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Contents Chapter 1: The What and the Why of Statistics The Research Process Asking Research Questions The Role of Theory Formulating the Hypotheses Independent and Dependent Variables: Causality Independent and Dependent Variables: Guidelines Collecting Data Levels of Measurement Nominal Level of Measurement Ordinal Level of Measurement Interval-Ratio Level of Measurement Cumulative Property of Levels of Measurement Levels of Measurement of Dichotomous Variables Discrete and Continuous Variables Analyzing Data and Evaluating the Hypotheses Descriptive and Inferential Statistics Evaluating the Hypotheses Looking at Social Differences Box 1.1 A Tale of Simple Arithmetic: How Culture May Influence How We Count Box 1.2 Are You Anxious About Statistics? MAIN POINTS KEY TERMS SPSS DEMONSTRATION SPSS PROBLEM CHAPTER EXERCISES Chapter 2: Organization of Information: Frequency Distributions Frequency Distributions Proportions and Percentages Percentage Distributions Comparisons Statistics in Practice: Labor Force Participation of Latinos The Construction of Frequency Distributions Frequency Distributions for Nominal Variables Frequency Distributions for Ordinal Variables Frequency Distributions for Interval-Ratio Variables Cumulative Distributions Box 2.1 Real Limits, Stated Limits, and Midpoints of Class Intervals Rates Statistics in Practice: Health Insurance Coverage Reading the Research Literature: Statistical Tables Basic Principles Tables with a Different Format Conclusion MAIN POINTS KEY TERMS SPSS DEMONSTRATIONS SPSS PROBLEMS CHAPTER EXERCISES Chapter 3: Graphic Presentation The Pie Chart: Race and Ethnicity of the Elderly The Bar Graph: Living Arrangements and Labor Force Participation of the Elderly The Statistical Map: The Geographic Distribution of the Elderly The Histogram Statistics in Practice: The ?Graying? of America The Frequency Polygon Time Series Charts Distortions in Graphs Shrinking and Stretching the Axes: Visual Confusion Distortions with Picture Graphs Statistics in Practice: Diversity at a Glance MAIN POINTS KEY TERMS SPSS DEMONSTRATIONS SPSS PROBLEMS CHAPTER EXERCISES Chapter 4: Measures of Central Tendency The Mode The Median Finding the Median in Sorted Data An Odd Number of Cases An Even Number of Cases Finding the Median in Frequency Distributions Statistics in Practice: Changes in Age at First Marriage Locating Percentiles in a Frequency Distribution The Mean Using a Formula to Calculate the Mean Box 4.1 Finding the Mean in a Frequency Distribution Understanding Some Important Properties of the Arithmetic Mean Interval-Ratio Level of Measurement Center of Gravity Sensitivity to Extremes The Shape of the Distribution: Television and Education The Symmetrical Distribution The Positively Skewed Distribution The Negatively Skewed Distribution Guidelines for Identifying the Shape of a Distribution Considerations for Choosing a Measure of Central Tendency Level of Measurement Skewed Distribution Symmetrical Distribution Box 4.2 Statistics in Practice: Median Annual Earnings Among Subgroups MAIN POINTS KEY TERMS SPSS DEMONSTRATIONS SPSS PROBLEMS CHAPTER EXERCISES Chapter 5: Measures of Variability The Importance of Measuring Variability The Index of Qualitative Variation (IQV): A Brief Introduction Steps for Calculating the IQV Expressing the IQV as a Percentage Statistics in Practice: Diversity in U.S. Society Box 5.1 Statistics in Practice: Diversity at Berkeley Through the Years The Range The Interquartile Range: Increases in Elderly Populations The Box Plot The Variance and the Standard Deviation: Changes in the Elderly Population Calculating the Deviation from the Mean Calculating the Variance and the Standard Deviation Considerations for Choosing a Measure of Variation Box 5.2 Computational Formulas for the Variance and the Standard Deviation Reading the Research Literature: Gender Differences in Caregiving MAIN POINTS KEY TERMS SPSS DEMONSTRATIONS SPSS PROBLEMS CHAPTER EXERCISES Chapter 6: Relationships Between Two Variables: Cross-Tabulation Independent and Dependent Variables How to Construct a Bivariate Table: Race and Home Ownership How to Compute Percentages in a Bivariate Table Calculating Percentages Within Each Category of the Independent Variable Comparing the Percentages Across Different Categories of the Independent Variable Box 6.1 Percentaging a Bivariate Table How to Deal with Ambiguous Relationships Between Variables Reading the Research Literature: Medicaid