126. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Catclaw acacia. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: species notes (unpublished ms). plants/Acacia.

90. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Goldenhead. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (15):1-3. plants/Mojave/desert/Acamptopappus.

403. Belnap, J. 1991. Sensitivity of desert cryptogams to air pollutants: soil crusts and rock lichens. In, pp. 112-119. Deborah Mangis Jill Baron and Kenneth Stolte (eds.). Acid rain and air pollution in desert park areas. National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior. air/cryptogam

373. Fisher, J. C., Jr. 1978. Studies relating to the accelerated mortality of Atriplex hymenelytra in Death Valley National Monument. Unpublished Masters Thesis. University of California, Riverside. Atriplex/air/California/Mojave.

404. Mangis, D., J. Baron and K. Stolte. 1991. Acid rain and air pollution in desert park areas. National Park Service., United States Department of the Interior. 129 pp. air.

210. Mussen, I. 1990. Toward a new Federalism for environmental restoration: the case of air quality conservation through intergovernmental action from community to global. In, pp. 362-368. Berger, J. J. (ed.). Environmental restoration. Island Press, Washington, D.C. air.

388. Pryor, S. C. and T. E. Hoffer. 1991. A case study of pollutant transport from Los Angeles to the desert south-west. Atmospheric Environment. 26A(2):243-250. [A review of the transport of pollutants from the Los Angeles basin to remote sites in southern Nevada and northwestern Arizona.] air.

277. Reible, D. D., J. R. Ouimette and F. H. Shair. 1982. Atmospheric transport of visibility degrading pollutants into the California Mojave Desert. Atmospheric Environment. 16(3):599-613. air.

402. Stolte, K. W. 1991. Sensitivity of plant ecosystems in desert areas to gaseous pollutants. In, pp. 42-51. Deborah Mangis Jill Baron and Kenneth Stolte (eds.). Acid rain and air pollution in desert park areas. National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior. air.

360. Trijonis, J. 1979. Visibility in the Southwest: an exploration of the historical data base. Atmospheric Environment. 13:833-843. [Median visibility in the southwest is 30-55 miles in large urban centers and 65-80 miles in nonurban locations. Visibility has decreased 10-30% from the mid 1950's to the early 1970's at most of the study sites discussed.] air.

139. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. White bur sage. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: species notes (unpublished ms). plants/Ambrosia.

75. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Burrobush. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (1):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Ambrosia.

138. Wallace, A., J. W. Cha, R. T. Mueller and E. M. Romney. 1980. Retranslocation of tagged carbon in Ambrosia dumosa. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):168-171. plants/Ambrosia.

410. Beatley, J. C. 1969. Biomass of desert winter annual plant populations in southern Nevada. Oikos. 20:261-273. annuals/desert/Mojave/Nevada.

399. Johnson, H. B., F. C. Vasek and T. Yonkers. 1978. Residual effects of summer irrigation on Mojave Desert annuals. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Science. 77(3):95-108. Mojave/California/irrigation/annuals.

48. Heske, E. J. and M. Campbell. 1991. Effects of an 11-year livestock exclosure on rodent and ant numbers in the Chihuahuan Desert, southeastern Arizona. Southwestern Naturalist. 36(1):89-93. grazing/exclosure/rodent/ants/Chihuahuan/Desert/Arizona.

118. Sorensen, N. 1990. Desert harvester ants. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: Notes (unpublished ms). ants/seeds.

100. Kay, B. L. 1988. Artificial and natural revegetation of the second Los Angeles aqueduct. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (24):1-32. revegetation/aqueduct.

98. Kay, B. L. 1979. Summary of revegetation attempts on the second Los Angeles aqueduct. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (22):1-23. revegetation/aqueduct.

357. Lathrop, E. W. and E. F. Archbold. 1980. Plant response to Los Angeles aqueduct construction in the Mojave Desert. Environmental Management. 4(2):137-148. [Drastic disturbance associated with aqueduct construction impedes vegetation recovery, whereas slight disturbance somtimes enhances vegetation. Considerable recovery was seen within 65 years.] aqueduct.

48. Heske, E. J. and M. Campbell. 1991. Effects of an 11-year livestock exclosure on rodent and ant numbers in the Chihuahuan Desert, southeastern Arizona. Southwestern Naturalist. 36(1):89-93. grazing/exclosure/rodent/ants/Chihuahuan/Desert/Arizona.

52. Humphrey, R. R. 1963. The role of fire in the desert and desert grassland areas of Arizona. In, pp. 45-62. Proceedings 2nd Annual Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference. fire/desert/grassland/Arizona.

395. Jackson, L. L., J. R. McAuliffe and B. A. Roundy. 1991. Desert restoration. Restoration and Management Notes. 9(2):71-80. Sonoran/Arizona/desert/restoration.

66. Mortenson, M. A. 1979. Establishing vegetation on highway slopes in Arizona. Desert Plants. 1(2):58-60. techniques/Arizona/roadside.

51. Reynolds, H. G. and J. W. Bohning. 1956. Effects of burning on a desert grass-shrub range in southern Arizona. Ecology. 37(4):769-777. desert/grass-shrub/Arizona/fire.

10. Romney, E. M., A. Wallace and R. B. Hunter. 1980. The pulse hypothesis in the establishment of Artemisia seedings at Pahute Mesa, Nevada. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):28-27. plants/Artemesia.

373. Fisher, J. C., Jr. 1978. Studies relating to the accelerated mortality of Atriplex hymenelytra in Death Valley National Monument. Unpublished Masters Thesis. University of California, Riverside. Atriplex/air/California/Mojave.

93. Kay, B. L., C. R. Brown and W. L. Graves. 1977. Desert saltbush. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (18):1-7. plants/Mojave/desert/Atriplex.

92. Kay, B. L., C. R. Brown and W. L. Graves. 1977. Fourwing saltbush. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (17):1-12. plants/Mojave/desert/Atriplex.

116. Wallace, A., Romney, G. V. Alexander, J. E. Kinnear and R. B. Hunter. 1980. Mineral composition of Atriplex hymenelytra growing in the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):156-162. plants/Mojave/Atriplex.

41. Young, J. A., B. L. Kay and R. A. Evans. 1983. Winterhardiness and jackrabbit preference in a hybrid population of fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens). In, pp. 59-65. Proceedings: Symposium on the biology of Atriplex and related chenopods. Int. Mtn. F&R Exp. Sta. Gen. Tech. Rpt. INT-172. plants/Atriplex/rabbits.

278. Taylor-George, S., F. Palmer, J. T. Staley, D. J. Borns, B. Curtiss and J. B. Adams. 1983. Fungi and bacteria involved in desert varnish formation. Microbial Ecology. 9:227-245. fungi/bacteria/desert varnish.

389. Cairns, J. J. 1988. Increasing diversity by restoring damaged ecosystems. In, Wilson, E.O. and Peter, Frances M. (eds.), pp. 333-343. Biodiversity. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. [A review of the role of restoration in converting degraded land to useful purposes with emphasis on increasing biodiversity.] biodiversity/restoration.

354. Jordan, W. R., III, R. L. Peters II and E. B. Allen. 1988. Ecological restoration as a strategy for conserving biological diversity. Environmental Management. 12(1):55-72. [A review of opportunities to use restoration as a tool to manage biodiversity. Possibilities include moving reserves in response to long-term events such as climate change, and increasing diversity through management of utility corridors, transportation rights-of-ways, and parks.] philosophy/restoration/biodiversity.

6. Saunders, D. A., R. J. Hobbs and C. R. Margules. 1991. Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: a review. Conservation Biology. 5(1):18-32. biogeography/fragmentation.

9. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1990. Restoration in the Sonoran desert of California. Restoration and Management Notes. 8(1):3-13. models/techniques/Restoration/Sonoran/desert/California.

106. Baxter, R. J. 1987. Analyses of the population and spatial distribution of the desert tortoise Gopherus agassizii at the Twenty-nine Palms Marine Corps Base. Unpublished Masters Thesis. California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. As part of a larger contract with the United States Navy, Desert Tortoise Gopherus agassizii habitat, populations and spatial abundances were studied at the Twenty-Nine Palms Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center. The habitat was found to be typical of sparse Creosote Bush Larrea tridentata scrub. Mans impacts have altered, and continue to significantly alter, the natural landscape. The population of desert tortoise is moderate, and ranges from about 50 to 100 tortoises per square mile. No significant difference between the sex ratio (male:female) of the observed population and the expected sex ratio of 1:1 was found. Both the location of the tortoise burrows and tortoise captures/recaptures on plot 2 were compared against a random model. Tortoise burrows were found to exhibit a random distribution both across the plot as a whole, and in a fashion predicted by plant community abundance. Tortoise burrows were not located closer to washes than a random set of burrow locations. Tortoise burrows were, however, located significantly closer to the edge of the Hiliaria rigida plant distribution than random burrows. Tortoise captures recaptures were not randomly distributed across the plot, and were significantly different from a distribution expected when predicted by plant community abundance. Both all tortoise captures/recaptures, and those within the transitional MIXED community, were significantly closer to washes than randomly located capture sites. Tortoise captures/recaptures were found to be significantly closer to the edge of the H. rigida distribution for both the L. tridentata/Ambrosia dumosa community, and for captures/recaptures within this community when combined with those of the MIXED community. Although actually closer, captures/recaptures within the MIXED community were not significantly closer, statistically, than the random model predicted. It appears that desert tortoises in this area are exhibiting a localization of their numbers, and that tortoise burrows are located close to the ecotone of H. rigida. tortoise/desert/California.

384. Bureau of Land Management. 1980. The California Desert Conservation Area Plan. U.S. Department of the Interior. , Riverside, California. California/desert/powerline.

378. Bury, R. B. and R. A. Luckenbach. 1986. Abundance of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) in natural and disturbed habitats, Unpublished Draft Report, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. [Tortoise densities, and tortoise burrow densities were higher on a study plot located on a control plot than on a plot exposed to ORV use. The body masses of tortoises on the ORV plot were less than on the control plot.] ohv/tortoise/Mojave/California.

376. Bury, R. B., R. A. Luckenbach and S. D. Busack. 1977. Effects of off-road vehicles on vertebrates in the California desert. United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Wildlife Research Report 8, 1-23. ohv/california.

377. Busack, S. D. and R. B. Bury. 1974. Some effects of off-road vehicles and sheep grazing on lizard populations in the Mojave Desert. Biological Conservation. 6(3):179-183. [Lizard populations were adversely affected by both factors.] ohv/sheep/grazing/Mojave/California.

373. Fisher, J. C., Jr. 1978. Studies relating to the accelerated mortality of Atriplex hymenelytra in Death Valley National Monument. Unpublished Masters Thesis. University of California, Riverside. Atriplex/air/California/Mojave.

370. Hunter, R., F. B. Turner, R. G. Lindberg and K.-B. Hunter. 1987. Effects of land clearing on bordering winter annual populations in the Mohave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist. 47(2):234-238. solar/California/weed/Schismus/Erodium.

12. Johnson, H. B. 1976. Vegetation and plant communities of the southern California desert: a functional view. In, pp. 125-164. Latting, J. e.). Plant Communities of Southern California. Special Publication 2, California Native Plant Society, community structure/California/desert.

399. Johnson, H. B., F. C. Vasek and T. Yonkers. 1978. Residual effects of summer irrigation on Mojave Desert annuals. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Science. 77(3):95-108. Mojave/California/irrigation/annuals.

40. Kay, B. L. and W. L. Graves. 1983. History of revegetation studies in the California Deserts. In, pp. 315-324. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. Deserts/California/revegetation/History.

341. Tierra Madre Consultants. 1991. Biological assessment for Lancaster City and planning area: relative density surveys for desert tortoises and cumulative human impact evaluations for Mohave ground squirrel habitat. [The most interesting part of this report is the table on page 37 that lists percent occurrence of various disturbances along transects in 72 square miles. Litter, sheep grazing, and human use were incredibly high.] mojave/California/disturbed.

46. Van Kekerix, L. and B. L. Kay. 1986. Revegetation of disturbed lands in California. California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology. 105 pp. Open File Report 86-14 SAC. California/revegetation.

400. Vasek, F. C. and L. J. Lund. 1980. Soil characteristics associated with a primary plant succession on a Mojave Desert dry lake. Ecology. 61(5):1013-1018. succession/Mojave/California.

325. Webb, R. H., J. W. Steiger and R. M. Turner. 1987. Dynamics of Mojave Desert shrub assemblages in the Panamint Mountains, California. Ecology. 68(3):478-490. [Colonization of human-disturbed sites in the desert was highly variable with species compositions differing from predisturbance sites. Models of desert succession should consider several factors: 1) colonization is dependent in the severity of disturbance and residual biotic components; 2) time span for recovery may be longer than past periods of climatic and geomorphic stability; 3) colonizing species may have considerable range in their life-history strategies.] Mojave/California/succession/community structure/town.

326. Webb, R. H., J. W. Steiger and E. B. Newman. 1988. The response of vegetation to disturbance in Death Valley National Monument, California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin. 1793:1-103. [Plant assemblages were compared on debris flows, alluvial terraces, abandoned townsites, and a pipeline corridor. Disturbed townsites, abandoned for 42-74 years, were generally colonized by short-lived, reproduction-oriented species. The time required for complete recovery depends on the stage of predisturbance primary succession. Soil compaction was estimated to require a century for complete amelioration but did not appear to substantively affect the course of recovery. The successional sequence on alluvial terraces proceeded from short-lived, reproduction-oriented species (Hymenoclea salsola) to long-lived, maintenance-oriented species (Larrea, Ambrosia). Successional sequences in Death Valley apparently require thousands of years. Recovery of disturbed desert plant assemblages is linked with ongoing successional processes in ambient, undisturbed plant assemblages.] Mojave/California/ succession/community structure/recovery/pipeline/town.

390. Went, F. W. and M. Westergaard. 1949. Ecology of desert plants. III. Development of plants in the Death Valley National Monument, California. Ecology. 30(1):26-38. California/ecology/germination/desert/Larrea.

337. Wikeem, B. M. and M. D. Pitt. 1991. Grazing effects and range trend assessment on California bighorn sheep range. Journal of Range Management. 44(5):466-470. [Grazing significantly altered the morphology of certain plant species, while others were unaffected despite their dietary importance. Most notable was the conclusion that successional trends caused by California bighorn sheep grazing differed from trends expected from cattle grazing.] grazing/California.

124. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Armed senna. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: species notes (unpublished ms). plants/Cassia.

76. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Armed senna. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (2):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Cassia.

351. Balph, D. F. and J. C. Malecheck. 1985. Cattle trampling of crested wheatgrass under short-duration grazing. Journal of Range Management. 38(3):226-227. [This particular experiment demonstrated that grazing cattle do not step on tussocks of crested wheatgrass because they present an uneven surface. The results challenge previous theories including: 1) that hoof action facilitates nutrient cycling, and 2) that trampling destroys standing dead vegetation that protects crested wheatgrass. The first theory is challenged since most trampling occurs in the interstices between tussocks where there is little litter accumulation. The second is obviously challenged since cattle appear to avoid stepping on tussocks.] cattle/grazing.

108. Bentley, H. L. 1898. Cattle ranges of the southwest: a history of the exhaustion of the pasturage and suggestions for its restoration. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Farmers Bulletin. (72):1-31. restoration/history/Cattle.

330. Gillis, A. M. 1991. Should cows chew cheatgrass on commonlands? Bioscience. 41(10):668-675. [A review of the issues related to grazing cattle on public lands.] cattle.

393. Loomis, J. B., E. R. Loft, D. R. Updike and J. G. Kie. 1991. Cattle-deer interactions in the Sierra Nevada: a bioeconomic approach. Journal of Range Management. 44(4):395-399. cattle/grazing.

96. Kay, B. L., C. R. Brown and W. L. Graves. 1977. Winterfat. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (20):1-8. plants/Mojave/desert/Ceratoides.

136. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Palo verde. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: species notes (unpublished ms). plants/Cercidium.

36. Young, J. A., R. A. Evans, R. E., Jr. Eckert and B. L. Kay. 1987. Cheatgrass. Rangelands. 9(6):266-270. plants/cheatgrass/weed.

101. Cox J. R., H. L. Morton, T. N. Johnson, G. L. Jordan, S. C. Martin, and L. C. Fiero. 1982. Vegetation restoration in the Chihuahuan and Sonoran Deserts of North America. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Agricultural Reviews and Manuals, ARM-W-28. 37 pp. [ask David Bainbridge about authors.] restoration/Chihuahuan/Sonoran.

48. Heske, E. J. and M. Campbell. 1991. Effects of an 11-year livestock exclosure on rodent and ant numbers in the Chihuahuan Desert, southeastern Arizona. Southwestern Naturalist. 36(1):89-93. grazing/exclosure/rodent/ants/Chihuahuan/Desert/Arizona.

132. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Desert willow. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: species notes (unpublished ms). plants/Chilopsis.

77. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Rubber rabbitbrush. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (3):1-5. plants/Mojave/desert/Chrysothamnus.

123. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Site climate and microclimate (draft). Prepared for the California Department of Transportation. MOU No. 11 CN 11A393. /climate/desert.

411. Beatley, J. C. 1975. Climates and vegetation pattern across the Mojave/Great Basin Desert Transition of southern Nevada. American Midland Naturalist. 93(1):53-70. climate/Mojave/desert/Nevada.

165. DeLucia, E. H. and W. H. Schlesinger. 1990. Ecophysiology of Great basin and Sierra Nevada vegetation on contrasting soils. In, pp. 143-178. Osmond, C. B., L. F. Pitelka and G. M. (eds.) Hidy. Plant biology of the Basin and Range. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. soil/climate.

164. Hidy, G. M. and H. E. Klieforth. 1990. Atmospheric processes affecting the climate of the Great Basin. In, pp. 17-45. Osmond, C. B., L. F. Pitelka and G. M. (eds.) Hidy. Plant biology of the Basin and Range. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. climate.

262. Rosenberg, N. J. (Editor). 1978. North American Droughts. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado. 177 pp. climate/droughts.

166. Smith, S. D. and R. S. Nowak. 1990. Ecophysiology of plants in the intermountain lowlands. In, pp. 179-241. Osmond, C. B., L. F. Pitelka and G. M. (eds.) Hidy. Plant biology of the Basin and Range. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. plants/soil/climate.

