BOREAS AFM-02 Wyoming King Air 1994 Aircraft Sounding Data Summary The BOREAS AFM-02 team used the University of Wyoming King Air aircraft during IFCs 1, 2, and 3 in 1994 to collected pass-by-pass fluxes (and many other statistics) for the large number of level (constant altitude), straight line passes used in a variety of flight patterns. The data described here form a second set, namely soundings that were incorporated into nearly every research flight by the King Air in 1994. These soundings generally went from near the surface to above the inversion layer. Most were flown immediately after takeoff or immediately after finishing the last flux pattern of that particular day's flights. The parameters that were measured include wind direction, wind speed, west wind component (u), south wind component (v), static pressure, air dry bulb temperature, potential temperature, dewpoint, temperature, water vapor mixing ratio, and CO2 concentration. Data on the aircraft’s location, attitude, and altitude during data collection are also provided. These data are stored in tabular ASCII files. Table of Contents * 1 Data Set Overview * 2 Investigator(s) * 3 Theory of Measurements * 4 Equipment * 5 Data Acquisition Methods * 6 Observations * 7 Data Description * 8 Data Organization * 9 Data Manipulations * 10 Errors * 11 Notes * 12 Application of the Data Set * 13 Future Modifications and Plans * 14 Software * 15 Data Access * 16 Output Products and Availability * 17 References * 18 Glossary of Terms * 19 List of Acronyms * 20 Document Information 1. Data Set Overview 1.1 Data Set Identification BOREAS AFM-02 Wyoming King Air 1994 Aircraft Sounding Data 1.2 Data Set Introduction The BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Airborne Fluxes and Meteorology (AFM)-02 team used the University of Wyoming King Air aircraft during Intensive Field Campaigns (IFCs) 1, 2, and 3 in 1994 to collected pass-by-pass fluxes (and many other statistics) for the large number of level (constant altitude), straight line passes used in a variety of flight patterns. The data described here form a second set, namely soundings that were incorporated into nearly every research flight by the King Air in 1994. These soundings generally went from near the surface to above the inversion layer. Most were flown immediately after takeoff or immediately after finishing the last flux pattern of that particular day's flights. The parameters that were measured include wind direction, wind speed, west wind component (u), south wind component (v), static pressure, air dry bulb temperature, potential temperature, dewpoint, temperature, water vapor mixing ratio, and CO2 concentration. Data on the aircraft’s location, attitude, and altitude during data collection are also provided. These data are stored in tabular American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) files. 1.3 Objective/Purpose The objective of this data set is to add to the set of soundings represented by the network of rawinsondes launched during the project. 1.4 Summary of Parameters The following is a simple list of the variables archived for each sounding by the King Air. Section 7 defines the variables and their origins in detail. Those variables flagged (**) were not measured by the King Air. VARIABLES: BOREAS aircraft i.d. 20-character aircraft descriptor Date BOREAS mission designator Start time, Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) End time Starting latitude End latitude Starting longitude End longitude Starting BOREAS Information System (BORIS) grid E End BORIS grid E Starting BORIS grid N End BORIS grid N There is one line of data for each second of sounding data. For data collected at rates greater than 1 Hz, the entry is a 1-second average: Time, GMT Latitude Longitude Pressure altitude Radar altitude Aircraft heading Wind direction Wind speed West wind component, u South wind component, v Static pressure Air dry bulb temperature Potential temperature Dewpoint temperature Water vapor mixing ratio CO2 concentration Ozone concentration ** 1.5 Discussion The King Air was flown in all three IFCs in 1994. These archived sounding data were collected primarily over the two BOREAS study areas and occasionally on regional runs between the Southern Study Area (SSA) and the Northern Study Area (NSA). The high-rate data from which all these variables were computed were not submitted to BORIS. If required, they may be acquired from the University of Wyoming directly. 