Use Among the Elderly The Properties of a Bivariate Relationship The Existence of the Relationship The Strength of the Relationship The Direction of the Relationship Elaboration Testing for Nonspuriousness: Firefighters and Property Damage An Intervening Relationship: Religion and Attitude Toward Abortion Conditional Relationships: More on Abortion The Limitations of Elaboration Statistics in Practice: Family Support for the Transition from High School MAIN POINTS KEY TERMS SPSS DEMONSTRATIONS SPSS PROBLEMS CHAPTER EXERCISES Chapter 7: Measures of Association for Nominal and Ordinal Variables Box 7.1 What Is Strong? What Is Weak? A Guide to Interpretation Lambda: A Measure of Association for Nominal Variables A Method for Calculating Lambda Some Guidelines for Calculating Lambda Gamma: An Ordinal Measure of Association Analyzing the Association Between Ordinal Variables: Job Security and Job Satisfaction Comparison of Pairs Types of Pairs Counting Pairs Same Order Pairs (Ns) Inverse Order Pairs (Nd) Calculating Gamma Positive and Negative Gamma Gamma as a PRE Measure Statistics in Practice: Trauma by Social Class Using Ordinal Measures with Dichotomous Variables Reading the Research Literature: Worldview and Abortion Beliefs Examining the Data Interpreting the Data MAIN POINTS KEY TERMS SPSS DEMONSTRATION SPSS PROBLEMS CHAPTER EXERCISES Chapter 8: Regression and Correlation The Scatter Diagram Linear Relations and Prediction Rules Constructing Straight-Line Graphs Finding the Best-Fitting Line Defining Error The Residual Sum of Squares (ä e2) The Least-Squares Line Review Computing a and b for the Prediction Equation Interpreting a and b Box 8.1 Understanding the Covariance Box 8.2 A Note on Nonlinear Relationships Statistics in Practice: GNP and Willingness to Volunteer Time for Environmental Protection Methods for Assessing the Accuracy of Predictions Prediction Errors The Coefficient of Determination (r2) as a PRE Measure Calculating r2 Pearson?s Correlation Coefficient (r) Characteristics of Pearson?s r Statistics in Practice: Teen Pregnancy and Social Inequality Statistics in Practice: The Marriage Penalty in Earnings Multiple Regression MAIN POINTS KEY TERMS SPSS DEMONSTRATIONS SPSS PROBLEMS CHAPTER EXERCISES Chapter 9: Sampling Need authors to confirm title of chapter. Shouldn?t it be The Normal Distribution? Properties of the Normal Distribution Empirical Distributions Approximating the Normal Distribution An Example: Final Grades in Statistics Areas Under the Nor mal Curve Interpreting the Standard Deviation Standard (Z) Scores Transforming a Raw Score into a Z Score Transforming a Z Score into a Raw Score The Standard Normal Distribution The Standard Normal Table The Structure of the Standard Normal Table Transforming Z Scores into Proportions (or Percentages) Finding the Area Between the Mean and a Specified Positive Z Score Finding the Area Between the Mean and a Specified Negative Z Score Finding the Area Between Two Z Scores on Opposite Sides of the Mean Finding the Area Above a Positive Z Score or Below a Negative Z Score Transforming Proportions (or Percentages) into Z Scores Finding a Z Score Bounding an Area Above It Finding a Z Score Bounding an Area Below It Working with Percentiles Finding the Percentile Rank of a Score Higher Than the Mean Finding the Percentile Rank of a Score Lower Than the Mean Finding the Raw Score Associated with a Percentile Higher Than 50 Finding the Raw Score Associated with a Percentile Lower Than 50 A Final Note MAIN POINTS KEY TERMS SPSS DEMONSTRATION SPSS PROBLEMS CHAPTER EXERCISES Chapter 10: Estimation Need authors to confirm title of chapter. Shouldn?t it be Sampling and Sampling Distributrions? Aims of Sampling Some Basic Principles of Probability Probability Sampling The Simple Random Sample The Systematic Random Sample The Stratified Random Sample Box 10.1 Disproportionate Stratified Samples and Diversity The Concept of the Sampling Distribution The Population The Sample The Dilemma The Sampling Distribution The Sampling Distribution of the Mean An Illustration Review The Mean of the Sampling Distribution The Standard Error of the Mean Box 10.2 Population, Sample, and Sampling Distribution Symbols The Central Limit Theorem The Size of the Sample The Significance of the Sampling Distribution and the Central Limit Theorem MAIN POINTS KEY TERMS SPSS DEMONSTRATION SPSS PROBLEM CHAPTER EXERCISES Chapter 11: Testing Hypotheses Need authors to confirm title of chapter. Shouldn?t it be