168. Wharton, R. A., P. E. Wigand, M. R. Rose, R. L. Reinhardt, D. A. Mouat, H. E. Klieforth, N. L. Ingraham, J. O. Davis, C. A. Fox and J. T. Ball. 1990. The North American Great Basin: a sensitive indicator of climatic change. In, pp. 323-359. Osmond, C. B., L. F. Pitelka and G. M. (eds.) Hidy. Plant biology of the Basin and Range. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. climate/history.

222. Jeffries, D. L. and J. M. Klopatek. 1987. Effects of grazing on the vegetation of the blackbrush association. Journal of Range Management. 40(5):390-392. plants/Coleogyne/grazing.

324. O'Leary, J. F. and R. A. Minnich. 1981. Postfire recovery of creosote bush scrub vegetation in the western Colorado Desert. Madro¤o. 23(2):61-66. [Postfire recovery of Larrea, Hymenoclea, and Opuntia echinocarpa was examined 5 years after a fire at Snow Creek below Mt. San Jacinto. Larrea resprouted and nearly regained estimated former cover. Opuntia excluded, the community showed substantial recovery.] fire/Larrea/Colorado.

111. Virginia, R. A. and D. A. Bainbridge. 1987. Revegetation in the Colorado Desert: lessons from the study of natural systems. In, pp. 52-63. Proceedings of the Second Native Plant Revegetation Symposium. Revegetation/Colorado/Desert.

342. Allen, E. B. 1991. Temporal and spatial organization of desert plant communities. In, pp. 193-208. J. Skujins (ed.). Semiarid lands and deserts: soil resource and reclamation. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. [A review of plant community structure in the worlds deserts] community structure.

329. Beatley, J. C. 1979. Fluctuations and stability in climax shrub and woodland vegetation of the Mojave, Great Basin and Transition deserts of southern Nevada. Israel Journal of Botany. 28:149-168. [A high rate of turnover was observed in Mojave Desert communities over a 12 year period. 20-30% of the shrubs living at the end of the study were new. Overall, about 14% of the shrubs living at the beginning of the study were dead at the end. Complete, or nearly complete, replacement was estimated to take 50 years.] community structure/succession.

289. Cody, M. L. 1986. Spacing patterns in Mojave Desert plant communities: near-neighbor analyses. Journal of Arid Environments. 11:199-217. plants/community structure.

24. Cody, M. L. 1986. Spacing in Mojave Desert plant communities. II. Plant size and distance relationships. Israel Journal of Botany. 35:109-120. plants/community structure.

350. Cody, M. L. 1989. Growth-form diversity and community structure in desert plants. Journal of Arid Environments. 17:199-209. [High growth form diversity in North American deserts is associated with low precipitation, high temperature, and wide seasonal diversity of growing conditions. Morphological diversification is associated with different growth strategies and modes of moisture utilization.] community structure.

18. El-Ghonemy, A. A., E. M. Romney and A. Wallace. 1980. Frequency distribution of numbers of perennial shrubs in the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):34-38. community structure/plants.

23. El-Ghonemy, A. A., A. Wallace and E. M. Romney. 1980. Multivariate analysis of the vegetation in a two-desert interface. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):42-58. plants/community structure.

275. Fonteyn, P. J. and B. E. Mahall. 1981. An experimental analysis of structure in a desert plant community. Journal of Ecology. 69:883-896. plants/community structure.

70. Germano, D. J. and D. N. Lawhead. 1986. Species diversity and habitat complexity: does vegetation organize vertebrate communities in the Great Basin? Great Basin Naturalist. 46(4):711-719. vertebrate/community structure.

282. Goldberg, D. E. and R. M. Turner. 1986. Vegetation change and plant demography in permanent plots in the Sonoran Desert. Ecology. 67(3):695-712. plants/community structure.

353. Hafner, M. S. 1977. Density and diversity in Mojave Desert rodent and shrub communities. Journal of Animal Ecology. 46:925-938. [This study emphasizes that few generalities are possible when comparing desert communities. Rainfall is the strongest component in these systems. The ultimate effect of rainfall on desert rodent communities depends on the influence and interactions of other biotic and abiotic factors.] rodent/community structure.

14. Howe, H. F. and S. H. Wright. 1986. Spatial pattern and mortality in the desert mallow Sphaeralcea ambigua. National Geographic Research. 4(2):491-499. plants/community structure.

12. Johnson, H. B. 1976. Vegetation and plant communities of the southern California desert: a functional view. In, pp. 125-164. Latting, J. e.). Plant Communities of Southern California. Special Publication 2, California Native Plant Society, community structure/California/desert.

352. Johnson, H. B., F. C. Vasek and T. Yonkers. 1975. Productivity, diversity and stability relationships in Mojave Desert roadside vegetation. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 102(3):106-115. [The edge effect of a paved road increases plant standing crop 17 fold on the vases of the vegetated area alone and 6 fold when the area of the bare road surface is included in the area calculation. Unpaved roads show increases of 6 and 3 times respectively. Increases in diversity values along roads were due mainly to increased richness.] community structure/succession/roads.

292. Nobel, P. S. 1981. Spacing and transpiration of various sized clumps of a desert grass, Hilaria rigida. Journal of Ecology. 69:735-742. plants/Hilaria/community structure.

228. Phillips, D. L. and J. A. MacMahon. 1981. Competition and spacing patterns in desert shrubs. Journal of Ecology. 69:97-115. plants/community structure.

356. Polis, G. A. 1991. Complex trophic interactions in deserts: an empirical critique of food-web theory. American Naturalist. 138(1):123-155. [A detailed example of food web complexity based on data from the sand community in the Coachella Valley in California. Complexity arises from the large number of interactive species, the frequency of omnivory, age structure, looping, the lack of compartmentalization, and the complexity of the arthropod and soil faunas.] ecology/community structure.

287. Prose, D. V., S. K. Metzger and H. G. Wilshire. 1987. Effects of substrate disturbance on secondary plant succession; Mojave Desert, California. Journal of Applied Ecology. 24:305-313. [The effects of substrate disturbance on perennial plant succession was studied at three military camps abandoned for 40 years. Soil compaction, removal of the top layer of soil, and alteration of drainage channel density caused significant changes in perennial plant cover, density, and species composition. Long-lived species such as Larrea were dominant on treatment and control plots but were greatly reduced in treatment plots. Pioneer species such as Ambrosia and Hymenoclea exhibited percentage cover values that were similar or greater than controls in most areas.] plants/military/community structure.

268. Turner, R. M. 1982. Mojave desertscrub. Desert Plants. 4(1-4):157-168. plants/Mojave/community structure.

5. Vasek, F. C. 1979. Early successional stages in Mojave Desert scrub vegetation. Israel Journal of Botany. 28:133-148. Mojave/succession/community structure.

31. Wallace, A., E. M. Romney and J. E. Kinnear. 1980. Frequency distribution of three perennial plant species to nearest neighbor of the same species in the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):89-93. Mojave/community structure/plants.

105. Wallace, A., Romney, G. V. Alexander and J. E. Kinnear. 1980. Frequency distribution and correlation among mineral elements in Lycium andersonii from the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):146-155. community structure/plants/Lycium/Mojave.

26. Wallace, A., E. M. Romney and W. Valentine. 1980. A phytosociological study of a small desert area in Rock Valley, Nevada. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):59-72. community structure/plants.

33. Wallace, A., E. M. Romney and R. B. Hunter. 1980. Relationship of small washes to the distribution of Lycium andersonii and Larrea tridentata at site in the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):94-97. community structure/plants/Larrea/Lycium.

325. Webb, R. H., J. W. Steiger and R. M. Turner. 1987. Dynamics of Mojave Desert shrub assemblages in the Panamint Mountains, California. Ecology. 68(3):478-490. [Colonization of human-disturbed sites in the desert was highly variable with species compositions differing from predisturbance sites. Models of desert succession should consider several factors: 1) colonization is dependent in the severity of disturbance and residual biotic components; 2) time span for recovery may be longer than past periods of climatic and geomorphic stability; 3) colonizing species may have considerable range in their life-history strategies.] Mojave/California/succession/community structure/town.

326. Webb, R. H., J. W. Steiger and E. B. Newman. 1988. The response of vegetation to disturbance in Death Valley National Monument, California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin. 1793:1-103. [Plant assemblages were compared on debris flows, alluvial terraces, abandoned townsites, and a pipeline corridor. Disturbed townsites, abandoned for 42-74 years, were generally colonized by short-lived, reproduction-oriented species. The time required for complete recovery depends on the stage of predisturbance primary succession. Soil compaction was estimated to require a century for complete amelioration but did not appear to substantively affect the course of recovery. The successional sequence on alluvial terraces proceeded from short-lived, reproduction-oriented species (Hymenoclea salsola) to long-lived, maintenance-oriented species (Larrea, Ambrosia). Successional sequences in Death Valley apparently require thousands of years. Recovery of disturbed desert plant assemblages is linked with ongoing successional processes in ambient, undisturbed plant assemblages.] Mojave/California/ succession/community structure/recovery/pipeline/town.

227. Yeaton, R. I. and M. L. Cody. 1976. Competition and spacing in plant communities: the northern Mojave Desert. Journal of Ecology. 64:689-696. community structure/Mojave/plants.

369. Allen, E. B. 1982. Germination and competition of Salsola kali with native C3 and C4 species under three temperature regimes. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 109(1):39-46. Salsola/competition/weed.

368. Allen, E. B. 1982. Water and nutrient competition between Salsola kali and two native grass species (Agropyron smithii and Bouteloua gracilis). Ecology. 63(3):732-741. Salsola/weed/competition.

367. Lodhi, M. A. K. 1979. Allelopathic potential of Salsola kali L. and its possible role in rapid disappearance of weedy stage during revegetation. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 5(3):429-437. [This plant is allelopathically active and decreases the growth of selected associated species while it decays. It is autotoxic, but its germination was not inhibited by application of any isolated phytotoxins.] Salsola/weed/competition.

371. Wood, M. K., R. E., Jr. Eckert, W. H. Blackburn and F. F. Peterson. 1982. Influence of crusting soil surfaces on emergence and establishment of crested wheatgrass, squirreltail, Thurber needlegrass, and fourwing saltbush. Journal of Range Management. 35(3):282-287. coppice/cryptogam.

308. Anderson, D. C., K. T. Harper and S. R. Rushforth. 1982. Recovery of cryptogamic soil crusts from grazing on Utah winter ranges. Journal of Range Management. 35(3):355-359. [The amount of lichen, moss and algal cover was considerably reduced by domestic grazing. High cryptogamic cover was associated with heavy textured soils and greater salinity relative to sites with light cryptogamic cover. Cryptogamic cover increased from 4% to 15% after 14-18 years of grazing exclusion, but only 1% during the next 20 years.] soil/cryptogam.

403. Belnap, J. 1991. Sensitivity of desert cryptogams to air pollutants: soil crusts and rock lichens. In, pp. 112-119. Deborah Mangis Jill Baron and Kenneth Stolte (eds.). Acid rain and air pollution in desert park areas. National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior. air/cryptogam.

103. Brotherson, J. D., S. R. Rushforth and J. R. Johansen. 1983. Effects of long-term grazing on cryptogam crust cover in Navajo National Monument, Ariz. Journal of Range Management. 36(5):579-581. [After 40 years of grazing cryptogamic crusts were heavily impacted. Lichens and mosses were damaged the most while algae were more tolerant. All individual cryptogamic species exhibited similar declines. Vascular species were also reduced, especially grasses.] grazing/cryptogam.

102. Cole, D. N. 1990. Trampling disturbance and recovery of cryptogamic soil crusts in Grand Canyon National Park. Great Basin Naturalist. 50(4):321-325. [Crusts were trampled by hikers under controlled conditions to determine how rapidly they were pulverized and how quickly they recovered. 15 passes destroyed the structure of the crusts and visual evidence was virtually obliterated after 50 passes. Crusts redeveloped in 1-3 years. After 5 years recovery was almost complete. However, surface irregularity remained low after 5 years.] Trampling/cryptogam/soil.

104. Kleiner, E. F. and K. T. Harper. 1977. Soil properties in relation to cryptogamic groundcover in Canyonlands National Park. Journal of Range Management. 30(3):202-205. A comparative study was made of the soils of a virgin grassland and an adjacent grazed area in Canyonlands National Park. Soils from virgin site were finer textured than those of the grazed area, and the surface 5 cm contains a significantly lower amount of calcium. In addition, the surface 5 cm of the virgin site contains significantly greater amounts of phosphorus, potassium, and organic matter. Subsurface soils in the two parks are less dissimilar. Cryptogams on the virgin grassland appear to have an important influence on chemical characteristics of the surface 5 cm of soil. The difference in surface soils between the parks may be related to the presence of these species. data point strongly to light winter grazing as a disturbing influence that has contributed to the differences in the surface soil and in vegetational characteristics between the sites. Soil/cryptogam.

349. Prose, D. V. and S. K. Metzger. 1985. Recovery of soils and vegetation in World War II military base camps, Mojave Desert. U.S. Geological Survey. Open File Report # 85-234, 114 pp. [This report is the basis for the publication by Prose (1985).] military/soil/cryptogam.

371. Wood, M. K., R. E., Jr. Eckert, W. H. Blackburn and F. F. Peterson. 1982. Influence of crusting soil surfaces on emergence and establishment of crested wheatgrass, squirreltail, Thurber needlegrass, and fourwing saltbush. Journal of Range Management. 35(3):282-287. coppice/cryptogam.

35. Wallace, A., E. M. Romney and R. B. Hunter. 1980. Regulative effect of dodder (Cuscuta nevadensis Jtn.) on the vegetation of the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):98-99. Mojave/plants/Cuscuta/parasite.

16. Strojan, C. L., D. C. Randall and F. B. Turner. 1987. Relationship of leaf litter decomposition rates to rainfall in the Mojave Desert. Ecology. 68(4):741-744. decomposition/Mojave.

223. Allen, E. B. 1989. The restoration of disturbed arid landscapes with special reference to mychorrizal fungi. Journal of Arid Environments. 17:279-286. Salsola/restoration/mycorrhizae/fungi/degradation.

263. Bahre, C. J. 1979. Destruction of the natural vegetation of north-central Chile. University of California Publications, Geography. 23:1-117. degradation.

238. Blaikie, P. and H. Brookfield. 1987. The degradation of common property resources. In, pp. 186-196. Blaikie, P. and H. e.) Brookfield. Land Degradation and Society. Methuen and Co. Ltd, degradation.

332. Bosch, O. J. H. and K. Kellner. 1991. The use of a degradation gradient for the ecological interpretation of condition assessments in the western grassland biome of southern Africa. Journal of Arid Environments. 21(21-29) [A multivariate model is used to quantitatively assess rangeland degradation.] statistical methods/degradation.

239. Jodha, N. 1987. A case study of the degradation of common property resources in India. In, pp. 196-207. Blaikie, P. and H. e.) Brookfield. Land Degradation and Society. Methuen and Co. Ltd, degradation.

213. Stocking, M. 1987. Measuring land degradation. pp. 49-63. Blaikie, P. and H. e.) Brookfield. Land degradation and society. Methuen and Co. Ltd., London. techniques/degradation.

11. Vasek, F. C., H. B. Johnson and D. H. Eslinger. 1975. Effects of pipeline construction on creosote bush scrub vegetation of the Mojave Desert. Madro¤o. 23(1):1-13. pipeline/Mojave/degradation.

8. Vasek, F. C., H. B. Johnson and G. D. Brum. 1975. Effects of power transmission lines on vegetation of the Mojave Desert. Madro¤o. 23:114-131. powerlines/Mojave/degradation.

112. Bainbridge, D. A., R. A. Virginia and N. Sorensen. 1991. Deep roots for plant establishment in dry environments. Restoration in the Sonoran Desert (unpublished ms). techniques/Sonoran/desert.

120. Bainbridge, D. A., R. A. Virginia and N. Sorensen. 1989. Inoculating desert plants with symbiotic microorganisms. Restoration in the Sonoran Desert (unpublished ms). desert/techniques/mycorrhizae/seeds.

9. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1990. Restoration in the Sonoran desert of California. Restoration and Management Notes. 8(1):3-13. models/techniques/Restoration/Sonoran/desert/California.

123. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Site climate and microclimate (draft). Prepared for the California Department of Transportation. MOU No. 11 CN 11A393. /climate/desert.

34. Barbour, M. G. 1969. Age and space distribution of the desert shrub Larrea divaricata. Ecology. 50(4):679-685. Larrea/shrub/desert/distribution.

106. Baxter, R. J. 1987. Analyses of the population and spatial distribution of the desert tortoise Gopherus agassizii at the Twenty-nine Palms Marine Corps Base. Unpublished Masters Thesis. California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. As part of a larger contract with the United States Navy, Desert Tortoise Gopherus agassizii habitat, populations and spatial abundances were studied at the Twenty-Nine Palms Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center. The habitat was found to be typical of sparse Creosote Bush Larrea tridentata scrub. Mans impacts have altered, and continue to significantly alter, the natural landscape. The population of desert tortoise is moderate, and ranges from about 50 to 100 tortoises per square mile. No significant difference between the sex ratio (male:female) of the observed population and the expected sex ratio of 1:1 was found. Both the location of the tortoise burrows and tortoise captures/recaptures on plot 2 were compared against a random model. Tortoise burrows were found to exhibit a random distribution both across the plot as a whole, and in a fashion predicted by plant community abundance. Tortoise burrows were not located closer to washes than a random set of burrow locations. Tortoise burrows were, however, located significantly closer to the edge of the Hiliaria rigida plant distribution than random burrows. Tortoise captures recaptures were not randomly distributed across the plot, and were significantly different from a distribution expected when predicted by plant community abundance. Both all tortoise captures/recaptures, and those within the transitional MIXED community, were significantly closer to washes than randomly located capture sites. Tortoise captures/recaptures were found to be significantly closer to the edge of the H. rigida distribution for both the L. tridentata/Ambrosia dumosa community, and for captures/recaptures within this community when combined with those of the MIXED community. Although actually closer, captures/recaptures within the MIXED community were not significantly closer, statistically, than the random model predicted. It appears that desert tortoises in this area are exhibiting a localization of their numbers, and that tortoise burrows are located close to the ecotone of H. rigida. tortoise/desert/California.

