References

AAO-HNS [1983]. Otologic referral criteria for occupational hearing conservation programs. Washington, DC: American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, Inc.

Abel SM, Alberti PW, Riko K [1978]. User fitting of hearing protectors: attenuation results. In: Alberti PW, ed. Personal hearing protection in industry. New York: Raven Press, pp. 315-322.

ACGIH [1995]. 1995-1996 threshold limit values (TLVs) for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices (BEIs). Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

Aniansson G [1974]. Methods for assessing high frequency hearing loss in every-day listening situations. Acta Otolaryngol (Suppl 320):7-50.

ANSI [1969]. American national standard: methods for the calculation of the articulation index. New York: American National Standards Institute, Inc., ANSI S3.5-1969.

ANSI [1974]. American national standard: method for the measurement of real-ear protection of hearing protectors and physical attenuation of ear muffs. New York: American National Standards Institute, Inc., ANSI S3.19-1974; ASA 1-1975.

ANSI [1978]. American national standard: specification for personal noise dosimeters. New York: American National Standards Institute, Inc., ANSI S1.25-1978; ASA 98B1978.

ANSI [1983]. American national standard: specification for sound level meters. New York: American National Standards Institute, Inc., ANSI S1.4-1983; ASA 47-1983.

ANSI [1985]. American national standard: specification for sound level meters, amendment to S1.4B1983. New York: American National Standards Institute, Inc., ANSI S1.4A-1985.

ANSI [1986]. American national standard: specification for octave-band and fractional-octave-band analog and digital filters. New York: American National Standards Institute, Inc., ANSI S1.11-1986; ASA 65-1986.

ANSI [1991a]. American national standard: specification for personal noise dosimeters. New York: American National Standards Institute, Inc., ANSI S1.25-1991; ASA 98-1991.

ANSI [1991b]. American national standard: maximum permissible ambient noise levels for audiometric test rooms. New York: American National Standards Institute, Inc., ANSI S3.1-1991; ASA 99-1991.

ANSI [1991c]. Draft American national standard: evaluating the effectiveness of hearing conservation programs. New York: American National Standards Institute, Inc., Draft ANSI S12.13-1991; ASA 97-1991.

ANSI [1994]. American national standard: acoustical terminology. New York: American National Standards Institute, Inc., ANSI S1.1-1994; ASA 111-1994.

ANSI [1995] American national standard: bioacoustical terminology. New York: American National Standards Institute, Inc., ANSI S3.20-1995; ASA 114-1995.

ANSI [1996a]. American national standard: measurement of occupational noise exposure. New York: American National Standards Institute, Inc., ANSI S12.19-1996.

ANSI [1996b]. American national standard: specification for audiometers. New York: American National Standards Institute, Inc., ANSI S3.6-1996.

ANSI [1996c]. American national standard: determination of occupational noise exposure and estimation of noise-induced hearing impairment. New York: American National Standards Institute, Inc., ANSI S3.44-1996.

ANSI [1997]. American national standard: methods for measuring the real-ear attenuation of hearing protectors. New York: American National Standards Institute, Inc., ANSI S12.6-1997.

AOMA Committee (American Occupational Medical Association's Noise and Hearing Conservation Committee of the Council on Scientific Affairs) [1987]. Guidelines for the conduct of an occupational hearing conservation program. J Occup Med 29(12):981-982.

ASHA Ad Hoc Committee (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association) [1992]. A survey of states' workers' compensation practices for occupational hearing loss. ASHA 34(March, Suppl8):2-8.

ASHA Task Force (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Task Force) [1981]. On the definition of hearing handicap. ASHA 23:293-297.

Atherley G, Johnston N [1981]. Audiometry—the ultimate test of success? Ann Occup Hyg 27(4):427-447.

Atherley GRC [1973]. Noise-induced hearing loss: the energy principle for recurrent impact noise and noise exposure close to the recommended limits. Ann Occup Hyg 16:183-193.

Atherley GRC, Martin AM [1971]. Equivalent-continuous noise level as a measure of injury from impact and impulse noise. Ann Occup Hyg 14:11-28.

Behar A [1985]. Field evaluation of hearing protectors. Noise Control Eng J 24(1):13-18.

Behar A, Plenar R [1984]. Noise exposure—sampling strategy and risk assessment. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 45(2):105-109.

Belli S, Sani L, Scarficcia G, Sorrentino R [1984]. Arterial hypertension and noise: a cross-sectional study. Am J Ind Med 6:59-65.

Berger EH [1980]. EARLOG monographs on hearing and hearing protection: hearing protector performance: how they work—and—what goes wrong in the real world. Indianapolis, IN: Cabot Safety Corporation, EARLOG 5.

