USGS:Biology Biological Informatics Program Vegetation Characterization Program Standardized National Vegetation Classification System 10.0 Literature Cited

10.0 Literature Cited

Allard, D.J. 1990. Southeastern United States Ecological Community Classification. Interim report, Version 1.2. The Nature Conservancy, Southeast Regional Office, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 96 pp.

Anderson, J.R., E.E. Hardy, and J.T. Roach 1976. Land Use and Land Cover Classification System for Use with Remote Sensing Data. Geological Survey Professional Paper 964. A revision of the land use classification system as presented in US. Geological Circular 671. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Austin, M.P. 1991. Vegetation theory in relation to cost-efficient surveys. Pages 17 22 C.R. Margules and M.P. Austin, editors. Nature conservation: cost effective biological surveys and data analysis. CSIRO, Australia.

Austin, M.P. and P.C. Heyligers. 1989. Vegetation survey design for conservation: gradsect sampling of forests in northeastern New South Wales. Biological conservation 50:13 32.

Avery, T.E. 1977. Interpretation of Aerial Photographs, Third Edition, Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis.

Bailey, R.G. 1976. Ecoregions of the United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region. Ogden, Utah.

Bailey, R.G. 1994. Ecoregions and subregions of the United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (in press). Map and technical report.

Barbour, M.G. and W.D. Billings. 1988. North American Terrestrial Vegetation. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York.

Barbour, M.G. and N.L. Christensen. 1993. Vegetation. Pp. 97 131 Flora of North America Editorial Committee, editors. Flora of North America, north of Mexico. Oxford University Press, New York, New York.

Barnes, B.V., K.S. Pregitzer, T.A. Spies, and V.H. Spooner. 1982. Ecological forest site classification. Journal of Forestry 80:493 498.

Beard, J.S. 1955. The classification of tropical American vegetationtypes. Ecology 25: 127 158.

Becking, R.W. 1957. The Zurich-Montpellier School of Phytosociology. Botanical Review 23:411 488.

Borhidi, A. 1991. Phytogeography and vegetation ecology of Cuba. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest. 858 pp.

Bourgeron, P.S., R.L. DeVelice, L.D. Engelking, G. Jones, and E. Muldavin. 1991 WHTF Site and Community Survey Manual, Version 91C. Western Heritage Task Force, Boulder, Colorado. 24 pp.

Bourgeron, P.S. and L.D. Engelking. 1993. A Preliminary Series Level Classification of the Western U.S. Unpublished report prepared by the Western Heritage Task Force for the Nature Conservancy. Boulder, Colorado.

Bourgeron, P.S. and L.D. Engelking (editors). 1994. A Preliminary Vegetation Classification of the Western United States. Unpublished report prepared by the Western Heritage Task Force for the Nature Conservancy. Boulder, Colorado.

Braun, E.L. 1947. Development of the deciduous forests of eastern North America. Ecological Monographs 17:211 219.

Braun, E.L. 1950. Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America. Blakiston Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Braun-Blanquet, J. 1928. Pflanzensoziologie. Grundzuge der vegetationskunde. Springer, Berlin.

Braun-Blanquet, J. 1932. Plant Sociology: The Study of Plant Communities (English translation). McGraw Hill, New York.

Braun-Blanquet, J. 1928. Pflanzensoziologie. Grundzuge der vegetationskunde, Second Edition. Springer, Wein.

Brockmann-Jerosch, H. and E. Rubel. 1912. Die Einteilung der pflanzengesellschaften nach okologisch-physiognomischen gesichtspunkten. Leipzig.

Brown, D.E. 1982. Biotic communities of the American Southwest United States and Mexico. Desert Plants 4:1 342.

Brown, D.E., C.H. Lowe, and C.P. Pase. 1979. A digitized classification system for the biotic communities of North America, with community (series) and association examples for the Southwest. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 14(Suppl.1):1 16.