410. Beatley, J. C. 1969. Biomass of desert winter annual plant populations in southern Nevada. Oikos. 20:261-273. annuals/desert/Mojave/Nevada.

411. Beatley, J. C. 1975. Climates and vegetation pattern across the Mojave/Great Basin Desert Transition of southern Nevada. American Midland Naturalist. 93(1):53-70. climate/Mojave/desert/Nevada.

57. Bowers, J. E. 1980. Catastrophic freezes in the Sonoran Desert. Desert Plants. 2(4):232-236. freezes/Sonoran/Desert.

384. Bureau of Land Management. 1980. The California Desert Conservation Area Plan. U.S. Department of the Interior. , Riverside, California. California/desert/powerline.

58. Clary, R. F. 1987. Roadside revegetation in the Mojave Desert. Restoration and Management Notes. 5(2):97. revegetation/Mojave/Desert/Roadside.

15. Clary, R. F. and R. D. Slayback. 1984. Revegetation in the Mojave Desert using native woody plants. In, pp. 42-47. Reiger, J. P. and B. A. (eds.) Steele. Proceedings of the Native Plant Revegetation Symposium. Southern California Chapter and San Diego Chapter of the California Native Plant Society., Revegetation/Mojave/Desert/native/woody.

69. Germano, D. J. and C. R. Hungerford. 1981. Reptile population changes with manipulation of Sonoran Desert shrub. Great basin Naturalist. 41(1):129-137. shrub/Desert/Sonoran/Reptile.

68. Germano, D. J., R. Hungerford and Martin S. Clark. 1983. Responses of selected wildlife species to the removal of mesquite from desert grassland. Journal of Range Management. 36(3):309-311. plants/wildlife/mesquite/grassland/desert/Prosopis.

30. Graves, W. L., B. L. Kay and W. A. Williams. 1978. Revegetation of disturbed sites in the Mojave Desert with native shrubs. California Agriculture. March:4-5. shrubs/Desert/Mojave/disturbed/Revegetation.

42. Graves, W. L., B. L. Kay and W. A. Williams. 1975. Seed treatment of Mojave desert shrubs. Agronomy Journal. 67:773-777. Seed/Mojave/desert/shrubs.

48. Heske, E. J. and M. Campbell. 1991. Effects of an 11-year livestock exclosure on rodent and ant numbers in the Chihuahuan Desert, southeastern Arizona. Southwestern Naturalist. 36(1):89-93. grazing/exclosure/rodent/ants/Chihuahuan/Desert/Arizona.

110. Humphrey, R. R. 1958. The desert grassland: a history of vegetational change and an analysis of causes. Botanical Review. 24(4):193-252. Extensive portions of the desert grassland of southern Arizona, New Mexico and southwestern Texas have been invaded by woody species. Mesquite, creosote bush, cacti of the genus Optunia, burroweed and snakeweed are among the principal invaders. The prime factors commonly believed to have caused this change are reviewed and evaluated. These are (1) change of climate, (2) grazing by domestic livestock, (3) plant competition, (4)rodents, (5) fire. Of these various factors, change of climate seems to have had the least effect. Fires that were formerly frequent and widespread were the chief agency restricting shrub invasion. Since fires have been controlled, the introduction of domestic livestock, plant competition and rodents have been effective agents that have favored woody plants at the expense of grasses. Had fires continued to sweep the grasslands down through the years to the present with their original frequency, the desert grassland would probably occupy about the same area today as it did prior to the white settlement of the southwest. desert/grassland/history.

53. Humphrey, R. R. 1974. Fire in the deserts and desert grassland of North America. In, pp. 365-400. Kozlowski, T. T. and Ahlgren C. E. (eds.). Fire and Ecosystems. Academic Press, New York. Fire/desert/grassland.

52. Humphrey, R. R. 1963. The role of fire in the desert and desert grassland areas of Arizona. In, pp. 45-62. Proceedings 2nd Annual Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference. fire/desert/grassland/Arizona.

395. Jackson, L. L., J. R. McAuliffe and B. A. Roundy. 1991. Desert restoration. Restoration and Management Notes. 9(2):71-80. Sonoran/Arizona/desert/restoration.

12. Johnson, H. B. 1976. Vegetation and plant communities of the southern California desert: a functional view. In, pp. 125-164. Latting, J. e.). Plant Communities of Southern California. Special Publication 2, California Native Plant Society, community structure/California/desert.

93. Kay, B. L., C. R. Brown and W. L. Graves. 1977. Desert saltbush. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (18):1-7. plants/Mojave/desert/Atriplex.

92. Kay, B. L., C. R. Brown and W. L. Graves. 1977. Fourwing saltbush. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (17):1-12. plants/Mojave/desert/Atriplex.

91. Kay, B. L., C. R. Brown and W. L. Graves. 1977. Joshua-tree. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (16):1-6. plants/Mojave/desert/Yucca.

96. Kay, B. L., C. R. Brown and W. L. Graves. 1977. Winterfat. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (20):1-8. plants/Mojave/desert/Ceratoides.

99. Kay, B. L., W. L. Graves and J. A. Young. 1988. Long-term storage of desert shrub seed. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (23):1-23. desert/shrub/seed.

87. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Anderson desert thorn. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (12):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Lycium.

76. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Armed senna. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (2):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Cassia.

82. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Bladderpod. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (8):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Isomeris.

89. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Bladder sage. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (14):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Salazaria.

75. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Burrobush. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (1):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Ambrosia.

85. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Bush peppergrass. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (10):1-2. plants/Mojave/desert/Lepidium.

79. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. California buckwheat. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (5):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Erigonum.

88. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Cooper's desert thorn. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (13):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Lycium.

84. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Creosote bush. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (9):1-10. plants/Mojave/desert/Larrea.

90. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Goldenhead. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (15):1-3. plants/Mojave/desert/Acamptopappus.

95. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross, W. L. Graves and C. R. Brown. 1977. Gray Ephedra and green Ephedra. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (19):1-8. plants/Mojave/desert/Ephedra.

80. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Hop-sage. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (6):1-5. plants/Mojave/desert/Grayia.

77. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Rubber rabbitbrush. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (3):1-5. plants/Mojave/desert/Chrysothamnus.

86. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Scale broom. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (11):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Lepidospartum.

78. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Virgin River Encelia. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (4):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Encelia.

81. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. White burrobush. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (7):1-5. plants/Mojave/desert/Hymenoclea.

97. Kay, B. L., J. A. Young, C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Desert peach. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (21):1-6. plants/Mojave/desert/Prunus.

146. Lathrop, E. W. 1983. The effect of vehicle use on desert vegetation. In, pp. 154-166. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. ohv/desert.

74. Latting, J. 1977. Plant list of eastern Mojave Desert. Manuscript. plant/list/Mojave/desert.

47. Lightfoot, D. C. and W. G. Whitford. 1991. Productivity of creosotebush foliage and associated canopy arthropods along a desert roadside. American Midland Naturalist. 125(2):310-322. insects/plants/Productivity/desert/Larrea/ruderal.

71. Martin, S. C. 1975. Ecology and management of southwestern semidesert grass-shrub ranges: the status of our knowledge. USDA Forest Service Research Paper RM-156. :1-39. range/grass/shrub/desert.

221. McGinnies, W. J. and W. A. Laycock. 1985. The Great American Desert: perceptions of pioneers, the dust bowl and the new sodbusters. In, pp. 1247-1254. Whitehead, E. E., C. F. Hutchinson, B. N. Timmermann and R. G. (eds.) Varady. Arid lands today and tomorrow. Proceedings of an International Research and Development Conference. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado. desert/history.

55. Newland, K. C., S. Ives, G. E. Joseph, M. A. Dimmitt, M. Mittleman, R. E. Foster, C. Scannell, W. R. Feldman, F. S. Crosswhite and C. Hansen. 1980. Propagation techniques for desert plants. Desert Plants. 2(4):205-216. Propagation/techniques/desert.

231. Noy-Meir, I. 1973. Desert ecosystems: environment and producers. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 4:25-51. desert.

51. Reynolds, H. G. and J. W. Bohning. 1956. Effects of burning on a desert grass-shrub range in southern Arizona. Ecology. 37(4):769-777. desert/grass-shrub/Arizona/fire.

111. Virginia, R. A. and D. A. Bainbridge. 1987. Revegetation in the Colorado Desert: lessons from the study of natural systems. In, pp. 52-63. Proceedings of the Second Native Plant Revegetation Symposium. Revegetation/Colorado/Desert.

215. Wallace, A., R. B. Hunter and E. M. Romney. 1980. The challenge of a desert: revegetation of disturbed desert islands. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):216-225. island/revegetation/desert.

405. Went, F. W. 1979. Germination and seedling behavior of desert plants. In, pp. 477-489. D. W. Goodall and R. A. Perry (eds.). International Biological Programme, No. 16. Arid-land ecosystems: structure, functioning and management. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. germination/desert.

390. Went, F. W. and M. Westergaard. 1949. Ecology of desert plants. III. Development of plants in the Death Valley National Monument, California. Ecology. 30(1):26-38. California/ecology/germination/desert/Larrea.

44. Williams, W. A. and O. D. Cook. 1974. Germination of native desert shrubs. California Agriculture. (August):13. shrubs/desert/Germination.

150. Elvidge, C. D. and R. M. Iverson. 1983. Regeneration of desert pavement and varnish. In, pp. 225-243. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. desert varnish/desert pavement.

150. Elvidge, C. D. and R. M. Iverson. 1983. Regeneration of desert pavement and varnish. In, pp. 225-243. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. desert varnish/desert pavement.

278. Taylor-George, S., F. Palmer, J. T. Staley, D. J. Borns, B. Curtiss and J. B. Adams. 1983. Fungi and bacteria involved in desert varnish formation. Microbial Ecology. 9:227-245. fungi/bacteria/desert varnish.

309. Goudie, A. S. 1990. Desert Degradation. In, pp. 1-33. Andrew S. Goudie (ed.). Techniques for desert reclamation. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. [A review of the causes of desertification.] history/desertification.

261. Sheridan, D. 1981. Desertification of the United States. Council on Environmental Quality, Washington, D.C. 142 pp. desertification.

113. Tucker, C. J., H. E. Dregne and W. W. Newcomb. 1991. Expansion and contraction of the Sahara Desert from 1980 to 1990. Science. 253:299-301. [The Sahara Desert ranged from 8,633,000 square km in 1980 to 9,982,000 square km in 1984. Between 1984-1985 north-south latitudinal movement of the southern Sahara boundary was 110 km resulting in a decrease in desert area of 724,000 square km.] desertification/history.

40. Kay, B. L. and W. L. Graves. 1983. History of revegetation studies in the California Deserts. In, pp. 315-324. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. Deserts/California/revegetation/History.

401. Ellner, S. and A. Shmida. 1981. Why are adaptations for long-range seed dispersal rare in desert plants? Oecologia. 51:133-144. seed/dispersal.

43. Young, J. A., R. A. Evans and B. L. Kay. 1975. Dispersal and germination dynamics of broadleaf filaree, Erodium botrys (Cav.) Bertol. Agronomy Journal. 67:54-57. plants/Dispersal/germination/filaree/Erodium.

34. Barbour, M. G. 1969. Age and space distribution of the desert shrub Larrea divaricata. Ecology. 50(4):679-685. Larrea/shrub/desert/distribution.

30. Graves, W. L., B. L. Kay and W. A. Williams. 1978. Revegetation of disturbed sites in the Mojave Desert with native shrubs. California Agriculture. March:4-5. shrubs/Desert/Mojave/disturbed/Revegetation.

341. Tierra Madre Consultants. 1991. Biological assessment for Lancaster City and planning area: relative density surveys for desert tortoises and cumulative human impact evaluations for Mohave ground squirrel habitat. [The most interesting part of this report is the table on page 37 that lists percent occurrence of various disturbances along transects in 72 square miles. Litter, sheep grazing, and human use were incredibly high.] mojave/California/disturbed.

262. Rosenberg, N. J. (Editor). 1978. North American Droughts. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado. 177 pp. climate/droughts.

189. Newton, G. A. 1990. A summary of three dune revegetation/stabilization projects. In, pp. 569-580. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. revegetation/dunes.

310. Watson A. 1990. The control of blowing sand and mobile desert dunes. In, pp. 35-85. Andrew S. Goudie (ed.). Techniques for desert reclamation. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. [A thorough review of wind erosion control.] dunes/techniques.

17. Fisher, J. C., Jr. 1984. Use of native vegetation for dust control at Owens Dry Lake. In, pp. 36-41. Reiger, J. P. and B. A. (eds.) Steele. Proceedings of the Native Plant Revegetation Symposium. Southern California Chapter and San Diego Chapter of the California Native Plant Society., dust/techniques.

408. Beatley, J. C. 1974. Phenological events and their environmental triggers in Mojave Desert ecosystems. Ecology. 55:856-863. Mojave/Nevada/ecology.

379. Call, C. A. and B. A. Roundy. 1991. Perspectives and processes in revegetation of arid and semiarid rangelands. Journal of Range Management. 44(6):543-549. [This article stresses the importance of establishing diverse and persistent plant assemblages on ranges instead of vigorous exotic species.] restoration/revegetation/ecology.

358. Ehleringer, J. R., S. L. Phillips, W. S. F. Schuster and D. R. Sandquist. 1991. Differential utilization of summer rains by desert plants. Oecologia. 88:430-434. [In southern Utah, all plant species use winter-spring rain for spring growth. Annuals and succulent perennials show complete dependence on summer rain.] ecology/rain.

49. Liddle, M. J. 1991. Recreation ecology: effects of trampling on plants and coral. Trends in Evolution and Ecology. 6(1):13-17. ecology/trampling.

356. Polis, G. A. 1991. Complex trophic interactions in deserts: an empirical critique of food-web theory. American Naturalist. 138(1):123-155. [A detailed example of food web complexity based on data from the sand community in the Coachella Valley in California. Complexity arises from the large number of interactive species, the frequency of omnivory, age structure, looping, the lack of compartmentalization, and the complexity of the arthropod and soil faunas.] ecology/community structure.

390. Went, F. W. and M. Westergaard. 1949. Ecology of desert plants. III. Development of plants in the Death Valley National Monument, California. Ecology. 30(1):26-38. California/ecology/germination/desert/Larrea.

78. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Virgin River Encelia. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (4):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Encelia.

95. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross, W. L. Graves and C. R. Brown. 1977. Gray Ephedra and green Ephedra. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (19):1-8. plants/Mojave/desert/Ephedra.

79. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. California buckwheat. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (5):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Erigonum.

131. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Desert trumpet. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: species notes (unpublished ms). plants/Eriogunum.

370. Hunter, R., F. B. Turner, R. G. Lindberg and K.-B. Hunter. 1987. Effects of land clearing on bordering winter annual populations in the Mohave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist. 47(2):234-238. solar/California/weed/Schismus/Erodium.

43. Young, J. A., R. A. Evans and B. L. Kay. 1975. Dispersal and germination dynamics of broadleaf filaree, Erodium botrys (Cav.) Bertol. Agronomy Journal. 67:54-57. plants/Dispersal/germination/filaree/Erodium.

144. Gillette, D. A. and J. Adams. 1983. Accelerated wind erosion and prediction of rates. In, pp. 97-109. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. erosion/ohv/soil.

203. Harding, M. V. 1990. Erosion control effectiveness: comparative studies of alternative mulching techniques. In, pp. 149-156. Berger, J. J. (ed.). Environmental restoration: science and strategies for restoring the earth. Island Press, Washington, D. C. erosion/soil.

205. Harding, M. V., C. D. Betts and A. W. Juncker. 1990. Use of erosion control blankets on harsh sites. In, pp. 157. Berger, J. J. (ed.). Environmental restoration: science and strategies for restoring the earth. Island Press, Washington, D. C. soil/erosion.

151. Heede, B. H. 1983. Control of rills and gullies in off-road vehicle traffic areas. In, pp. 245-264. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. erosion.

143. Hinckley, B. S., R. M. Iverson and B. Hallet. 1983. Accelerated water erosion in ORV-use areas. In, pp. 81-96. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. erosion/ohv/soil.

38. Kay, B. L. 1983. Straw as an erosion control mulch. University of California, Davis, Agronomy Progress Report. (140):1-12. erosion/techniques.

314. Lal R. 1990. Water erosion and conservation: an assessment of the water erosion problem and the techniques available for soil conservation. In, pp. 161-198. Andrew S. Goudie (ed.). Techniques for desert reclamation. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. [A review of soil erosion due to water.] erosion/water/soil/techniques.

311. Middleton, N. J. 1990. Wind erosion and dust-storm control. In, pp. 87-108. Andrew S. Goudie (ed.). Techniques for desert reclamation. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. [A thorough review of wind erosion control.] erosion/techniques.

156. Nakata, J. K. 1983. Off-road vehicular destabilization of hill slopes: the major contributing factor of destructive debris flows in Ogden, Utah, 1979. In, pp. 343-353. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. ohv/erosion.

67. Warren, S. D., V. E. Diersing, P. J. Thompson and W. D. Goran. 1989. An erosion-based land classification system for military installations. Environmental Management. 13(2):251-257. military/erosion.

48. Heske, E. J. and M. Campbell. 1991. Effects of an 11-year livestock exclosure on rodent and ant numbers in the Chihuahuan Desert, southeastern Arizona. Southwestern Naturalist. 36(1):89-93. grazing/exclosure/rodent/ants/Chihuahuan/Desert/Arizona.

283. Roundy, B. A. and G. L. Jordan. 1988. Vegetation changes in relation to livestock exclusion and rootplowing in southeastern Arizona. Southwestern Naturalist. 33(4):425-436. grazing/exclosure.

43. Young, J. A., R. A. Evans and B. L. Kay. 1975. Dispersal and germination dynamics of broadleaf filaree, Erodium botrys (Cav.) Bertol. Agronomy Journal. 67:54-57. plants/Dispersal/germination/filaree/Erodium.