Berger EH [1981]. EARLOG monographs on hearing and hearing protection: motivating employees to wear hearing protection devices. Indianapolis, IN: Cabot Safety Corporation, EARLOG 7.

Berger EH [1986]. Hearing protection devices. In: Berger EH, Ward WD, Morrill JC, RoysterLH, eds. Noise and hearing conservation manual. Akron, OH: American Industrial Hygiene Association, pp. 319-382.

Berger EH, Kieper RW [1991]. Measurement of the real-world attenuation of E-A-R Foam^® and UltraFit^® brand earplugs on production employees. Indianapolis, IN: Cabot Safety Corporation, E-A-R 91-30/HP.

Berger EH, Franks JR, Lindgren F [1996]. International review of field studies of hearing protector attenuation. In: Axelsson A, Borchgrevink H, Hamernik RP, Hellstrom P, Henderson D, Salvi RJ, eds. Scientific basis of noise-induced hearing loss. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., pp. 361-377.

Boettcher FA, Henderson D, Gratton MA, Danielson RW, Byrne CD [1987]. Synergistic interactions of noise and other ototraumatic agents. Ear Hear 8(4):192-212.

Bohne BA, Pearse MS [1982]. Cochlear damage from daily exposure to low-frequency noise. St.Louis, MO: Washington University Medical School, Department of Otolaryngology. Unpublished.

Bohne BA, Yohman L, Gruner MM [1987]. Cochlear damage following interrupted exposure to high-frequency noise. Hear Res 29:251-264.

Bohne BA, Zahn SJ, Bozzay DG [1985]. Damage to the cochlea following interrupted exposure to low frequency noise. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 94(2):122-128.

Botsford JH [1967]. Simple method for identifying acceptable noise exposures. J Acous Soc Am 42(4):810-819.

Brogan PA, Anderson RR [1994]. Industrial noise control process. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Hearing Conservation Association, Atlanta, GA, February 17-19.

Brown JJ, Brummett RE, Fox KE [1980]. Combined effects of noise and kanamycin. Cochlear pathology and pharmacology. Arch Otolaryngol 106:744-750.

Brown JJ, Brummett RE, Meikle MB, Vernon J [1978]. Combined effects of noise and neomycin: cochlear changes in the guinea pig. Acta Otolaryngol 86:394-400.

Burns W [1976]. Noise-induced hearing loss: a stocktaking. In: Stephens SDG, ed. Disorders of auditory function II. New York: Academic Press, pp. 9-27.

Burns W, Robinson DW [1970]. Hearing and noise in industry. London: Her Majestys Stationery Office.

Byrne C, Henderson D, Saunders S, Powers N, Farzi F [1988]. Interaction of noise and whole body vibration. In: Manninen O, ed. Recent advances in researches on the combined effects of environmental factors. Tampere, Finland: Py-Paino Oy Printing House.

Byrne D, Monk B [1993]. Evaluating a hearing conservation program: a comparison of the USAEHA method and the ANSI S12.13 method [Abstract]. Spectrum 10 (Suppl 1):19.

Casali JG, Park M [1990]. Attenuation performance of four hearing protectors under dynamic movement and different user fitting conditions. Hum Factors 32(1):9-25.

Casali JG, Park M [1991]. Laboratory versus field attenuation of selected hearing protectors. Sound and Vibration 25(10):26-38.

Ceypek T, Kuzniarz JJ, Lipowczan A [1973]. Hearing loss due to impulse noise: a field study. In: Proceedings of the International Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem, Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Report No.550/9-73-008, pp.219-228.

CFR. Code of Federal regulations. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Office of the Federal Register.

Chung DY, Hardie R, Gannon RP [1983]. The performance of circumaural hearing protectors by dosimetry. J Occup Med 25(9):679-682.

Clark WW, Bohne BA [1978]. Animal model for the 4 kHz tonal dip. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 87(Suppl 57)(No. 4, Part 2):1-16.

Clark WW, Bohne BA [1986]. Cochlear damage: audiometric correlates? In: Collins MJ, GlattkeT, Harker LA, eds. Sensorineural hearing loss: mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press, pp. 59-82.

Clark WW, Bohne BA, Boettcher FA [1987]. Effect of periodic rest on hearing loss and cochlear damage following exposure to noise. J Acous Soc Am 82(4):1253-1264.

Cohen A [1973]. Extra-auditory effects of occupational noise. Part II. Effects on work performance. Natl Saf News 108(3):68-76.

Cohen A [1976]. The influence of a company hearing conservation program on extra-auditory problems in workers. J Saf Res 8(4):146-162.

Coles RR [1980]. Effects of impulse noise on hearingCintroduction. Scand Audiol Suppl 12:11-13.

Coles RR, Rice CG, Martin AM [1973]. Noise-induced hearing loss from impulse noise: present status. In: Proceedings of the International Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem, Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Report No. 550/9-73-008, pp. 211-217.