Brown, D.E., C.H. Lowe, C.P. Pase. 1980. A digitized systematic classification for ecosystems with an illustrated summary of the natural vegetation of North America. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-73. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. 93 pp.

Buttenfield, B.P. and R.B. McMaster. 1989. Map Generation: Making Rules for Knowledge presentation.

Cain, S.A., G.M. de Oliveira Castro, J.M. Pires, and N.T. Da Silva. 1956. Application of some phytosociological techniques to Brazilian rain forest. American Journal of Botany 43: 911 941.

Cleland, D.T., J.B. Hart, G.E. Host, K.S. Pregitzer, and C.W. Ramm. 1994. Ecological Classification and Inventory System of the Huron-Manistee National Forests. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Region 9. Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Clements, F.E. 1916. Plant succession: An Analysis of the Development of Vegetation. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication. Washington, D.C.

Clements, F.E. 1928. Plant Succession and Indicators: A Definitive Edition of Plant Succession and Indicators. Wilson, New York.

Comer, P. and D. Albert. 1993. A survey of wooded dune and swale complexes in Michigan. Unpublished report prepared for the Michigan Coastal Management Program, Land and Water Management Division, Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Michigan Natural Heritage Program. 159 pp.

Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States. Biological Service Program, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C., Publication No. FWS/OBS-79/31. 103 pp.

Crumpacker, D.W., S.W. Hodge, D. Friedley, and W.P Gregg, Jr. 1988. A preliminary assessment of the status of major terrestrial and wetland ecosystems on federal and indian lands in the United States. Conservation Biology 2:103 115.

Curtis, J.T. 1959. The Vegetation of Wisconsin: An Ordination of Plant Communities. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin.

Dansereau, P. 1951. Description and recording of vegetation upon a structural basis. Ecology 32:172 229.

Daubenmire, R. 1952. Forest vegetation of northern Idaho and adjacent Washington, and its bearing on concepts of vegetation classification. Ecological Monographs 22:301 330.

Dickinson, G.C., 1979. Maps and Air Photographs. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Dick-Peddie, W.A. 1993. New Mexico Vegetation: Past, Present and Future. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. 244 pp.

Driscoll, R.S., D.L. Merkel, R.L. Radloff, D.E. Snyder, and J.S. Hagihara. 1984. An Ecological Land Classification Framework for the United States. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Miscellaneous Publication Number 1439. Washington, D.C. 56 pp.

Ellenberg, H. and D. Mueller-Dombois. 1967. A tentative physiognomic-ecological classification of the formations of the earth. Pp. 466 488 D. Mueller-Dombois and H. Ellenberg. 1974. Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York. 547 pp.

Eyre, F.H. (editor). 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Society of American Foresters, Washington, D.C.

Faber-Langendoen, D. (editor) 1993a. Midwest Regional Community Classification. Preliminary Draft. The Nature Conservancy, Midwest Heritage Task Force. Minneapolis, Minnesota. 34 pp.

Faber-Langendoen, D. 1993b. Site and Community Survey Forms. The Nature Conservancy, Midwest Regional Task Force. Minneapolis, Minnesota. 26 pp.

Flahault, C. and C. Schroter. 1910. Rapport sur la nomenclature phytogeographique. Proceedings of the 3rd International Botanical Congress, Brussels, 1910, 1:131 164.

Fosberg, F.R. 1961. A classification of vegetation for general purposes. Tropical Ecology 2: 1 28.

Gillison, A.N. and K.R.W. Brewer. 1985. The use of gradient directed transects or gradsects in natural resource survey. Journal of Environmental Management 20:103 127.

Gleason, H.A. 1917. The structure and development of the plant association. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 44:463 481.

Gleason, H.A. 1926. The individualistic concept of the plant association. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 53:7 26.

Grossman, D.H., K.L. Goodin, and C. Reuss (editors). 1994. Rare Plant Communities of the Conterminous United States: An Initial Survey. The Nature Conservancy.