323. Brown, D. E. and R. A. Minnich. 1986. Fire and changes in creosote bush scrub of the western Sonoran Desert, California. American Midland Naturalist. 116(2):411-422. [Most desert shrubs are poorly adapted to low intensity fires. When destroyed, these species are replaced by native ephemerals, and European exotics including mostly Bromus and Schismus barbatus. Recent fires in the Coachella Valley are related to persistent above normal precipitation and increases in native and exotic herb cover. European exotics survive dry years with their winter annual habit. Slow rates of decomposition result in increased fuel loads.] fire/Sonoran/Larrea.

396. Chou, Y.-H., R. A. Minnich, L. A. Salazar, J. D. Power and R. J. Dezzani. 1990. Spatial autocorrelation of wildfire distribution in the Idyllwild quadrangle, San Jacinto Mountain, California. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 56(11):1507-1513. fire.

53. Humphrey, R. R. 1974. Fire in the deserts and desert grassland of North America. In, pp. 365-400. Kozlowski, T. T. and Ahlgren C. E. (eds.). Fire and Ecosystems. Academic Press, New York. Fire/desert/grassland.

52. Humphrey, R. R. 1963. The role of fire in the desert and desert grassland areas of Arizona. In, pp. 45-62. Proceedings 2nd Annual Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference. fire/desert/grassland/Arizona.

394. Loft, E. R. and J. W. Menke. 1990. Evaluation of fire effects on mule deer habitat in Lassen County. pp. 1-30. Hill Bill Contract No. FG1C-2090, California Department of Fish and Game. fire.

398. Minnich, R. A. 1983. Fire mosaics in southern California and northern Baja California. Science. 219:1287-1294. fire.

324. O'Leary, J. F. and R. A. Minnich. 1981. Postfire recovery of creosote bush scrub vegetation in the western Colorado Desert. Madro¤o. 23(2):61-66. [Postfire recovery of Larrea, Hymenoclea, and Opuntia echinocarpa was examined 5 years after a fire at Snow Creek below Mt. San Jacinto. Larrea resprouted and nearly regained estimated former cover. Opuntia excluded, the community showed substantial recovery.] fire/Larrea/Colorado.

51. Reynolds, H. G. and J. W. Bohning. 1956. Effects of burning on a desert grass-shrub range in southern Arizona. Ecology. 37(4):769-777. desert/grass-shrub/Arizona/fire.

380. Tratz, W. M. and R. J. Vogl. 1977. Postfire vegetational recovery, productivity, and herbivore utilization of a chaparral-desert ecotone. In, pp. 426-430. Mooney, H. A. and C. E. (eds.) Conrad. Proceedings of the symposium on the environmental consequences of fire and fuel management in Mediterranean ecosystems. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. A canyon and ridge were sampled the year following a July fire in San Diego Co., California. All animals survived to actively use the burn. Of the 20 perennials sampled, 10 were desert species. Resprouting occurred immediately and more commonly in the canyon than on the ridge. Recovery was high in chaparral shrubs and desert-wash plants, but low among cacti. Canyon plant productivity was greater than that on the ridge, with the greatest increases occurring in spring. Herbaceous plants contributed 64 to 76% of the year's productivity. Only 6 to 8 species were browsed by herbivores which consumed 4 to 8% of the available plants. fire.

359. Wallace M. Tratz and R. J. Vogl. 1977. Postfire vegetational recovery, productivity, and herbivore utilization of a chaparral-desert ecotone. In, pp. 426-430. Mooney, H. A. and Conrad, C. Eugene (eds.). Proceedings of the symposium on the environmental consequences of fire and fuel management in Mediterranean ecosystems. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. [Postfire recovery was found to be high in chaparral shrubs and desert-wash plants, but low among cacti. All animal species survived to utilize the burn area.] fire.

6. Saunders, D. A., R. J. Hobbs and C. R. Margules. 1991. Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: a review. Conservation Biology. 5(1):18-32. biogeography/fragmentation.

57. Bowers, J. E. 1980. Catastrophic freezes in the Sonoran Desert. Desert Plants. 2(4):232-236. freezes/Sonoran/Desert.

223. Allen, E. B. 1989. The restoration of disturbed arid landscapes with special reference to mychorrizal fungi. Journal of Arid Environments. 17:279-286. Salsola/restoration/mycorrhizae/fungi/degradation.

19. St. John, T. V. 1984. Mycorrhizal fungi and revegetation. In, pp. 87-93. Reiger, J. P. and B. A. (eds.) Steele. Proceedings of the Native Plant Revegetation Symposium. Southern California Chapter and San Diego Chapter of the California Native Plant Society., Mycorrhizae/fungi/revegetation.

278. Taylor-George, S., F. Palmer, J. T. Staley, D. J. Borns, B. Curtiss and J. B. Adams. 1983. Fungi and bacteria involved in desert varnish formation. Microbial Ecology. 9:227-245. fungi/bacteria/desert varnish.

4. Ackerman, T. L., E. M. Romney, A. Wallace and J. E. Kinnear. 1980. Phenology of desert shrubs in southern Nye County, Nevada. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):4-23. plants/shrubs/seeds/germination.

362. Ackerman, T. L. 1979. Germination and survival of perennial plant species in the Mojave Desert. Southwestern Naturalist. 24(3):399-408. [Germination and survival of 11 perennial plant species was studied in Rock Valley Nevada. Only one seedling out of 201 germinating between 1971 and 1975 survived until the spring of 1977.] germination/seed/Nevada/Mojave/Great Basin.

64. Siegel, R. S. and J. H. Brock. 1990. Germination requirements of key southwestern woody riparian species. Desert Plants. 10(1):3-8. Germination/riparian.

405. Went, F. W. 1979. Germination and seedling behavior of desert plants. In, pp. 477-489. D. W. Goodall and R. A. Perry (eds.). International Biological Programme, No. 16. Arid-land ecosystems: structure, functioning and management. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. germination/desert.

390. Went, F. W. and M. Westergaard. 1949. Ecology of desert plants. III. Development of plants in the Death Valley National Monument, California. Ecology. 30(1):26-38. California/ecology/germination/desert/Larrea.

44. Williams, W. A. and O. D. Cook. 1974. Germination of native desert shrubs. California Agriculture. (August):13. shrubs/desert/Germination.

43. Young, J. A., R. A. Evans and B. L. Kay. 1975. Dispersal and germination dynamics of broadleaf filaree, Erodium botrys (Cav.) Bertol. Agronomy Journal. 67:54-57. plants/Dispersal/germination/filaree/Erodium.

187. Amme, D. and B. M. Pitschel. 1990. Restoration and management of California's grassland habitat. In, pp. 532-542. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. grass/Restoration.

288. Cox, J. R., M. H. Martin-R., F. A. Ibarra-F. and H. L. Morton. 1986. Establishment of range grasses on various seedbeds at creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) sites in Arizona, U.S.A., and Chihuahua, Mexico. Journal of Range Management. 39(6):540-546. techniques/grass/plants/Larrea.

71. Martin, S. C. 1975. Ecology and management of southwestern semidesert grass-shrub ranges: the status of our knowledge. USDA Forest Service Research Paper RM-156. :1-39. range/grass/shrub/desert.

51. Reynolds, H. G. and J. W. Bohning. 1956. Effects of burning on a desert grass-shrub range in southern Arizona. Ecology. 37(4):769-777. desert/grass-shrub/Arizona/fire.

68. Germano, D. J., R. Hungerford and Martin S. Clark. 1983. Responses of selected wildlife species to the removal of mesquite from desert grassland. Journal of Range Management. 36(3):309-311. plants/wildlife/mesquite/grassland/desert/Prosopis.

110. Humphrey, R. R. 1958. The desert grassland: a history of vegetational change and an analysis of causes. Botanical Review. 24(4):193-252. Extensive portions of the desert grassland of southern Arizona, New Mexico and southwestern Texas have been invaded by woody species. Mesquite, creosote bush, cacti of the genus Optunia, burroweed and snakeweed are among the principal invaders. The prime factors commonly believed to have caused this change are reviewed and evaluated. These are (1) change of climate, (2) grazing by domestic livestock, (3) plant competition, (4)rodents, (5) fire. Of these various factors, change of climate seems to have had the least effect. Fires that were formerly frequent and widespread were the chief agency restricting shrub invasion. Since fires have been controlled, the introduction of domestic livestock, plant competition and rodents have been effective agents that have favored woody plants at the expense of grasses. Had fires continued to sweep the grasslands down through the years to the present with their original frequency, the desert grassland would probably occupy about the same area today as it did prior to the white settlement of the southwest. desert/grassland/history.

53. Humphrey, R. R. 1974. Fire in the deserts and desert grassland of North America. In, pp. 365-400. Kozlowski, T. T. and Ahlgren C. E. (eds.). Fire and Ecosystems. Academic Press, New York. Fire/desert/grassland.

52. Humphrey, R. R. 1963. The role of fire in the desert and desert grassland areas of Arizona. In, pp. 45-62. Proceedings 2nd Annual Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference. fire/desert/grassland/Arizona.

80. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Hop-sage. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (6):1-5. plants/Mojave/desert/Grayia.

219. Anonymous. 1991. Society for Range Management: desert tortoise report. Renewable Resources Journal. 9(2):30. grazing/tortoise.

351. Balph, D. F. and J. C. Malecheck. 1985. Cattle trampling of crested wheatgrass under short-duration grazing. Journal of Range Management. 38(3):226-227. [This particular experiment demonstrated that grazing cattle do not step on tussocks of crested wheatgrass because they present an uneven surface. The results challenge previous theories including: 1) that hoof action facilitates nutrient cycling, and 2) that trampling destroys standing dead vegetation that protects crested wheatgrass. The first theory is challenged since most trampling occurs in the interstices between tussocks where there is little litter accumulation. The second is obviously challenged since cattle appear to avoid stepping on tussocks.] cattle/grazing.

234. Bethlenfalvay, G. J. and S. Dakessian. 1984. Grazing effects on mychorrhizal colonization and floristic composition of the vegetation on a semiarid range in northern Nevada. Journal of Range Management. 37(4):312-316. mycorrhizae/grazing.

299. Borman, M. M. and D. E. Johnson. 1990. Evolution of grazing and land tenure policies on public lands. Rangelands. 12(4):203-206. grazing/history.

381. Bostick, V. 1990. The desert tortoise in relation to cattle grazing. Rangelands. 12(3):149-151. grazing/tortoise.

406. Branson, F. A. 1985. Vegetation changes on western rangelands. Society for Range Management, Range Monograph No. 2. grazing.

103. Brotherson, J. D., S. R. Rushforth and J. R. Johansen. 1983. Effects of long-term grazing on cryptogam crust cover in Navajo National Monument, Ariz. Journal of Range Management. 36(5):579-581. [After 40 years of grazing cryptogamic crusts were heavily impacted. Lichens and mosses were damaged the most while algae were more tolerant. All individual cryptogamic species exhibited similar declines. Vascular species were also reduced, especially grasses.] grazing/cryptogam.

260. Buchanan, B. A. 1988. Rangelands. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. 89 pp. grazing.

377. Busack, S. D. and R. B. Bury. 1974. Some effects of off-road vehicles and sheep grazing on lizard populations in the Mojave Desert. Biological Conservation. 6(3):179-183. [Lizard populations were adversely affected by both factors.] ohv/sheep/grazing/Mojave/California.

316. Coe, M. 1990. The conservation and management of semi-arid rangelands and their animal resources. In, pp. 219-249. Andrew S. Goudie (ed.). Techniques for desert reclamation. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. [A review of the effects of grazing by domestic and wild animals.] grazing.

233. Doerr, T. B., E. F. Redente and F. B. Reeves. 1984. Effects of soil disturbance on plant succession and levels of mycorrhizal fungi in a sagebrush-grassland community. Journal of Range Management. 37(2):135-139. A 5-year study was conducted to determine the effects of soil disturbance on plant succsessionand the relationship between plant succession and mycorrhizal inoculum potential (MIP) in a big sagebrush-grassland vegetation type. Disturbed plots, consisting of 4 levels of soil disturbance, were established in 1976, 1977, and 1979 to evaluate environmental fluctuations. Perennial grass canopy cover and aboveground biomass production were positively correlated with (MIP) and negatively correlated with disturbance treatments. Annual forb canopy cover (primarily nonmycorrhizal species) and above ground biomass were negatively correlated with MIP and positively correlated with level of soil disturbance. Weather fluctuations had a greater effect on annual plants than perennial plants after the perennial species were established. MIP values appeared to be a general indicator of the type and rate of plant succession that will evolve following soil disturbance. mycorrhizae/grazing.

298. Field, T. G. 1990. The future of grazing on public lands. Rangelands. 12(4):217-219. grazing.

338. General Accounting Office. 1991. Rangeland management: comparison of rangeland condition reports. United States General Accounting Office. GAO/RCED-91-191. , Washington, D.C. [The results of two studies, one prepared by the Natural Resources Defense Council, and one prepared by the Bureau of Land Management reached very different conclusions regarding the condition of public rangelands. The NRDC study concluded that much of the rangeland was in unsatisfactory condition, while the BLM study concluded that the rangelands were improving relative to their condition earlier in this century. The GAO concluded that the BLM claim lacked supporting documentation and the results were based on different methodologies. GAO concludes by stating that BLM continues to believe that rangeland improvement is discernable.] grazing.

361. General Accounting Office. 1992. Rangeland management: BLM's hot desert grazing program merits reconsideration. United States General Accounting Office. GAO/RCED-92-12. , Washington, D.C. [This report concludes that grazing has exacted a high environmental cost on hot desert ecosystems. GAO reports examples of continuing land degradation due to grazing. Other conclusions are as follows: areas near water recover quickly while others take decades to recover, if at all; grazing fees do not pay all the costs of administering the grazing program; local economies are not dependent on public lands ranching in the hot deserts, and BLM is not collecting the data needed to determine proper grazing levels. GAO concluded that the high environmental risks, budgetary costs, low economic benefits, and management problems associated with livestock grazing on hot desert public lands merit congressional consideration.] grazing.

333. Genin, D. and A. Badan-Dangon. 1991. Goat herbivory and plant phenology in a Mediterranean shrubland of northern Baja California. Journal of Arid Environments. 21(113-121) [This study demonstrated that some plant species are preferred forage only at certain phenological stages. Feeding behavior was unrelated to protein content of the stage.] grazing.

48. Heske, E. J. and M. Campbell. 1991. Effects of an 11-year livestock exclosure on rodent and ant numbers in the Chihuahuan Desert, southeastern Arizona. Southwestern Naturalist. 36(1):89-93. grazing/exclosure/rodent/ants/Chihuahuan/Desert/Arizona.

222. Jeffries, D. L. and J. M. Klopatek. 1987. Effects of grazing on the vegetation of the blackbrush association. Journal of Range Management. 40(5):390-392. plants/Coleogyne/grazing.

257. Johnson, K. L. 1987. Rangeland through time. University of Wyoming, Laramie. Misc. Publ. 50. 188 pp. grazing/history.

393. Loomis, J. B., E. R. Loft, D. R. Updike and J. G. Kie. 1991. Cattle-deer interactions in the Sierra Nevada: a bioeconomic approach. Journal of Range Management. 44(4):395-399. cattle/grazing.

54. Marrs, R. H., A. Rizand and A. F. Harrison. 1989. The effects of removing sheep grazing on soil chemistry, above-ground nutrient distribution, and selected aspects of soil fertility in long-term experiments at Moor House National Nature Preserve. Journal of Applied Ecology. 26:647-661. sheep/grazing/soil.

364. Nicholson, L. and K. Humphreys. 1981. Sheep grazing at the Kramer study plot, San Bernardino County, California. In, pp. 163-194. Hashagen, K. A. (ed.). Proceedings of the 1981 Symposium of the Desert Tortoise Council. sheep/grazing/tortoise.

331. Omar, S. A. S. 1991. Dynamics of range plants following 10 years of protection in arid rangelands of Kuwait. Journal of Arid Environments. 21(99-111) [In this study the results showed that halting grazing does not necessarily stop land degradation processes and allow vegetation to rehabilitate. Instead, drought, erosion and sand encroachment slowly contribute to land degradation and alter trend irrespective of the degree of protection.] grazing.

232. Pearson, L. C. 1965. Primary production in grazed and ungrazed desert communities of eastern Idaho. Ecology. 46(3):278-285. The harvest method was employed to study primary production in two plant communities, one which had been continuously grazed for about 70 years while other had been protected from grazing for a period of 11 years. Exclosures were constructed around both study areas to protect them from livestock grazing during 2 years of the study. There was 45% more top growth in the protected area but only 68% as much root mass; consequently, average annual net production was at least 12% greater in the grazed area. Irrigation with 9cm water increased top-growth yield 41.4%. Although over 30 species of plants were present in each community, two species contributed over half of the annual production in both areas. in the protected community 65% and in the grazed community 80% of the plant mass was underground. Proportion of plant mass underground ranged from 55% to over 98% in individual plants excavated whole. following harvesting of the tops, dry weight of the roots decreased 1.6% during the first week 22.1% during the first month, and 31.3% during the first 8 months. To measure seasonal trends in productivity, six plots, each 1 m2 in area, were harvested every week during two growing seasons. Artemisia tridentata, the principal shrub present, seemed to be most productive during the fall and early spring while Stipa comata the principal grass, was most productive during late spring and early summer. grazing.

220. Poling, M. A. 1991. Legal milestones in range management. Renewable Resources Journal. 9(2):7-10. grazing.

224. Rice, B. and M. Westoby. 1978. Vegetative responses of some Great Basin shrub communities protected against jack rabbits or domestic stock. Journal of Range Management. 31(1):28-34. grazing/rabbits.

283. Roundy, B. A. and G. L. Jordan. 1988. Vegetation changes in relation to livestock exclusion and rootplowing in southeastern Arizona. Southwestern Naturalist. 33(4):425-436. grazing/exclosure.

363. Webb, R. H. and S. S. Stielstra. 1979. Sheep grazing effects on Mojave Desert vegetation and soils. Environmental Management. 3(6):517-529. [Heavy grazing by sheep caused a 60% reduction in above-ground biomass under creosote bushes. Trampling caused an increase in soil strength in grazing and bedding areas and decreased intershrub annual densities up to 28%. Volumes of individual burro bushes were up to 65% less in grazed areas than in lightly grazed areas.] sheep/grazing.

