Catalogue Query Results
Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccus ulmi Linnaeus, 1758: 455. Type data: on Ulmus campestris. Unknown type status. Described: female. Notes: Types presumed lost.
Coccus berberidis Schrank, 1801: 146. Type data: on "barberry". Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1932f: 199. Notes: Types presumed lost.
Coccus amygdali Schrank, 1801: 147. Type data: GERMANY: on "peach". Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1932f: 201.
Diaspis linearis; Costa, 1829: 21-22. Described: female. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1966: 44.
Aspidiotus conchiformis Curtis, 1843: 735-736. Type data: UNITED KINGDOM: England, on apple and pear trees. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Melbourne: National Museum of Victoria, Victoria, Australia. Described: female.
Aspidiotus falciformis Baerensprung, 1849: 168. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin, on fruit trees. Unknown type status female. Described: female. Synonymy by Morgan, 1890a: 226-228. Notes: Type material presumed lost.
Aspidiotus pomorum Bouché, 1851: 110. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin, on Cornus sp. and other fruit trees. Unknown type status. Described: female. Synonymy by Cockerell, 1899j: 275. Notes: Types presumed lost.
Aspidiotus conchiformis; Fitch, 1855: 735-742. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1966: 45.
Aspidiotus juglandis Fitch, 1855: 739. Type data: UNITED STATES: New York, on Ribes floridum. Synonymy by Morgan, 1890a: 226-228.
Mytilococcus communis Amerling, 1858a: 103. Type data: CZECHOSLOVAKIA: Prague. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1936: 148. Notes: Borchsenius (1966) treats Mytilococcus communis Amerling as an incertae sedis. Type material presumed lost.
Lepidosaphes conchiformis; Shimer, 1868: 373. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1966: 45.
Mytilaspis juglandis; Signoret, 1870: 95. Change of combination.
Mytilaspis pomorum; Signoret, 1870: 98. Change of combination.
Mytilaspis pomicorticis Riley, 1873: 73-74. Type data: UNITED STATES: Missouri, on apple. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Balachowsky, 1954e: 37.
Mytilaspis ulmicorticis Riley, 1874: 246. Type data: UNITED STATES: Iowa, on "red elm". Unknown type status. Described: female. Synonymy by Balachowsky, 1954e: 37.
Aspidious fraxini Altum, 1882: 364-365. Type data: EUROPE:. Syntypes. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 315. Notes: Types presumed lost.
Mytilaspis vitis Goethe, 1884: 118. Type data: GERMANY: Reine. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1928: 107. Notes: Whereabouts of type material unknown.
Mytilaspis ulicis Douglas, 1886: 249-250. Type data: UNITED KINGDOM: England, Blackheath, on Ulex europaeus, 14/12/188?. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Boratynski & Williams, 1964: 104.
Aspidiotus pyrus-malus Cockerell, 1894: 33. Nomen nudum; discovered by Cockerell, 1894: 33. Notes: Cockerell lists this name as authored by "Kenn." Fernald (1903b) gives the author as Kennicott, 1854, but we have been unable to track down any descriptions or publications by Kennicott and so here consider the name to be a placed nomen nudum.
Mytilaspis ceratoniae Gennadius, 1895: cclxxvii. Type data: CYPRUS: on "Caroubier". Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Synonymy by Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1937: 180.
Mytilaspis ulmi; Cockerell, 1899j: 275. Change of combination.
Mytilaspis pomorum candidus Newstead, 1901a: 82. Type data: UNITED KINGDOM: England, Sussex, Petworth, Halfway Bridge, on "Hawthorn," by E.E. Green. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Boratynski & Williams, 1964: 104.
Mytilaspis pomorum ulicis; Newstead, 1901b: 200-201. Change of status.
Lepidosaphes pomorum; Kirkaldy, 1902: 111. Change of combination.
Lepidosaphes ceratoniae; Fernald, 1903b: 307. Change of combination.
Lepidosaphes juglandis; Fernald, 1903b: 310. Change of combination.
Lepidosaphes ulmi candida; Fernald, 1903b: 317. Change of combination.
Lepidosaphes ulmi ulicis; Fernald, 1903b: 317. Change of combination and rank.
Lepidosaphes ulmi vitis; Fernald, 1903b: 317. Change of combination and rank.
Mytilaspis (Lepidosaphes) bicolor Newstead, 1906: 72. Type data: EGYPT: Cairo, Gizeh, on unknown host, by F. Willcocks. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2002a: 156. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: male. Synonymy by Williams, 2002a: 156. Notes: Although Hall (1923) thought that Newstead's material was never described and probably lost in a fire and Borchsenius (1966) treated Lepidosaphes bicolor as incertae sedis, Williams (2002a) found original slides in the BMNH and determined that Mytilaspis (Lepidosaphes) bicolor was a junior synonym of L. ulmi. Additionally, part of the original Newstead material described is a misidentification of Salicicola kermanensis (Williams, 2002a).
Mytilaspis (Lepidosaphes) pomorum; Lindinger, 1907: 6. Change of combination.
Mytilaspis pomorum vitis; Newstead, 1907a: 10. Change of status.
Lepidosaphes beckii oleae Leonardi, 1908a: 190-191. Type data: SICILY: on Olea sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento di Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Balachowsky, 1954e: 40.
Lepidosaphes ulmi; Girault, 1909: 357. Change of combination.
Lepidosaphes bicolor; Sanders, 1909a: 57. Change of combination.
Lepidosaphes pinniformis; Lindinger, 1912b: 228. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1966: 44.
Lepidosaphes pinnaeformis oleae; Leonardi, 1920: 157. Change of status.
Lepidosaphes (Mytilaspis) ulmi; Hall, 1922: 39. Change of combination.
Lepidosaphes vulva Nel, 1933: 441, 443. Nomen nudum; discovered by Lindinger, 1936b: 286.
Lepidosaphes ulmi unisexualis Thiem, 1933a: 640. Type data: GERMANY: on Rosa sp., Cydonia vulgaris, Pyrus communis, Sorbus aucuparia, S. torminalis, S. intermedia, Malus sp. and Cotoneaster lucida. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Schmutterer, 1952: 576. Notes: Type depository unknown.
Lepidosaphes ulmi bisexualis Thiem, 1933a: 641-642. Type data: GERMANY: Naumburg; Kösen, Rothenstein, on Betula sp., Corylus avellana, Fagus silvatica, Quercus spp., Buxus sempervirens, Acer spp., Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Balachowsky, 1954e: 37. Notes: Type depository unknown.
Lepidosaphes ulmi cotini Koroneos, 1934: 61-64. Type data: GREECE: Promyri, Arghalasti, on Cotinus coggygria. Unknown type status. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1936: 159. Notes: Whereabouts of type material unknown.
Lepidosaphes ulmi oleae Koroneos, 1934: 64-65. Type data: GREECE: Méghara and Spata, on Olea europaea. Unknown type status. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1936: 159. Notes: Type depository unknown.
