ITEMS FROM THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE CENTRAL REGION OF NONCHERNOZEM ZONE
143026, Nemchinovka-1, Moscow region, Russian Federation.

 

A list of some winter wheat lines with Aegilops speltoides genes. [p. 140]

I.F. Lapochkina and E.V. Vlasova.

A gene bank of common wheats with a small part of genetic material from the donor species Ae. speltoides was created between 1994-00 (Lapochkina and Volkova 1994, Lapochkina et al. 1998, Lapochkina 2000). All genotypes were developed on the basis of the spring wheat cultivar Rodina and the VIR Ae. speltoides accession k-389 by pollen irradiation at 10 kR. The collection of common wheat consist of 200 genotypes of both spring and winter growth habit. Table 1 lists some of the winter stocks and their characteristics.

References.

• Lapochkina IF. 1996. Constant soft wheat lines collection development by adding of Aegilops speltoides chromosomes obtained on the basis of asymmetric sex hybrids 2n=49. In: Proc 5th Internat Wheat Conf, 10-14 June, 1996, Ankara, Turkey. pp. 431-432.
• Lapochkina IF, Yatchevskaya GL, Kyzlasov VG, Solomatin DA, Vishnykova XS, Pogorelova LG, and Lasareva EN. 1998. The production. cytology and practicality of disomic addition lines of T. aestivum-Ae. speltoides. In: Proc 9th Internat Wheat Genet Symp (Slinkard AE ed). University Extension Press, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. 2:67-69.
• Lapochkina IF, Vlasova EV, and Yatchevskaya GL. 2000. Reconstraction of common wheat genome by Aegilops speltoides Tausch. In: Abstr 11th EWAC Conf. pp. 43-44.

The resistance to leaf rust in some spring wheat-Aegilops stocks. [p. 141-142]

I.F. Lapochkina and I.V. Iordanskaya.

Leaf rust is one of the most serious diseases of wheat worldwide. Wild relatives of wheat including Ae. speltoides are important sources for diseases resistance. We studied the resistance to leaf rust of some bread wheat­alien lines from a collection of wide crosses with Ae. speltoides.

Immunological tests of 10 lines (2n = 42) showed that some genotypes possessed genes determining both seedling and adult plant resistance. Resistance to leaf rust was inherited as a dominant trait. Other genotypes possessed field resistance but were susceptible to pathogen at the seedling stage. Resistance of these lines was inherited as recessive. Genetic analysis of segregation in the F2 progenies from crosses (line x susceptible tester Khakaskaya line) indicated that the inheritance of resistance was polygenic (2­3 major genes plus gene inhibitors). We suspect that polygenic control provides prolonged resistance to leaf rust in these stocks.

Genes controlling xenia development of the caryopsis in soft wheat. [p. 142]

V.G. Kyzlasov.

Plants with caryopses of different colors in a spike were discovered among matromorphic progenies that were produced by pollinating flowers of a summer soft wheat with the pollen of summer barley (Kyzlasov 1998). Specimens with both dark and light colored caryopses in a spike were selected to produce antherless genotypes where the stamens were transformed into pistils and were male sterility. Xenia of the grains of soft wheat, as in other plant species, is expressed when the genes of the paternal gametes influence the characteristics of the developing grain after pollination and the flower of the triploid endosperm on a maternal gamete. The outer most cell layer of all the caryopses studied is colorless. As for pigmented caryopses, the pericarp, which forms from the pistil (maternal tissue) is colored most intensively.

The segregation of caryopsis color occurs in the F1 hybrid plants. In reciprocal crosses, there is a ratio of 7 light-colored caryopsis : 9 pigmented. The next generation of uncolored caryopses are light-colored. The progeny of pigmented caryopses segregate according to the ratio 9 colored : 7 light-colored and 3 colored : 1 light-colored, or they form lines with pigmented caryopses. Caryopsis pigmentation is displayed in a phenotype as a result of a complementary interaction of two hypostatic genes of xenia. Sometimes plants that have partially sterile pollen and are albino are discovered among hybrid progeny. Development of this and a number of other characters can be a function of labile genetic factors that are linked with xenia genes. This hypothesis is proved by the fact that the progeny of such plants segregate according to unusual genetic patterns (e.g., 1 pigmented : 3 light-colored caryopses, 1 pigmented : 2 light-colored caryopsis, 1 pigmented : 1 light-colored caryopsis, 2 pigmented: 1 light-colored caryopsis, or 9 pigmented: 1 light-colored caryopsis). The plants with pigmented grains differ from normal plants by lower level of sprouting of seed in the spike and by better growth of the stubble after harvest.

Reference.

• Kyzlasov VG. 1998. Wheat grain xenia. In: Proc Conf 'The theoretical and the practical problems of the genetics, selection and seed-growing of the grain crop'. Moscow region, Nemchinovka. p. 43.

 

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR THE SOUTH-EAST REGIONS.
Department of Genetics, 7 Toulaikov St., Saratov, 410020, Russian Federation.

The importance for spring bread wheat of a translocation from Ag. elongatum with Lr19. [p. 142]

S.A. Voronina, V.A. Krupnov, S.N. Sibikeev, and A.E. Druzhin.

L503 is the first spring bread wheat from ARISER with the Lr19 gene. L503 is a selection from the cross 'S52/Ps//S29*5//Rescue/3/S46'. The pedigree of Ps29 is 'S29*7//Tc*6//Agatha'. L503 has been evaluated in multilocation yield trials in the Volga and other regions of the Russian Federation since 1990. L503 is in the Federal Cultivar Register and is certified for use in the Volga, Ural, and Central regions of Chernozem zone since 1993. The widest distribution of L503 has been in the Chernozem soil zone. In 1999, the area sown to L503 reached 350 x 103 ha. L503 is not for cultivation in the Chestnut soil zone, despite of numerous attempts. The Chestnut soil zone is characterized by a dryer and hotter climate than that of in the Chernozem zone. L503 was resistant to the local population of leaf rust and had a higher grain yield than that of the more susceptible cultivars until 2000. The first infections of rust were observed in 1994. In 2000, L503 was as susceptible to leaf rust as cultivars lacking Lr19.

Evaluation of spring bread wheat cultivars and lines for resistance to leaf rust in the 2000. [p. 143]

S.A. Voronina, S.N. Sibikeev, and V.A. Krupnov.