Hill, M.O. 1979. TWINSPAN. A FORTRAN program for arranging multivariate data in an ordered two-way table by classification of the individuals and attributes. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

Hill, M.O. and H.G. Gauch. 1980. Detrended Correspondence Analysis: An Improved Ordination Technique. Vegetatio 42:47 58

Holdridge, L.R. 1947. Determination of world plant formations from simple climatic data. Science 105:367 368.

Howard, J.A. and C.W. Mitchell. 1985. Phytogeomorphology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York.

Hunter, M. 1991. Coping with ignorance: The Coarse-Filter Strategy for Maintaining Biodiversity. Pp. 256 281 K.A. Kohm, ed., Balancing on the Brink of Extinction The Endangered Species Act and Lessons for the Future. Island Press, Washington, D.C.

Jenkins, R.E. 1976. Maintenance of Natural Diversity: Approach and Recommendations. Pp. 441 451 Transactions of the 41st North American Wildlife Conference, 4 March 1976, Washington, D.C. Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, D.C.

Johnson, W.C., T.L. Sharik, R.A. Mayes, and E.P. Smith. 1987. Nature and causes of zonation discreteness around glacial prairie marshes. Canadian Journal of Botany 65: 1622 1632.

Jones, R.K., G. Pierpoint, G.M. Wickware, J.K. Jeglum, R.W. Arnup, and J.M. Bowles. 1983. Field guide to forest ecosystem classification for the Clay Belt, site region 3E. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Queens Pointe, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Kartesz, J.A. 1994. Plant Name Thesaurus. Timber Press. Portland, Oregon. 806 pp.

Kent, M. and P. Coker 1992. Vegetation Description and Analysis. Belhaven Press, London.

Klopatek, J.M., R.J. Olson, C.J. Emerson, and J.L. Jones. 1979. Land-use conflicts with natural vegetation in the United States. Environmental Conservation 6:191 199.

Komarkova, V. 1983. Comparison of habitat type classification to some other classification methods. Pages 21 31 W.H. Moir and L. Hendzel (editors). Proceedings of the workshop on southwestern habitat types, April 8 10, 1983, Albuquerque, New Mexico. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southwestern Region, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Kotar, J., J.A. Kovach, and C.T. Locey. 1988. Field guide to forest habitat types of northern Wisconsin. Department of Forestry, University of Wisconsin Madison and Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin.

Kuchler, A.W. 1949. A physiognomic classification of vegetation. Annals of the American Association of Geographers 39:201 210.

Kuchler, A.W. 1964. Potential natural vegetation of the conterminous United States (map and manual). American Geographical Society, Special Publication Number 36. Map scale = 1:3,168,000.

Kuchler, A.W. 1967. Vegetation Mapping. Ronald Press, New York, New York.

Kuchler, A.W. and I.S. Zonneveld. 1988. Vegetation Mapping (Handbook of vegetation science, v. 10). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

Lillesand, T.M. and R.W. Kiefer. 1987. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Loxton, J. 1980. Practical Map Production. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Master, L. 1991. Assessing threats and setting priorities for conservation. Conservation Biology 5(4):559 563.

McIntosh, R.P. 1959. Presence and cover in pitch pine-oak stands of the Shawngunk Mountains, New York. Ecology 40:3(482 484).

McMaster, R.B. and K.S. Shea. 1992. Generalization in Digital Cartography. The Association of American Geographers.

Milne, B.T. 1985. Upland vegetational gradients and post-fire succession in the Albany Pine Bush, New York. Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club 112(1):21 34.

Monmonier, M. 1991. How to Lie with Maps. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.

Monsi, M. 1960. Dry matter reproduction in plants. I. Schemata of dry matter reproduction. Bot. Mag. 73:81 90.

Moravec, J. 1992. Is the Zurich-Montpellier approach still unknown in vegetation science of the English-speaking countries? Journal of Vegetation Science 3:277 278.

