We present a measurement of the fractions F_0 and F_+ of longitudinally polarized and right-handed W bosons in top quark decays using data collected with the CDF II detector. The data set used in the analysis corresponds to an integrated luminosity of approximately 318 pb-1. We select tt-bar candidate events with one lepton, at least four jets, and missing transverse energy. Our helicity measurement uses the decay angle theta*, which is defined as the angle between the momentum of the charged lepton in the W boson frame and the W momentum in the top quark rest frame. The cos theta* distribution in the data is determined by full kinematic reconstruction of the tt-bar candidates. We find F_0 = 0.85+0.15_-0.22(stat) +/- 0.06(syst) and F_+ = 0.05+0.11_-0.05(stat) +/- 0.03(syst), which is consistent with the standard model prediction. We set an upper limit on the fraction of right-handed W bosons of F_+ < 0.26 at the 95% confidence level.