A moderate, leaf rust epidemic was observed in 2000. Under cold and wet conditions at the start of the growing season and heat and drought in the latter part, spring bread wheat cultivars and lines with Lr19 had ITs = 3. The severity of rust on these cultivars and lines was not different from that of susceptible lines. A combination of Lr23 with Lr3 and Lr14a in the cultivars Prohorovka and Belyanka and its derivatives was highly effective. Lines with a combination of genes Lr19+Lr25, Lr19+Lr26, or Lr19+LrL2075 were highly resistant (IT = 0). Surprisingly, the highest effective resistance was observed in bread wheat lines derived from crosses with durum wheat (S57 and M69), emmer, and wild emmer that had unidentified Lr genes. In these lines (L164, L307, L2870, and L1740) ITs = 1, 1+, or 2 and severity was 1-15 %. As a comparison, susceptible lines had ITs = 3 or 4 and a severity 75­80 %.

A leaf rust epidemic in the Volga Region during 2000. [p. 143]

O.V. Subcova, À.I. Kuzmenko, R.G. Saifulin, L.G. Ylyna, T.K. Sotova, and M.L. Vedeneeva.

Resistance in Saratov bread wheat varieties and lines to P. recondita was studied. During the growing season, high humidity in April, May, and June was observed. The amount of rainfall was 216 mm, three times higher than normal. Air temperature in May was 4-5 C lower, but was normal for most of June. A significant increase in late June produced early July temperatures of 35 C. The first pustules of leaf rust were observed on 24 June on the susceptible cultivar Saratovskaya 29 during the mid-boot stage. Rate of infection was taken at 7-day intervals. The quantity of pustules was estimated in a 3.15 cm2 area of the leaf (from the lower to upper leaves). The wheat cultivars and lines were divided into three groups: resistant, moderately susceptible, and high susceptible. The resistant group included Erythrospermum S-2102 and Erythrospermum S-2108. Moderately susceptible cultivars were Saratovskaya 55, Saratovskaya 62, Saratovskaya 68, Saratovskaya 70, and Lutescens-503. The group of susceptible varieties included Saratovskaya 29, Saratovskaya 58, and Saratovskaya 60.

The resistance of new spring bread wheat-Ag. elongatum (2n = 70) lines L3026 and L3027 to leaf rust. [p. 143]

S.N. Sibikeev, S.A. Voronina, and N.V. Stupina (Department of Biotechnology, Plant Breeding and Genetics, Saratov State Agrarian University by name N.I. Vavilov, 1 Teatralnay Sq., Saratov, 410060, Russian Federation).

In the Catalogue of Gene Symbols for Wheat were two bread wheat-Ag. elongatum translocations with genes Lr197 (TDL-7DS-7Ae#1L) and Lr24 (T3DS-3DL-3Ae#1L). Although this species is rarely used for crosses with bread wheat, it still useful as potential source of resistance genes to fungal pathogens. Between 1993-00, ARISER scientists crossed Ag. elongatum (2n = 70) with the spring, bread wheat cultivar S55 and backcrossed three times with the cultivar S29. Among the sets of wheat­Ag. elongatum lines that were resistant to leaf rust, powdery mildew, and complex of virus diseases were two lines highly resistant to leaf rust L3026 and L3027. Cytogenetic analysis at meiosis in these lines showed that the unidentified Ag. elongatum chromosome is a monosomic substitution. Segregation for resistance to leaf rust in the F2 hybrids from the crosses 'L3026/S29' and 'L3027/S29' showed that resistance was inherited in a semidominant monogenic manner. The influence of the Ag. elongatum chromosome on plant height, ear length, number of spikelets, number of grain/spike, weight of grains/spike, and weight of grain/plant showed that this chromosome significantly decreased plant height, number of spikelets/spike, numbers of grain/spike, grains weight/spike, and plants, but not a change in ear length.

Genetics and cytogenetics of new spring bread wheat-Ae. umbellulata lines. [p. 144]

S.N. Sibikeev, E.D. Badaeva*, S.A. Voronina, and N.V. Stupina**
* Institute of General Genetics, Gubkina St., Moscow; and **Department of Biotechnology, Plant Breeding and Genetics, Saratov State Agrarian University by name N.I. Vavilov, 1 Teatralnay Sq., Saratov, 410060, Russian Federation.

Aegilops umbellulata is very useful in bread wheat breeding for sources of resistance to leaf rust, powdery mildew, and winterhardiness, and for HMW-glutenins. However, at present, only one translocation T6BS-6BL-6U#1L (Lr9) is used in practical breeding and commercial cultivars.

At ARISER, Ae. umbellulata (k-1588) was crossed with ph1bCS and backcrossed with S29. Among the lines from this cross were two that were highly resistant to powdery mildew. C-banding of these lines indicated a substitution of chromosome 2A of bread wheat for 2U of Ae. umbellulata. Previously segregation data of F2 hybrids from the crosses 'L170/S29' and 'L171/S29' that the resistance was inherited in a dominant monogenic manner (3R:1S). Chromosome 2U was normally transmitted in both the pollen and egg.

Influence of the alien chromatin in the spring bread wheat on a defeat by loose smut. [p. 144]

A.E. Druzhin, V.A. Krupnov, S.A. Voronina, A.Yu. Buyenkov, and V.I. Kulikov.

In 5 years (1994-98) at Agricultural Research Institute for South-East Regions, 119 spring bread wheat genotypes with alien chromatin from Ag. elongatum, Ag. intermedium, S. cereale, T. durum, T. timopheevii, T. dicoccum, T. persicum, and T. vavilovii were investigated for resistance to loose smut in natural conditions. The analysis showed that a majority of lines are resistant to the pathogen and have a disease severity of 0-0.3 %.

The genotypes with chromatin from only Ag. elongatum and Ag. intermedium were most susceptible. However, in combination with other chromatin, showed a high level of resistance (Table 1).

Reaction of the spring bread wheat­S. cereale substitution line L2837(5R5) on tissue culture. [p. 145]

Yu.E. Sibikeeva (Department of Plant Pathology, ARISER, Russian Federation) and S.N. Sibikeev.

Tissue culture was used to propagate hybrid material of wheat-alien hybrids and lines. More recently, the method was used to induce desirable translocations between chromosomes of wheat and alien species. Our investigation determined the consequences of tissue culture on L2837 (pedigree: L503/S. cereale cv. Saratovskaya 5//L503) and the frequency of recombination between marker genes on chromosomes 5A (B1) and 5R (Hp). By comparing tissue culture reactions for L503 and L2837, we detected that chromosome 5R significantly increases callus weight after 10-20 days from the start of induction. The presence of chromosome 5R significantly increases the number of regenerated plants. Among the regenerates from 'L2837/S58' F1 hybrids were four (16 %) recombinant plants (from a total of 25). All recombinants were of the same type, monosomic for the B1 gene on chromosome 5A and lacking Hp on chromosome 5R.