1.6 Related Data Sets Related data sets include the King Air flux data for BOREAS-94 and the flux and/or sounding archives from the other three flux aircraft (AFM-01, AFM-03, AFM-04). Other related data sets include soundings from rawinsondes (AFM-05) launched during corresponding dates. BOREAS AFM-01 NOAA/ATDD Long-EZ 1994 Aircraft Flux Data over the SSA BOREAS AFM-02 Wyoming King Air 1994 Aircraft Flux and Moving Window Data BOREAS AFM-03 NCAR Electra 1994 Aircraft Flux and Moving Window Data BOREAS AFM-03 NCAR Electra 1994 Aircraft Sounding Data BOREAS AFM-04 NRC Twin Otter Aircraft Flux Data BOREAS AFM-04 NRC Twin Otter Aircraft Sounding Data BOREAS AFM-05 Level-1 Upper Air Network Data BOREAS AFM-05 Level-2 Upper Air Network Standard Pressure Level Data 2. Investigator(s) 2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title Dr. Robert D. Kelly, Associate Professor University of Wyoming Laramie, WY 2.2 Title of Investigation Airborne Investigation of Biosphere-Atmosphere Interactions over the Boreal Forest 2.3 Contact Information Contact 1 ----------- Robert D. Kelly University of Wyoming Laramie, WY (307) 766-5955 (307) 766-2635 (fax) rkelly@grizzly.uwyo.edu Contact 2 ----------- David Knapp Raytheon ITSS NASA GSFC Greenbelt, MD (301) 286-1424 (301) 286-0239 (fax) David.Knapp@gsfc.nasa.gov 3. Theory of Measurements The theory and practice of measuring atmospheric variables from a moving, aircraft platform have been discussed by many researchers. A series of introductory monographs addressing those topics may be found in Lenschow (1986). Briefly, the aircraft uses gust sensors to measure the 3-D air motion relative to the aircraft and a combination of an inertial platform, accelerometers, and (more recently) a satellite-based global positioning system (GPS) to measure the motion of the aircraft relative to Earth. These data are combined to determine aircraft position and the Earth-relative 3-D winds. Scalar quantities, including static pressure, temperature, water vapor mixing ratio, and CO2 mixing ratio are also measured with fast-response, aircraft-mounted sensors. 4. Equipment 4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description Table of University of Wyoming King Air Instruments Variable Instrument Accuracy Resolution Hi-rate temp. Rosemount housing with 0.50 °C 0.01 °C fast-response thermistor (design by Friehe, UCI) Dewpoint temp. Cambridge Model 1373C 1.0 °C, >0 °C 0.006 °C Water vapor LI-COR 6262 IR spectrometer 1% of reading 0.001 g/kg mix ratio CO2 mix ratio LI-COR 6262 IR spectrometer +/- 1ppm at 0.01 ppm 350 ppm Mag. heading King KPI553/Sperry C14-43 1 deg 0.02 deg Static press. Rosemount 1201FA1B1A 0.5 mb 0.06 mb Static press. Rosemount 1501 0.5 mb 0.003 mb Geom. Alt. Stewart Warner APN159 1% reading 0.24 ft Geom. Alt. King KPA 405 3% < 500 ft 0.48 ft 6% > 500 ft Total press. Rosemount 831CPX 0.2 mb 0.005 mb Azimuth VOR King KNR615 VOR 1 deg 0.02 deg Distance DME King KNR705A DME 0.2 n mi 0.1 n mi Lat/lon Tremble 2000 GPS 100 m 0.000172 deg Lat/lon Honeywell Laseref SM 0.8 nm/hr drift 0.000172 deg Ground veloc. Honeywell Laseref SM 13.5 ft/s 0.0039 kts Vert. veloc. Honeywell Laseref SM 0.5 ft/s 0.03215 ft/min Pitch/roll Honeywell Laseref SM 0.05 deg 0.000172 deg Platform hdg. Honeywell Laseref SM 0.2 deg 0.000172 deg Flow angle Rosemount 858AJ/831CPX 0.2 deg 0.00375 deg Vert. accel. Humphrey SA0905021 accel. 0.002 g 0.0001 g Rate of climb Rosemount 1241A4BCDE 1%, <15000 ft 0.004 m/s 2%, >25000 ft Engine torque --- 0.2 ft-lbf L.W.C. In-house CSIRO hot wire 0.2 g/m3 0.0003 g/m3 L.W.C. Bacharach LWH 0.2 g/m3 0.0002 g/m3 Cloud drops PMS FSSP 3 micron 3 micron Radiation: Upwelling Eppley Pyranometer 5 W/m2 1 W/m2 shortwave (0.3-3 microns) Downwelling Eppley Pyranometer 5 W/m2 1 W/m2 shortwave (0.3-3 microns) Upwelling IR Eppley Pyrgeometer 15 W/m2 1 W/m2 (4-50 microns) Downwelling IR Eppley Pyrgeometer 15 W/m2 1 W/m2 (4-50 microns) 4.1.1 Collection Environment The data were collected at the beginning and end of each day’s flights over a vertical range with varying atmospheric conditions. 