Crawford DR, Nozza RJ [1981]. Field performance evaluation of wearer-molded ear inserts. Unpublished paper presented at the American Industrial Hygiene Conference, Portland, OR, May29.

CSA [1986]. Procedures for the measurement of occupational noise exposure: a national standard of Canada. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Standards Association.

Delin C [1984]. Noisy work and hypertension. The Lancet 2:931.

Durkt G Jr. [1993]. Field evaluations of hearing protection devices at surface mining environments. Pittsburgh, PA: U.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Administration, IR 1213.

Earshen JJ [1986]. Sound measurement: instrumentation and noise descriptors. In: Berger EH, Ward WD Morrill JC, Royster LH, eds. Noise and hearing conservation manual. Akron, OH: American Industrial Hygiene Association, pp. 38-94.

Edwards RG, Green WW [1987]. Effect of an improved hearing conservation program on earplug performance in the workplace. Noise Control Eng J 28(2):55-90.

Edwards RG, Hauser WP, Moiseev NA, Broderson AB, Green WW [1978]. Effectiveness of earplugs as worn in the workplace. Sound and Vibration 12(1):12-42.

Edwards RG, Hauser WP, Moiseev NA, Broderson AB, Green WW [1979]. A field investigation of noise reduction afforded by insert-type hearing protectors. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 79-115.

Eldred KM, Gannon WJ, Von Gierke HE [1955]. Criteria for short time exposure of personnel to high intensity jet aircraft noise. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH: U.S. Air Force, WADC Technical Note 55-355.

Embleton TFW [1994]. Upper limits on noise in the workplace. Report by the International Institute of Noise Control Engineering Working Party. Noise/News Int 2(4):230-237.

EPA [1973]. Public health and welfare criteria for noise. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Report No. 550/9-73-002.

EPA [1974]. Information on levels of environmental noise requisite to protect public health and welfare with an adequate margin of safety. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Report No. 550/9-74-004.

EPA [1981]. Noise in America: the extent of the noise problem. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Report No. 550/9-81-101.

Fechter LD, Young JSY, Carlisle L [1988]. Potentiation of noise induced threshold shifts and hair cell loss. Hear Res 34:39-48.

34 Fed. Reg. 790 [1969a]. Bureau of Labor Standards: occupational noise exposure.

34 Fed. Reg. 7948 [1969b]. Bureau of Labor Standards: occupational noise exposure.

39 Fed. Reg. 37773 [1974a]. Occupational Safety and Health Administration: occupational noise exposure; proposed requirements and procedures. (Codified at 29 CFR 1910.)

39 Fed. Reg. 43802 [1974b]. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: proposed OSHA occupational noiseexposure regulation; request for review and report.

40 Fed. Reg. 12336 [1975]. Occupational Safety and Health Administration: occupational noise exposure—review and report requested by EPA.

46 Fed. Reg. 4078 [1981a]. U.S. Department of Labor: occupational noise exposure; hearing conservation amendment; final rule. (Codified at 29 CFR 1910.)

46 Fed. Reg. 4135 [1981b]. U.S. Department of Labor: occupational noise exposure; hearing conservationamendment; final rule. (Codified at 29 CFR 1910.)

48 Fed. Reg. 9738 [1983]. U.S. Department of Labor: occupational noise exposure; hearing conservation amendment; final rule. (Codified at 29 CFR 1910.)

Fleming RM [1980]. A new procedure for field testing of earplugs for occupational noise reduction [Dissertation]. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, School of Public Health.

Franks JR, Berger EH [in press]. Hearing protection—personal protection—overview and philosophy of personal protection. In: ILO Encyclopaedia of occupational safety and health. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Organization.

Franks JR, Morata TC [1996]. Ototoxic effects of chemicals alone or in concert with noise: areview of human studies. In: Axelsson A, Borchgrevink HM, Hamernik RP, Hellstrm PA, Henderson D, Salvi RJ, eds. Scientific basis of noise-induced hearing loss. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.

Franks JR, Davis RR, Krieg EF Jr. [1989]. Analysis of a hearing conservation program data base: factors other than workplace noise. Ear Hear 10(5):273-280.

Gannon RP, Tso SS, Chung DY [1979]. Interaction of kanamycin and noise exposure. JLaryngol Otol 93:341-347.

Gasaway DC [1985]. Documentation: the weak link in audiometric monitoring programs. Occup Health Saf 54(1):28-33.

Glorig A, Ward WD, Nixon J [1961]. Damage risk criteria and noise-induced hearing loss. Arch Otolaryngol 74:413-423.

Guberan E, Fernandez J, Cardinet J, Terrier G [1971]. Hazardous exposure to industrial impact noise. Ann Occup Hyg 14:345-350.