The effect of a temperature increase on the grain weight of the spring wheat in the Volga Regions. [p. 145]

V.A. Krupnov, L.A. Germantsev (Krasnokoutskaya Breeding Station, ARISER, Saratov), and O.V. Krupnova.

We examined the test weight and 1,000-kernel weight from two yield trials at the Krasnokoutskaya Breeding Station, ARISER, Saratov, from 1944-99. The cultivar E 841 was the spring bread wheat check, and M 69 served as the spring durum wheat check. The uniform experiment was conducted on a black fallow-spring wheat-chick-pea-spring wheat rotation.

The average annual precipitation was 334 mm, with 102 mm during the growing season. The average seasonal temperature fluctuated between 16.5-22.2 C, some days reaching 37-40 C. Thousand-kernel weight varied from 24.1-45.7 g in E 841 and 23.0-47.8 g in M 69. Differences between cultivars were not significance for either cultivar.

Over 56 years, the cultivars can be divided into five groups. An increase in the average temperature during grain filling has a stronger effect on 1,000-kernel weight than on test weight (Table 2).

Numbers with the same letter within a column are not significantly different at the 0.05 % probability level as determined by a Duncan's Multiple Range test.

Efficiency of Pm genes in the Saratov region. [p. 146]

A.E. Alexandrov and V.A. Krupnov.

For 2 years (1998-99), we evaluated cultivars with Pm genes under field conditions of natural inoculation by the powdery mildew fungus. The highest resistance was in the following cultivars and lines: Kadett (Pm3d +Pm4b), Waratah, CI 12633 (Pm2 + Pm6), and T. persicum (k-36198 and k-49456). Their ITs were 0 (on a 0-4 scale). Highly resistant to powdery mildew were N-3 (Pm4b), N-4 (Pm4b), Rang (Pm1 + Pm4b), Timmo (Pm2 + Pm4b + Pm6), and Saffran. High susceptibility was observed in Botanical 2, V506, UP 215, and Romany.

Screening bread wheat for preharvest-sprouting resistance. [p. 146]

D.P. Solovov and V.A. Krupnov.

Sprouting resistance is a serious problem for wheat quality in the Volga region. The main problem is a lack of a source of resistance. We studied 70 cultivars and prospective lines by calculating grain germination on a filter paper. Significant differences in dormancy were obtained between the cultivars and lines. A majority of the resistant lines were red grained, although we also observed white-grained lines. The best resistance among red-grained cultivars were Dobrynya, Prokhorovka, L503, and line L2033; white-grained lines included L504 and L528.

The technology of producing wheats resistant to Fusarium graminearum. [p. 146]

Yu.E Sibikeeva and G.V. Meparishvilli (The Georgian Institute of Immunity Plants, Georgia).

The present work was a study of a Georgian population of F. graminearum from Kobuletti. Allocation and study of the toxicity and activity of the monosporic isolates composing this population was on the Saratov-bred cultivars S29, S58, and S62, and line L1063. We tested an in vitro selection system on the basis of cultural filtrate from F. graminearum (CFF).

The Georgian population of F. graminearum consists of five cultures differing in cultural properties, toxicity, and activity. The action of each culture on roots and seedlings of the cultivars was investigated.

On S62, the toxin CFF rendered the least influence. A CFF of 5-10 % was used as a selection factor for somaclone production. The rate of callus formation and the frequency of regeneration are inversely proportional to the CFF content in the medium. Nevertheless, the cultivars were significantly different for speed of callus formation, morphogenesis, and frequency of regeneration on a standard medium (without CFF) and in the presence of F. graminearum toxin.

On S62 in these conditions, the speed of callus formation and the frequency of regeneration is higher than that of the other cultivars. At the 5 and 10 % levels of CFF, cell lines the above-mentioned cultivars and were produced. Their sensitivity to CFF toxins of a F. graminearum population and resistance to a local population F. graminearum will be tested.

The root system of spring wheat varieties depends on their derivation. [p. 146-147]

O.I. Gorban, N.S. Vassiltchouk, and V.A. Kumakov.

The degree of root-system development is one trait that determines the yield ability of a plant in dry conditions. To identify valuable initial material for wheat breeding program under conditions of the Volga River region (Povolzhye), 25 spring durum lines and five bread wheat varieties of different ecological and geographical origins and with different root types were studied. The investigations were conducted on the fields of ARISER. The soil is a southern chernozem with a maculae of alkali soils. The number of seminal roots varied little from year to year, and there were no significant differences between durum and bread wheats. The average number in both collections of wheat varieties was 4.9 roots/plant. An aqueous-culture test of 16-day-old seedlings also demonstrated that there were no differences between durum and bread wheats for the number of seminal roots. The average for 1998-00 was 5.1 roots/plant for both species. The greatest number of seminal roots among the durum wheats were in D-2043 (Saratov), 5.2, and Almaz (Omsk), 5.1, compared to the land race Hordeiforme 432 (Saratov), 4.7 roots/plant. No reliable difference in the number of coleoptile roots between the durum and bread wheats (1.4 and 1.3 roots/plant, respectively) was observed. In the aqueous-culture test, durum wheat formed 1.6 roots compared to bread wheat, which formed 1.2 roots/plant.