4.1.2 Source/Platform Platform: Beechcraft Super King Air model 200T, twin-turboprop aircraft. 4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives See Section 1.4. 4.1.4 Key Variables See Sections 1.4, 1.5, and 7.3. 4.1.5 Principles of Operation See Section 3. 4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry The gust probe was mounted at the end of the aircraft nose boom, so that the gust probe tip was about 2 m ahead of the nose of the aircraft. The inertial reference system (IRS) and accelerometers were mounted close to the main wing spar (close to aircraft’s center of gravity). The fast-response (Friehe-type) temperature probe was mounted below the nose of the aircraft, 1.29 m aft from the gust probe tip. Water vapor and CO2 measurements were obtained with the LI- COR 6262 infrared absorption spectrometer. Air was drawn from the airstream above the aircraft cabin into a 12.7-mm i.d. "snorkle" tube that faced forward, about 0.3 m above the fuselage skin and 4.06 m aft of the gust probe tip. Airflow in the snorkle tube was maintained with a high-capacity vacuum pump at 60-70 SLPM (about 9 m/s), for Reynolds number about 50,000 (fully developed turbulent flow). At 1.52 m from the inlet, air was drawn from the center of the snorkle tube into the LI-COR through a short 6.4-mm i.d. tube, again by vacuum pump, at an average flow rate of 6-8 SLPM (also fully turbulent). As verified by flying the aircraft through a power-plant plume, there was a time delay of 0.3 s between the gust probe data and the LI-COR data. This delay is removed in the software at the time of data processing. Further notes on LI-COR operation: The LI-COR 6262 was operated in "absolute" mode, in which the closed-path absorption in the sample chamber was simultaneously compared to the closed-path absorption in the reference chamber. Air in the reference chamber was circulated continuously through scrubbers that removed both water and CO2, and was circulated at a flow rate of 2 SLPM. A Cambridge chilled-mirror dewpoint hygrometer was mounted inside the cabin, drawing air from the vacuum-pump driven sample tube. All cloud and precipitation probes (PMS and liquid water content) were mounted near the wing tips of both wings. 4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument See table in Section 4.1 4.2 Calibration The instruments were subject to calibration as follows: Air temperature: The manufacturer's one-time calibration was used for the Rosemount model 102, and the Friehe-type probe was then compared against the Rosemount. Water vapor concentration: Before each flight, the LI-COR H2O channel was calibrated by flushing the chamber with a beam-filling gas of known H2O concentration, generated with a LI- COR Model 610 dewpoint generator, with accuracy +/-0.03 °C. CO2 concentration: Before each flight, the LI-COR CO2 channel was calibrated by flushing the chamber with a gas of known CO2 concentration (Source: Scott Specialty, Longmont, CO, concentration 403.5 ppm, accurate to 4%). Static pressure and gust differential pressures: The gust probe differential pressure sensors (for up-down and left-right angle of flow measurements) and absolute pressure sensor (gust probe total pressure) were calibrated at the beginning of each IFC, using the Rosemount 1501 (accurate to 0.5 mb). 4.2.1 Specifications See table in Section 4.1. 4.2.1.1 Tolerance See table in Section 4.1. 4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration See Section 4.2. 4.2.3 Other Calibration Information None given. 5. Data Acquisition Methods Whenever possible, the soundings were executed at a relatively slow rate of ascent or descent (about 500 feet per minute). Some, however, were flown at faster rates (see data for each sounding to ascertain rate). 