Haag WM Jr. [1988a]. Engineering source controls can reduce worker exposure to noise. Occup Health Saf 57(4):31-33.

Haag WM Jr. [1988b]. Purchasing power. Appl Ind Hyg 3(9):F22-F23.

Hachey GA, Roberts JT [1983]. Real world effectiveness of hearing protection [Abstract]. Philadelphia, PA: American Industrial Hygiene Conference, May 1983.

Hamernik RP, Henderson D [1976]. The potentiation of noise by other ototraumatic agents. In: Henderson D, Hamernik RP, Dosanjh DS, Mills JH, eds. Effects of noise on hearing. New York: Raven Press, pp. 291-307.

Hamernik RP, Henderson D, Coling D, Slepecky N [1980]. The interaction of whole body vibration and impulse noise. J Acous Soc Am 67(3):928-934.

Hamernik RP, Henderson D, Crossley JJ, Salvi RJ [1974]. Interaction of continuous and impulse noise: audiometric and histological effects. J Acous Soc Am 55(1):117-121.

Hamernik RP, Henderson D, Salvi R [1981]. Potential for interaction of low-level impulse and continuous noise. Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH: U.S. Air Force Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Report No. AFAMRL-TR-80-68.

Harris CM, ed. [1991]. Handbook of acoustical measurements and noise control. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.

Hawkins NC, Norwood SK, Rock JC, eds. [1991]. A strategy for occupational exposure assessment. Akron, OH: American Industrial Hygiene Association.

Helmkamp JC, Talbott EO, Margolis H [1984]. Occupational noise exposure and hearing loss characteristics of a blue-collar population. J Occup Med 26(12):885-891.

Helmkamp JS [1986]. Why workers do not use hearing protection. Occ Health Saf 55(10):52.

Hempstock TI, Hill E [1990]. The attenuations of some hearing protectors as used in the workplace. Ann Occup Hyg 34(5):453-470.

Henderson D, Hamernik RP [1986]. Impulse noise: critical review. J Acous Soc Am 80(2):569-584.

Henderson D, Subramaniam M, Gratton, MA, Saunders SS [1991]. Impact noise: the importance of level, duration, and repetition rate. J Acous Soc Am 89(3):1350-1357.

Henry SD [1992]. Characterizing TWA noise exposures using statistical analysis and normality. Unpublished paper presented at the 1992 Hearing Conservation Conference, Lexington, KY, April 1-4.

Hétu R [1979]. Critical analysis of the effectiveness of secondary prevention of occupational hearing loss. J Occup Med 21(4):251-254.

Hétu R [1982]. Temporary threshold shift and the time pattern of noise exposure. Can Acous 10:36-44.

Holmgren G, Johnsson L, Kylin B, Linde O [1971]. Noise and hearing of a population of forest workers. In: Robinson DW, ed. Occupational hearing loss. London: Academic Press.

Humes LE [1984]. Noise-induced hearing loss as influenced by other agents and by some physical characteristics of the individual. J Acous Soc Am 76(5):1318-1329.

INRS (Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité) [1978]. Etude des risques auditifs auxquels sont soumis les salaries agricoles en exploitations forestières et en scieries. Vandoeuvre, France: Compte rendu d'´etude No. 325-B.

Intersociety Committee [1970]. Guidelines for noise exposure control. J Occup Med 12(1):276-281.

ISO (International Organization for Standardization) [1961]. Acoustics—draft proposal for noise rating numbers with respect to conservation of hearing, speech communication, and annoyance. Geneva, Switzerland: Reference No. ISO/TC 43 #219.

ISO (International Organization for Standardization) [1971]. Acoustics—assessment of occupational noise exposure for hearing conservation purposes. 1st ed. Geneva, Switzerland: Reference No. ISO/R 1999 1971(E).

ISO (International Organization for Standardization) [1990]. Acoustics—determination of occupational noise exposure and estimation of noise-induced hearing impairment. 2nd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: Reference No. ISO 1999 1990(E).

Johansson B, Kylin B, Reopstorff S [1973]. Evaluation of the hearing damage risk from intermittent noise according to the ISO recommendations. In: Proceedings of the International Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem, Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Report No. 550/9-73-008.

Johnson A, Juntunen L, Nylén P, Borg E, Höglund G [1988]. Effect of interaction between noise and toluene on auditory function in the rat. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 105:56-63.

Johnson DL [1973]. Prediction of NIPTS due to continuous noise exposure. Joint EPA/Air Force study. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH: U.S. Air Force Aerospace Research Laboratory, Report No. AMRL-TR-73-91.

Johnson DL, March AH, Harris CM [1991]. Acoustical measurement instruments. In: Harris CM, ed. Handbook of acoustical measurements and noise control. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.