The number of coleoptile roots in durum wheat has been significantly increased from 1.1 (in the landrace Hordeiforme 432) to 1.4-1.7 (newly developed varieties) as a result of improvement at ARISER. We determined that the number of coleoptile roots continues to increase significantly from 0.9-1.0 roots during the 10-day period after the appearance of the fifth leaf and further root formation ceases. In 1998-00 evaluations, the highest number of crown roots were formed by the varieties Kharkovskaya 23 (Ukraine), 6.5; Valentina and Nick (Saratov), 6.4; Om Rabi 5 (Syria), 6.2; and Bezentchoukskaya 182 (Samara), 6.1 roots/plant. No significant differences in the number of crown roots between durum and bread wheats were observed over 3 years. Durum and bread wheats formed 5.8 and 5.9 crown roots per plant, respectively. Some researches indicate that the formation of new crown roots comes at the end of heading, even under favorable conditions. We observed that crown roots continue to be formed after this period. The number in durum wheat increased 1.1x and bread wheat 1.3x more roots/plant. The average total number of roots for a durum wheat, 12.1 roots/plant, was equal to that of bread wheat. The cultivars Valentina, Nick, Kharkovskaya 23, and Medora (Canada) formed the highest number of roots, 13.0, 12.8, 12.9, and 12.7, respectively. In an aqueous-culture test, the dry-root mass of the total mass of durum wheat plants was 33.3 % compared to 28.0 % in bread wheat. In 1998, a positive genotypic correlation was found between the number of seminal roots and yielding ability (r = 0.50) and the number of seminal roots and 1,000-kernel weight (r = 0.58). In 2000, the number of seminal roots and 1,000-kernel weight (r = 0.44) were correlated. In 1999, the close relationship between number of crown roots and grain protein content (r = 0.54) and grain carotinoid content (r = 0.42) was revealed. Under dry conditions, the productiveness of a plant does not depend on seminal-root development, and protein and carotenoids content depend to a higher degree on the number of crown roots.

The influence of dehydration stress on the ratio of qualitative traits in segregating generations of a wheat somaclone. [p. 147-148]

S.V. Tuchin and V.V. Kireeva.

The segregation of qualitative traits in the third generation of a wheat somaclone produced from F1 hybrid embryos was studied. Hybrid embryos were produced by crossing two bread wheats, Albidum 28 and N 35/5. Albidum 28 has an awnless spike and white grain; N 35/5 has an awned spike and red grain. Fourteen days after pollination, callus cultures were initiated from the immature hybrid embryos on Linsmaer-Skoog medium (LS) containing 2.0 mg/l 2,4-D. Embryogenic calli were transferred to one of two variant media: LS and LS + polyethylenglycol 6000 in concentration of 20 % (LS + PEG 20). The calli were cultivated on these media for 1 month, and plantlets were regenerated from both. Simultaneously, F1 plants were grown from hybrid seed. Both somaclonal populations of R0 (N 2­LS and N 3­LS + PEG 20) were in agreement with F1 plants of the hybrid population (N 1, check). The analysis of plants has shown complete phenotype homogeneity of plants (awnletted and red-grained) both for the check population N 1 and for the two somaclone populations N 2 and N 3. In second (F2, R1) and third (F3, R2) generations, segregation of these traits was observed. Six classes of the combined traits were found (Table 3).

The frequency of some phenotypical classes in the R3 of the somaclone populations differed from those of the F3 of the check population. We evaluated homogeneity and variety by means of a measure of the information (I) and c2 in hybrid populations of a wheat (Table 4). No deviation in the frequencies of phenotypical classes in a population N 2 was found to be significant. Significant differences in the frequency of phenotypical classes were detected for the N 3 somaclone population. This population was obtained from callus culture of hybrid origin adapted to 20 % PEG. Under criterion I, both somaclone populations differed from the check population. The genetic system determining the development of awns in wheat (Hd) is inherited monogenically as a recessive gene and semidominance causes awnlessness and heterozygotes are awnletted. The analysis of segregation of a genotype in the somaclonal populations were made on the awned characteristic (Table 5). Segregation for awns did not significantly differ in the check population N 1 or in the N 2 somaclone population from that theoretically calculated. In somaclone population N 3 adapted to 20 % PEG at a callus-culture stage, we observed that the number of dominant homozygotes and heterozygotes was larger and the number of recessive heterozygotes was less than the expected ratio of 3:2:3. Thus, the influence of dehydration on in vitro somatic tissues of F1 hybrids in segregating generations results in enrichment of a population by dominant homozygotes and heterozygotes due to of recessive homozygotes.

Table 4. X^2^ and delta I values for R2 somaclone populations.

Population	Generation	No. of plants	X^2^	Delta I	DI
Check	F3	325	---	1.701342	---
LS	R2	881	9.77	1.718167	0.0168
LS+PEG 20	R2	766	16.53	1.721055	0.0197

Table 5. Segregation for the Hd gene in check and somaclone populations and the associated X^2^ values.

Population	Genotype	Number of plants	X^2^
			Observed	Expected
Check	HdHd	132	122
	Hdhd	67	81
	hdhd	126	122
				3.48
LS	HdHd	305	330
	Hdhd	234	220
	hdhd	342	330
				3.22
LS + PEG20	HdHd	301	287
	Hdhd	213	192
	hdhd	252	287
				8.00

Rht genes influence androgenesis and somatic embryogenesis in vitro in spring bread wheat. [p. 148]

T.I. Djatchouk, O.V. Tkachenko, and Yu.V. Lobachev.

We looked at the influence of Rht genes on anther and somatic embryo culture of spring bread wheat. The lines studied differed in alleles of Rht genes. Rht-B1b, Rht-B1c, and Rht-14 in the background of two bread wheat varieties Saratovskaya 29 and Novosibirskaya 67 were used as donor plant material. The Rht-B1c gene statistically has a positive influence both an androgenesis and somatic embryogenesis efficiency in vitro. This gene is located on chromosome 4B and its influence on anther culture ability was investigated by Torp and coworkers (1998).

Using farinograph indices and SDS-sedimentation tests to estimate grain damage by Eurugaster integriceps Put. [p. 148-149]

T.B. Kulevatova, V.M. Bebyakin, and O.V. Krupnova.

Of the proteolytic ferments that produce stinging grain, the proteases are especially active ferments that degrade gluten proteins. These ferments destroy the glutenin critical for kneading dough and other proteins and are associated with an extreme increase in the number of water-soluble and alcohol-soluble proteins and low-molecular weight components. We determined that the ability for kneading dough already was reduced significantly in the presence of 6 % grain damage and the resistance of dough in the presence of 3 %. An increase in dough dilution and a deterioration in elasticity come in the presence of 18 % grain damage in the material analyzed. A farinograph analysis was made of grain with damage (35-60 %) and grain without damage. Two cultivars (Saratovskaya 29 and Iugo-Vostochnaya 2) were analyzed. Dough was kneaded either with water (grain without damage) of with an inhibitor (grain damaged a approximately 32.5 %). Positive correlations (r) between the ability to knead dough (0.79**), the resistibility of the dough (0.72**), and the valorimeter value (0.71**) were found. Satisfactory correlations were discovered between the estimate of control flour (0.60**) and the flour from damaged grain (-0.72**) (50 %). A reliable decrease in SDS-sedimentation value occurred in the presence of 15 % grain damage or more. A decrease in flour contact time with water reduces the sensitivity of the SDS-tests.