337. Wikeem, B. M. and M. D. Pitt. 1991. Grazing effects and range trend assessment on California bighorn sheep range. Journal of Range Management. 44(5):466-470. [Grazing significantly altered the morphology of certain plant species, while others were unaffected despite their dietary importance. Most notable was the conclusion that successional trends caused by California bighorn sheep grazing differed from trends expected from cattle grazing.] grazing/California.

362. Ackerman, T. L. 1979. Germination and survival of perennial plant species in the Mojave Desert. Southwestern Naturalist. 24(3):399-408. [Germination and survival of 11 perennial plant species was studied in Rock Valley Nevada. Only one seedling out of 201 germinating between 1971 and 1975 survived until the spring of 1977.] germination/seed/Nevada/Mojave/Great Basin.

292. Nobel, P. S. 1981. Spacing and transpiration of various sized clumps of a desert grass, Hilaria rigida. Journal of Ecology. 69:735-742. plants/Hilaria/community structure.

270. Robberecht, R., B. E. Mahall and P. S. Nobel. 1983. Experimental removal of intraspecific competitors: effects on water relations and productivity of a desert bunchgrass, Hilaria rigida. Oecologia. 60:21-24. Hilaria.

301. Weight, L. 1978. The Spaniards called it galleta: it was manna in the desert wilderness. Desert Magazine. 41(5):28-31. Hilaria/history.

3. Allen, B. and R. Crittenden. 1987. Degradation and pre-capitalist political economy: the case of the New Guinea highlands. In, pp. 145-156. Blaikie, P. and H. e.) Brookfield. Land Degradation and Society. Methuen and Co. Ltd, history/philosophy.

108. Bentley, H. L. 1898. Cattle ranges of the southwest: a history of the exhaustion of the pasturage and suggestions for its restoration. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Farmers Bulletin. (72):1-31. restoration/history/Cattle.

1. Blaikie, P. and H. Brookfield. 1987. Questions from history in the Mediterranean and western Europe. In, pp. 122-142. Blaikie, P. and H. e.) Brookfield. Land Degradation and Society. Methuen and Co. Ltd, philosophy/history.

299. Borman, M. M. and D. E. Johnson. 1990. Evolution of grazing and land tenure policies on public lands. Rangelands. 12(4):203-206. grazing/history.

237. Clarke, W. and J. Morrison. 1987. Land mismanagement and the development imperative in Fiji. In, pp. 176-185. Blaikie, P. and H. e.) Brookfield. Land Degradation and Society. Methuen and Co. Ltd, history.

230. Crosswhite, F. S. 1984. John C. Fremont: explorer, plant collector and politician. Desert Plants. 6(1):59-62. history.

253. Dorn, R. D. 1986. The Wyoming landscape, 1805-1878. Mountain West Publishing, Cheyenne, Wyoming. 94 pp. history.

107. Galatowitsch, S. M. 1990. Using the original land survey notes to reconstruct presettlement landscapes in the American west. Great Basin Naturalist. 50(2):181-191. Rectangular surveys completed between 1796 and 1925 by the General Land Office have frequently been used in the eastern and central U.S. to determine land cover prior to European settlement. These survey notes are less often used in western U.S., although they are the only site-specific presettlement records available in many areas. Recent efforts to restore riparian and grassland habitats require an understanding of the conditions of these sites before settlement. General Land Office Survey notes provide a description of each township, including water supplies, timber resources, and agricultural potential. The width and course of rivers and streams were recorded on survey lines, along with notes on topography, vegetation, wetlands, mineral deposits, and soils. The township and section descriptions may be used with other historic information to reconstruct presettlement landscapes. Incomplete or vague notes. However, survey notes have proved useful in establishing baseline conditions of riparian habitats in Colorado and Oregon and grasslands in Colorado and New Mexico. history.

309. Goudie, A. S. 1990. Desert Degradation. In, pp. 1-33. Andrew S. Goudie (ed.). Techniques for desert reclamation. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. [A review of the causes of desertification.] history/desertification.

173. Grese, R. E. 1990. Historical perspectives on designing with nature. In, pp. 39-48. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. history/philosophy.

254. Hastings, J. R. and R. M. Turner. 1972. The changing mile: an ecological study of vegetation change with time in the lower mile of an arid and semiarid region. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 317 pp. history.

302. Humphrey, R. R. 1987. 90 years and 535 miles: vegetation changes along the Mexican border. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. 448 pp. [He notes that there has been a trend away from grassland toward shrub possibly due to increasing aridity climatologically. An excellent history of the effects of grazing and fire is presented.] history.

110. Humphrey, R. R. 1958. The desert grassland: a history of vegetational change and an analysis of causes. Botanical Review. 24(4):193-252. Extensive portions of the desert grassland of southern Arizona, New Mexico and southwestern Texas have been invaded by woody species. Mesquite, creosote bush, cacti of the genus Optunia, burroweed and snakeweed are among the principal invaders. The prime factors commonly believed to have caused this change are reviewed and evaluated. These are (1) change of climate, (2) grazing by domestic livestock, (3) plant competition, (4)rodents, (5) fire. Of these various factors, change of climate seems to have had the least effect. Fires that were formerly frequent and widespread were the chief agency restricting shrub invasion. Since fires have been controlled, the introduction of domestic livestock, plant competition and rodents have been effective agents that have favored woody plants at the expense of grasses. Had fires continued to sweep the grasslands down through the years to the present with their original frequency, the desert grassland would probably occupy about the same area today as it did prior to the white settlement of the southwest. desert/grassland/history.

163. Irwin-Williams, C. C., C. B. Osmond, A. J. Dansie and L. F. Pitelka. 1990. Man and plants in the Great Basin. In, pp. 1-15. Osmond, C. B., L. F. Pitelka and G. M. (eds.) Hidy. Plant biology of the Basin and Range. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. history.

257. Johnson, K. L. 1987. Rangeland through time. University of Wyoming, Laramie. Misc. Publ. 50. 188 pp. grazing/history.

40. Kay, B. L. and W. L. Graves. 1983. History of revegetation studies in the California Deserts. In, pp. 315-324. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. Deserts/California/revegetation/History.

21. McCarten, N. and T. R. Van Devender. 1988. Late Wisconsin vegetation of Robber's Roost in the western Mojave Desert, California. Madro¤o. 35(226-237) history.

221. McGinnies, W. J. and W. A. Laycock. 1985. The Great American Desert: perceptions of pioneers, the dust bowl and the new sodbusters. In, pp. 1247-1254. Whitehead, E. E., C. F. Hutchinson, B. N. Timmermann and R. G. (eds.) Varady. Arid lands today and tomorrow. Proceedings of an International Research and Development Conference. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado. desert/history.

236. Potter, L. 1987. Degradation, innovation and social welfare in the Riaw Kiwa valley, Kalimantan, Indonesia. In, pp. 164-176. Blaikie, P. and H. e.) Brookfield. Land Degradation and Society. Methuen and Co. Ltd, history.

241. Smil, V. 1987. Land degradation in China: an ancient problem getting worse. In, pp. 214-222. Blaikie, P. and H. e.) Brookfield. Land Degradation and Society. Methuen and Co. Ltd, history/philosophy.

303. Spaulding, W. G. 1983. Late Wisconsin macrofossil records of desert vegetation in the American Southwest. Quarternary Research. 19:256-264. [A regional mosaic of desert scrub and woodland existed at altitudes below 1000 m in the Mojave Desert during the last part of the Late Wisconsin.] history.

113. Tucker, C. J., H. E. Dregne and W. W. Newcomb. 1991. Expansion and contraction of the Sahara Desert from 1980 to 1990. Science. 253:299-301. [The Sahara Desert ranged from 8,633,000 square km in 1980 to 9,982,000 square km in 1984. Between 1984-1985 north-south latitudinal movement of the southern Sahara boundary was 110 km resulting in a decrease in desert area of 724,000 square km.] desertification/history.

206. Walsh, P. A. and T. E. Hoffer. 1991. The changing environment of a desert boomtown. The Science of the Total Environment. 105:233-258. history.

301. Weight, L. 1978. The Spaniards called it galleta: it was manna in the desert wilderness. Desert Magazine. 41(5):28-31. Hilaria/history.

168. Wharton, R. A., P. E. Wigand, M. R. Rose, R. L. Reinhardt, D. A. Mouat, H. E. Klieforth, N. L. Ingraham, J. O. Davis, C. A. Fox and J. T. Ball. 1990. The North American Great Basin: a sensitive indicator of climatic change. In, pp. 323-359. Osmond, C. B., L. F. Pitelka and G. M. (eds.) Hidy. Plant biology of the Basin and Range. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. climate/history.

128. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Cheese bush. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: species notes (unpublished ms). plants/Hymenoclea.

81. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. White burrobush. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (7):1-5. plants/Mojave/desert/Hymenoclea.

130. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Desert lavender. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: species notes (unpublished ms). plants/Hyptis.

62. Dixon, R. M. 1988. Land imprinting for vegetative restoration. Restoration and Management Notes. 6(1):24-25. Restoration/imprinting.

47. Lightfoot, D. C. and W. G. Whitford. 1991. Productivity of creosotebush foliage and associated canopy arthropods along a desert roadside. American Midland Naturalist. 125(2):310-322. insects/plants/Productivity/desert/Larrea/ruderal.

250. Louda, S. M. 1988. Insect pests and plant stress as considerations for revegetation of disturbed ecosystems. In, pp. 51-67. Vol. II. Cairns, J. J. (ed.). Rehabilitating damaged ecosystems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. insects/plants/philosophy.

313. Adams, W. M. and F. M. Hughes. 1990. Irrigation development in desert environments. In, pp. 134-160. Andrew S. Goudie (ed.). Techniques for desert reclamation. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. [A history and review of irrigation projects primarily in the African Sahara.] irrigation.

122. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Irrigation trials. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: Notes (unpublished ms). irrigation/techniques.

7. Hunter, R. B., Romney E.M., A. Wallace and J. E. Kinnear. 1980. Residual effects of supplemental moisture on the plant populations of plots in the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):24-27. plants/irrigation.

399. Johnson, H. B., F. C. Vasek and T. Yonkers. 1978. Residual effects of summer irrigation on Mojave Desert annuals. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Science. 77(3):95-108. Mojave/California/irrigation/annuals.

215. Wallace, A., R. B. Hunter and E. M. Romney. 1980. The challenge of a desert: revegetation of disturbed desert islands. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):216-225. island/revegetation/desert.

374. Wallace, A. and E. M. Romney. 1980. The role of pioneer species in revegetation of disturbed desert areas. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):31-33. islands/Mojave.

125. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Bladderpod. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: species notes (unpublished ms). plants/Isomeris.

82. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Bladderpod. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (8):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Isomeris.

129. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Creosote bush. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: species notes (unpublished ms). plants/Larrea.

34. Barbour, M. G. 1969. Age and space distribution of the desert shrub Larrea divaricata. Ecology. 50(4):679-685. Larrea/shrub/desert/distribution.

409. Beatley, J. C. 1974. Effects of rainfall and temperature on the distribution and behavior of Larrea tridentata (creosote-bush) in the Mojave Desert of Nevada. Ecology. 55:245-261. rain/Mojave/Nevada/Larrea.

272. Boyd, R. S. and G. D. Brum. 1983. Postdispersal reproductive biology of a Mojave Desert population of Larrea tridentata (Zygophyllaceae). American Midland Naturalist. 110(1):25-36. plants/Larrea.

271. Boyd, R. S. and G. D. Brum. 1983. Predispersal reproductive attrition in a Mojave Desert population of Larrea tridentata (Zygophyllaceae). American Midland Naturalist. 110(1):14-24. plants/Larrea.

323. Brown, D. E. and R. A. Minnich. 1986. Fire and changes in creosote bush scrub of the western Sonoran Desert, California. American Midland Naturalist. 116(2):411-422. [Most desert shrubs are poorly adapted to low intensity fires. When destroyed, these species are replaced by native ephemerals, and European exotics including mostly Bromus and Schismus barbatus. Recent fires in the Coachella Valley are related to persistent above normal precipitation and increases in native and exotic herb cover. European exotics survive dry years with their winter annual habit. Slow rates of decomposition result in increased fuel loads.] fire/Sonoran/Larrea.

288. Cox, J. R., M. H. Martin-R., F. A. Ibarra-F. and H. L. Morton. 1986. Establishment of range grasses on various seedbeds at creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) sites in Arizona, U.S.A., and Chihuahua, Mexico. Journal of Range Management. 39(6):540-546. techniques/grass/plants/Larrea.

84. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Creosote bush. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (9):1-10. plants/Mojave/desert/Larrea.

47. Lightfoot, D. C. and W. G. Whitford. 1991. Productivity of creosotebush foliage and associated canopy arthropods along a desert roadside. American Midland Naturalist. 125(2):310-322. insects/plants/Productivity/desert/Larrea/ruderal.

284. Meyer, M. W. and W. H. Karasov. 1989. Antiherbivore chemistry of Larrea tridentata: effects on woodrat (Neotoma lepida) feeding and nutrition. Ecology. 70(4):953-961. [Abstract only.] rodent/plants/Larrea.

294. Neufeld, H. S., F. C. Meinzer, C. S. Wisdom, M. R. Sharifi, P. W. Rundel, M. S. Neufeld, Y. Goldring and G. L. Cunningham. 1988. Canopy architecture of Larrea tridentata (DC.) Cov., a desert shrub: foliage orientation and direct beam radiation interception. Oecologia. 75:54-60. plants/Larrea.

324. O'Leary, J. F. and R. A. Minnich. 1981. Postfire recovery of creosote bush scrub vegetation in the western Colorado Desert. Madro¤o. 23(2):61-66. [Postfire recovery of Larrea, Hymenoclea, and Opuntia echinocarpa was examined 5 years after a fire at Snow Creek below Mt. San Jacinto. Larrea resprouted and nearly regained estimated former cover. Opuntia excluded, the community showed substantial recovery.] fire/Larrea/Colorado.

344. Vasek, F. C. 1980. Creosote bush: long-lived clones in the Mojave Desert. American Journal of Botany. 67(2):246-255. [Assuming linear growth rates, clones of creosote bush clones may be 11,700 years old, approximating estimates based on radiocarbon-dating.] Larrea/Mojave.

149. Wallace, A., J. W. Cha and E. M. Romney. 1980. Persistence of 14C labeled carbon in Larrea tridentata up to 40 months after photosynthetic fixation in the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):172-176. Mojave/plants/Larrea.

61. Wallace, A., E. M. Romney and R. B. Hunter. 1980. Carbon fixed in leaves and twigs of field Larrea tridentata in two-hour exposure to 14CO2. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):121-123. plants/Larrea.

127. Wallace, A., E. M. Romney and R. B. Hunter. 1980. Field studies of mineral nutrition of Larrea tridentata: importance of N, pH, and Fe. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):163-167. plants/Larrea.

33. Wallace, A., E. M. Romney and R. B. Hunter. 1980. Relationship of small washes to the distribution of Lycium andersonii and Larrea tridentata at site in the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):94-97. community structure/plants/Larrea/Lycium.

390. Went, F. W. and M. Westergaard. 1949. Ecology of desert plants. III. Development of plants in the Death Valley National Monument, California. Ecology. 30(1):26-38. California/ecology/germination/desert/Larrea.

85. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Bush peppergrass. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (10):1-2. plants/Mojave/desert/Lepidium.

86. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Scale broom. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (11):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Lepidospartum.

74. Latting, J. 1977. Plant list of eastern Mojave Desert. Manuscript. plant/list/Mojave/desert.

73. Latting, J. 1978. Southern California Chapter, California Native Plant Society field trip to Clark Mtn Range, San Bernardino County, CA - May 27-29, 1978. Plant List (manuscript). plant/list.

87. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Anderson desert thorn. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (12):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Lycium.

88. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Cooper's desert thorn. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (13):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Lycium.

105. Wallace, A., Romney, G. V. Alexander and J. E. Kinnear. 1980. Frequency distribution and correlation among mineral elements in Lycium andersonii from the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):146-155. community structure/plants/Lycium/Mojave.

33. Wallace, A., E. M. Romney and R. B. Hunter. 1980. Relationship of small washes to the distribution of Lycium andersonii and Larrea tridentata at site in the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):94-97. community structure/plants/Larrea/Lycium.

68. Germano, D. J., R. Hungerford and Martin S. Clark. 1983. Responses of selected wildlife species to the removal of mesquite from desert grassland. Journal of Range Management. 36(3):309-311. plants/wildlife/mesquite/grassland/desert/Prosopis.

152. Lathrop, E. W. 1983. Recovery of perennial vegetation in military maneuver areas. In, pp. 265-277. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. military.

287. Prose, D. V., S. K. Metzger and H. G. Wilshire. 1987. Effects of substrate disturbance on secondary plant succession; Mojave Desert, California. Journal of Applied Ecology. 24:305-313. [The effects of substrate disturbance on perennial plant succession was studied at three military camps abandoned for 40 years. Soil compaction, removal of the top layer of soil, and alteration of drainage channel density caused significant changes in perennial plant cover, density, and species composition. Long-lived species such as Larrea were dominant on treatment and control plots but were greatly reduced in treatment plots. Pioneer species such as Ambrosia and Hymenoclea exhibited percentage cover values that were similar or greater than controls in most areas.] plants/military/community structure.

348. Prose, D. V. 1985. Persisting effects of armored military maneuvers on some soils of the Mojave Desert. Environ. Geol. Water Sci. 7(3):163-170. [A single pass from an M3 tank is sufficient to increase soil resistance 50% in comparison with adjacent undisturbed soil. Dirt roadways could not be penetrated with a soil penetrometer below 5-10 cm. Physical modifications to the substrate extend vertically beneath the track to 25 cm and outward from the edge to 50 cm.] military/soil.

349. Prose, D. V. and S. K. Metzger. 1985. Recovery of soils and vegetation in World War II military base camps, Mojave Desert. U.S. Geological Survey. Open File Report # 85-234, 114 pp. [This report is the basis for the publication by Prose (1985).] military/soil/cryptogam.