Lepidosaphes ulmi rosae Koroneos, 1934: 65-67. Type data: GREECE: Volos, on Platanus orientalis and Rosa spp.; Edipsos-Bain, on Pyrus amygdaliformis; Melissiatika, on Pyrus communis. Unknown type status. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1936: 159. Notes: Whereabouts of type material unknown.
Lepidosaphes linearis; Lindinger, 1936: 149. Change of combination.
Mytilococcus saliceti; Lindinger, 1936: 149. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1966: 46.
Coccus conchiformis; Ferris, 1936: 22, 65. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1966: 44.
Mytilococcus ulmi; Lindinger, 1936a: 444. Change of combination.
Mytilococcus oleae; Lupo, 1939: 72, 86. Change of combination.
Aspidiotus saliceti; Ferris, 1941e: 48. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1966: 46.
Lepidosaphes fici Lindinger, 1954: 617. Nomen nudum. Notes: Lindinger (1954) lists "Lepidosaphes fici Condit." as a junior synonym of Mytilococcus linearis (Costa), which is in turn now considered a junior synonym of L. ulmi. We are unable to determine who described this species and thus consider it a nomen nudum.
Mytilococcus linearis; Lindinger, 1954: 617. Change of combination.
Lepidosaphes oleae; Balachowsky, 1954e: 40. Change of combination.
Lepidosaphes tiliae Savescu, 1955: 915-920. Type data: ROMANIA: Bucharest, on Tilia europaea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 1993: 252.
Lepidosaphes populi Savescu, 1955: 915-925. Type data: ROMANIA: Ploesti, Valenii de Munte, on Populus pyramidalis, P. tremula, Salix viminalis, Fraxinus excelsior, Robinia pseudocacia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 1993: 252.
Mytilococcus ulmi; Monti, 1956: 154-164. Change of combination.
Lepidosaphes mesasiatica Borchsenius, 1962: 861. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Chimaent Oblast, Dzhambul, on Persica sp., 07/09/1939, by N. Borchsenius; UZEBEKISTAN: Denau, on Salix sp., 2/06/1944; Tashkent on Populus sp., 16/09/1961; TAJIKISTAN: Dushanbe, on Malus sp., 09/09/1939. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 1993: 252.
Mytilaspis fraxini; Borchsenius, 1966: 373. Change of combination. Notes: Borchsenius (1966) treats Lepidosaphes fraxini as an incertae sedis.
Mytilococcus populi; Zahradník, 1972: 426. Change of combination.
Mytilococcus tiliae; Zahradník, 1972: 426. Change of combination.
Lepidosaphes (Lepidosaphes) ulmi; Danzig, 1980b: 302. Change of combination.
COMMON NAMES: apple oystershell scale [Danzig1980b]; appletree bark louse [Lintne1895, Borchs1966]; butternut bark-louse [Fitch1855]; cochenille virgule du pommier [MawFoHa2000]; cochenille virgule du pommier [Foldi2001]; linden oystershell scale [KosztaKo1988F]; mussel scale [Borchs1966]; oyster-shell bark-louse [Jarvis1906]; oyster-shell bark-louse of the apple [Riley1873]; oyster-shell scale [Borchs1966]; oystershell scale [DeBach1964]; poplar oystershell scale [KosztaKo1988F]; vine mussel scale [Newste1907a].
Foes: ACARI Hemisarcoptidae: Hemisarcoptes malus [Balach1954e, Whitco1974]. COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Chilocorus bipustulatus [Borg1919], Chilocorus kuwanae [Muraka1970], Lindorus lophantae [Smirno1950a]. HYMENOPTERA : Apteroptrix longiclava [Balach1954e], Metallonoidea britannica [Balach1954e]. Aphelinidae: Aphelinus abnormis [Morley1909], Aphelinus fuscipennis [Morley1909], Aphelinus mytaspidis [Morley1909, Ruhl1913], Aphytis abnormis [Balach1954e], Aphytis dubius [ArgyriStMo1976], Aphytis maculicornis [AbdRab2001a], Aphytis mytilaspidis [Balach1954e], Aphytis proclia [Balach1954e], Aspidiotiphagus citrinus [Balach1954e], Coccophagus niger [Balach1954e], Encarsia citrina [HuangPo1998, Viggia1987], Encarsia herndoni [Viggia1987], Encarsia perniciosi [HuangPo1998], Physcus testaceus [Balach1954e]. Encyrtidae: Anabrolepis zetterstedti [Danzig1959], Apterencyrtus microphagus [Danzig1959], Chiloneurinus microphagus [GomezM1937], Chiloneurus diaspidinarum [Morley1909], Epitetracnemus zetterstedtii [MoglanMo1997b], Gyranusa matritensis [Balach1954e], Habrolepis zetterstedti [Balach1954e], Microterys machacrus [Balach1954e], Rhopus testaceus [Balach1954e], Zaomma lambinus [MoglanMo1997b]. Mymaridae: Anaphes gracilis [Morley1909]. Proctotrupoidea [MoglanMo1997b].