The proteolytic ferments of the Suni bug and their influence on a fluorescent-probe index for testing gluten quality in winter wheat. [p. 149]

G.Z. Yafarova, I.A. Kibkalo, and V.M. Bebyakin.

A fluorescent probe was used to test grain damage by E. intergriceps in two winter wheat varieties with different quality levels (Smuglyanka and line 41\91). Proteolytic ferments (proteases) do not exert a negative influence on characteristics of the water-repellent interactions in the gluten protein complex. Gluten quality is lowered in grain with 60 % damage. Undamaged and 60 % damaged grain were used from different years (1999-00). Because of the high correlation (r) between damaged and undamaged grain, we recommend using a fluorescent probe to estimate gluten quality in the early generations and in the presence of high grain damage by E. intergriceps. The most acceptable criteria are F5 (the fluorescent intensity after 5 min of the suspension settling), P5 (the falling fluorescent intensity during 5 min), Coc (the rate of falling out of suspension), Koc (the constant of falling out of suspension), and the relationship between Fo\P5. The estimate for this criterion between the two types of grain were r = 0.62** and -0.94** for undamaged and 60 % damaged grain, respectively. The fluorescent intensity after 5 min of suspension settling measured that the estimate of grain damage (60 %) correlates with band width (-0,57** and -0.67**), with mixing tolerance value (0.55** and -0.72**), and Koc with h7 (0.51** and -0.63**) and Koc with band width (0.53** and -0.62**).

The connection between daily increments and the morphology of shoot metameres in spring wheat. [p. 149]

N.A. Zaharchenko and O.A. Evdokimova.

In the process of studying intermetameric interactions over a 4-year period, the daily increment of all vegetative metameres of the main shoot of wheat from the beginning of intensive growth in length to termination was studies. We established two growth-rate peaks for leaves under favorable conditions. The first peak in the growth rate coincides with the growth rate of the leaf sheath of lower metamere, and the second with the leaves own sheath and the internode of the previous metamere. A similar phenomenon is normal for all metameres of the shoot under optimum vegetative conditions. During a drought, the growth rates of leaf plates of the last two vegetative metameres had only one peak. The maximum growth of the leaf of the eighth metamere and that of the previous leaf sheath are different (maximum growth rate of the leaf was observed earlier then the leaf sheath of the previous metamere). We established that the maximum growth rate of the leaf is observed when certain morphological phases of growth of metameres are reached, i.e., beginning of growth, occurrence of a body at the top of the sheath tube, and termination of growth.

The genetic monotony of leaf distribution is key among spring wheat varieties.[p. 149-150]

V.A. Kumakov and O.A. Evdokimova.

The dry weight of aboveground organs of the main shoot of plants of a spring wheat in a phase of anthesis were studied in field conditions for several years. Spring bread wheat varieties from various regions (USA, Canada, Mexico, India, Germany, and different regions of Russia) differing in vegetation period, plant height, biological variety (albidum, lutescens, or erythrospermum) together with potential productivity and drought resistance were studied. Wide variation in spike and straw and dry weight of the main shoot at anthesis was correlated with variation in plant height was established. The analysis shows that at anthesis, the dry weight of the leaves of the main shoot in all varieties is completely identical irrespective of their origin or biological properties. Between spring bread wheat varieties there are no distinct differences in the net assimilation rate of leaves between planting and anthesis. We assumed that there is no varietal distinction or differences in photosynthetic in this period. The amount of assimilates used by leaves for their own growth also does not vary. The total dry weight of the spike and stem of the total dry weight of the at anthesis is identical all genotypes of common wheat. Thus, there is a direct negative connection between growth functions of a stem and spike. This conclusion was proven true by the practice of breeding, particularly by the sharp increase in the productivity of the spike at reducing shortness in wheat cultivars.

New, strong-gluten, spring bread wheat cultivars: Saratovskaya 68 and Saratovskaya 70. [p. 150]

A.I. Kuzmenko, K.F. Gurianova, V.A. Danilova, T.K. Zotova, S.D. Davidov, G.A. Beketova, and I.I. Grigorieva.

A peculiarity of the Volga region climate is a frequent recurrence of dry winds and droughts. During spring and summer, droughts occur 48 % of the time, practically every 2 years. Spring wheat in this zone is selected for drought resistance. Nevertheless, there were marked, favorable years (hydrothermal factor was less than 1.0). Connected with this fact is the selection of summer wheat that is drought tolerant and yield is satisfactory. Combining high drought resistance and high productivity in favorable years is a serious problem that rarely is implemented, but was partly solved by the introduction of the new, strong spring wheat cultivars Saratovskaya 68 and Saratovskaya 70. These cultivars can be recommended for the right and left banks of the Volga River. The grain yield of Saratovskaya 68 is higher than that of Saratovskaya 58, both in favorable (1997 and 2000) and droughty years (1998 and 1999) with averages of 5.6 and 1.0 c/ha, respectively. In 1998 and 1999 at Samoylovka Station of National Variety Test (SNVT), a new cultivar of spring wheat had the highest yield in comparison to all others. In 2000, Saratovskaya 68 has increased the standard of 4.0 c/ha in the fields of 7 SNVT of Saratov oblast, the highest yield achieved the meaning of 8.4 c/h in Kalininsk SNVT of Saratov oblast. This new cultivar can be described as tolerant to leaf rust and powdery mildew when compared to the standard. The technological characteristics of grain and resistance to damping off and loose smut are equal to the check. From the results of experiments at ARISER, average grain productivity of Saratovskaya 70 was unchanged in both favorable and unfavorable years in comparison to Saratovskaya 55. In the Pugachev NSVT in 1999, Saratovskaya 70 had the highest yield among all studied spring wheats, 44.7 c/ha, which is 9.9 c/ha higher than the standard. In 2000, Saratovskaya 70 yields were higher than those of Saratovskaya 55, at 3.0 c/ha in seven NSVTs in the Saratov oblast. The highest yield increase was at Samoylovka GSU (+5.9 c/ha). In the natural environment, this cultivar is nearly tolerant to loose smut (0.01 % of lesion), more tolerant to red leaf rust and mildew and the grain quality is according to the standard.

 

INSTITUTE OF COMPLEX ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL PROBLEMS
Karl Marx str., 105 A, kv. 167, Khabanovsk, 680009, Russian Federation.