Moss, C.E. 1913. Vegetation of the Peak District. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.

Muchoney, D.M., S. Iremonger, and R. Wright. 1993. A Rapid Ecological Assessment of the Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park, Jamaica. Unpublished report. The Nature Conservancy. Arlington, Virginia.

Mueller-Dombois, D. and H. Ellenberg. 1974. Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York. 547 pp.

The Nature Conservancy. 1994. The Altamaha River Bioreserve and Ecosystem Initiative Inventory Report. Unpublished report submitted to the Woodruff Foundation and Georgia Power. The Nature Conservancy, Georgia.

Nelson, P. 1985. The terrestrial natural communities of Missouri. Missouri Natural Areas Committee. Jefferson City, Missouri.

Olsson, H. 1979. Vegetation of the New Jersey Pine Barrens: A Phytosociological Classification. in Forman (ed) Pine Barrens: Ecosystem and Landscape.

Olsvig, L.S. 1980. A comparative study of Northeastern Pine Barrens vegetation. Ph.D. Dissertation. Cornell University.

Paine, D.P. 1981. Aerial photography and image interpretation for Resource Management. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Patterson, W.A., K.E.Saunders, and L.J. Horton. 1984. Fire regimes of Cape Cod National Seashore. United States Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Office of Scientific Studies. OSS 83-1.

Pfister, R.D. and S.F. Arno. 1980. Classifying forest habitat types based on potential climax vegetation. Forest Science 26:52 70.

Pojar, J., K. Klink, and J. Meidinger. 1987. Biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification in British Columbia. Forest Ecology and Management 22:119 154.

Poore, M.E.D. 1955. The use of phytosociological methods in ecological investigations, Parts I,II, III. Journal of Ecology 43: 226 244, 245 269, 606 651.

Pregitzer, K.S. and B.V. Barnes. 1982. The use of ground flora to indicate edaphic factors in upland ecosystems of the McCormick Experimental Forest, Upper Michigan. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 12:661 672.

Raunkier, C. 1904. Biological types with reference to the adaptation of plants to survive the unfavorable season. F.N. Egerton (editor), History of Ecology, Life Forms of Plants and Statistical Plant Ecology. Arno Press, New York, New York. Reprint 1977.

Reschke, C. 1990. Ecological communities of New York State. New York Natural Heritage Program. Latham, New York.

Richards, P.W. 1952. The tropical rain forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.

Robinson, A.H., R.D. Sale, and J.L. Morrison. 1978. Elements of Cartography, Fourth Edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Rodwell, J.S. (editor). 1991. British Plant Communities, Volume 1. Woodlands and scrub. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York.

Roughgarden, J. 1989. The structure and assembly of communities. Pages 203 226 J. Roughgarden, R.M. May, and S.A. Levin. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.

Rowe, J.S. 1961. The level-of-integration concept and ecology. Ecology 42:420 427.

Rowe, J.S. 1984. Forestland classification: limitations of the use of vegetation. Pp. 132 147 J.G. Bockheim (editor). Forest land classification: experiences, problems, perspectives. Proceedings of the symposium, March 18 20, University of Wisconsin Madison. Madison, Wisconsin.

Rubel, E. 1930. Pflanzengesellschaften der erde. Bern-Berlin.

Shimwell, D.W. 1971. The description and classification of vegetation. University of Washington Press. Seattle, Washington. 322 pp.

Sims, R.A., W.D. Towill, K.A. Baldwin, and G.M. Wickware. 1989. Field guide to the forest ecosystem classification for northwestern Ontario. Forestry Canada, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.

Sneddon, L.A. 1993. Field Form Instructions for the Description of Sites and Terrestrial, Palustrine, and Vegetated Estuarine Communities. Version 2, Spring 1993. The Nature Conservancy, Eastern Heritage Task Force. Boston, Massachusetts. 48 pp.