Hosts: Aceraceae: Acer ginnala [Danzig1959a], Acer negundo [Jorgen1934], Acer pennsylvanicum [QuaintSa1916], Acer platanoides [Thiem1933a], Acer rubrum [QuaintSa1916], Acer saccharum [QuaintSa1916], Acer sp. [Borchs1962b, MillerDa2005], Acer spicatum [QuaintSa1916], Negundo aceroides [Danzig1959a]. Adoxaceae: Viburnum sp. [QuaintSa1916, MillerDa2005]. Agavaceae: Yucca sp. [QuaintSa1916, MillerDa2005]. Anacardiaceae: Continus coggygria [ArgyriStMo1976], Cotinus coggygria [Korone1934], Cotinus sp. [MillerDa2005], Pistacia lentiscus [Balach1933e], Pistacia sp. [MillerDa2005], Spondias sp. [MillerDa2005]. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [ErlerKoTu1996]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex aquifolium [McKenz1956], Ilex crenata [QuaintSa1916]. Araliaceae: Panax quinquefolium [QuaintSa1916], Panax sp. [MillerDa2005]. Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [QuaintSa1916]. Asclepiadaceae: Araujia sp. [McKenz1956], Vincetoxicum sp. [DanzigPe1998]. Asteraceae: Artemisia sp. [MillerDa2005], Fitchia sp. [MillerDa2005], Helianthus sp. [QuaintSa1916]. Berberidaceae: Berberis sp. [QuaintSa1916, MillerDa2005], Berberis vulgaris [BognarVi1979]. Betulaceae: Alnus rugosa [QuaintSa1916], Alnus viridis suaveolens [Balach1933a], Betula ermani [Thiem1933a], Betula nigra [Thiem1933a], Betula pendula [Rasina1960], Betula populifolia [QuaintSa1916], Betula pubescens [Thiem1933a], Betula sp. [Thiem1933a, MillerDa2005], Betula verrucosa [Thiem1933a]. Bignoniaceae: Catalpa sp. [MillerDa2005], Catalpa speciosa [Jorgen1934]. Brassicaceae: Arabis sp. [MillerDa2005]. Buxaceae: Buxus sempervirens [Thiem1933a], Buxus sp. [Lawson1917, MillerDa2005], Pachysandra sp. [MillerDa2005], Pachysandra terminalis [QuaintSa1916], Sarcococca sp. [MillerDa2005]. Cannabaceae: Celtis sp. [MillerDa2005]. Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera sp. [QuaintSa1916, MillerDa2005], Symphoricarpos sp. [DanzigPe1998]. Celastraceae: Celastrus scandens [QuaintSa1916], Celastrus sp. [MillerDa2005], Euonymus sp. [DanzigPe1998]. Chenopodiaceae: Beta sp. [MillerDa2005]. Cistaceae: Helianthemum chamaecistus [QuaintSa1916], Helianthemum vulgare [Green1925]. Commelinaceae: Cyanotis sp. [DanzigPe1998]. Cornaceae: Cornus alba [QuaintSa1916], Cornus alba sibirica [QuaintSa1916], Cornus alterna [QuaintSa1916], Cornus californica [QuaintSa1916], Cornus californicus [Cocker1895x], Cornus controversa [Takagi1960], Cornus sanguinea [QuaintSa1916], Cornus sp. [Bouche1851, MillerDa2005], Thelycrania tatarica [Danzig1959a]. Corylaceae: Carpinus sp. [DanzigPe1998], Corylus avellana [Thiem1933a], Corylus sp. [QuaintSa1916]. Cruciferae: Lepidium suffruticosum [QuaintSa1916]. Cupressaceae: Chamaecyparis sp. [MillerDa2005], Cupressus sp. [Bodenh1953]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Takaha1955e], Diospyros sp. [MillerDa2005]. Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus angustifolius [GomezM1960G], Elaeagnus argentea [QuaintSa1916], Elaeagnus sp. [MillerDa2005], Hippophae rhamnoides [MoglanMo1997b]. Ericaceae: Andromeda polyfolia [Danzig1959], Arctostaphylos uvaursi [Danzig1959], Calluna sp. [QuaintSa1916, MillerDa2005], Calluna vulgaris [Thiem1933a], Chamaedaphne calyculata [QuaintSa1916], Chimaphila sp. [DanzigPe1998], Erica sp. [QuaintSa1916], Erica tetralix [Green1925], Ledum palustre [Danzig1959], Oxycoccus quadripetalus [Danzig1959], Oxycoccus sp. [QuaintSa1916], Oxydendrum sp. [MillerDa2005], Rhododendron sp. [Tao1999, MillerDa2005], Vaccinium macrocarpon [Frankl1952], Vaccinium myrtillus [Thiem1933a], Vaccinium sp. [MillerDa2005], Vaccinium uliginosum [Danzig1959], Vaccinium vitis idaea [Danzig1959]. Euphorbiaceae: Colmeiroa sp. [GomezM1960G], Euphorbia verrucosa [Danzig1959a], Ricinus communis [Bodenh1924], Sapium sebiferum [QuaintSa1916], Stillingia sebifera [Wilson1917]. Fabaceae: Amorpha sp. [QuaintSa1916, MillerDa2005], Caesalpinia sp. [DanzigPe1998], Cajanus indicus [Hall1922], Ceratonia sp. [Balach1954e, MillerDa2005], Cercis siliquastrum [ErlerKoTu1996], Cercis sp. [MillerDa2005], Cytisus nubigensus [QuaintSa1916], Cytisus scoparius [QuaintSa1916], Cytisus sp. [GomezM1960G, MillerDa2005], Genista sp. [Balach1954e], Gleditschia triacanthos [Hadzib1941], Gleditsia aquatica [QuaintSa1916], Gleditsia sp. [Bodenh1953, MillerDa2005], Laburnum sp. [DanzigPe1998], Lupinus sp. [MillerDa2005], Maackia sp. [DanzigPe1998], Robinia pseudocacia [QuaintSa1916], Robinia sp. [Bodenh1953, MillerDa2005], Sarothamnus scoparius [Martin1983], Sarothamnus sp. [Martin1983, MillerDa2005], Sesbania sp. [Hall1922], Spartium sp. [DanzigPe1998, MillerDa2005], Spartocytisus supranubius [CarnerPe1986], Ulex europaeus [Dougla1886], Ulex sp. [Bodenh1953]. Fagaceae: Castanea americana [QuaintSa1916], Castanea sp. [Balach1954e, MillerDa2005], Fagus atropunicea [QuaintSa1916], Fagus silvatica [Thiem1933a], Fagus sp. [Bodenh1953, MillerDa2005], Quercus hartwissiana [Hadzib1941], Quercus pedunculata [QuaintSa1916], Quercus robur [Thiem1933a], Quercus sessilis [Thiem1933a], Quercus sp. [QuaintSa1916, MillerDa2005], Quercus tuneri pseudoturneri [BognarVi1979]. Gentianaceae: Centaurium sp. [MillerDa2005]. Geraniaceae: Geranium sp. [DanzigPe1998], Pelargonium sp. [Hall1922]. Ginkgoaceae: Ginkgo sp. [DanzigPe1998, MillerDa2005]. Grossulariaceae: Ribes alpinum [QuaintSa1916], Ribes comminis [Kuwana1925a], Ribes cynosbati [QuaintSa1916], Ribes floridum [Fitch1855], Ribes nigrum [Danzig1959a], Ribes rubrum [Danzig1959a], Ribes sp. [MillerDa2005]. Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus glabra [QuaintSa1916], Aesculus hippocastanum [QuaintSa1916], Pavia sp. [DanzigPe1998]. Hydrangeaceae: Hydrangea sp. [MillerDa2005], Philadelphus caucasicus [Danzig1959a]. Hypericaceae: Hypericum sp. [DanzigPe1998, MillerDa2005]. Iridaceae: Gladiolus sp. [McKenz1956]. Juglandaceae: Juglans cinerea [QuaintSa1916], Juglans regia [QuaintSa1916], Juglans sp. [QuaintSa1916, MillerDa2005]. Lardizabalaceae: Holboellia sp. [MillerDa2005]. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum camphora [QuaintSa1916], Persea sp. [MillerDa2005], Sassafras officinale [Wilson1917], Sassafras sassafras [QuaintSa1916], Sassafras sp. [MillerDa2005]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus sp. [MillerDa2005]. Magnoliaceae: Liriodendron tulipifera [QuaintSa1916], Magnolia sp. [MillerDa2005], Magnolia tripetala [QuaintSa1916], Michelia sp. [MillerDa2005]. Moraceae: Ficus carica [QuaintSa1916], Ficus sp. [MillerDa2005], Maclura sp. [MillerDa2005]. Myrtaceae: Myrica sp. [DanzigPe1998], Myrtus sp. [QuaintSa1916]. Oleaceae: Chionanthus sp. [MillerDa2005], Forsythia sp. [MillerDa2005], Fraxinus americana [QuaintSa1916], Fraxinus excelsior [Savesc1955], Fraxinus ornus [BognarVi1979], Fraxinus pennsylvanica [Jorgen1934], Fraxinus sp. [Balach1954e, MillerDa2005], Ligustrum japonicum [ArgyriStMo1976], Ligustrum sp. [MillerDa2005], Ligustrum vulgare [Rasina1960], Olea europaea [Korone1934], Olea sp. [MillerDa2005], Syringa persica [QuaintSa1916], Syringa reflexa [Rasina1960], Syringa sp. [Balach1954e, MillerDa2005], Syringa vulgaris [QuaintSa1916]. Paeoniaceae: Paeonia sp. [QuaintSa1916, MillerDa2005]. Pinaceae: Abies firma [QuaintSa1916], Abies sp. [MillerDa2005], Picea sp. [MillerDa2005], Tsuga sp. [MillerDa2005]. Platanaceae: Platanus orientalis [GomezM1937], Platanus sp. [QuaintSa1916]. Plumbaginaceae: Armeria sp. [DanzigPe1998]. Poaceae: Melica sp. [DanzigPe1998]. Polemoniaceae: Phlox sp. [MillerDa2005]. Polygonaceae: Eriogonum parvifolium [McKenz1956]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Bodenh1924]. Ranunculaceae: Clematis paniculata [QuaintSa1916], Clematis sp. [MillerDa2005]. Rhamnaceae: Ceanothus americanus [QuaintSa1916], Ceanothus sp. [MillerDa2005], Hovenia dulcis [QuaintSa1916], Hovenia sp. [QuaintSa1916], Rhamnus cathartica [QuaintSa1916], Zizyphus sp. [Hall1922], Zizyphus spinae [Bodenh1924]. Rosaceae: Amelanchier sp. [QuaintSa1916, MillerDa2005], Amygdalus cerasus [Korone1934], Amygdalus communis [Martin1983], Amygdalus persica [Korone1934], Amygdalus persica nectarina [QuaintSa1916], Aruncus sylvester [QuaintSa1916], Cerasus sp. [GomezM1954], Cotoneaster integerrima [Danzig1959], Cotoneaster lucida [Thiem1933a], Cotoneaster sp. [Balach1954e, MillerDa2005], Crataegus crus-galli [QuaintSa1916], Crataegus jezoana [Muraka1970], Crataegus monogyna [BognarVi1979], Crataegus oxyacantha [QuaintSa1916], Crataegus sp. [Kuwana1925a, MillerDa2005], Cydonia vulgaris [Thiem1933a], Geum sp. [MillerDa2005], Malus baccata [Danzig1959a], Malus communis [GomezM1937], Malus domestica [Danzig1959], Malus manshurica [Danzig1980b], Malus pumila [Muraka1970], Malus purpurea [BognarVi1979], Malus sp. [Thiem1933a, MillerDa2005], Malus sylvestris [QuaintSa1916], Mespilus cuneata [QuaintSa1916], Mespilus sp. [MillerDa2005], Padus maackii [Danzig1959a], Padus racemosa [Danzig1959a], Persica sp. [Borchs1962b], Photinia arbutifolia [McKenz1956], Potentilla erecta [Danzig1959a], Prunus amygdalus [McKenz1956], Prunus armeniaca [QuaintSa1916], Prunus cerasifera [BognarVi1979], Prunus domestica [QuaintSa1916], Prunus emarginata [McKenz1956], Prunus gymnodonta [Rasina1960], Prunus persica [LepineMi1931], Prunus salicina [Muraka1970], Prunus sargentii [QuaintSa1916], Prunus sp. [QuaintSa1916, MillerDa2005], Prunus spinosa [QuaintSa1916], Pyrus communis [Thiem1933a], Pyrus malus [LepineMi1931], Pyrus sativus [MoglanMo1997b], Pyrus serotina [Muraka1970], Pyrus sp. [Bodenh1953, MillerDa2005], Rosa canina [Danzig1959a], Rosa rugosa [QuaintSa1916], Rosa sp. [Bodenh1953, MillerDa2005], Rubus idaeus [Danzig1959], Rubus sp. [QuaintSa1916, MillerDa2005], Sorbaria sorbifolia [Danzig1959a], Sorbaria sp. [MillerDa2005], Sorbus americana [QuaintSa1916], Sorbus aucuparia [Thiem1933a], Sorbus intermedia [Thiem1933a], Sorbus sp. [Takagi1960, MillerDa2005], Sorbus torminalis [Thiem1933a], Spiraea sp. [QuaintSa1916], Spiraea sp. [MillerDa2005], Spirea salicifolia [BognarVi1979]. Rutaceae: Citrus sp. [QuaintSa1916, MillerDa2005], Phellodendron sp. [MillerDa2005], Ptelea trifoliata [QuaintSa1916]. Salicaceae: Populus alba [QuaintSa1916], Populus balsamifera [QuaintSa1916], Populus berolinensis [Danzig1959a], Populus communis [GomezM1937], Populus deltoides [QuaintSa1916], Populus euramericana [Tzalev1967], Populus fastigiate [Newste1907a], Populus lombardi [Jorgen1934], Populus nigra [LepineMi1931], Populus nigra italica [QuaintSa1916], Populus pyramidalis [Borchs1938], Populus simonii [BognarVi1979], Populus sp. [Hall1922, MillerDa2005], Populus tremula [Savesc1955], Salix aegyptiaca [QuaintSa1916], Salix alba [Tzalev1967], Salix amygdaloides [Jorgen1934], Salix babylonica [QuaintSa1916], Salix caprea [QuaintSa1916], Salix linearis [Danzig1959a], Salix matsudana [DanzigPe1998], Salix pedicellata [QuaintSa1916], Salix purpurea [Tzalev1967], Salix sp. [Bodenh1924, MillerDa2005], Salix viminalis [QuaintSa1916]. Sapindaceae: Aesculus sp. [MillerDa2005], Koelreuteria sp. [MillerDa2005]. Simarubaceae: Ailanthus cacodendron [QuaintSa1916], Ailanthus glondulosa [Tao1999]. Solanaceae: Lycium sp. [DanzigPe1998]. Staphyleaceae: Staphylea sp. [MillerDa2005], Staphylea trifolia [QuaintSa1916]. Styracaceae: Styrax officinalis [ErlerKoTu1996]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix africana [QuaintSa1916], Tamarix sp. [Bodenh1953]. Taxaceae: Taxus sp. [MillerDa2005]. Theaceae: Camellia sp. [QuaintSa1916]. Thymelaeaceae: Dirca palustris [QuaintSa1916]. Tiliaceae: Tilia americana [QuaintSa1916], Tilia angustifolia [QuaintSa1916], Tilia cordata [Danzig1959], Tilia sp. [MillerDa2005]. Ulmaceae: Celtis occidentalis [QuaintSa1916], Planera keakei [QuaintSa1916], Planera sp. [MillerDa2005], Ulmus campestris [Linnae1758], Ulmus carpinifolia [McKenz1956], Ulmus scabra purpurea [QuaintSa1916], Ulmus sp. [MillerDa2005]. Viscaceae: Viscum sp. [DanzigPe1998]. Vitaceae: Ampelopsis quinquefolia [QuaintSa1916], Parthenosisscus sp. [ErlerKoTu1996], Vitis sp. [Balach1954e, MillerDa2005], Vitis vinifera [QuaintSa1916].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Balach1954e]. Australasian: Australia [Kirkal1902] (Tasmania [Balach1954e]); Hawaiian Islands [Kirkal1902]; New Zealand [Kirkal1902]. Nearctic: Canada [TurnbuCh1961, Tao1999] (Alberta [MawFoHa2000], British Columbia [Treher1914a, Venabl1939], New Brunswick [Koszta1996], Nova Scotia [PicketPa1953, Koszta1996], Ontario [Jarvis1906], Prince Edward Island [Koszta1996]); Mexico [Balach1954e]; United States of America (Arkansas [MillerDa2005], California [Cocker1895x, MillerDa2005], Colorado [MillerDa2005], Connecticut [Britto1923, MillerDa2005], Delaware [Hought1904, QuaintSa1916, MillerDa2005], District of Columbia [QuaintSa1916, MillerDa2005], Florida [Wilson1917, MillerDa2005], Georgia [Starne1897, MillerDa2005], Idaho [MillerDa2005], Illinois [QuaintSa1916, Glenn1920, MillerDa2005], Indiana [Dougla1912, MillerDa2005], Iowa [DrakeGu1931, MillerDa2005], Kansas [Lawson1917, MillerDa2005], Kentucky [MillerDa2005], Louisiana [Miller2005], Maine [QuaintSa1916, MillerDa2005], Maryland [QuaintSa1916, MillerDa2005], Massachusetts [MillerDa2005], Michigan [QuaintSa1916, MillerDa2005], Minnesota [QuaintSa1916, MillerDa2005], Missouri [Riley1873, MillerDa2005], Montana [MillerDa2005], Nebraska [MillerDa2005], New Hampshire [QuaintSa1916, MillerDa2005], New Jersey [QuaintSa1916, MillerDa2005], New York [Fitch1855, MillerDa2005], North Carolina [Sherma1913, MillerDa2005], North Dakota [MillerDa2005], Ohio [Sander1904a, MillerDa2005], Oklahoma [MillerDa2005], Oregon [MillerDa2005], Pennsylvania [Stimme1980b, MillerDa2005], Rhode Island [MillerDa2005], South Dakota [Severi1920, MillerDa2005], Tennessee [QuaintSa1916, MillerDa2005], Utah [Jorgen1934, MillerDa2005], Vermont [QuaintSa1916, MillerDa2005], Virginia [BesheaTiHo1973, MillerDa2005], Washington [MillerDa2005], West Virginia [QuaintSa1916, MillerDa2005], Wisconsin [MillerDa2005], Wyoming [MillerDa2005]). Neotropical: Argentina [Tao1999]; Brazil [Hempel1900a]; Chile [Balach1954e]. Oriental: China (Fujian (=Fukien) [Tao1999], Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Tao1999], Guangxi (=Kwangsi) [Hua2000], Hubei (=Hupei) [Tao1999], Hunan [Tao1999], Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) [Hua2000], Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) [Tao1999], Sichuan (=Szechwan) [Tao1999], Yunnan [Tao1999], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Tao1999]); India (Tamil Nadu [SureshMo1996]); Taiwan [Hua2000]. Palaearctic: Algeria [Merril1953]; Armenia [TerGri1956]; Austria [Merril1953]; Bulgaria [Tschor1939]; Canary Islands [CarnerPe1986, MatileOr2001]; China [Kirkal1902] (Anhui (=Anhwei) [Hua2000], Gansu (=Kansu) [Tao1999], Hebei (=Hopei) [Tao1999], Heilongjiang (=HeilungKiang) [Tao1999], Henan (=Honan) [Tao1999], Jilin (=Kirin) [Tao1999], Liaoning [Tao1999], Ningxia (=Ningsia) [Tao1999], Shandong (=Shantung) [Hua2000], Shanxi (=Shansi) [Tao1999], Xingiang Uygur (=Sinkiang) [Tao1999], Xizang (=Tibet) [Tao1999]); Corsica [Balach1933a]; Czechoslovakia [DanzigPe1998]; Denmark [Kozarz1986, Gertss2001]; Egypt [Newste1906] [Newste1907a, Hall1922, AbdRab2001a]; Finland [Kozarz1986, Gertss2001]; France [Balach1933e, Foldi2001]; Georgia [Hadzib1941]; Germany [Schran1801]; Greece [Korone1934]; Hungary [KozarOrKo1977]; Iran [KozarFoZa1996]; Iraq [DanzigPe1998]; Israel [Bodenh1924]; Italy [LongoMaPe1995]; Japan [Tao1999] (Hokkaido [Takagi1960], Honshu [Shinji1936b]); Kazakhstan [Danzig1980b] (Chimkent Oblast [Borchs1962b]); Latvia [Rasina1960]; Malta [Borg1919]; Morocco [LepineMi1931]; Netherlands [HelsenBlTr1996]; Norway [Kozarz1986, Gertss2001]; Poland [Szulcz1926, KotejaZa1983]; Portugal [Seabra1941]; Romania [Savesc1955]; Russia [Merril1953] (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1980b], St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig1959]); Sardinia [PellizFo1996]; Saudi Arabia [Matile1984c, Shalab1961]; Sicily [LongoMaPe1995]; Spain [GomezM1937]; Sweden [Tullgr1906, Gertss2001]; Switzerland [KozarHi1996]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1962b]; Turkey [Bodenh1949]; Turkmenistan [Lashin1956]; United Kingdom (England [Dougla1886, Newste1907a]); Uzbekistan [Borchs1962b]; Yugoslavia (Macedonia [Merril1953]).