 

New spring wheat varieties developed in the far eastern Russian Federation. [p. 150-151]

Ivan M. Shindin.

The grain market in the far eastern part of the Russian Federation is mainly imports from abroad and the central region of the country. The cost is high. At the same time, the far eastern regions has sufficient lands and a favorable environment for the production of spring wheat.

For many years, spring bread wheat cultivars from as far back as 1860-80 were grown in this area. These cultivars included Amurskaya 75, Primorskaya 14, and Dalnevostochnaya 10. Ninety percent of the total grain production in far eastern Russian Federation was from the harvest of these cultivars.

Recently, three new cultivars have been released as replacements for outdated cultivars. These cultivars have been included in the Russian Official List for testing in the far eastern region.

Amurskaya 1495. This cultivar was bred at the Far Eastern Agricultural University, Blagoveshensk, by individual selection from Amurskaya 90. The variety is orythrospermum. The spike is weakly prismatic and medium dense with red grain. The 1,000-kernel weight is 35-40 g. Normal number of grains/l is 750-780. Amurskaya 1495 is of medium maturity, a growth phase of 90-100 d, and a plant height of 90-100 cm. The cultivar has a strong stem and is resistant to lodging. In the Amur region, grain yield is 1.5-5.5 t/ha. Bread-making quality is medium. Amurskaya 1495 is susceptible to P. triticina and U. tritici.

Zaryanka. This cultivar was bred at the Far Eastern Research Institute of Agriculture, Khabarovsk, as an individual selection from a cross between Erythrospermum 862/75 and Expi irvs # Luthescens 50. The variety is erythrospermum. The spike is spindle-like, 7-9 cm in length. The red-grained seed is of average size and semioblong. The 1,000-kernel weight is 34-38 g. Of medium maturity, the growth period is 83-90 d, and the plant height is 89-95 cm. Zaryanka is resistant to lodging, U. tritici, F. graminearum, sprouting, and shattering. Grain protein content is 14-16.7 %, gluten is of the first class quality at 28-36 %, and flour strength is 320-380 units as measured by alveograph. The bread output from 100 g of flour is 960-1,060 ml. Zaryanka yields between 2.5-3 t/ha in the Khabarovsfk region.

Primorskaya 39. This cultivar was bred at the Primorskaya Research Institute of Agriculture, Ussuryisk, by transformation of the winter cultivar Ilyinka with a spring wheat followed by individual selection of the line. The variety is lutescens. The spike is prismatic, with an average length of 7-10 cm and medium dense. Grain is round, red, and of average size. The 1,000-kernel weight is 30-32 g. A medium-maturity variety, the growth phase is 85-90 d with a plant height of 105-110 cm. Bread-making quality is high . Primorskaya 39 is resistant to lodging, shattering, and F. graminearum; moderately resistant to U. tritici and T. caries; and moderately susceptible to P. triticina. Primorskaya 39 yields 4-5 t/ha in the Primorskey Territory where it is recommended for cultivation.

 

RUSSIAN UNIVERSITY OF PEOPLES' FRIENDSHIP
Ul. Efremova, 18, kv. 7, Moscow, II9048, Russian Federation.

 

A.K. Fedorov.

Changes in the photoperiodic reaction of wheat in response to vernalization. [p. 151-154]

Plants have two reactions to photoperiod that are slightly different in their degree of expression: a stronger response in unvernalized and a weaker one in vernalized varieties. Differences in the type of plant development (winter, alternative, and spring), mode (annual or perennial), and duration of the vegetative growth period are largely determined by their reaction to light during early growth period.

To study the physiologic and genetic basis of ontogenesis, we crossed wheats with winter, alternative, and spring development types that were from different origins. Response to photoperiod and vernalization were studied to determine the nature of their ontogenesis.

Wheat varieties of different growth habits and their F1 hybrids differ in their reaction to light at tillering and in development rate. How varieties respond to vernalization is determined by the light reaction.

The F1 of the 'Besostaya I (winter wheat) /Czech alternative' on a short (12 hr) day had a 23 d lag in the differentiation of the shoot apex than did Czech alternative and 63 day a less than the winter parent. Associated with the lag was a response to vernalization under these conditions. The hybrid showed a higher rate of photoperiodic reaction than that of the Czech parent (Table 1).

In crosses of the Czech alternative with the winter wheat Mironovskaya 808, which has a higher degree of winter habit than that of Besostaya I, the rate of photoperiodic reaction was greater still. For example, in one test the F1 with Mironovskaya 808 showed lagged more than 35 days then when grown under natural, long-day conditions compared with a lag of only 22 days for the Besostaya I hybrid.

This lag also was observed in crosses of winter with spring wheat. In crosses of a single spring variety with winter wheats that have different degrees of winter habit, the photoperiodic reaction of the F1 is the more pronounced the higher the degree of the winter habit.

These results indicate that the photoperiodic reaction of the spring and alternative varieties (lagging development under short-day conditions) and the winter habit of the winter types (lagging development under both long- and short-day conditions) are similar phenomena and are determined by the photoperiodic reaction during the tillering stage. This reaction and not vernalization determines the difference in the length of a plants growth period, particularly in hybrids and the initial varieties.

An F1 of 'winter/alternative' and its parental varieties differ greatly in the duration of the growth period. The F1 of the winter wheat Mironovskaya 808 and the Czech alternative variety sown in spring headed on 25 August, whereas the Czech parent headed on 11 July, and the winter parent remained at the tillering stage. However, there were no differences in the length of the vernalization period (45 days for all) or in the conditions of the vernalization period (0-3 C). They do not differ either in the degree of their photoperiodic reaction after the vernalization period. For example, on a short day (12 hour) they all had a 27-day lag in heading than when grown in conditions of natural day length.

These results indicate that the difference in the length of the vegetative period of the F1s and the parental varieties cannot be determined by vernalization or the photoperiodic reaction after vernalization but is determined essentially by their reaction to light in the beginning stages, i.e., before vernalization.

Spring and alternative varieties have two photoperiodic reactions that differ slightly in degree: the first in unvernalized and the second in vernalized plants. The second response is much weaker. The photoperiodic reaction observed in unvernalized spring and alternative wheats and the winter property of winter wheats are phenomena of the same type.

The F2s of crosses of wheats with different developmental traits differ in the number of segregating winter plants. In the F2 of crosses of spring and alternative varieties, winter types do not segregate. In the F2 of a spring and winter varieties, only about 10 % are winter-type. Crosses of winter and alternative varieties segregate from 20-50 % winter-type, depending on the photoperiodic reaction of the alternative. These data confirm that alternatives differ from spring and winter varieties by their genotype, although when sown in spring, their phenotype closely resembles spring-type and when sown in autumn is of winter-type.