6. Observations 6.1 Data Notes None. 6.2 Field Notes None. 7. Data Description 7.1 Spatial Characteristics 7.1.1 Spatial Coverage These data cover various point locations within the SSA and NSA and areas along the transect between these study areas. The majority of the data were collected over the BOREAS SSA and NSA. The North American Datum 1983 (NAD83) corner coordinates of the SSA are: Latitude Longitude -------- --------- Northwest 54.321° N 106.228° W Northeast 54.225° N 104.237° W Southwest 53.515° N 106.321° W Southeast 53.420° N 104.368° W The NAD83 corner coordinates of the NSA are: Latitude Longitude -------- --------- Northwest 56.249° N 98.825° W Northeast 56.083° N 97.234° W Southwest 55.542° N 99.045° W Southeast 55.379° N 97.489° W 7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map Data were collected over the NSA and SSA of BOREAS, and along a transect between them. 7.1.3 Spatial Resolution Each sounding occupied a finite horizontal distance, which can be ascertained from the location information included in the data. 7.1.4 Projection These data represent point measurements. 7.1.5 Grid Description None. 7.2 Temporal Characteristics 7.2.1 Temporal Coverage Times of data collection are contained in the table below. See Section 5 for flight pattern descriptions. Table of UW King Air Research Flights for BOREAS 1994 Times(UT) Date Start End Hrs Weather Description and comments 940525 1745 2000 2.9 5-10% sct cu CS, 2 rts a-h, 300 agl FS, first a-h with FE 940526 1646 1905 3.0 ci, small % cu GS, full rt, 300 agl 940531 1645 1929 3.6 cu incr 10-40% FS, 300 agl with FT sharp jump Zi PS, using W,E ends FK grid at 200 agl, 2500 and 3400 msl FS, a-d, 300 agl, with FE 940601 1630 1802 2.4 H, ci, cist LS, j-i-h-i-j, 200 agl sct cu < 1% CS, one rt d-a-d, 200 agl 940604 1616 1919 3.8 clr then cu incr CS, mult passes 200 agl, 3000 msl rapidly, end ovc FS, d-a, 200 agl, with FL 940606 1546 1809 3.1 cu < 5% LS, mult h-i-j, 200 agl-2900 msl 940607 1447 1649 4.8 clr entire pattern RT, a-h-k-l-m, 200 agl 1649 1904 clr entire pattern GN, full rt, all 300 agl, EW lines 940608 1520 1742 2.9 clr LN, mult t-o at 200 agl, 2100 msl FN, m-o, 300 agl with FT 940610 1642 1901 3.0 sct ci, K all sky GN, full rt, 200 agl, NS lines 940611 1646 1844 2.6 K, cu to 80%, RW- RT, o-m-l-k-h-a, 200 agl 940720 1656 2044 4.4 H, K, cu 10-50% CS, a-d, 300 agl to 4800 msl (co-ord with FE) FS, two a-d, 300 agl with FE 940721 1652 1905 3.0 clr? GS, full rt, 200 agl, NS lines FS, one run SW of grid with FT 940723 1528 1800 3.2 clr, incr to 20% cu CS, mult a-d at 200 agl, 3500 msl 940724 1655 1943 3.4 clr over site GS, full rt, 200 agl, EW lines 940725 1519 1753 3.2 clr CS, mult a-d at 200 agl, 3000 msl 940726 1628 1832 2.7 K, ci RT, a-h-k-l-m-o, 200 agl 940727 1609 1909 4.3 K, altocu, cu GN, full rt 200 agl, NS lines TN (mult) at radar, 500-1000 agl 940728 1620 1810 2.6 K, ci HN(GN) time-centered m-o, 200 agl, 1800 and 2700 msl 940731 1550 1859 3.7 K, clr above GN 940831 1720 1938 2.9 K, cu <1 to 40% GN, full rt, 200 agl, EW lines 940901 1550 1717 1.9 clr above K FN, rt 200 agl, with FT FN, rt 200 agl, diff TAS than FT LN, o-m-o-m-o, 200 agl 940903 1548 1811 3.0 ci, K, cu 0-10% GN, full rt, 200 agl, EW lines 940906 1605 1833 2.9 cu 20-80% GN, full rt, 200 agl, NS lines 940908 1606 1823 2.8 acu, ci, cist, ci ovc RT, o-m-l-k-h-a, 200 agl 940909 1940 2131 2.7 ci, cist thinning CS, mult 200 agl-2600 msl, with FE FS, 300 agl, with FE 940912 1735 2004 3.6 cu incr 0-30% CS, 3 rts, all 200 agl Test = 3 rt over OA area of CS 940913 1645 1905 3.4 clr, then cist and ci GS, full rt, 200 agl, EW lines Test = wind "L" at 8500 msl 940916 1653 1914 4.8 clr GS, full rt, NS lines, 200 agl 1925 2053 clr then <5% cu CS, d-a mult lvls, with FE FS, second a-d with FE, 600 agl 940917 1712 1902 2.4 clr, thin ci to W FS, one end=a, 200 agl, with FT CS, a-d, two rts, 200 agl Abbreviations used for flight patterns: ID Description (second letter denotes NSA or SSA) CS Candle Lake runs, SSA only, usually along path a-d. FS,FN Flights of two (intercomparison runs), various locns. GS,GN Grid patterns. Sequence of 9 evenly spaced, parallel flight lines, covering a 32-x 32-km square area (King Air), with lines oriented either east-west or north-south. HS,HN Stack patterns LS,LN Transects of intermediate length (e.g., 100 km). PS,PN Budget box pattern (see Betts et al., 1990b). RT Regional transect. For King Air, route used in transit between NSA and SSA. Coincides with Electra RTs. TS,TN Site-specific run at a TF (tower flux) site. Abbreviations used in weather notes in table: cu cumulus st status ci cirrus sct scattered Zi inversion height above ground H haze K smoke cist cirrostratus clr clear ovc overcast RW- light rain showers acu altocumulus Abbreviations in flight descriptions: rt round trip agl above ground level (in feet) msl above mean sea level (in feet) mult multiple TAS true airspeed lvl level wind "L" "L" with one leg parallel to wind direction, flown as at least one round trip. 7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map None. 7.2.3 Temporal Resolution See Section 7.2.1. Also, each archived data entry contains the time for the sounding being summarized. 