BIOLOGY: Jarvis (1906) states that "this insect is one-brooded and winters over in the egg stage. The eggs can be easily seen if at any time in the fall or winter the old scales be lifted up and examined beneath. Numbers of very small whitish yellow eggs will be seen. Here beneath this oyster-shaped scale they remain until early in the summer. The first instars escape from the eggs during the last week in May and the first week in June. They wander for a few hours, or a few days, on the limb, then settle down and secrete a scale. The larvae moult, or shed their skins, twice in the course of their growth during the summer. The adult female dies soon after the laying of the eggs, about 60 in number, in the fall." Griswold (1925), Danzig (1959), Samarasenghe & ReRoux (1966) and Garrett (1972) also discuss life history. In North America, Griswold (1925), Samarasinghe and LeRoux (1966), and Garrett (1972) made detailed life history studies of oystershell scale. Griswold (1925) noted an apple and a lilac form in New York. The former has longer, more narrow scale covers which are uniformly brown, has fewer pores, and develops about 2 weeks earlier than the lilac form. The latter has shorter, wider scale covers which are banded when new and pale gray when old, has more perivulvar pores, and develops about 2 weeks later than the apple form. She found the lilac or banded form on more different host plants, particularly shade trees, than the apple or brown form. She was able to induce apple forms to develop on lilac but the reverse host transfers failed. In Quebec, Canada Samarasinghe and LeRoux (1966), studied a brown form on apple which was unisexual and univoltine. Females laid 20-110 eggs each from late August to early September. These hatched from early May to mid June. Second instars occurred from mid June to late July. Adults appeared from early August to late September. They found Hemisarcoptes malus and Aphelinus mytilaspidus to be the 2 most important mortality factors in the egg and adult stages of oystershell scale. In Maryland, Garrett (1972) worked with a yellow banded, unisexual, univoltine form on poplar and willow which produced 20-101 eggs per female and hatched in late May. He also studied a gray, bisexual, bivoltine form on maple, lilac, and boxwood. Females of the latter produced 16-94 eggs which hatched from late April to mid May. In addition, the eggs and second instars were larger than in the univoltine form. There was no significant difference in perivulvar pore numbers between the uni and bivoltine forms. Apple was an unacceptable host to both forms studied by Garrett. The following egg hatching dates have been observed in North America: June and July, British Columbia (Madsen and Arrand 1971); , May, Oregon (Schuh and Mote 1948); late June to early July, Wyoming (Spackman 1980); early May to early June, North Dakota (McBride 1975); one week after apple petal fall, generally late May to early June, Minnesota, (Hodson and Lofgren 1970); May and July, Indiana, (Sadof 1992); about apple blossom time, Wisconsin (McDowell 1960); late May, Illinois (English 1970); late May to early June, Pennsylvania (Heller 1977); mid May to late May, Vermont (Nielsen 1970); late May to mid June, Connecticut (Schread 1970); between silver tip and pre pink of apple, first week of April to first week of May with second generation crawlers in July, North Carolina (Turnipseed and Smith 1953). Kozár (1990) found that eggs begin to hatch when there has been an accumulation of >130.8 C day- degrees, and this event closely coincides with the appearance of apple blossoms. In Russia Danzig (1959) found a unisexual, univoltine form on apple, barberry, pear, cotoneaster, and walnut and a bisexual, bivoltine form on poplar, willow, lilac, boxwood, and a few others. The latter form was more tolerant of low temperatures. Schmutterer (1951) noted a bisexual, bivoltine form in Germany (L. ulmi bisexualis). In Japan, Murakami (1970) recorded 1 generation a year with egg hatch in May. In Chile, it is reported to have a single generation each year and overwinter in the egg stage (Carrillo et al. 1995). (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed descriptions and illustrations by Ferris (1937) and Borchsenius (1962b).
STRUCTURE: Female body milky white, as are eggs (Danzig, 1980b). Female scales light brown or yellow, 2.5-3.0 mm long. Scales of male nymphs lighter than female scales about 1 mm long. Adult female body elongate-pear shaped (Borchsenius, 1962b). The position of the spiracles in all feeding instars is summarized by Podsiadlo (2002).
SYSTEMATICS: The list of synonyms for L. ulmi is very extensive and it is often difficult to know if all are correct. We have synthesized the listings given by Borchsenius (1966) and Danzig & Pellizzari (1998). Lepidosaphes ulmi can be told from L. salicina by its absence of the row of dorsal tubes beginning from second notch of pygidium (Danzig, 1980b).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a serious and widespread pest. Not considered a serious pest of cranberry vines (Franklin 1952). Griswold (1925) summarized numerous references in the early literature about the destructive nature of oystershell scale. The most serious of these outbreaks was noted by Sterrett (1915) in northern Ohio where entire stands of ash trees were killed. Garrett (1972) also discussed the economic importance of oystershell scale in the U.S. Spackman (1980) described oystershell scale as "probably the insect pest most destructive to lilacs in Wyoming." He noted that heavy infestations kill entire lilac bushes as well as ash and willow trees. Turnipseed and Smith (1953) state that oystershell scale is a serious pest of apples at higher elevations in western North Carolina. Recent literature discussing economic damage to specific hosts are as follows: Apples (Aleksidze 1995, Erol and Yasar 1996); olives (Agryriou 1990, Katsoyannos 1992); ornamentals (Davidson and Miller 1990); and walnut (Chua and Wood 1990). It appears that this pest is not as abundant today as it was in the early 1900s. In many situations the large diversity of natural enemies prevents the oystershell scale from becoming a pest (Kozár 1990a). An interesting discovery by Mendel et al. (1992) is that if this species feeds on alkaloid-containing plants, the predators that feed on the scale have significantly diminished levels of survival. Beardsley and González (1975) consider this to be one of 43 major armored scale pests, and Miller and Davidson (1990) consider it to be a world pest. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
KEYS: Ghabbour 2001: 78 (first instar) [Key to first-instar nymphs of three species of Lepidosaphes]; Gill 1997: 168 (female) [Key to California species of Lepidosaphes]; Kosztarab 1996: 517 (female) [Key to species of Northeastern North American Lepidosaphes]; Danzig 1993: 247 (female) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988: 347 (female) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]; Danzig 1986a: 355 (female) [as Lepidosaphes (Lepidosaphes) ulmi; Key to species of Lepidosaphes]; Chou 1982: 156 (female) [Key to Chinese species of Lepidosaphes]; Paik 1978: 338 (female) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]; McDaniel 1972a: 323 (female) [Key to the Texas species of the genus Lepidosaphes]; Danzig 1971d: 841 (female) [Key to species of the family Diaspididae]; Takagi 1960: 93 (female) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]; Bustshik 1958: 185 (female) [Species of the tribe Diaspidini]; Ezzat 1958: 245 (female) [as Lepidosaphes ulmi; Key to adult female Lepidosaphes]; Gómez-Menor Ortega 1956: 73 (female) [as Lepidosaphes ulmi v. oleae; Key to species of Lepidosaphes of Spain]; McKenzie 1956: 32 (female) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]; Takahashi 1955e: 69 (female) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]; Balachowsky 1954e: 33 (female) [Tableau de détermination des espèces du g. Lepidosaphes]; Ferris 1942: SIV-446:56 (female) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]; Borchsenius 1938: 138 (female) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes in the Fareastern Region of the SSSR]; Kuwana 1925a: 4 (female) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]; Britton 1923: 378 (female) [Key to Connecticut species of Lepidosaphes]; Leonardi 1903: 29 (female) [as Mytilaspis nivea M. pomorum; Key to species of Mytilaspis]; Cockerell 1899f: 14 (female) [as Mytilaspis pomorum; Australian species of Mytilaspis].