In crosses of the same variety of winter wheat with different spring and alternative wheats that differ in their first photoperiodic reaction, more winter types segregate with the higher the degree of photoperiodic reaction in the nonwinter type, i.e., the longer the lag in short-day developmental (Table 2). For example, in the F2 of 'winter/spring' crosses with Saratovskaya 29, only 10 % of winter-types segregated. In crosses with the alternative variety Surhak 5688, 21 % segregated as winter-types. In crosses with the alternative variety 109 with a higher degree of photoperiodic reaction, 33 % segregated as winter-types. In crosses with the Czech alternative, 51 % segregated as winter-types.

These data also confirm results from the analysis of the behavior of the F1 of wheat crosses with different developmental traits. The photoperiodic reaction of alternative and the winter property of the winter wheats are similar phenomena, are determined by genes on the same chromosomes, and their influence depends on the period of vegetative growth in all three types of wheat. In our experiments, vernalization response was always inherited with the reaction to light.

Our experiments on vernalization length have demonstrated that the F1 from crosses of different types of plant development that originate from the same geographical region have identical vernalization requirements as a rule (length and process conditions). For example, Mironovskaya 808 (winter), Czech alternative, and their F1s have the same length of vernalization (45 days). In the Moscow region, vernalization in winter and alternative wheats terminates between the end of October and November, according to the variety. The normal period of vernalization begins when the average day temperatures is approximately 10°C or below (September). Alternative barleys Odessky 17 and Kruglik 21, which are cultivated in the southern regions, have the same vernalization as the winter barleys Krasnodarski 2929 and Krasny dar and other regionalized there. These plants differ not only in their development types but also in the length of vegetation growth. Vernalization periods may be similar because they depend on the length of autumn. Therefore, the type of plant development and the length of vegetation growth cannot be conditioned by the vernalization.

A physiological and genetic study has shown that differences in winter, alternative, and spring wheats are due to their different response to light at tillering. Their different response to vernalization is determined by the reaction to light.

The plants show two reactions to photoperiod slightly different in the degree of expression: a stronger response manifested by unvernalized and a weaker one in vernalized plants. As a result of vernalization, plants lose their ability to adapt, i.e., they lag in development and growth under the light conditions preceding the oncoming of adverse winter conditions. This reaction is essential for normal vegetative growth in the favorable climate of spring and summer. The reaction to photoperiod and lag in development under short-days in unvernalized spring and alternative varieties and the overwintering of winter varieties (lag in development under both long- and short-day conditions) are basically phenomena of the same order. The differences between them are mainly quantitative.

Overwintering is the most pronounced reaction to photoperiod. The least reaction is expressed to photoperiod is in spring varieties as a slight lag of development under short-day conditions, to a greater extent by alternative varieties as a more significant lagging under short-day conditions, and to the greatest extent by winter varieties as the most marked lag in of development under short- and even long-day (natural summer) conditions.

The type of plant development as well as length of the vegetation period cannot be conditioned by the vernalization, which is a facultative process that takes occurs in certain conditions (autumn) and not in others (summer). Plant development type is due to a different reaction to light at the beginning of life (in the Gramineous plants at tillering). Spring types have a slight development delay under the short-day. The alternative plants have a considerable delay under the short-day and the winter plants can delay under short and long days.

The length of the vegetative growth in spring-sown plants is conditioned by the light reaction in the unvernalized plants (the 1st photoperiodic reaction) but it is conditioned by the light reaction for winter-sown types (2nd photoperiodic reaction).

A photoperiodic reaction expressed to a different degree in unvernalized than in vernalized plants. As a result of vernalization, plants lose their ability to adapt as expressed by a lag in development under definite light conditions. The light reaction is affected. Plants of all types respond to vernalization with accelerated development depending on their light reaction and respond only under definite illumination conditions. The response is the higher the greater the delay. Thus, differences in the length of the vegetation period in wheats are due to their different light reaction in the tillering stage and related response to vernalization.

The role of vernalization in ontogenesis of plants changes with photoperiod response, and, as a result, they lose their ability to delay growth and development considerably under the influence of the photoperiod that precedes wintering. Plants differing in development type and with vegetative periods of different lengths differ in their reaction to light at the vegetative growth and different amounts of light energy are required for the transition of the tillering growth to the formation of rudimentary inflorescences. The more light that is required, the longer will be the time needed to satisfy the requirement; the longer the tillering phase, the longer vegetative growth. The more strongly expressed winter habit as a result of vernalization, plants of all types are nearly equal in their reaction to light and length of the vegetative period, which approaches that of spring-type plants and provides for normal development and timely maturity in the summer season.

Reaction to light and length of the vegetation period of wheat hybrids obtained by crossing wheats of different development types. [p. 154-155]

Summary. We studied the pattern of inheritance in the F1 and F2 of wheat lines that differ in development type (spring, alternative, and winter). The following features are inherited: length of vegetation period, type of development, and reaction to light. In the F2, there was great diversity in developmental type, ranging form early spring types, medium-early, late spring, alternatives, and semiwinter and winter types. All plants had different periods of vegetation growth. The differences are determined by the reaction of the plant to light during the initial growth phase.

Introduction. Great practical and theoretical significance can come from studying crosses of wheats with different developmental types (winter, alternative, and spring). Some data has been reported on the segregation in hybrid generations in crosses between winter and spring wheats. However, practically no data exists on development in crosses between winter and alternative and alternative and spring) wheats. We have studied the development in the progeny of crosses between winter, alternative, and spring wheats for a number of years.

Materials and Methods. Varieties differing in development type (Lutescens 329, Bankuti 1901, Bezostaya I, Aurora, Kooperatorka, and Sava, winter; Czech alternative; Lutescens 62 and Saratovskaya 29, spring) and their hybrids were used. The hybrids and parents were planted as unvernalized and vernalized seeds in the field and greenhouse under controlled conditions at varying day length: natural, 12-hour, and continuous illumination.

