer Addressed to "the Lord"
Jesus the Lord: Sharer of Divine Prerogatives
Christ, the "Lord" of Septuagint Texts
Boast in the Lord - 1 Corinthians 1:31 (Jer 9:23)
The Mind of the Lord -1 Corinthians 2:16 (Isa 40:13)
Beloved of the Lord - 2 Thessalonians 2:13 (Deut 33:12)
The Lord Be with You - 2 Thessalonians 3:16 (Ruth 2:4)
The Lord Is Near - Philippians 4:5 (Ps 145:18)
Kuvrio
and Qeov
Share Prerogatives
Christian Existence as Being in Christ/in God
The Grace of the Lord/of God
The Peace of the Lord/of God; the God/Lord of Peace
Walk Worthy of the Lord/of God
The Divine Presence at the Parousia
The Lord/the God Who Strengthens Believers
The Word of the Lord/of God
The Faithfulness of the Lord/of God
The Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ
The Glory of the Lord/of God
Paul Sent/Commissioned by Christ
The Power of the Lord/of God
The Lord/God Has Given
God/the Lord Wills
Pleasing the Lord/God
The Assembly(ies) of God/Christ
The Fear of the Lord
The Spirit of the Lord
Conclusion
CHAPTER 16: CHRIST AND THE SPIRIT: PAUL AS A PROTO-TRINITARIAN
The Person and Role of the Spirit in Paul's Thought
Christ and the Spirit in Paul's Thought
Paul and the Divine Triad
APPENDIX A: CHRIST AND PERSONIFIED WISDOM
Did Paul Identify Christ with Wisdom?
1 Corinthians 8:6 (and 1:24, 30)
Colossians 1:15-18
2 Corinthians 4:4-6
Paul and the Wisdom Tradition
Paul's Citations of the Wisdom Tradition
The Nature of Paul's Use of This Tradition
Paul's Nonuse of Sirach and the Wisdom of Solomon
Wisdom as the "Agent" of Creation
The Question of the Nature of Personification
The Texts: Wisdom and Creation
Psalm 104:24
Proverbs 3:19-20
Proverbs 8:22-31
Sirach 24:1-22
Wisdom 6:12-9:18
Wisdom of Solomon: An Overview
Wisdom 7:22 (7:21 LXX)
Wisdom 8:4-6
Wisdom 9:1-2, 9
Conclusion
Addendum I: Nestle-Aland27 Margins: Allusions to Wisdom of Solomon
Addendum II: The Wisdom Texts
APPENDIX B: PAUL'S USE OF Kuvrio
IN CITATIONS AND ECHOES OF THE SEPTUAGINT
1. Citations and Allusions to the Text of the Septuagint
2. Kuvrio
Phrases
3. Septuagint Citations Where Kuvrio
= God the Father
Bibliography
Indexes of Modern Authors
Indexes of Subjects
Indexes of Ancient Sources
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Bible. N.T. Epistles of Paul -- Theology.
Paul, the Apostle, Saint.
Jesus Christ -- History of doctrines.