67. Warren, S. D., V. E. Diersing, P. J. Thompson and W. D. Goran. 1989. An erosion-based land classification system for military installations. Environmental Management. 13(2):251-257. military/erosion.

9. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1990. Restoration in the Sonoran desert of California. Restoration and Management Notes. 8(1):3-13. models/techniques/Restoration/Sonoran/desert/California.

178. Dixon, R. M. 1990. Air-earth interface model for ecosystem restoration and maintenance. In, pp. 172-181. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. models.

177. Guinon, M. 1990. Project elements determining comprehensive restoration costs and repercussions of hidden and inaccurate costs. In, pp. 162-171. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. models.

25. Hiebert, R. D. 1990. An ecological restoration model: application to razed residential sites. Natural Areas Journal. 10(4):181-186. models/restoration.

179. Howald, A. M. and C. D'Antonio. 1990. Designing a monitoring program for a native plant community revegetation project. In, pp. 182-193. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. models/revegetation.

340. Ostler, W. K., T. P. O'Farrell, V. K. Winkel and B. W. Schultz. 1991. The reclamation program for the Yucca Mountain Project. In, American Nuclear Society (ed.). International high level radioactive waste management conference. Las Vegas, Nevada (9 pp.) Report # EGG--10617-2074. DE91 010763, [This document summarizes the three phases DOE has developed in its comprehensive reclamation program. These include planning, operational, and research. Reclamation activities start before surface disturbance with detailed surveys.] restoration/models.

362. Ackerman, T. L. 1979. Germination and survival of perennial plant species in the Mojave Desert. Southwestern Naturalist. 24(3):399-408. [Germination and survival of 11 perennial plant species was studied in Rock Valley Nevada. Only one seedling out of 201 germinating between 1971 and 1975 survived until the spring of 1977.] germination/seed/Nevada/Mojave/Great Basin.

410. Beatley, J. C. 1969. Biomass of desert winter annual plant populations in southern Nevada. Oikos. 20:261-273. annuals/desert/Mojave/Nevada.

411. Beatley, J. C. 1975. Climates and vegetation pattern across the Mojave/Great Basin Desert Transition of southern Nevada. American Midland Naturalist. 93(1):53-70. climate/Mojave/desert/Nevada.

409. Beatley, J. C. 1974. Effects of rainfall and temperature on the distribution and behavior of Larrea tridentata (creosote-bush) in the Mojave Desert of Nevada. Ecology. 55:245-261. rain/Mojave/Nevada/Larrea.

408. Beatley, J. C. 1974. Phenological events and their environmental triggers in Mojave Desert ecosystems. Ecology. 55:856-863. Mojave/Nevada/ecology.

407. Beatley, J. C. 1976. Rainfall and fluctuating plant populations in relation to distributions and numbers of desert rodents in southern Nevada. Oecologia. 24:21-42. rain/Mojave/Nevada/rodent.

378. Bury, R. B. and R. A. Luckenbach. 1986. Abundance of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) in natural and disturbed habitats, Unpublished Draft Report, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. [Tortoise densities, and tortoise burrow densities were higher on a study plot located on a control plot than on a plot exposed to ORV use. The body masses of tortoises on the ORV plot were less than on the control plot.] ohv/tortoise/Mojave/California.

377. Busack, S. D. and R. B. Bury. 1974. Some effects of off-road vehicles and sheep grazing on lizard populations in the Mojave Desert. Biological Conservation. 6(3):179-183. [Lizard populations were adversely affected by both factors.] ohv/sheep/grazing/Mojave/California.

58. Clary, R. F. 1987. Roadside revegetation in the Mojave Desert. Restoration and Management Notes. 5(2):97. revegetation/Mojave/Desert/Roadside.

15. Clary, R. F. and R. D. Slayback. 1984. Revegetation in the Mojave Desert using native woody plants. In, pp. 42-47. Reiger, J. P. and B. A. (eds.) Steele. Proceedings of the Native Plant Revegetation Symposium. Southern California Chapter and San Diego Chapter of the California Native Plant Society., Revegetation/Mojave/Desert/native/woody.

373. Fisher, J. C., Jr. 1978. Studies relating to the accelerated mortality of Atriplex hymenelytra in Death Valley National Monument. Unpublished Masters Thesis. University of California, Riverside. Atriplex/air/California/Mojave.

273. Garland, T. J. and W. G. Bradley. 1984. Effects of a highway on Mojave Desert rodent populations. American Midland Naturalist. 111(1):47-56. roads/Mojave/rodent.

30. Graves, W. L., B. L. Kay and W. A. Williams. 1978. Revegetation of disturbed sites in the Mojave Desert with native shrubs. California Agriculture. March:4-5. shrubs/Desert/Mojave/disturbed/Revegetation.

42. Graves, W. L., B. L. Kay and W. A. Williams. 1975. Seed treatment of Mojave desert shrubs. Agronomy Journal. 67:773-777. Seed/Mojave/desert/shrubs.

399. Johnson, H. B., F. C. Vasek and T. Yonkers. 1978. Residual effects of summer irrigation on Mojave Desert annuals. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Science. 77(3):95-108. Mojave/California/irrigation/annuals.

45. Kay, B. L. 1985. Important revegetation concepts with emphasis on the Mojave-Tehachapi area. (Manuscript). revegetation/Mojave.

93. Kay, B. L., C. R. Brown and W. L. Graves. 1977. Desert saltbush. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (18):1-7. plants/Mojave/desert/Atriplex.

92. Kay, B. L., C. R. Brown and W. L. Graves. 1977. Fourwing saltbush. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (17):1-12. plants/Mojave/desert/Atriplex.

91. Kay, B. L., C. R. Brown and W. L. Graves. 1977. Joshua-tree. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (16):1-6. plants/Mojave/desert/Yucca.

96. Kay, B. L., C. R. Brown and W. L. Graves. 1977. Winterfat. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (20):1-8. plants/Mojave/desert/Ceratoides.

87. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Anderson desert thorn. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (12):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Lycium.

76. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Armed senna. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (2):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Cassia.

82. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Bladderpod. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (8):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Isomeris.

89. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Bladder sage. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (14):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Salazaria.

75. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Burrobush. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (1):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Ambrosia.

85. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Bush peppergrass. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (10):1-2. plants/Mojave/desert/Lepidium.

79. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. California buckwheat. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (5):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Erigonum.

88. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Cooper's desert thorn. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (13):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Lycium.

84. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Creosote bush. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (9):1-10. plants/Mojave/desert/Larrea.

90. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Goldenhead. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (15):1-3. plants/Mojave/desert/Acamptopappus.

95. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross, W. L. Graves and C. R. Brown. 1977. Gray Ephedra and green Ephedra. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (19):1-8. plants/Mojave/desert/Ephedra.

80. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Hop-sage. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (6):1-5. plants/Mojave/desert/Grayia.

77. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Rubber rabbitbrush. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (3):1-5. plants/Mojave/desert/Chrysothamnus.

86. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Scale broom. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (11):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Lepidospartum.

78. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Virgin River Encelia. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (4):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Encelia.

81. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. White burrobush. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (7):1-5. plants/Mojave/desert/Hymenoclea.

97. Kay, B. L., J. A. Young, C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Desert peach. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (21):1-6. plants/Mojave/desert/Prunus.

74. Latting, J. 1977. Plant list of eastern Mojave Desert. Manuscript. plant/list/Mojave/desert.

16. Strojan, C. L., D. C. Randall and F. B. Turner. 1987. Relationship of leaf litter decomposition rates to rainfall in the Mojave Desert. Ecology. 68(4):741-744. decomposition/Mojave.

341. Tierra Madre Consultants. 1991. Biological assessment for Lancaster City and planning area: relative density surveys for desert tortoises and cumulative human impact evaluations for Mohave ground squirrel habitat. [The most interesting part of this report is the table on page 37 that lists percent occurrence of various disturbances along transects in 72 square miles. Litter, sheep grazing, and human use were incredibly high.] mojave/California/disturbed.

268. Turner, R. M. 1982. Mojave desertscrub. Desert Plants. 4(1-4):157-168. plants/Mojave/community structure.

11. Vasek, F. C., H. B. Johnson and D. H. Eslinger. 1975. Effects of pipeline construction on creosote bush scrub vegetation of the Mojave Desert. Madro¤o. 23(1):1-13. pipeline/Mojave/degradation.

8. Vasek, F. C., H. B. Johnson and G. D. Brum. 1975. Effects of power transmission lines on vegetation of the Mojave Desert. Madro¤o. 23:114-131. powerlines/Mojave/degradation.

344. Vasek, F. C. 1980. Creosote bush: long-lived clones in the Mojave Desert. American Journal of Botany. 67(2):246-255. [Assuming linear growth rates, clones of creosote bush clones may be 11,700 years old, approximating estimates based on radiocarbon-dating.] Larrea/Mojave.

5. Vasek, F. C. 1979. Early successional stages in Mojave Desert scrub vegetation. Israel Journal of Botany. 28:133-148. Mojave/succession/community structure.

400. Vasek, F. C. and L. J. Lund. 1980. Soil characteristics associated with a primary plant succession on a Mojave Desert dry lake. Ecology. 61(5):1013-1018. succession/Mojave/California.

160. Wallace, A., J. W. Cha, E. M. Romney and R. T. Mueller. 1980. 14C distribution in roots following photosynthesis of the label in perennial plants in the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):177-191. Mojave/plants.

182. Wallace, A., J. W. Cha and E. M. Romney. 1980. Depth distribution of roots of some perennial plants in the Nevada Test Site area of the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):201-207. roots/Mojave.

171. Wallace, A., J. W. Cha and E. M. Romney. 1980. Distribution of photosynthetically fixed 14C in perennial plant species of the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):192-200. plants/Mojave.

149. Wallace, A., J. W. Cha and E. M. Romney. 1980. Persistence of 14C labeled carbon in Larrea tridentata up to 40 months after photosynthetic fixation in the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):172-176. Mojave/plants/Larrea.

204. Wallace, A., R. B. Hunter and E. M. Romney. 1980. Fencing enhances shrub survival and growth for Mojave Desert revegetation. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):212-215. techniques/revegetation/Mojave.

193. Wallace, A., R. B. Hunter and E. M. Romney. 1980. Rodent-denuded areas of the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):208-211. rodent/Mojave.

83. Wallace, A. and E. M. Romney. 1980. Ecotonal distribution of salt-tolerant shrubs in the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):134-139. plants/Mojave.

31. Wallace, A., E. M. Romney and J. E. Kinnear. 1980. Frequency distribution of three perennial plant species to nearest neighbor of the same species in the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):89-93. Mojave/community structure/plants.

105. Wallace, A., Romney, G. V. Alexander and J. E. Kinnear. 1980. Frequency distribution and correlation among mineral elements in Lycium andersonii from the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):146-155. community structure/plants/Lycium/Mojave.

116. Wallace, A., Romney, G. V. Alexander, J. E. Kinnear and R. B. Hunter. 1980. Mineral composition of Atriplex hymenelytra growing in the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):156-162. plants/Mojave/Atriplex.

94. Wallace, A., E. M. Romney, R. A. Wood, A. A. El-Ghonemy and S. A. Bamberg. 1980. Parent material which produce saline outcrops as a factor in differential distribution of perennial plants in the northern Mojave Desert . Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):140-145. Mojave/plants.

35. Wallace, A., E. M. Romney and R. B. Hunter. 1980. Regulative effect of dodder (Cuscuta nevadensis Jtn.) on the vegetation of the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):98-99. Mojave/plants/Cuscuta/parasite.

374. Wallace, A. and E. M. Romney. 1980. The role of pioneer species in revegetation of disturbed desert areas. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):31-33. islands/Mojave.

72. Wallace, A., E. M. Romney, H. Kaaz and V. Q. Hale. 1980. The role of shrubs on redistribution of mineral nutrients in soil in the Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):124-133. soil/Mojave/shrubs.

325. Webb, R. H., J. W. Steiger and R. M. Turner. 1987. Dynamics of Mojave Desert shrub assemblages in the Panamint Mountains, California. Ecology. 68(3):478-490. [Colonization of human-disturbed sites in the desert was highly variable with species compositions differing from predisturbance sites. Models of desert succession should consider several factors: 1) colonization is dependent in the severity of disturbance and residual biotic components; 2) time span for recovery may be longer than past periods of climatic and geomorphic stability; 3) colonizing species may have considerable range in their life-history strategies.] Mojave/California/succession/community structure/town.

326. Webb, R. H., J. W. Steiger and E. B. Newman. 1988. The response of vegetation to disturbance in Death Valley National Monument, California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin. 1793:1-103. [Plant assemblages were compared on debris flows, alluvial terraces, abandoned townsites, and a pipeline corridor. Disturbed townsites, abandoned for 42-74 years, were generally colonized by short-lived, reproduction-oriented species. The time required for complete recovery depends on the stage of predisturbance primary succession. Soil compaction was estimated to require a century for complete amelioration but did not appear to substantively affect the course of recovery. The successional sequence on alluvial terraces proceeded from short-lived, reproduction-oriented species (Hymenoclea salsola) to long-lived, maintenance-oriented species (Larrea, Ambrosia). Successional sequences in Death Valley apparently require thousands of years. Recovery of disturbed desert plant assemblages is linked with ongoing successional processes in ambient, undisturbed plant assemblages.] Mojave/California/ succession/community structure/recovery/pipeline/town.

227. Yeaton, R. I. and M. L. Cody. 1976. Competition and spacing in plant communities: the northern Mojave Desert. Journal of Ecology. 64:689-696. community structure/Mojave/plants.

223. Allen, E. B. 1989. The restoration of disturbed arid landscapes with special reference to mychorrizal fungi. Journal of Arid Environments. 17:279-286. Salsola/restoration/mycorrhizae/fungi/degradation.

120. Bainbridge, D. A., R. A. Virginia and N. Sorensen. 1989. Inoculating desert plants with symbiotic microorganisms. Restoration in the Sonoran Desert (unpublished ms). desert/techniques/mycorrhizae/seeds.

307. Bethlenfalvay, G. J., S. Dakessian and R. S. Pacovsky. 1984. Mycorrhizae in a southern California desert: ecological implications. Canadian Journal of Botany. 62(3):519-524. [All perennial plants surveyed (38 species) at four sites in Anza-Borrego were colonized by vesiculsar-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The mycofloral distribution was not random, but was related to an interaction of factors among host plants and edaphic and climatic conditions.] mycorrhizae.

234. Bethlenfalvay, G. J. and S. Dakessian. 1984. Grazing effects on mychorrhizal colonization and floristic composition of the vegetation on a semiarid range in northern Nevada. Journal of Range Management. 37(4):312-316. mycorrhizae/grazing.

229. Bloss, H. E. 1985. Studies of symbiotic microflora and their role in the ecology of desert plants. Desert Plants. 7(3):119-127. mycorrhizae.

233. Doerr, T. B., E. F. Redente and F. B. Reeves. 1984. Effects of soil disturbance on plant succession and levels of mycorrhizal fungi in a sagebrush-grassland community. Journal of Range Management. 37(2):135-139. A 5-year study was conducted to determine the effects of soil disturbance on plant succsessionand the relationship between plant succession and mycorrhizal inoculum potential (MIP) in a big sagebrush-grassland vegetation type. Disturbed plots, consisting of 4 levels of soil disturbance, were established in 1976, 1977, and 1979 to evaluate environmental fluctuations. Perennial grass canopy cover and aboveground biomass production were positively correlated with (MIP) and negatively correlated with disturbance treatments. Annual forb canopy cover (primarily nonmycorrhizal species) and above ground biomass were negatively correlated with MIP and positively correlated with level of soil disturbance. Weather fluctuations had a greater effect on annual plants than perennial plants after the perennial species were established. MIP values appeared to be a general indicator of the type and rate of plant succession that will evolve following soil disturbance. mycorrhizae/grazing.

188. Franson, R. L. 1990. The effect of mycorrhizal fungi and plant density on belowground interactions between plants. In, pp. 561-568. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. mycorrhizae.

269. Schwab, S. and F. B. Reeves. 1981. The role of endomycorrhizae in revegetation practices in the semi-arid west. III. Vertical distribution of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhiza inoculum potential. American Journal of Botany. 68(10):1293-1297. mycorrhizae.

19. St. John, T. V. 1984. Mycorrhizal fungi and revegetation. In, pp. 87-93. Reiger, J. P. and B. A. (eds.) Steele. Proceedings of the Native Plant Revegetation Symposium. Southern California Chapter and San Diego Chapter of the California Native Plant Society., Mycorrhizae/fungi/revegetation.

15. Clary, R. F. and R. D. Slayback. 1984. Revegetation in the Mojave Desert using native woody plants. In, pp. 42-47. Reiger, J. P. and B. A. (eds.) Steele. Proceedings of the Native Plant Revegetation Symposium. Southern California Chapter and San Diego Chapter of the California Native Plant Society., Revegetation/Mojave/Desert/native/woody.

362. Ackerman, T. L. 1979. Germination and survival of perennial plant species in the Mojave Desert. Southwestern Naturalist. 24(3):399-408. [Germination and survival of 11 perennial plant species was studied in Rock Valley Nevada. Only one seedling out of 201 germinating between 1971 and 1975 survived until the spring of 1977.] germination/seed/Nevada/Mojave/Great Basin.

410. Beatley, J. C. 1969. Biomass of desert winter annual plant populations in southern Nevada. Oikos. 20:261-273. annuals/desert/Mojave/Nevada.

411. Beatley, J. C. 1975. Climates and vegetation pattern across the Mojave/Great Basin Desert Transition of southern Nevada. American Midland Naturalist. 93(1):53-70. climate/Mojave/desert/Nevada.

409. Beatley, J. C. 1974. Effects of rainfall and temperature on the distribution and behavior of Larrea tridentata (creosote-bush) in the Mojave Desert of Nevada. Ecology. 55:245-261. rain/Mojave/Nevada/Larrea.

408. Beatley, J. C. 1974. Phenological events and their environmental triggers in Mojave Desert ecosystems. Ecology. 55:856-863. Mojave/Nevada/ecology.

407. Beatley, J. C. 1976. Rainfall and fluctuating plant populations in relation to distributions and numbers of desert rodents in southern Nevada. Oecologia. 24:21-42. rain/Mojave/Nevada/rodent.