CITATIONS: AbdRab1999 [biological control, distribution: 1120]; AbdRab2001a [biological control, distribution, host: 175]; Ali1969a [distribution, host: 58]; Altum1882 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 364-365]; Amerli1858a [host: 103]; Archan1937 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 69, 71-72]; ArgyriStMo1976 [biological control, distribution, host: 26]; Arnett1985 [economic importance: 241]; Babaev1980 [distribution, host: 59]; Baeren1849 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 168]; Balach1933a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 40-41]; Balach1933e [distribution, host: 4]; Balach1954e [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 33, 37-42]; BazaroSh1971 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 51-57]; Berles1895b [taxonomy: 85, 168]; Berles1896 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 214, 297]; BerlesLe1898a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 132]; BesheaTiHo1973 [distribution, host: 12]; Bodenh1924 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 53-54]; Bodenh1944b [distribution: 86, 96]; Bodenh1949 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 122, 133-135]; Bodenh1953 [distribution, host, life history: 24]; BognarVi1979 [distribution, host: 17]; Boraty1953 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 467-468]; Boraty1970a [taxonomy: 66-67]; BoratyWi1964a [taxonomy: 104]; Borchs1937a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 73, 77, 107]; Borchs1938 [distribution, description, host, taxonomy: 139]; Borchs1949d [distribution, taxonomy: 204]; Borchs1950b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 181]; Borchs1962b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 861, 870]; Borchs1966 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 44-47, 373-374]; Borg1919 [description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 18-19]; Borg1932 [distribution, host: 12]; Bouche1851 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 110]; BrandtBo1948 [taxonomy: 2]; Britta1915 [description, economic importance, life history: 42]; Britto1923 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 378, 379]; BurgesGa1982 [distribution, host: 108]; Bustsh1958 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 185, 191-192]; Bustsh1960 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 174]; CarnerPe1986 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 43]; Carnes1907 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 220]; CarrilCiMu1995 [distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 5-8]; Charle1998 [distribution, economic importance: 51]; CharleAlWe1998 [biological control, distribution, host: 93, 97]; Charli1972 [distribution: 215]; Chou1982 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 156-159]; Chou1986 [illustration: 570, 594]; Cocker1894 [taxonomy: 33]; Cocker1895x [distribution, host: 259-260]; Cocker1899f [distribution, taxonomy: 14]; Cocker1899j [taxonomy: 275]; Comsto1883 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 118-121, 124]; Comsto1916 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 474-475, 579-582, 585]; Costa1829 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 21-22]; Curtis1843e [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 735-736]; Danzig1959 [distribution, economic importance, host, life history: 449]; Danzig1959a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 879-886]; Danzig1971d [taxonomy: 841]; Danzig1980b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 302-303]; Danzig1986a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 356, 358]; Danzig1993 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 247, 248, 251-254]; DanzigPe1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 293-295]; DeBach1964 [biological control, distribution, host: 679]; DeBach1964d [biological control, distribution, host: 12, 13]; DietzMo1916a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 282-283]; Dingle1924 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 369-370]; Dougla1886 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 249-250]; Dougla1886a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 27, 28]; Dougla1886c [description: 152]; Dougla1912 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 222-225]; DrakeGu1931 [chemical control, distribution, host, illustration: 13]; Draper1907 [distribution: 15]; DumasVa1950 [biological control: 235]; ErlerKoTu1996 [distribution, host: 57]; ErolYa1999 [biological control, distribution, economic importance, host: 151]; Ezzat1958 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 245]; Farooq1998 [biological control, distribution, host, life history: 509-513]; Fassot2003 [life history: 24]; Fassot2003a [life history: 60]; Felt1901 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 297-298]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 307, 310, 314-317]; Ferris1936a [illustration, taxonomy: 22, 65]; Ferris1937 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: SI-76]; Ferris1937a [taxonomy: 5]; Ferris1941e [taxonomy: 43, 48]; Ferris1942 [taxonomy: 446: 56]; Fitch1855 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 735-742]; Fjeldd1996 [distribution, host: 18-19]; Foldi2001 [distribution, economic importance: 306, 308]; Foldi2003a [p. 7]; FowjhaKo1999 [distribution, host: 122]; FrankKr1900 [distribution, host: 90, 99]; Frankl1952 [economic importance, host: 12]; Frogga1907 [distribution, host: 374]; Frogga1915 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 45-46]; Gennad1895 [description, distribution, host: cclxxvii]; Gertss1997 [distribution, host, illustration: 115, 116]; Gertss2000 [distribution, host: 152]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 127]; Ghabbo2001 [taxonomy: 78]; GhabboMo1996 [description, distribution, host: 349]; Ghauri1962 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 119, 212]; Gill1982c [distribution, host, illustration: 1]; Gill1997 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy: 168, 175-176, 188]; Giraul1909 [life history: 357]; Glenn1920 [description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 173-177]; Goethe1884 [p. 188]; GomesCRe1947 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 173-174]; GomezM1937 [biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 164, 180-184]; GomezM1954 [distribution, host: 121]; GomezM1956 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 73, 94-95]; GomezM1957 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 49, 90-94]; GomezM1960G [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 169-170]; Graora1997 [chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history: 127-137]; Green1921 [taxonomy: 199-200]; Green1925 [distribution, host: 44]; Green1929 [distribution, host: 378]; Griswo1922 [distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 184-191]; Griswo1925 [biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 5-55]; Hadzib1941 [distribution, host: 187]; Hall1922 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 39-40]; Hall1923 [distribution, taxonomy: 54]; HelsenBlTr1996 [biological control, chemical control, distribution: 145-149]; Hempel1900a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 512-513]; Heriot1931 [life history: 6-13]; Herric1911 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 41-42]; Hill1989a [economic importance: 177]; Hofer1903 [description, distribution, host: 480-481]; Hollin1923 [description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 33, 34, 69]; Hought1904 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration: 44-47]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 154]; HuangPo1998 [biological control: 1860, 1934]; Hudson1967 [distribution, host: 92]; HuHeWa1992 [distribution, illustration: 197]; Hunter1899 [distribution, host: 14]; Ibraim1961 [distribution, host: 210]; IukhneMaMi1958 [distribution, host: 19]; Jansen2001 [distribution: 201]; Jarvis1906 [description, distribution, illustration, life history: 289-290]; Jorgen1934 [distribution, host: 278]; Karsem1973 [biological control: 122]; Kawai1972 [distribution, host: 35]; Kawai1980 [distribution, taxonomy: 246-247]; Kirkal1902 [distribution, host: 111]; Kirkal1904b [distribution: 158]; Komosi1974 [taxonomy: 361]; KonstaKo1990 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 103-106]; Korone1934 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 