Johnson DL, Nixon CW, Stephenson MR [1976]. Long-duration exposure to intermittent noises. Aviat Space Environ Med 47(9):987-990.

Jonsson A, Hansson L [1977]. Prolonged exposure to a stressful stimulus (noise) as a cause of raised blood pressure in man. The Lancet 1:86-87.

Kryter KD, Ward WD, Miller JD, Eldredge DH [1966]. Hazardous exposure to intermittent and steady-state noise. J Acous Soc Am 39:451-464.

Kuhn GF, Guernsey RM [1983]. Sound pressure distribution about the human head and torso. JAcous Soc Am 73(1):95-105.

Kuzniarz JJ [1973]. Hearing loss and speech intelligibility in noise. In: Proceedings of the International Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem, Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Report No. 550/9-73-008.

Kuzniarz JJ, Swierczynski Z, Lipowczan A [1976]. Impulse noise induced hearing loss in industry and the energy concept: a field study. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Disorders of Auditory Function. Southampton. London: Academic Press.

Lees REM, Roberts JH [1979]. Noise-induced hearing loss and blood pressure. CMAJ 120(5):1082-1084.

Lempert BL [1984]. Compendium of hearing protection devices. Sound and Vibration 18(5):26-39.

Lempert BL, Edwards RG [1983]. Field investigations of noise reduction afforded by insert-type hearing protectors. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 44(2):894-902.

Lempert BL, Henderson TL [1973]. Occupational noise and hearing, 1968 to 1972: a NIOSH study. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

Lusk SL, Ronis DL, Baer LM [1995]. A comparison of multiple indicators. Observations, supervisor report, and self-report as measures of workers' hearing protection use. Eval Health Prof 18(1):51-63.

Lusk SL, Ronis DL, Kerr MJ, Atwood JR [1993]. Test of the health promotion model as a causal model of workers use of hearing protection. Nursing Res 43(3):151-157.

Malchaire JB, Mullier M [1979]. Occupational exposure to noise and hypertension: aretrospective study. Ann Occup Hyg 22:63-66.

Manninen O, Aro S [1979]. Noise-induced hearing loss and blood pressure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 42:251-256.

Melnick W [1984]. Evaluation of industrial hearing conservation programs: a review and analysis. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 45(7):459-467.

Mendez AM, Salazar EB, Bontti HG [1986]. Attenuation measurements of hearing protectors in workplace. Argentina: Laboratorio de Acústica y Luminotecnia C.I.C.

Merry CJ [1995]. Instilling a safety culture in the workplace. In: Proceedings of the National Hearing Conservation Association Conference III/XX, Cincinnati, OH, March 22-25.

Merry CJ [1996]. The role of expectancies in workers' compliance with a hearing loss prevention program. In: Proceedings of the National Hearing Conservation Association Meeting, San Francisco, CA, February 22-24.

Michael K [1997]. A field monitoring system for insert-type hearing protectors. Poster presented at the National Hearing Conservation Association Meeting, Orlando, FL, February 20-22.

Moll van Charante AW, Mulder PGH [1990]. Perceptual acuity and the risk of industrial accidents. Am J Epidemiol 131(4):652-663.

Morata TC, Dunn DE, Kretschmer LW, Lemasters GK, Keith RW [1993]. Effects of occupational exposure to organic solvents and noise on hearing. Scand J Work Environ Health 19(4):245-254.

Morrill JC [1986]. Hearing measurement. In: Berger EH, Ward WD, Morrill JC, Royster LH, eds. Noise and hearing conservation manual. Akron, OH: American Industrial Hygiene Association.

Morrill JC, Sterrett ML [1981]. Quality controls for audiometric testing. Occup Health Saf 50 (8):26-33.

NHCA [1987]. Occupational hearing conservationist training guidelines. Des Moines, IA: National Hearing Conservation Association, pp.119-122.

Nilsson R, Lidén G, Sandén Å [1977]. Noise exposure and hearing impairment in the shipbuilding industry. Scand Audiol 6:59-68.

NIOSH [1972]. NIOSH criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to noise. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Health Services and Mental Health Administration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. HSM 73-11001.

NIOSH [1973]. The industrial environment—its evaluation and control. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, pp. 533-562.

NIOSH [1975]. Compendium of materials for noise control. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 75-165.

NIOSH [1976]. Survey of hearing loss in the coal mining industry. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-172.

NIOSH [1977]. Occupational exposure sampling strategy manual. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 77-173.

NIOSH [1982]. Health hazard evaluation report: Newburgh Fire Department, Newburgh, NY. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, HETA 81-059-1045.

NIOSH [1988a]. National occupational exposure survey (NOES), field guidelines. Vol.I. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 88-106.

NIOSH [1988b]. National occupational exposure survey (NOES), analysis of management interview responses. Vol. III. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 89-103.