385. Malone, C. R. 1991. The potential for ecological restoration at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The Environmental Professional. 13:216-224. [Federal policy requires that "reasonable and necessary" steps are taken to restore the Yucca Mountain high-level nuclear waste site. The probability of success is low due to present levels of restoration technology and the environmental characteristics of the site. The author stresses that practical goals are needed. Site restoration is complicated by the presence on the desert tortoise.] Nevada/restoration.

147. Brattstrom, B. H. and M. C. Bondello. 1983. Effects of off-road vehicle noise on desert vertebrates. In, pp. 167-206. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. ohv/noise.

295. Artz, M. C. 1989. Impacts of linear corridors on perennial vegetation in the East Mojave Desert: implications for environmental management and planning. Natural Areas Journal. 9(2):117-129. powerlines/ohv/pipeline/road.

147. Brattstrom, B. H. and M. C. Bondello. 1983. Effects of off-road vehicle noise on desert vertebrates. In, pp. 167-206. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. ohv/noise.

378. Bury, R. B. and R. A. Luckenbach. 1986. Abundance of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) in natural and disturbed habitats, Unpublished Draft Report, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. [Tortoise densities, and tortoise burrow densities were higher on a study plot located on a control plot than on a plot exposed to ORV use. The body masses of tortoises on the ORV plot were less than on the control plot.] ohv/tortoise/Mojave/California.

376. Bury, R. B., R. A. Luckenbach and S. D. Busack. 1977. Effects of off-road vehicles on vertebrates in the California desert. United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Wildlife Research Report 8, 1-23. ohv/california.

148. Bury, R. B. and R. A. Luckenbach. 1983. Vehicular recreation in arid land dunes: biotic responses and management alternatives. In, pp. 207-221. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. ohv.

377. Busack, S. D. and R. B. Bury. 1974. Some effects of off-road vehicles and sheep grazing on lizard populations in the Mojave Desert. Biological Conservation. 6(3):179-183. [Lizard populations were adversely affected by both factors.] ohv/sheep/grazing/Mojave/California.

157. Gilbertson, D. 1983. The impacts of off-road vehicles in the Coorong Dune and Lake complex of South Australia. In, pp. 355-373. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. ohv.

144. Gillette, D. A. and J. Adams. 1983. Accelerated wind erosion and prediction of rates. In, pp. 97-109. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. erosion/ohv/soil.

143. Hinckley, B. S., R. M. Iverson and B. Hallet. 1983. Accelerated water erosion in ORV-use areas. In, pp. 81-96. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. erosion/ohv/soil.

365. Kockelman, W. J. 1983. Introduction. In, pp. 1-11. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. ohv.

159. Kockelman, W. J. 1983. Management concepts. In, pp. 399-446. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. techniques/ohv.

161. Kockelman, W. J. 1983. Management practices. In, pp. 445-494. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. techniques/ohv.

162. Kockelman, W. J. 1983. Regulations and education. In, pp. 495-514. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. ohv.

146. Lathrop, E. W. 1983. The effect of vehicle use on desert vegetation. In, pp. 154-166. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. ohv/desert.

156. Nakata, J. K. 1983. Off-road vehicular destabilization of hill slopes: the major contributing factor of destructive debris flows in Ogden, Utah, 1979. In, pp. 343-353. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. ohv/erosion.

158. Popendorf, W. and H.-R. Wenk. 1983. Chrysotile asbestos in a vehicular recreation area: a case study. In, pp. 375-396. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. ohv.

142. Webb, R. H. 1983. Compaction of desert soils by off-road vehicles. In, pp. 51-79. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. ohv/soil.

320. Webb, R. H. 1982. Off-road motorcycle effects on a desert soil. Environmental Conservation. 9(3):197-208. [Controlled motorcycle traffic was used to study soil compaction in the Mojave of California. Treatments were 1, 10, 100, and 200 motorcycle passes. Penetration resistance, density, infiltration rate, and response to rainfall, all varied between treatments; the first two were higher in traffic impacted areas while porosity decreased. Maximum compaction in treatments occurred between 30-60 mm depth, and penetration resistance could be measured to 0.21-0.25 m. One year after the trials, densities at depths of 0-30 mm decrease significantly, but densities at 30-60 mm remained unchanged.] ohv/soil.

366. Webb, R. H. and H. G. Wilshire. 1983. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. 534 p. ohv.

141. Wilshire, H. G. 1983. The impact of vehicles on desert soil stabilizers. In, pp. 31-50. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. ohv/soil.

134. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Iron wood. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: species notes (unpublished ms). plants/Olneya.

133. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Indian ricegrass. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: species notes (unpublished ms). plants/Oryzopsis.

35. Wallace, A., E. M. Romney and R. B. Hunter. 1980. Regulative effect of dodder (Cuscuta nevadensis Jtn.) on the vegetation of the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):98-99. Mojave/plants/Cuscuta/parasite.

3. Allen, B. and R. Crittenden. 1987. Degradation and pre-capitalist political economy: the case of the New Guinea highlands. In, pp. 145-156. Blaikie, P. and H. e.) Brookfield. Land Degradation and Society. Methuen and Co. Ltd, history/philosophy.

217. Blaikie, P. B., Harold. 1987. On measurement and policy, scientific methods and reality. In, pp. 97-99. Blaikie, P. and H. e.) Brookfield. Land degradation and society. Methuen and Co. Ltd., London. philosophy.

212. Blaikie, P. and H. Brookfield. 1987. Approaches to the study of land degradation. In, pp. 27-48. Blaikie, P. and H. e.) Brookfield. Land degradation and society. Methuen and Co. Ltd., London. philosophy/techniques.

218. Blaikie, P. and H. Brookfield. 1987. Colonialism, development and degradation. In, pp. 100-121. Blaikie, P. and H. e.) Brookfield. Land degradation and society. Methuen and Co. Ltd., London. philosophy.

214. Blaikie, P. and H. Brookfield. 1987. Decision-making in land management. In, pp. 64-83. Blaikie, P. and H. e.) Brookfield. Land degradation and society. Methuen and Co. Ltd., London. philosophy.

211. Blaikie, P. and H. Brookfield. 1987. Defining and debating the problem. In, pp. 1-26. Blaikie, P. and H. e.) Brookfield. Land degradation and society. Methuen and Co. Ltd., London. philosophy.

2. Blaikie, P., H. Brookfield and W. Clarke. 1987. Degradation and adaptive land management in the ancient Pacific. In, pp. 143-144. Blaikie, P. and H. e.) Brookfield. Land Degradation and Society. Methuen and Co. Ltd, philosophy.

235. Blaikie, P. and H. Brookfield. 1987. From forest and crop into grassland. In, pp. 157-164. Blaikie, P. and H. e.) Brookfield. Land Degradation and Society. Methuen and Co. Ltd, philosophy.

242. Blaikie, P. and H. Brookfield. 1987. New conservation in the "North". In, pp. 223-232. Blaikie, P. and H. e.) Brookfield. Land Degradation and Society. Methuen and Co. Ltd, philosophy.

1. Blaikie, P. and H. Brookfield. 1987. Questions from history in the Mediterranean and western Europe. In, pp. 122-142. Blaikie, P. and H. e.) Brookfield. Land Degradation and Society. Methuen and Co. Ltd, philosophy/history.

244. Blaikie, P. and H. Brookfield. 1987. Retrospect and perspective. In, pp. 239-250. Blaikie, P. and H. e.) Brookfield. Land Degradation and Society. Methuen and Co. Ltd, philosophy.

240. Blaikie, P. and H. Brookfield. 1987. Socialism and the environment. In, pp. 208-214. Blaikie, P. and H. e.) Brookfield. Land Degradation and Society. Methuen and Co. Ltd, philosophy.

336. Bonnicksen, T. M. 1990. Yellowstone wildfire panel. In, pp. 15-16. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. philosophy.

251. Bradshaw, A. D. 1988. Alternative endpoints for reclamation. In, pp. 69-85. Vol. II. Cairns, J. J. (ed.). Rehabilitating damaged ecosystems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. philosophy.

248. Bruns, D. 1988. Restoration and management of ecosystems for nature conservation. In, pp. 163-186. Vol. I. Cairns, J. J. (ed.). Rehabilitating damaged ecosystems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. philosophy.

59. Cairns, J. J. 1988. Restoration and the alternative: a research strategy. Restoration and Management Notes. 6(2):65-67. Restoration/philosophy.

246. Cairns, J. J. 1988. Restoration ecology: the new frontier. In, pp. 1-11. Vol. I. Cairns, J. J. (ed.). Rehabilitating damaged ecosystems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. philosophy.

209. Cairns, J. J. 1990. Some factors affecting management strategies for restoring the earth. In, pp. 347-351. Berger, J. J. (ed.). Environmental restoration. Island Press, Washington, D.C. philosophy.

173. Grese, R. E. 1990. Historical perspectives on designing with nature. In, pp. 39-48. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. history/philosophy.

186. Hackeling, L. C., M. K. Leach and S. Apfelbaum. 1990. Ecological restoration and environmental mitigation: a relationship worth scrutinizing. In, pp. 381-383. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. philosophy/restoration.

249. Inouye, D. W. 1988. Variation in undisturbed plant and animal populations and its implications for studies of recovering ecosystems. In, pp. 39-50. Vol. II. Cairns, J. J. (ed.). Rehabilitating damaged ecosystems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. philosophy.

247. Jordan, W. R., III. 1988. Restoration ecology: a synthetic approach to ecological research. In, pp. 13-21. Vol. I. Cairns, J. J. (ed.). Rehabilitating damaged ecosystems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. philosophy.

354. Jordan, W. R., III, R. L. Peters II and E. B. Allen. 1988. Ecological restoration as a strategy for conserving biological diversity. Environmental Management. 12(1):55-72. [A review of opportunities to use restoration as a tool to manage biodiversity. Possibilities include moving reserves in response to long-term events such as climate change, and increasing diversity through management of utility corridors, transportation rights-of-ways, and parks.] philosophy/restoration/biodiversity.

250. Louda, S. M. 1988. Insect pests and plant stress as considerations for revegetation of disturbed ecosystems. In, pp. 51-67. Vol. II. Cairns, J. J. (ed.). Rehabilitating damaged ecosystems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. insects/plants/philosophy.

252. Maguire, L. A. 1988. Decision analysis: an integrated approach to ecosystem exploitation and rehabilitation decisions. In, pp. 105-122. Vol. II. Cairns, J. J. (ed.). Rehabilitating damaged ecosystems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. philosophy.

60. Maser, C. 1988. Ends and means: restoration and the future of land management. Restoration and Management Notes. 6(1):28-29. philosophy/Restoration.

169. Maser, C. 1990. Restoration, the heart and soul of land management. In, pp. 1-3. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. philosophy.

243. Messer, J. 1987. The sociology and politics of land degradation in Australia. In, pp. 232-238. Blaikie, P. and H. e.) Brookfield. Land Degradation and Society. Methuen and Co. Ltd, philosophy.

170. Methven, I. R. 1990. Illusion, faith and uncertainty in park management, or "Who cares as long as it's green". In, pp. 17-29. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. philosophy.

226. Schulhof, R. 1989. Public perceptions of native vegetation. Restoration and Management Notes. 7(2):69-72. philosophy.

216. Seckler, D. 1987. Issues in the economic evaluation of soil and water conservation programmes. pp. 84-96. Blaikie, P. and H. e.) Brookfield. Land degradation and society. Methuen and Co. Ltd., London. soil/water/philosophy.

241. Smil, V. 1987. Land degradation in China: an ancient problem getting worse. In, pp. 214-222. Blaikie, P. and H. e.) Brookfield. Land Degradation and Society. Methuen and Co. Ltd, history/philosophy.

185. St. John, T. V. 1990. Practical application of Ewel's criteria for a successful restoration. In, pp. 376-380. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. philosophy/restoration.

172. Stone, E. C. and J. I. Cavallaro. 1990. Yes! Revegetation ecology in our National Parks does require vegetation targets. In, pp. 30-38. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. philosophy.

175. Tyson, W. 1990. Ecological restoration and management: ethical foundations. In, pp. 56-58. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. philosophy/restoration.

174. Valbracht, D. 1990. The art of ecological restoration. In, pp. 49-55. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. restoration/philosophy.

334. Berry, J. A., I. P. Ting and E. Zeiger. 1983. The biology of desert plants: opportunities and needs for basic research. Waverly Press, Baltimore, MD. 35 pp. [This is a conference report from a meeting of the American Society of Plant Physiologists. A variety of topics are covered, most dealing with purely physiological processes of desert plants.] plants/roots/physiology.

295. Artz, M. C. 1989. Impacts of linear corridors on perennial vegetation in the East Mojave Desert: implications for environmental management and planning. Natural Areas Journal. 9(2):117-129. powerlines/ohv/pipeline/road.

355. Lathrop, E. W. and E. F. Archbold. 1980. Plant responses to utility right of way construction in the Mojave Desert. Environmental Management. 4(3):215-226. [Disturbance from utility construction tends to generate new plant growth with changes in productivity, vegetation quality, diversity, and stability, but not necessarily biomass.] powerline/pipeline.

11. Vasek, F. C., H. B. Johnson and D. H. Eslinger. 1975. Effects of pipeline construction on creosote bush scrub vegetation of the Mojave Desert. Madro¤o. 23(1):1-13. pipeline/Mojave/degradation.

326. Webb, R. H., J. W. Steiger and E. B. Newman. 1988. The response of vegetation to disturbance in Death Valley National Monument, California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin. 1793:1-103. [Plant assemblages were compared on debris flows, alluvial terraces, abandoned townsites, and a pipeline corridor. Disturbed townsites, abandoned for 42-74 years, were generally colonized by short-lived, reproduction-oriented species. The time required for complete recovery depends on the stage of predisturbance primary succession. Soil compaction was estimated to require a century for complete amelioration but did not appear to substantively affect the course of recovery. The successional sequence on alluvial terraces proceeded from short-lived, reproduction-oriented species (Hymenoclea salsola) to long-lived, maintenance-oriented species (Larrea, Ambrosia). Successional sequences in Death Valley apparently require thousands of years. Recovery of disturbed desert plant assemblages is linked with ongoing successional processes in ambient, undisturbed plant assemblages.] Mojave/California/ succession/community structure/recovery/pipeline/town.

74. Latting, J. 1977. Plant list of eastern Mojave Desert. Manuscript. plant/list/Mojave/desert.

73. Latting, J. 1978. Southern California Chapter, California Native Plant Society field trip to Clark Mtn Range, San Bernardino County, CA - May 27-29, 1978. Plant List (manuscript). plant/list.

4. Ackerman, T. L., E. M. Romney, A. Wallace and J. E. Kinnear. 1980. Phenology of desert shrubs in southern Nye County, Nevada. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):4-23. plants/shrubs/seeds/germination.

124. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Armed senna. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: species notes (unpublished ms). plants/Cassia.

125. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Bladderpod. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: species notes (unpublished ms). plants/Isomeris.

126. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Catclaw acacia. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: species notes (unpublished ms). plants/Acacia.

128. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Cheese bush. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: species notes (unpublished ms). plants/Hymenoclea.

129. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Creosote bush. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: species notes (unpublished ms). plants/Larrea.

130. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Desert lavender. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: species notes (unpublished ms). plants/Hyptis.

131. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Desert trumpet. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: species notes (unpublished ms). plants/Eriogunum.

132. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Desert willow. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: species notes (unpublished ms). plants/Chilopsis.

133. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Indian ricegrass. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: species notes (unpublished ms). plants/Oryzopsis.

134. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Iron wood. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: species notes (unpublished ms). plants/Olneya.

135. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Mesquite. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: species notes (unpublished ms). plants/Prosopis.

136. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Palo verde. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: species notes (unpublished ms). plants/Cercidium.

137. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Smoke tree. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: species notes (unpublished ms). plants/Psorothamnus.

139. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. White bur sage. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: species notes (unpublished ms). plants/Ambrosia.

20. Bamberg, S. A., A. Wallace, E. M. Romney and R. E. Hunter. 1980. Further attributes of the perennial vegetation in the Rock Valley area of the Northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):39-41. plants.

334. Berry, J. A., I. P. Ting and E. Zeiger. 1983. The biology of desert plants: opportunities and needs for basic research. Waverly Press, Baltimore, MD. 35 pp. [This is a conference report from a meeting of the American Society of Plant Physiologists. A variety of topics are covered, most dealing with purely physiological processes of desert plants.] plants/roots/physiology.

272. Boyd, R. S. and G. D. Brum. 1983. Postdispersal reproductive biology of a Mojave Desert population of Larrea tridentata (Zygophyllaceae). American Midland Naturalist. 110(1):25-36. plants/Larrea.

271. Boyd, R. S. and G. D. Brum. 1983. Predispersal reproductive attrition in a Mojave Desert population of Larrea tridentata (Zygophyllaceae). American Midland Naturalist. 110(1):14-24. plants/Larrea.

39. Clark, S. B., J. J. Letey, O. R. Lunt, G. E. Kleinkopf, A. Wallace and E. M. Romney. 1980. Transpiration and CO2 fixation of selected desert shrubs as related to soil-water potential. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):110-116. plants.

289. Cody, M. L. 1986. Spacing patterns in Mojave Desert plant communities: near-neighbor analyses. Journal of Arid Environments. 11:199-217. plants/community structure.

24. Cody, M. L. 1986. Spacing in Mojave Desert plant communities. II. Plant size and distance relationships. Israel Journal of Botany. 35:109-120. plants/community structure.

288. Cox, J. R., M. H. Martin-R., F. A. Ibarra-F. and H. L. Morton. 1986. Establishment of range grasses on various seedbeds at creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) sites in Arizona, U.S.A., and Chihuahua, Mexico. Journal of Range Management. 39(6):540-546. techniques/grass/plants/Larrea.

18. El-Ghonemy, A. A., E. M. Romney and A. Wallace. 1980. Frequency distribution of numbers of perennial shrubs in the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):34-38. community structure/plants.

23. El-Ghonemy, A. A., A. Wallace and E. M. Romney. 1980. Multivariate analysis of the vegetation in a two-desert interface. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):42-58. plants/community structure.

