Structural unit

Sequence repeat

Protein fold

Twist ^b

Curvature ^c

Representative proteins

PDB codes (FSSP database) ^d

Refs. ^e

alpha/alpha

weak

right-handed a-2-solenoid

irregular, mostly small right-handed

large

lipovitellin-phosvitin (lamprey yolk)

-

(Raag et al., 1988)

alpha/alpha

weak

right-handed a-2-solenoid (horseshoe)

irregular, mostly right-handed

large, irregular

soluble lytic transglycolase (Escherichia coli)

1QSA

(Thunnissen et al., 1994)

alpha/alpha

weak

right-handed a-2-solenoid

very small

small

clathrin heavy chain, residues 1210-1516

1B89

(Ybe et al., 1999)

alpha/alpha

weak

right-handed a-2-solenoid

irregular, mostly right-handed

moderate

clathrin heavy chain, N-terminal fragment

1BPO

(ter Haar et al., 1998)

alpha/alpha

weak

right-handed a-2-solenoid

right-handed

small

Sec17

1QQE

(Rice and Brunger, 1999)

alpha/alpha

detectable

right-handed a-2-solenoid

mostly left-handed

small

protein farnesyltransferase, a-subunit ^f

1FT1

(Park et al., 1997)

alpha/alpha

tetratricopeptide repeat

right-handed a-2-solenoid

right-handed

small

protein phosphatase 5

1A17

(Das et al., 1998)

alpha/alpha

HEAT repeat

right-handed a-2-solenoid

variable

large

protein phosphatase 2A PR65/A subunit

karyopherin-b isoforms

1B3U

1QGR, 1QBK

(Groves et al., 1999)

(Cingolani et al., 1999; Vetter et al., 1999; Chook and Blobel, 1999)

alpha/alpha/alpha

armadillo repeat

right-handed a-3-solenoid

right-handed

small

b-catenin

importin-a

3BCT

1BK5

(Huber et al., 1997)

(Conti et al., 1998)

alpha/3₁₀

leucine-rich repeat variant

right-handed a/3₁₀-solenoid (horseshoe)

very small

moderate

leucine-rich repeat variant protein (LRV) (Azotobacter vinelandii)

1LRV

(Peters et al., 1996)

beta/beta/alpha/alpha

ankyrin repeat

right-handed L-solenoid (bundle)

small left-handed

small

p53 binding protein 53BP2

1YCS

(Gorina and Pavletich, 1996)

alpha/beta

leucine-rich repeat (RI-like)

right-handed a/b-solenoid (horseshoe)

very small

large

ribonuclease inhibitor

rna1p

1A4Y

1YRG

(Kobe and Deisenhofer, 1993)

(Hillig et al., 1999)

alpha/beta

leucine-rich repeat (typical)

right-handed a/b-solenoid

small

moderate

U2A' protein from spliceosomal snRNP

Rab geranylgeranyltransferase

1A9N

1DCE

(Price et al., 1998)

(Zhang et al., 2000)

3₁₀/beta

leucine-rich repeat (internalin-like)

right-handed 3₁₀/b-solenoid

small

moderate

internalin B (Listeria monocytogenes)

1D0B

(Marino et al., 1999)

beta/beta/beta

detectable

right-handed b-3-solenoid (parallel b-helix), IGF-1R L-domain-like

very small

no

insulin-like growth factor receptor, L domain

1IGR

(Garrett et al., 1998)

beta/beta/beta

weak

right-handed b-3-solenoid (parallel b-helix), PelC-like

small left-handed

no

pectate lyase C (Erwinia chrysanthemi )

pectate lyase (Bacillus subtilis)

pectin lyase A (Aspergillus niger)

polygalacturonase (Erwinia carotovora)

polygalacturonase II (Aspergillus niger)

rhamnogalacturonase A (Aspergillus aculeatus)

tailspike protein (Salmonella typhiumurium phage P22)

P.69 pertactin (Bordetella pertussis)

1AIR

1PCL

1QCX

1BHE

1CZF

1RMG

1TYV

1DAB

(Yoder et al., 1993)

(Pickersgill et al., 1994)

(Mayans et al., 1997)

(Pickersgill et al., 1998)

(van Santen et al., 1999)

(Petersen et al., 1997)

(Steinbacher et al., 1994)

(Emsley et al., 1996)

beta/beta

GGXGXD repeat

right-handed b-2-solenoid (b-roll)

very small

no

alkaline protease (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), serralysin

1SAT

(Baumann et al., 1993)

beta/beta/beta

hexapeptide repeat

left-handed b-3-solenoid (parallel b-helix)

very small

no

UDP-N-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase (LpxA) (Escherichia coli)

carbonic anhydrase (Methanosarcina thermophila)

tetrahydrodipicolinate N-succinyltransferase

xenobyotic acetyltransferase

N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate uridyltransferase

1LXA

1GRE

3TDT

2XAT

-

(Raetz and Roderick, 1995)

(Kisker et al., 1996)

(Beaman et al., 1997)

(Beaman et al., 1998)

(Brown et al., 1999)

^a A less extensive Table with only one protein example for each structural class is represented in Kobe and Kajava review in TIBS, 2000.

^b Twist is defined in Fig. 3 of TIBS paper (see also text for further discussion).

^c Curvature is defined in Fig. 3 (see also text for further discussion).

^d Protein Data Bank (PDB) codes given correspond to the representative structures selected in the FSSP database (Holm and Sander, 1994)

^e The references correspond to the original reports of the structures.

^f The alpha-helical solenoid structures have recently been reviewed (Groves and Barford, 1999).

^g The a-subunit of protein farnesyltransferase was recently proposed to be a member of the tetratricopeptide repeat family (Zhang and Grishin, 1999).

References:

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