NIOSH [1990]. National occupational exposure survey (NOES), sampling methodology. Vol II. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 89-102.

NIOSH [1994]. The NIOSH compendium of hearing protection devices. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 95-105.

NIOSH [1996]. Preventing occupational hearing loss—a practical guide. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 96-110.

Nixon CW, Berger EH [1991]. Hearing protection devices. In: Harris CM, ed. Handbook of acoustical measurements and noise control. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., pp.21.1-21.24.

Noweir MH [1984]. Noise exposure as related to productivity, disciplinary actions, absenteeism, and accidents among textile workers. J Saf Res 15(4):163-174.

Öhrström E, Björkman M, Rylander R [1988]. Noise annoyance with regard to neurophysiological sensitivity, subjective noise sensitivity and personality variables. Psychol Med 18:605-613.

OMB [1987]. Standard industrial classification manual. Washington, DC: Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget.

OSHA [1983]. CPL 2-2.35A-29 CFR 1910.95(b)(1), Guidelines for noise enforcement; AppendixA. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, OSHA Directive No. CPL 2-2.35A (December 19, 1983).

Ostergaard PB [1986]. Physics of sound. In: Berger EH, Ward WD, Morrill JC, Royster LH, eds. Noise and hearing conservation manual. Akron, OH: American Industrial Hygiene Association.

Padilla M [1976]. Ear plug performance in industrial field conditions. Sound and Vibration 10(5):33-36.

Parvizpoor D [1976]. Noise exposure and prevalence of high blood pressure among weavers in Iran. J Occup Med 18(11):730-731.

Passchier-Vermeer W [1968]. Hearing loss due to exposure to steady-state broadband noise. Delft, Netherlands: Research Institute for Public Health Engineering, Report 35.

Passchier-Vermeer W [1971]. Steady-state and fluctuating noise: its effect on the hearing of people. In: Robinson DW, ed. Occupational hearing loss. New York: Academic Press.

Passchier-Vermeer W [1973]. Noise-induced hearing loss from exposure to intermittent and varying noise. In: Proceedings of the International Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem, Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Report No. 550/9-73-008.

Pekkarinen J [1987]. Industrial impulse noise, crest factor and the effects of earmuffs. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 48(10):861-866.

Pekkarinen J [1989]. Exposure to impulse noise, hearing protection and combined risk factors in the development of sensory neural hearing loss. Kuopio, Finland: University of Kuopio.

Pell S [1972]. An evaluation of a hearing conservation program. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 33(1):60-70.

Pfeiffer BH, Kuhn HD, Specht U, Knipfer C [1989]. Sound attenuation by hearing protectors in the real world. Sankt Augustin, Germany: Berufsgenossenschaftliches Institut für Arbeitssicherheit, BIA Report 5/89.

Phaneuf R, Hétu R, Hanley JA [1985]. A Bayesian approach for predicting judged hearing disability. Am J Ind Med 7(4):343-352.

Prince MM, Stayner LT, Smith RJ, Gilbert SJ [1997]. A re-examination of risk estimates from the NIOSH Occupational Noise and Hearing Survey (ONHS). J Acous Soc Am 101(2):950-963.

Pryor G, Dickinson J, Howd RA, Rebert CS [1983]. Transient cognitive deficits and high-frequency hearing loss in weanling rats exposed to toluene. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 5:53-57.

Rebert CS, Sorenson SS, Howd RA, Pryor GT [1983]. Toluene-induced hearing loss in rats evidenced by the brainstem auditory-evoked response. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 5:59-62.

Regan DE [1975]. Real ear attenuation of personal ear protective devices worn in industry [Thesis]. Kent, OH: Kent State University.

Rink T [1989]. Clinical review of patterns from 300,000 industrial audiograms. Paper presented at the 1989 Industrial Hearing Conservation Conference, Lexington, KY, April 12-14.

Robinson DW [1968]. The relationships between hearing loss and noise exposure. Teddington, United Kingdom: National Physical Laboratory, NPL Aero Report Ac 32.

Royster JD [1992]. Evaluation of different criteria for significant threshold shift in occupational hearing conservation programs. Raleigh, NC: Environmental Noise Consultants, Inc., NTIS No. PB93-159143.

Royster JD [1996]. Evaluation of additional criteria for significant threshold shift in occupational hearing conservation programs. Raleigh, NC: Environmental Noise Consultants, Inc., NTIS No. PB97-104392.

Royster JD, Royster LH [1990]. Hearing conservation programs: practical guidelines for success. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers, pp. 73-75.