Estimation? Estimation Defined Reasons for Estimation Point and Interval Estimation Box 11.1 Estimation as a Type of Inference Procedures for Estimating Confidence Intervals for Means Determining the Confidence Interval Calculating the Standard Error of the Mean Deciding on the Level of Confidence and Finding the Corresponding Z Value Calculating the Confidence Interval Interpreting the Results Reducing Risk Estimating Sigma Calculating the Estimated Standard Error of the Mean Deciding on the Level of Confidence and Finding the Corresponding Z Value Calculating the Confidence Interval Interpreting the Results Sample Size and Confidence Intervals Box 11.2 What Affects Confidence Interval Width? A Summary Statistics in Practice: Hispanic Migration and Earnings Confidence Intervals for Proportions Procedures for Estimating Proportions Calculating the Estimated Standard Error of the Proportion Deciding on the Desired Level of Confidence and Finding the Corresponding Z Value Calculating the Confidence Interval Interpreting the Results Increasing the Sample Size Statistics in Practice: Religiosity and Support for Stem-Cell Research Calculating the Estimated Standard Error of the Proportion Deciding on the Desired Level of Confidence and Finding the Corresponding Z Value Calculating the Confidence Interval Interpreting the Results MAIN POINTS KEY TERMS SPSS DEMONSTRATION SPSS PROBLEMS CHAPTER EXERCISES Chapter 12: Testing Hypotheses Assumptions of Statistical Hypothesis Testing Stating the Research and Null Hypotheses The Research Hypothesis (H1) The Null Hypothesis (H0) More About Research Hypotheses: One- and Two-Tailed Tests Determining What Is Sufficiently Improbable: Probability Values and Alpha The Five Steps in Hypothesis Testing: A Summary Errors in Hypothesis Testing The t Statistic and Estimating the Standard Error The t Distribution and Degrees of Freedom Comparing the t and Z Statistics Statistics in Practice: The Earnings of White Women Testing Hypotheses About Two Samples The Assumption of Independent Samples Stating the Research and Null Hypotheses The Sampling Distribution of the Difference Between Means Estimating the Standard Error Calculating the Estimated Standard Error The t Statistic Calculating the Degrees of Freedom for a Difference Between Means Test The Five Steps in Hypothesis Testing About Difference Between Means: A Summary Box 12.1 Calculating the Estimated Standard Error and the Degrees of Freedom (df) When the Population Variances Are Assumed Unequal Statistics in Practice: The Earnings of Asian American Men Testing the Significance of the Difference Between Two Sample Proportions Statistics in Practice: Equalizing Income and Race Statistics in Practice: Equalizing Income and Political Views Reading the Research Literature: Reporting the Results of Statistical Hypothesis Testing MAIN POINTS KEY TERMS SPSS DEMONSTRATIONS SPSS PROBLEMS CHAPTER EXERCISES Chapter 13: The Chi-Square Test The Concept of Chi-Square as a Statistical Test The Concept of Statistical Independence The Structure of Hypothesis Testing with Chi-Square The Assumptions Stating the Research and the Null Hypotheses The Concept of Expected Frequencies Calculating the Expected Frequencies Calculating the Obtained Chi-Square The Sampling Distribution of Chi-Square Determining the Degrees of Freedom Review The Limitations of the Chi-Square Test: Sample Size and Statistical Significance Box 13.1 Decision: Fail to Reject the Null Hypothesis Statistics in Practice: Social Class and Health Reading the Research Literature: Sibling Cooperation and Academic Achievement MAIN POINTS KEY TERMS SPSS DEMONSTRATION SPSS PROBLEMS CHAPTER EXERCISES Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance Authors need to confirm heading levels Understanding Analysis of Variance The structure of hypothesis testing with ANOVA The assumptions Setting the research hypotheses and the null hypotheses and setting alpha The concepts of between and within total variance The five steps in hypothesis testing: A summary Testing the Significance of r2 using ANOVA ANOVA for Multiple Linear Regression Reading the Research Literature: Self Image and Ethnic Identification Reading the Research Literature: Effects of authority structures and gender on interaction in task groups MAIN POINTS KEY TERMS SPSS DEMONSTRATION SPSS PROBLEMS CHAPTER EXERCISES Index End of Chapter answers, odd numbered questions
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Social sciences -- Statistical methods.
Statistics.