Results and discussion. Hybrid Fl plants are distinguished by their reaction to light and their response to vernalization. In particular, progeny from 'alternative/spring' and 'winter/spring' crosses significantly lag behind spring types in development under short-day conditions. The 'winter/alternative' Fl have a greater lag in development under short days than hybrid plants of the other combinations. 'Winter/alternative' F1s are delayed during short and long (natural summer) days. After a spring sowing, the 'winter/alternative' F1s have a long tillering stage similar to that of a winter wheat. But quite unlike a winter wheat, the variety forms spikes at the end of summer, depending on both the alternative and winter parents. When the same alternative was crossed with different winter wheats, the length of the vegetation period and the expression of a photoperiodic response were greater when the degree of winterhardiness was greater, i.e., in those wheats from regions farthest north. In particular, the 'Czech alternative/Lutescens 329' F1s formed spikes later and lagged in development more with short days than the F1s of the 'Czech alternative /Bankuti 1201' cross. The degree of the photoperiodic response (a greater lag of development with short days) in the F1s was higher than in the alternative wheat parent, because of the influence of the winter parent.

Therefore, an increase in the degree of response to photoperiod in the F1 is due to the winter variety. This discovery also is supported by the fact that unlike the alternative, this F1 lags behind in development under long-day conditions, but not as much as the winter variety. These data suggest that plants of different development types are distinguished by their reaction to light. Delayed development under short-day conditions in alternative and both long- and short-day conditions in winter wheats is basically the same phenomenon. Both the reaction of the unvernalized alternative to photoperiod (lag of development under short-day) and the winterhardiness of winter (lag of development under long- and short-day) are adaptive properties resulting from the development of winterhardiness in the autumn. Plant response to vernalization is determined by their reaction to light. The greater the response in the parents and their hybrids to vernalization, the longer the delay in development under definite light conditions. Under long days, the 'spring/alternative' and spring/winter F1s show a very low, if any, delay in development, with no response to vernalization. 'Winter/alternative' F1s have a considerably longer delay under long days and accelerated development after vernalized seed are sown. Under short-day conditions, plants of all hybrid combinations respond to vernalization more effectively than under long days. In their reaction to light and vernalization, the F1s are intermediate between the original parent lines, but closer to that parent with the least degree of winterhardiness. 'Lutescens 329/Lutescens 62 and 'Lutescens 329/Czech alternative F2 hybrids were divided into nine and eight classes, respectively, according to the length of the vegetation period. More precisely, they were divided into periods from the development of full tillers to spike formation. A daily count of the number of heads formed in the F2s of 'winter/spring' and 'winter/alternative' allowed us to distinguish 20 groups of plants that differed in terms of the duration of the period from tillering to spike formation. The length of the vegetation period and the development type are polygenic traits. In the latter cross, there were no spring types, only alternative, semiwinter, and winter plants. 'Alternative/spring' F1s formed spikes, although not simultaneously. No winter types were among the F2. Most plants were intermediate between the parents in terms of the length of the vegetative growth. We found that the F2s of Bankuti 1201, Bezostaya l, Aurora, Kooperatorka, or Sava with a spring wheat usually flowered. We divided these plants into 7­12 classes of 1-day intervals. The vast majority of hybrids were intermediate between the parents. In 'Lutescens 329/Luteseens 62' F1s, 18 groups of plants were distinguished that differed in the length of the period from the development of full sprouts to ear formation. This period lasted 3 days in Lutescens 62 and 116 days in Lutescens 329. Among the F2, almost complete transition from one parental variety to the other was observed.

 

SARATOV STATE AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY
Department of Biotechnology, Plant Breeding and Genetics, 1 Teatralmaya Sg., Saratov 410600, Russian Federation.

 

Effects of Rht-B1b on high-temperature strength and drought resistance in spring durum wheats. [p. 155-156]

Yu.V. Lobachev.

In the Volga Region, one of the greatest stress factors is drought during the spring wheat growing season. Durum wheat varieties of the traditional Volga steppe ecotype are relatively drought resistant. Short-stemmed varieties selected in other world regions, as a rule, do not posses sufficient drought resistance and suffer from high temperature and moisture deficiency in the soil and air. The local cultivar Kharkovskaya 46 and its NILs with Rht-Bib were studied and the effects of the gene on the coefficients of high-temperature tolerance and drought resistance (CHTDR) for the main characteristics were estimated. Results of field experiments in a relatively favorable (1993) and dry (1995) year were compared.

In 1993, the plant height of tall genotypes exceeded 1.2 m and grain yield was over 3 t/ha. In these conditions, all variants studied formed 5-6 mln spikes/ha. The Rht-Blb gene has a positive influence on the number of spikes/unit area (5.3 %) and a negative influence on grain yield (43.3 %) and 1,000-kernel weight (24.1 %). Plant height in the drought of 1995 decreased an average of 2-fold. The number of spikes/ha also decreased 2-fold. The grain yield of tall genotypes was reduced over 6-fold. The Rht-Blb gene did not significantly influence the main parameters of durum wheat productivity.

The cultivar Kharkovskaya 46 and tall NILs had nearly similar coefficients of drought resistance for the studied characters. The effect of Rht-Bib on CHTDR was calculated as the difference between the CHTDR for the short-stemmed and tall NILs. The Rht-Blb gene increases drought resistance in durum wheat by increasing plant height by 8.8 %; the quantity of spikelets/spike by 3.3 %; and 1,000-kernel weight by 23.4 %. The Rht-Blb gene decreases drought resistance by decreasing spike length by 3.2 %; spikes/unit area by 2.7 %, and grains/spike by 8.7 %. Under drought, a decrease in grain yield of short-stemmed isogenic lines was less than that of the taller NILs and the check Kharkovskaya 46. They also had a low yield in the favorable year. The Rht-Blb gene increased the CHTDR for grain yield by 6.6 %.

As a whole, the Rht-Blb gene has an unequal influence on high-temperature strength and drought resistance in spring durum wheat, a fact that is necessary to take into consideration in a breeding program.

Publications.

• Lobachev YuV. 2000. Effects of dwarfing genes in spring wheats in the Lower Volga region (Krupnov VA ed). Saratov State Agrarian University named after N.I. Vavilov, Russian Federation. 264 p (in Russian).
• Lobachev YuV, Vertikova EA, Zavarzin AI, and Krupnova OV. 2000. Studies and selection of Rht genes for breeding short-stemmed spring bread wheats of the Volga region. J Huazhong Agric Univ, China. 19(3):209-212.
• Tkachenko OV, Djatchouk TI, and Lobachev YuV. 2000. Genes Rht influence on an androgenesis in vitro of spring bread wheat and durum wheat lines. J Huazhong Agric Univ, China. 19(3):219-222.

Other contributions from the Russian Federation.