Royster JD, Berger EH, Merry CJ, Nixon CW, Franks JR, Behar A, Casali JG, Dixon-Ernst C, Kieper RW, Mozo BT, Ohlin D, Royster LH [1996]. Development of a new standard laboratory protocol for estimating the field attenuation of hearing protection devices. Part I. Research of Working Group 11, Accredited Standards Committee S12, noise. J Acous Soc Am 99(3):1506-1526.

Royster LH, Royster JD [1986]. Education and motivation. In: Berger EH, Morrill JC, Ward WD, Royster LH, eds. Noise and hearing conservation manual. Akron, OH: American Industrial Hygiene Association, pp. 383-416.

Royster LH, Berger EH, Royster JD [1986]. Noise surveys and data analysis. In: Berger EH, Ward WD, Morrill JC, Royster LH, eds. Noise and hearing conservation manual. Akron, OH: American Industrial Hygiene Association.

Royster LH, Royster JD, Gecich TF [1984]. An evaluation of the effectiveness of three hearing protective devices at an industrial facility with a TWA of 107 dB. J Acous Soc Am 76(2):485-497.

Rybak LP [1992]. Hearing: the effects of chemicals. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 106:677-686.

Sataloff J, Vassallo L, Menduke H [1969]. Hearing loss from exposure to interrupted noise. Arch Environ Health 18:972-981.

Schmidt JAW, Royster LH, Pearson RG [1980]. Impact of an industrial hearing conservation program on occupational injuries for males and females [Abstract]. J Acous Soc Am 67:S59.

Schwarzer R [1992]. Self-efficacy: thought control of action. Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation.

Shaw EAG [1985]. Occupational noise exposure and noise-induced hearing loss: scientific issues, technical arguments and practical recommendations. APS 707. Report prepared for the Special Advisory Committee on the Ontario Noise Regulation. NRCC/CNRC No. 25051. National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Simpson TH, Berninger S [1992]. Comparison of short- and long-term sampling strategies for fractional assessment of noise exposure. Unpublished paper presented at the Hearing Conservation Conference, Cincinnati, OH, April 3.

Simpson TH, Stewart M, Kaltenback JA [1994]. Early indicators of hearing conservation program performance. J Am Acad Audiol 5:300-306.

Singh AP, Rai RM, Bhatia MR, Nayar HS [1982]. Effect of chronic and acute exposure to noise on physiological functions in man. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 50:169-174.

Smoorenburg GF [1990]. Hearing handicap assessment for speech perception using pure tone audiometry. In: Berglund B, Lindvall T, eds. Noise as a public health problem. Vol. 4. Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish Council for Building Research.

Smoorenburg GF, ten Raa BH, Mimpen AM [1986]. Real-world attenuation of hearing protectors. Soesterberg, Netherlands: TNO Institute for Perception.

Starck J, Pekkarinen J [1987]. Industrial impulse noise: crest factor as an additional parameter in exposure measurements. Appl Acous 20:263-274.

Starck J, Pekkarinen J, Pyykk I [1988]. Impulse noise and hand-arm vibration in relation to sensory neural hearing loss. Scand J Work Environ Health 14:265-271.

Stephenson MR [1995]. Noise exposure characterization via task based analysis. Paper presented at the Hearing Conservation Conference III/XX, Cincinnati, OH, March 22-25.

Stephenson MR [1996]. Empowering the worker to prevent hearing loss: the role of education and training. In: Proceedings of the National Hearing Conservation Association Meeting, San Francisco, CA, February 22-24.

Stephenson MR, Nixon CW, Johnson DL [1980]. Identification of the minimum noise level capable of producing an asymptotic temporary threshold shift. Aviat Space Environ Med 51(4):391-396.

Stepkin R [1993]. Diagnostics in industry: a professional approach to loss prevention. Paper presented at the 19th Annual Meeting of the National Hearing Conservation Association, Albuquerque, NM, February 18-20.

Sulkowski WJ, Kowalska S, Lipowczan A [1983]. Hearing loss in weavers and drop-forge hammermen: comparative study on the effects of steady-state and impulse noise. In: Rossi G, ed. Proceedings of the International Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem. Milan, Italy: Centro Ricerche e Studi Amplifon.

Sulkowski WJ, Lipowczan A [1982]. Impulse noise-induced hearing loss in drop forge operators and the energy concept. Noise Control Eng 18:24-29.

Suter AH [1978]. The ability of mildly hearing-impaired individuals to discriminate speech in noise. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Report No. 550/9-78-100.

Suter AH [1986]. Hearing conservation. In: Berger EH, Morrill JC, Ward WD, Royster LH, eds. Noise and hearing conservation manual. Akron, OH: American Industrial Hygiene Association, pp. 1-18.

Suter AH [1989]. The effects of noise on performance. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory. Technical Memorandum 3-89.

Suter AH [1992a]. The relationship of the exchange rate to noise-induced hearing loss. Cincinnati, OH: Alice Suter and Associates, NTIS No. PB93-118610.