Sneddon, L.A., M. Anderson, and K.J. Metzler. 1994. A Classification and Description of Terrestrial Community Alliances in The Nature Conservancy's Eastern: First Approximation. A report prepared for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service National Gap Analysis Program. The Nature Conservancy, Eastern Heritage Task Force. Boston, Massachusetts.

Sneddon, L.A. and K.J. Metzler. 1992. Eastern Regional Community Classification, Organization Hierarchy, and Cross-Reference to State Heritage Community Classifications. The Nature Conservancy, Eastern Heritage Task Force. Boston, Massachusetts.

Specht, R., E.M. Roe, and V.H. Boughton. 1974. Conservation of major plant communities in Australia and Papua New Guinea. Australian Journal of Botany, Supplement 7. 667 pp.

Stearns, S.C. 1976. Life history tactics: a review of the ideas. Quarterly Review of Biology 51:3 47.

Strong, W.L., E.T. Oswald, and D.J. Downing. 1990. The Canadian vegetation classification system, first approximation. National Vegetation Working Group, Canadian Committee on Ecological Land Classification. Ecological Land Classification Series, No. 25, Sustainable Development, Corporate Policy Group, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Canada.

Sukachev, V. 1945. Biogeocoenology and phytocoenology. C.R. Academy of Science, USSR. 47:429 431.

Tansley, A.G. 1935. The use and abuse of vegetational concepts and terms. Ecology 16: 284 307.

Tansley, A.G. 1939. The British Islands and their vegetation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.

ter Braak. C.J.F. 1990. CANOCO a FORTRAN program for CNOnical Community Ordination by [partial] [detrended] [canonical] correspondence analysis, principal components analysis and redundancy analysis, version 3.10. Microcomputer Power, Ithaca, New York.

Tucker, G.C. 1979. A vegetational and floristic investigation of a natural pine barrens in South Kingston, Rhode Island. Unpublished document.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 1973. International Classification and Mapping of Vegetation, Series 6, Ecology and Conservation. Paris, France: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. 93 pp.

Vankat, J.L. 1979. The natural vegetation of North America: an introduction. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York.

Westhoff, V. and E. van der Maarel. 1973. The Braun-Blanquet approach. Pp. 617 726 R.H. Whittaker (editor). Handbook of vegetation science, Part V: ordination and classification of communities. Junk, The Hague, The Netherlands.

Walter, H. 1973. Die vegetation der Erde I. Tropische and subtropische Zonen, Third Edition. Fisher, Jena, Stuttgart, Germany.

Walter, H. 1985. Vegetation of the Earth, and ecological systems of the geobiosphere, Third Edition. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York.

Watt, A.S. 1934. The vegetation of the Chiltern Hills with special reference to the beechwoods and their seral relationships. Journal of Ecology 22:230 270.

Watt, A.S. 1947. Pattern and process in the plant community. Journal of Ecology 35:1 22.

White, J. and M.H. Madany. 1978. Classification of natural communities in Illinois. Pp. 311 405 J. White. Illinois Natural Areas Inventory Technical Report, Volume 1, Survey Methods and Results. Illinois Natural Areas Inventory, Urbana, Illinois.

Whittaker, R.H. 1956. Vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains. Ecological Monographs 26:1 80.

Whittaker, R.H. 1962. Classification of natural communities. Botanical Review 28:1 239.

Whittaker, R.H. 1975. Communities and Ecosystems, Second Edition MacMillan, New York, New York.

Wilson, J.B. 1991. Does vegetation science exist? Journal of Vegetation Science 2:289 290.

Wilson, J.B. 1994. Who makes the assembly rules? Journal of Vegetation Science 5:275 278.

Witmer, R.E. 1978. U.S. Geological Survey land-use and land-cover classification system. Journal of Forestry 76:661 668.

Zonneveld, I.S. 1989. The land unit a fundamental concept in landscape ecology, and its application. Landscape Ecology 3:67 86.