7.3 Data Characteristics Data characteristics are defined in the companion data definition file (afm2as94.def). 7.4 Sample Data Record Sample data format shown in the companion data definition file (afm2as94.def). 8. Data Organization 8.1 Data Granularity All of the AFM-02 Wyoming King Air 1994 Aircraft Sounding Data are contained in one data set. 8.2 Data Format(s) The data files contain numerical and character fields of varying length separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with single apostrophe marks. There are no spaces between the fields. Sample data format shown in the companion data definition file (afm2as94.def). 9. Data Manipulations 9.1 Formulae None. 9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms None given. 9.2 Data Processing Sequence 9.2.1 Processing Steps 1. AFM-02 processed the data and sent them to BORIS. 2. BORIS staff received the data, made necessary conversions to standard units, and loaded the data into the database. 3. BORIS staff documented the data set and compiled basic statistics about the data. 9.2.2 Processing Changes None. 9.3 Calculations 9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments Time lag between CO2/H2O measurements and gust probe: Due to the geometry of the instrument locations (See Section 4.1.6), there is a significant lag between measurements by the LI-COR device (water vapor and carbon dioxide) and the 3-D winds. Based on instrument placement, external airflow velocities, and internal (sampling tubes) flow velocities, the lag was predicted to be 0.3 sec. In contrast, the distance between the gust probe tip and the Friehe temperature probe caused negligible lag between the temperature and wind measurements. Thus, the lag between the temperature and LI-COR measurements should be equivalent to that between the wind and LICOR measurements. The predicted temperature-LI-COR lag (0.3 sec) was verified by flying the plane several times through the plume from a local power plant, at distances close enough to the source that changes in temperature, water vapor, and CO2 were very abrupt at the plume edges. Thus, prior to any other calculations, the LI-COR data are shifted 0.3 sec, to bring those data in sync with the remainder of the data. 9.3.2 Calculated Variables None given. 9.4 Graphs and Plots None. 10. Errors 10.1 Sources of Error See Section 11.2 for a description of instrument limits. 10.2 Quality Assessment An extensive intercomparison of the BOREAS flux aircraft has been written and published by Dobosy et al. (1997). In that text, King Air measurements, including means and variances of all the flux variables, as well as the fluxes themselves, are compared with corresponding values from the Canadian National Research Council (NRC) Twin Otter and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Electra, for multiple wing-to-wing passes at various times during the 1994 experiment. As of this writing, these comparisons are the best available assessments of the overall data quality for the King Air, at least in comparison with similarly instrumented platforms. 10.2.1 Data Validation by Source None. 10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment The data are considered to be reasonably accurate. See Section 11.2 for description of possible problems. 10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters See table in Section 4.1. 10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments None. 10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center Data were examined for general consistency and clarity. 11. Notes 11.1 Limitations of the Data None given. 