Suter AH [1992b]. ASHA monographs on communication and job performance in noise: a review. Rockville, MD: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Monograph No. 28, pp. 53-78.

Takala J, Varke S, Vaheri E, Sievers K [1977]. Noise and blood pressure. The Lancet 1:974-975.

Talbott E, Findlay R, Kuller L, Lenkner L, Matthews K, Day R, Ishii EK [1990]. Noise-induced hearing loss: a possible marker for high blood pressure in older noise-exposed populations. J Occup Med 32 (8):685-689.

Talbott E, Helmkamp J, Matthews K, Kuller L, Cottington E, Redmond G [1985]. Occupational noise exposure, noise-induced hearing loss and the epidemiology of high blood pressure. Am J Epidemiol 121 (4):501-514.

Taylor SM [1984]. A path model of aircraft noise annoyance. Sound and Vibration 96(2):243-260.

Taylor SM, Lempert B, Pelmear P, Hemstock I, Kershaw J [1984]. Noise levels and hearing thresholds in the drop forging industry. J Acous Soc Am 76(3):807-819.

Thiery L, Meyer-Bisch C [1988]. Hearing loss due to partly impulsive industrial noise exposure at levels between 87 and 90 dB(A). J Acous Soc Am 84(2):651-659.

U.S. Air Force [1956]. Hazardous noise exposure. Washington, DC: U.S. Air Force, Office of the Surgeon General, AF Regulation 160-3.

U.S. Air Force [1973]. Hazardous noise exposure. Washington, DC: U.S. Air Force, Office of the Surgeon General, AF Regulation 161-35.

U.S. Air Force [1993]. Hazardous noise program. Washington, DC: U.S. Air Force, AFOSH Standard 48-19.

U.S. Army [1994]. Memorandum (Army hearing conservation program policy) of June 24, 1994, from Frederick J. Erdtmann, Deputy Director, Professional Services, Department of the Army, Office of the Surgeon General, Falls Church, VA, for the Surgeon General Distribution List.

USC. United States code. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Verbeek JHAM, van Dijk FJH, de Vries FF [1987]. Non-auditory effects of noise in industry. IV.A field study on industrial noise and blood pressure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 59:51-54.

Voigt P, Godenhielm B, Ostlund E [1980]. Impulse noise—measurement and assessment of the risk of noise induced hearing loss. Scand Audiol Suppl 12:319-325.

von Gierke HE, Robinson D, Karmy SJ [1981]. Results of the workshop on impulse noise and auditory hazard. Southampton, United Kingdom: University of Southampton, Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, ISVR Memorandum 618.

Ward WD, ed. [1968]. Proposed damage-risk criterion for impulse noise (gunfire) (U). Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council Committee on Hearing, Bioacoustics, and Biomechanics

Ward WD [1970]. Temporary threshold shift and damage-risk criteria for intermittent noise exposures. J Acous Soc Am 48:561-574.

Ward WD [1980]. Noise-induced hearing loss: research since 1973. In: Tobias JV, Jansen G, Ward WD, eds. Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem. Rockville, MD: American Speech-Language Hearing Assoc, ASHA Report 10.

Ward WD [1986]. Auditory effects of noise. In: Berger EH, Ward WD, Morrill JC, Royster LH, eds. Noise and hearing conservation manual. Akron, OH: American Industrial Hygiene Association.

Ward WD, Nelson DA [1971]. On the equal-energy hypothesis relative to damage-risk criteria in the chinchilla. In: Robinson DW, ed. Occupational hearing loss. London: Academic Press.

Ward WD, Turner CW [1982]. The total energy concept as a unifying approach to the prediction of noise trauma and its application to exposure criteria. In: Hamernik RP, Henderson D, Salvi R, eds. New perspectives on noise-induced hearing loss. New York: Raven Press.

Ward WD, Turner CW, Fabry DA [1982]. Intermittence and the total energy hypothesis. Paper presented at the 104th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Rochester NY, November 11.

Ward WD, Turner CW, Fabry DA [1983]. The total-energy and equal-energy principles in the chinchilla. Poster contribution to the Fourth International Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem, Turin, Italy.

Wilkins PA, Acton WI [1982]. Noise and accidents—a review. Ann Occup Hyg 25:249-260.

Wu TN, Ko YC, Chang PY [1987]. Study of noise exposure and high blood pressure in shipyard workers. Am J Ind Med 12:431-438.

Yeager DM, Marsh AH [1991]. Sound levels and their measurement. In: Harris CM, ed. Handbook of acoustical measurements and noise control. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.

Young SY, Upchurch MB, Kaufman MJ, Fechter LD [1987]. Carbon monoxide exposure potentiates high-frequency auditory threshold shifts induced by noise. Hear Res 26:37-43.