61-67, 80-83]; Koszta1996 [description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy: 517, 526-528]; KosztaKo1988F [biological control, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 351-355]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; Koteja2000d [distribution: 243]; KotejaZa1983 [distribution, host: 483]; Kozar1980 [distribution, host: 69]; Kozar1985 [distribution: 203]; Kozar1999a [distribution, host: 141]; KozarFoZa1996 [distribution: 67]; KozarHi1996 [distribution, host: 95]; KozarOrKo1977 [distribution, host: 74]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 84]; Kozarz1986 [distribution, taxonomy: 308]; Kuwana1925a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 4, 21-23]; Lagows1998a [ecology: 65]; LagowsKo1996 [distribution, taxonomy: 32]; LambdiWa1980 [distribution, host: 80]; Lashin1956 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 128]; Lawson1917 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 254, 256-258]; Leonar1903 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 29, 60-63]; Leonar1908a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 190-191]; Leonar1908b [description, distribution, host: 43]; Leonar1920 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 151, 157, 158]; LepineMi1931 [distribution, host: 248]; Lindin1907 [taxonomy: 6]; Lindin1912b [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 212, 228, 371, 372, 373]; Lindin1933c [taxonomy: 168]; Lindin1934e [distribution, host, taxonomy: 154-155]; Lindin1936 [distribution, taxonomy: 149, 159]; Lindin1936a [taxonomy: 444]; Lindin1936b [taxonomy: 286]; Lindin1954 [taxonomy: 617]; Linnae1758 [description, host: 455]; Lintne1895 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 269]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 127]; LongoMaPe1999a [distribution: 144]; Lupo1939 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 72, 73-80, 86-91]; MacGil1921 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 284-285]; Martin1983 [distribution, host: 55]; Maskel1879 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 192-194]; Maskel1887a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 51-53]; Mateso1955a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 92-99]; MatesoMiIu1962 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 34-35]; MatesoMiIu1962a [taxonomy: 121]; Matile1984c [distribution, host: 221]; MatileOr2001 [distribution: 190]; MawFoHa2000 [distribution, taxonomy: 45]; McKenz1956 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 32, 127, 129-130]; McLeod1954 [biological control, distribution, host: 24]; Merril1953 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 59-60]; MerrilCh1923 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 244]; Miller1999 [illustration, taxonomy: 14]; Miller2005 [distribution: 487]; MillerDa1990 [economic importance, taxonomy: 303]; MillerDa2005 [description, distribution, host, economic importance: 266]; Miyosh1926 [distribution, host: 306]; MoglanMo1997b [biological control, distribution: 51-52]; Morgan1888a [taxonomy: 45]; Morgan1888b [illustration, taxonomy: 119]; Morgan1890a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 226-228]; Morley1909 [biological control: 277]; Muraka1970 [biological control, distribution, host, life history: 85]; Myers1927LE [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 344-345]; NarzikLu1966 [taxonomy: 33]; Newste1901a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 82]; Newste1901b [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 194, 200-201]; Newste1906 [distribution, taxonomy: 72]; Newste1907a [behaviour, description, distribution, host: 10, 15]; OzgokcYaKa2001 [biological control, distribution, host, life history: 318-320]; Paik1958 [distribution, host: 31]; Paik1978 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 359-361]; Paoli1915 [distribution, host: 266]; Peleka1962 [distribution, host: 62]; PellizFo1996 [distribution: 122]; PerezGCa1985 [distribution: 316]; Picket1960 [biological control, distribution, host: 202]; PicketPa1953 [biological control, distribution, economic importance: 474]; PicketPuLe1958 [biological control: 170]; Podsia2002 [structure: 159]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 350]; QuaintSa1916 [biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 2-6]; Rasina1959 [p. 133]; Rasina1960 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 11]; Reh1904 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 19-22]; Reyne1957 [taxonomy: 33]; Riley1873 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 73]; Riley1874 [description, distribution: 246]; RileyHo1890a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 89]; Ruhl1913 [biological control: 80]; Sachtl1944 [taxonomy: 74]; Sander1904a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 74-75]; Sander1909a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 56, 57]; Sander1910 [taxonomy: 60]; Savesc1955 [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 915-922]; Savesc1957 [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 197-200]; Schmut1951 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 129]; Schmut1952 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 576-577]; Schmut1959 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 158-161]; Schran1801 [description, host: 146-147]; Seabra1941 [distribution: 8]; Severi1920 [distribution: 10]; Shalab1961 [distribution, host: 216]; Sherma1913 [chemical control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history: 1-23]; ShiLi1991 [host: 164]; Shimer1868 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 373]; Shinji1936b [distribution, taxonomy: 94]; Signor1870 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 95-96, 98-99]; Signor1877 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 605-606]; Silves1902 [distribution, host: 146]; Smirno1950a [biological control, economic importance: 190]; SmirnoPo1934 [description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 29-40]; SmirnoPo1934a [description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 311-332, 406-414]; SoriaMoVi2000 [distribution, host: 338, 339]; SrivasSi1966b [structure: 129]; Starne1897 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 26-27]; Stimme1980b [chemical control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, illustration, taxonomy: 17-18]; SureshMo1996 [distribution, taxonomy: 253]; Suter1932 [description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 347, 394-415]; Szulcz1926 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 137, 140]; Takagi1960 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 82, 93]; TakagiRo1981 [biological control, distribution: 318]; Takaha1955e [distribution, host, taxonomy: 69, 77]; Tang1986 [distribution, illustration: 275]; Tang2001 [taxonomy: 4]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 96]; TerGri1956 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 47-48]; TerGri1962 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 142]; Thiem1933a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 638-657]; Treher1914a [chemical control, description, distribution, host, life history: 24-25]; TrenchPa1981 [biological control, distribution: 35-37]; Tschor1939 [distribution: 90]; Tullgr1906 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 85-87]; TurnbuCh1961 [biological control, distribution, economic importance, host: 703-704, 725]; Tzalev1967 [biological control, description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 59-66]; Tzalev1972 [biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy: 86]; Valent1963 [biological control, distribution: 7, 8, 11]; Valent1967 [biological control, distribution: 1119, 1122, 1167]; Venabl1939 [distribution, host: 24]; Viggia1987 [biological control: 136]; Viggia1987 [biological control: 147]; Watson2002 [taxonomy: 117]; Webste1915 [description, distribution, ecology, host, life history, taxonomy: 371-375]; Whitco1974 [biological control, distribution: 154]; Willia2002a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 156]; Wilson1917 [distribution, host, illustration: 45]; Xie1998 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 116-117]; YadavaCh1968 [taxonomy: 605]; Zahrad1952 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 162]; Zahrad1972 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 426-427].
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