11.2 Known Problems with the Data Vertical velocity measurements: Spectral density plots of vertical velocity (w) generally show a fairly well defined inertial subrange, with -5/3 slope out to about 9 Hz, at which point the effects of the anti-aliasing low-pass filter are evident. Many of the w spectral plots do, however, show a slight "bulge" above the -5/3 line in the range 0.1-1 Hz. As of this writing (09-Jul-1996), we believe this is an artifact of the postflight calculations. Examples of these spectra can be seen in Dobosy et al. (1997). High-rate H2O measurements (LI-COR 6262): The LI-COR 6262 response is described by the manufacturer as being a 90% response to step-function changes in concentration in 0.1 s. The combination of this characteristic, any along-flow mixing in the sample tubes, and the anti- aliasing filter is evident in the spectral density plots for H2O mixing ratio. These plots generally show an inertial subrange (slope -5/3) out to about 2 Hz, at which point the response drops sharply. At 2 Hz, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is usually about 20 dB. Implications of this response for the flux calculations are that the H2O fluxes are being resolved only to about 2 Hz (about 40 m for typical research airspeeds). CO2 measurements (LI-COR 6262): The response characteristics for CO2 are generally the same as for H2O, except that the SNR at 2 Hz is usually 10 dB or less. As with CO2, these figures imply that the CO2 fluxes are being resolved only to about 2 Hz (about 40 m for typical research airspeeds). 11.3 Usage Guidance None given. 11.4 Other Relevant Information None. 12. Application of the Data Set This data set can be used to understand the change in CO2 concentration with altitude, which can, in turn be used to infer fluxes. 13. Future Modifications and Plans None given. 14. Software 14.1 Software Description None given. 14.2 Software Access None given. 15. Data Access 15.1 Contact for Data Center/Data Access Information These BOREAS data are available from the Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOS-DIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). The BOREAS contact at ORNL is: ORNL DAAC User Services Oak Ridge National Laboratory (865) 241-3952 ornldaac@ornl.gov ornl@eos.nasa.gov 15.2 Procedures for Obtaining Data BOREAS data may be obtained through the ORNL DAAC World Wide Web site at http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/ or users may place requests for data by telephone, electronic mail, or fax. 15.3 Output Products and Availability Requested data can be provided electronically on the ORNL DAAC's anonymous FTP site or on various media including, CD-ROMs, 8-MM tapes, or diskettes. The complete set of BOREAS data CD-ROMs, entitled "Collected Data of the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study", edited by Newcomer, J., et al., NASA, 1999, are also available. 16. Output Products and Availability 16.1 Tape Products Not applicable. 16.2 Film Products Not applicable. 16.3 Other Products These data are available on the BOREAS CD-ROM series. 17. References 17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation See references listed in Section 17.2. 17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports Baijards, S.A.M. and R.D. Kelly. 1996. Conditional sampling applied to BOREAS aircraft data. Preprints, 22nd Conf. on Agric. and Forest Meteor., 28 Jan. - 2 Feb. 1996, Atlanta, GA. Baijards, S.A.M., S.O. Ogunjemiyo, R.D. Kelly, and P.H. Schuepp. 1996. Preliminary analysis of dual aircraft boundary layer grid flux. Submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research. Betts, A.K., R.L. Desjardins, and J.I. MacPherson. 1990a. Boundary layer heat and moisture budgets from FIFE. AMS Symposium on First ISLSCP Field Experiment (FIFE), 70th AMS Annual Meeting, Feb. 5-9, 1990, Anaheim, CA. Betts, A.K., R.L. Desjardins, J.I. MacPherson, and R.D. Kelly. 1989. Boundary layer heat and moisture budgets. Spring 1989 meeting of Amer. Geophys. Union, May 7-11, 1989, Baltimore. Betts, A.K., R.L. Desjardins, J.I. MacPherson, and R.D. Kelly. 1990b. Boundary- Layer heat and moisture budgets from FIFE. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 50(1-4): 109-138. Dobosy, R.J., T.L. Crawford, J.I. MacPherson, R.L. Desjardins, R.D. Kelly, S.P. Oncley, and D.H. Lenschow. 1997. Intercomparison among four flux aircraft at BOREAS in 1994. Journal of Geophysical Research 102(D24): 29,101-29,111. Kelly, R.D., J.I. MacPherson, R.J. Dobosy, and T.L. Crawford. 1996. BOREAS 1994 intercomparison among three flux aircraft. Preprints, 22nd Conf. on Agric. and Forest Meteor., 28 Jan. - 2 Feb. 1996, Atlanta, GA. Lenschow, D.H. (ed.). 1986. Probing the Atmospheric Boundary Layer, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Boston. McDermott, M.L. and R.D. Kelly. 1995. Fluxes over a heterogeneous forest. Preprints 11th Symposium on Bound. Layers and Turbulence, Charlotte, NC, 27-31 March, 1995. McDermott, M.L. and R.D. Kelly. 1996. Variation of boundary layer fluxes with heterogeneous surface vegetation and seasonal change. Submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research. Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version 1994-3.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 94). Sellers, P., F. Hall, H. Margolis, B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi, G. den Hartog, J. Cihlar, M.G. Ryan, B. Goodison, P. Crill, K.J. Ranson, D. Lettenmaier, and D.E. Wickland. 1995. The boreal ecosystem-atmosphere study (BOREAS): an overview and early results from the 1994 field year. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 76(9):1549-1577. Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1994 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 94). Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version 1996-2.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 96). Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1997. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1996 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 96). Sellers, P.J., F.G. Hall, R.D. Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi, J. Berry, M. Ryan, K.J. Ranson, P.M. Crill, D.P. Lettenmaier, H. Margolis, J. Cihlar, J. Newcomer, D. Fitzjarrald, P.G. Jarvis, S.T. Gower, D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison, D.E. Wickland, and F.E. Guertin. 1997. BOREAS in 1997: Experiment Overview, Scientific Results and Future Directions. Journal of Geophysical Research 102 (D24): 28,731-28,770. 17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation None. 18. Glossary of Terms Abbreviations used in weather notes: cu cumulus st status ci cirrus sct scattered Zi inversion height above ground H haze K smoke cist cirrostratus clr clear ovc overcast RW- light rain showers acu altocumulus Abbreviations in flight descriptions: rt round trip agl above ground level (in feet) msl above mean sea level (in feet) mult multiple TAS true airspeed lvl level wind "L" "L" with one leg parallel to wind direction, flown as at least one round trip. 19. List of Acronyms AFM - Airborne Fluxes and Meteorology ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange BL - atmospheric Boundary Layer BOREAS - BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study BORIS - BOREAS Information System CD-ROM - Compact disk-Read-Only Memory DAAC - Distributed Active Archive Center EOS - Earth Observing System EOSDIS - EOS Data and Information System GMT - Greenwich Mean Time GPS - Global Positioning System GSFC - Goddard Space Flight Center HTML - HyperText Markup Language IFC - Intensive Field Campaign IRS - Inertial Reference System NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration PANP - Prince Albert National Park ORNL - Oak Ridge National Laboratory URL - Uniform Resource Locator NCAR - National Center for Atmospheric Research NRC - National Research Council, Canada NSA - Northern Study Area SA - Study Area SNR - Signal to Noise Ratio SSA - Southern Study Area URL - Uniform Resource Locator 20. Document Information 20.1 Document Revision Date Written: 9-Jul-1996 Last Updated: 20-Jul-1999 20.2 Document Review Date(s) BORIS Review: 30-Jun-1999 Science Review: 20.3 Document ID 20.4 Citation 20.5 Document Curator 20.6 Document URL KEYWORDS -------- CARBON DIOXIDE SOUNDINGS BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY WATER VAPOR AFM02_Sounding.doc 08/21/99