29. El-Ghonemy, A. A., A. Wallace and E. M. Romney. 1980. Socioecological and soil-plant studies of the natural vegetation in the northern Mojave Desert-Great Basin desert interface. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):73-88. plants/soil.

275. Fonteyn, P. J. and B. E. Mahall. 1981. An experimental analysis of structure in a desert plant community. Journal of Ecology. 69:883-896. plants/community structure.

68. Germano, D. J., R. Hungerford and Martin S. Clark. 1983. Responses of selected wildlife species to the removal of mesquite from desert grassland. Journal of Range Management. 36(3):309-311. plants/wildlife/mesquite/grassland/desert/Prosopis.

282. Goldberg, D. E. and R. M. Turner. 1986. Vegetation change and plant demography in permanent plots in the Sonoran Desert. Ecology. 67(3):695-712. plants/community structure.

14. Howe, H. F. and S. H. Wright. 1986. Spatial pattern and mortality in the desert mallow Sphaeralcea ambigua. National Geographic Research. 4(2):491-499. plants/community structure.

7. Hunter, R. B., Romney E.M., A. Wallace and J. E. Kinnear. 1980. Residual effects of supplemental moisture on the plant populations of plots in the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):24-27. plants/irrigation.

291. Hunter, R. 1989. Competition between adult and seedling shrubs of Ambrosia dumosa in the Mojave Desert, Nevada. Great basin Naturalist. 49(1):79-84. plants.

222. Jeffries, D. L. and J. M. Klopatek. 1987. Effects of grazing on the vegetation of the blackbrush association. Journal of Range Management. 40(5):390-392. plants/Coleogyne/grazing.

93. Kay, B. L., C. R. Brown and W. L. Graves. 1977. Desert saltbush. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (18):1-7. plants/Mojave/desert/Atriplex.

92. Kay, B. L., C. R. Brown and W. L. Graves. 1977. Fourwing saltbush. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (17):1-12. plants/Mojave/desert/Atriplex.

91. Kay, B. L., C. R. Brown and W. L. Graves. 1977. Joshua-tree. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (16):1-6. plants/Mojave/desert/Yucca.

96. Kay, B. L., C. R. Brown and W. L. Graves. 1977. Winterfat. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (20):1-8. plants/Mojave/desert/Ceratoides.

87. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Anderson desert thorn. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (12):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Lycium.

76. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Armed senna. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (2):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Cassia.

82. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Bladderpod. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (8):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Isomeris.

89. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Bladder sage. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (14):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Salazaria.

75. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Burrobush. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (1):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Ambrosia.

85. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Bush peppergrass. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (10):1-2. plants/Mojave/desert/Lepidium.

79. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. California buckwheat. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (5):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Erigonum.

88. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Cooper's desert thorn. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (13):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Lycium.

84. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Creosote bush. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (9):1-10. plants/Mojave/desert/Larrea.

90. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Goldenhead. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (15):1-3. plants/Mojave/desert/Acamptopappus.

95. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross, W. L. Graves and C. R. Brown. 1977. Gray Ephedra and green Ephedra. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (19):1-8. plants/Mojave/desert/Ephedra.

80. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Hop-sage. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (6):1-5. plants/Mojave/desert/Grayia.

77. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Rubber rabbitbrush. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (3):1-5. plants/Mojave/desert/Chrysothamnus.

86. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Scale broom. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (11):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Lepidospartum.

78. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Virgin River Encelia. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (4):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Encelia.

81. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. White burrobush. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (7):1-5. plants/Mojave/desert/Hymenoclea.

97. Kay, B. L., J. A. Young, C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Desert peach. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (21):1-6. plants/Mojave/desert/Prunus.

37. Kleinkopf, G. E., T. L. Hartsock, A. Wallace and E. M. Romney. 1980. Photosynthetic strategies of two Mojave Desert shrubs. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):100-109. plants.

281. Lane, L. J., E. M. Romney and T. E. Hakonson. 1984. Water balance calculations and net production of perennial vegetation in the northern Mojave Desert. Journal of Range Management. 37(1):12-18. plants.

145. Lathrop, E. W. and P. G. Rowlands. 1983. Plant ecology in deserts: an overview. In, pp. 113-152. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. plants.

47. Lightfoot, D. C. and W. G. Whitford. 1991. Productivity of creosotebush foliage and associated canopy arthropods along a desert roadside. American Midland Naturalist. 125(2):310-322. insects/plants/Productivity/desert/Larrea/ruderal.

250. Louda, S. M. 1988. Insect pests and plant stress as considerations for revegetation of disturbed ecosystems. In, pp. 51-67. Vol. II. Cairns, J. J. (ed.). Rehabilitating damaged ecosystems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. insects/plants/philosophy.

284. Meyer, M. W. and W. H. Karasov. 1989. Antiherbivore chemistry of Larrea tridentata: effects on woodrat (Neotoma lepida) feeding and nutrition. Ecology. 70(4):953-961. [Abstract only.] rodent/plants/Larrea.

50. Mork, H. M., A. Wallace and E. M. Romney. 1980. Effect of certain plant parameters on photosynthesis,transpiration, and efficiency of water use. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):117-120. plants.

294. Neufeld, H. S., F. C. Meinzer, C. S. Wisdom, M. R. Sharifi, P. W. Rundel, M. S. Neufeld, Y. Goldring and G. L. Cunningham. 1988. Canopy architecture of Larrea tridentata (DC.) Cov., a desert shrub: foliage orientation and direct beam radiation interception. Oecologia. 75:54-60. plants/Larrea.

292. Nobel, P. S. 1981. Spacing and transpiration of various sized clumps of a desert grass, Hilaria rigida. Journal of Ecology. 69:735-742. plants/Hilaria/community structure.

228. Phillips, D. L. and J. A. MacMahon. 1981. Competition and spacing patterns in desert shrubs. Journal of Ecology. 69:97-115. plants/community structure.

287. Prose, D. V., S. K. Metzger and H. G. Wilshire. 1987. Effects of substrate disturbance on secondary plant succession; Mojave Desert, California. Journal of Applied Ecology. 24:305-313. [The effects of substrate disturbance on perennial plant succession was studied at three military camps abandoned for 40 years. Soil compaction, removal of the top layer of soil, and alteration of drainage channel density caused significant changes in perennial plant cover, density, and species composition. Long-lived species such as Larrea were dominant on treatment and control plots but were greatly reduced in treatment plots. Pioneer species such as Ambrosia and Hymenoclea exhibited percentage cover values that were similar or greater than controls in most areas.] plants/military/community structure.

10. Romney, E. M., A. Wallace and R. B. Hunter. 1980. The pulse hypothesis in the establishment of Artemisia seedings at Pahute Mesa, Nevada. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):28-27. plants/Artemesia.

166. Smith, S. D. and R. S. Nowak. 1990. Ecophysiology of plants in the intermountain lowlands. In, pp. 179-241. Osmond, C. B., L. F. Pitelka and G. M. (eds.) Hidy. Plant biology of the Basin and Range. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. plants/soil/climate.

268. Turner, R. M. 1982. Mojave desertscrub. Desert Plants. 4(1-4):157-168. plants/Mojave/community structure.

160. Wallace, A., J. W. Cha, E. M. Romney and R. T. Mueller. 1980. 14C distribution in roots following photosynthesis of the label in perennial plants in the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):177-191. Mojave/plants.

171. Wallace, A., J. W. Cha and E. M. Romney. 1980. Distribution of photosynthetically fixed 14C in perennial plant species of the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):192-200. plants/Mojave.

149. Wallace, A., J. W. Cha and E. M. Romney. 1980. Persistence of 14C labeled carbon in Larrea tridentata up to 40 months after photosynthetic fixation in the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):172-176. Mojave/plants/Larrea.

138. Wallace, A., J. W. Cha, R. T. Mueller and E. M. Romney. 1980. Retranslocation of tagged carbon in Ambrosia dumosa. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):168-171. plants/Ambrosia.

61. Wallace, A., E. M. Romney and R. B. Hunter. 1980. Carbon fixed in leaves and twigs of field Larrea tridentata in two-hour exposure to 14CO2. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):121-123. plants/Larrea.

83. Wallace, A. and E. M. Romney. 1980. Ecotonal distribution of salt-tolerant shrubs in the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):134-139. plants/Mojave.

127. Wallace, A., E. M. Romney and R. B. Hunter. 1980. Field studies of mineral nutrition of Larrea tridentata: importance of N, pH, and Fe. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):163-167. plants/Larrea.

31. Wallace, A., E. M. Romney and J. E. Kinnear. 1980. Frequency distribution of three perennial plant species to nearest neighbor of the same species in the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):89-93. Mojave/community structure/plants.

105. Wallace, A., Romney, G. V. Alexander and J. E. Kinnear. 1980. Frequency distribution and correlation among mineral elements in Lycium andersonii from the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):146-155. community structure/plants/Lycium/Mojave.

116. Wallace, A., Romney, G. V. Alexander, J. E. Kinnear and R. B. Hunter. 1980. Mineral composition of Atriplex hymenelytra growing in the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):156-162. plants/Mojave/Atriplex.

94. Wallace, A., E. M. Romney, R. A. Wood, A. A. El-Ghonemy and S. A. Bamberg. 1980. Parent material which produce saline outcrops as a factor in differential distribution of perennial plants in the northern Mojave Desert . Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):140-145. Mojave/plants.

26. Wallace, A., E. M. Romney and W. Valentine. 1980. A phytosociological study of a small desert area in Rock Valley, Nevada. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):59-72. community structure/plants.

35. Wallace, A., E. M. Romney and R. B. Hunter. 1980. Regulative effect of dodder (Cuscuta nevadensis Jtn.) on the vegetation of the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):98-99. Mojave/plants/Cuscuta/parasite.

33. Wallace, A., E. M. Romney and R. B. Hunter. 1980. Relationship of small washes to the distribution of Lycium andersonii and Larrea tridentata at site in the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):94-97. community structure/plants/Larrea/Lycium.

227. Yeaton, R. I. and M. L. Cody. 1976. Competition and spacing in plant communities: the northern Mojave Desert. Journal of Ecology. 64:689-696. community structure/Mojave/plants.

383. Young, J. A. 1991. Tumbleweed. Scientific American. 264(3):82-87. plants/weed/tumbleweed.

36. Young, J. A., R. A. Evans, R. E., Jr. Eckert and B. L. Kay. 1987. Cheatgrass. Rangelands. 9(6):266-270. plants/cheatgrass/weed.

43. Young, J. A., R. A. Evans and B. L. Kay. 1975. Dispersal and germination dynamics of broadleaf filaree, Erodium botrys (Cav.) Bertol. Agronomy Journal. 67:54-57. plants/Dispersal/germination/filaree/Erodium.

41. Young, J. A., B. L. Kay and R. A. Evans. 1983. Winterhardiness and jackrabbit preference in a hybrid population of fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens). In, pp. 59-65. Proceedings: Symposium on the biology of Atriplex and related chenopods. Int. Mtn. F&R Exp. Sta. Gen. Tech. Rpt. INT-172. plants/Atriplex/rabbits.

384. Bureau of Land Management. 1980. The California Desert Conservation Area Plan. U.S. Department of the Interior. , Riverside, California. California/desert/powerline.

355. Lathrop, E. W. and E. F. Archbold. 1980. Plant responses to utility right of way construction in the Mojave Desert. Environmental Management. 4(3):215-226. [Disturbance from utility construction tends to generate new plant growth with changes in productivity, vegetation quality, diversity, and stability, but not necessarily biomass.] powerline/pipeline.

295. Artz, M. C. 1989. Impacts of linear corridors on perennial vegetation in the East Mojave Desert: implications for environmental management and planning. Natural Areas Journal. 9(2):117-129. powerlines/ohv/pipeline/road.

154. Brum, G. D., R. S. Boyd and S. M. Carter. 1983. Recovery rates and rehabilitation of powerline corridors. In, pp. 303-314. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. powerlines.

286. Hessing, M. B. and C. D. Johnson. 1982. Disturbance and revegetation of Sonoran Desert vegetation in an Arizona powerline corridor. Journal of Range Management. 35(2):254-258. [Herbs were reduced temporarily during construction but perennials did not return in the five year post-construction period. Annuals invaded immediately after disturbance due to the removal of larger woody plants. Colonization by previously existing species was limited to Ambrosia deltoidea ,due to its ability to reproduce vegetatively, and to annual herbs.] powerlines.

318. Johnson, J. R., J. R. Beley, T. M. Ditsworth and S. M. Butt. 1983. Secondary succession of arthropods and plants in the Arizona Sonoran Desert in response to transmission line construction. Journal of Environmental Management. 16:125-137. [Density of arthropods was greatly reduced along a powerline access road in Arizona relative to an undisturbed control plot. Diversity increased on the disturbed plot following construction, but density decreased. Restoration of numbers of arthropods on the disturbed site was dependent on the total plant cover on the plot, regardless of the plant species composition.] powerlines/Sonoran.

8. Vasek, F. C., H. B. Johnson and G. D. Brum. 1975. Effects of power transmission lines on vegetation of the Mojave Desert. Madro¤o. 23:114-131. powerlines/Mojave/degradation.

47. Lightfoot, D. C. and W. G. Whitford. 1991. Productivity of creosotebush foliage and associated canopy arthropods along a desert roadside. American Midland Naturalist. 125(2):310-322. insects/plants/Productivity/desert/Larrea/ruderal.

55. Newland, K. C., S. Ives, G. E. Joseph, M. A. Dimmitt, M. Mittleman, R. E. Foster, C. Scannell, W. R. Feldman, F. S. Crosswhite and C. Hansen. 1980. Propagation techniques for desert plants. Desert Plants. 2(4):205-216. Propagation/techniques/desert.

65. Pope, D. P., J. H. Brock and r. A. Backhaus. 1990. Vegetative propagation of key southwestern woody riparian species. Desert Plants. 10(2):91-95. propagation/riparian.

135. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Mesquite. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: species notes (unpublished ms). plants/Prosopis.

68. Germano, D. J., R. Hungerford and Martin S. Clark. 1983. Responses of selected wildlife species to the removal of mesquite from desert grassland. Journal of Range Management. 36(3):309-311. plants/wildlife/mesquite/grassland/desert/Prosopis.

97. Kay, B. L., J. A. Young, C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Desert peach. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (21):1-6. plants/Mojave/desert/Prunus.

137. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Smoke tree. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: species notes (unpublished ms). plants/Psorothamnus.

224. Rice, B. and M. Westoby. 1978. Vegetative responses of some Great Basin shrub communities protected against jack rabbits or domestic stock. Journal of Range Management. 31(1):28-34. grazing/rabbits.

300. Romney, E. M., R. B. Hunter and Wallace A. 1990. Field trip report: natural and managed recovery of vegetation on disturbed areas at the Nevada Test Site. pp. 344-349. McArthur, E. D. et al. (eds.). Proceedings Symposium on cheatgrass invasion, shrub die-off, and other aspects of shrub biology and management. U. S. Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, Utah. [The first decade of recovery was characterized by prolific annual plant production. The second decade was dominated by pulse establishment of perennial grasses following years of high rainfall. Noticeable shrub germination did not occur until after 3 years of high rainfall accompanying El Nino. Germination prior to this period failed in successive years due to drought or jackrabbit grazing. Transplanting is best done in March and April to take advantage of the moisture available from winter rains. Given protection from jackrabbits they experienced better than 80% survival of transplanting.] techniques/rabbits/restoration/recovery.

41. Young, J. A., B. L. Kay and R. A. Evans. 1983. Winterhardiness and jackrabbit preference in a hybrid population of fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens). In, pp. 59-65. Proceedings: Symposium on the biology of Atriplex and related chenopods. Int. Mtn. F&R Exp. Sta. Gen. Tech. Rpt. INT-172. plants/Atriplex/rabbits.

409. Beatley, J. C. 1974. Effects of rainfall and temperature on the distribution and behavior of Larrea tridentata (creosote-bush) in the Mojave Desert of Nevada. Ecology. 55:245-261. rain/Mojave/Nevada/Larrea.

407. Beatley, J. C. 1976. Rainfall and fluctuating plant populations in relation to distributions and numbers of desert rodents in southern Nevada. Oecologia. 24:21-42. rain/Mojave/Nevada/rodent.

358. Ehleringer, J. R., S. L. Phillips, W. S. F. Schuster and D. R. Sandquist. 1991. Differential utilization of summer rains by desert plants. Oecologia. 88:430-434. [In southern Utah, all plant species use winter-spring rain for spring growth. Annuals and succulent perennials show complete dependence on summer rain.] ecology/rain.

71. Martin, S. C. 1975. Ecology and management of southwestern semidesert grass-shrub ranges: the status of our knowledge. USDA Forest Service Research Paper RM-156. :1-39. range/grass/shrub/desert.

265. Wright, R. A. (Editor). 1978. The reclamation of disturbed arid lands. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. 196 pp. reclamation.

300. Romney, E. M., R. B. Hunter and Wallace A. 1990. Field trip report: natural and managed recovery of vegetation on disturbed areas at the Nevada Test Site. pp. 344-349. McArthur, E. D. et al. (eds.). Proceedings Symposium on cheatgrass invasion, shrub die-off, and other aspects of shrub biology and management. U. S. Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, Utah. [The first decade of recovery was characterized by prolific annual plant production. The second decade was dominated by pulse establishment of perennial grasses following years of high rainfall. Noticeable shrub germination did not occur until after 3 years of high rainfall accompanying El Nino. Germination prior to this period failed in successive years due to drought or jackrabbit grazing. Transplanting is best done in March and April to take advantage of the moisture available from winter rains. Given protection from jackrabbits they experienced better than 80% survival of transplanting.] techniques/rabbits/restoration/recovery.

13. Romney, E. M. and A. Wallace. 1980. The role of pioneer species in revegetation of disturbed desert areas. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):31-33. recovery/revegetation.

326. Webb, R. H., J. W. Steiger and E. B. Newman. 1988. The response of vegetation to disturbance in Death Valley National Monument, California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin. 1793:1-103. [Plant assemblages were compared on debris flows, alluvial terraces, abandoned townsites, and a pipeline corridor. Disturbed townsites, abandoned for 42-74 years, were generally colonized by short-lived, reproduction-oriented species. The time required for complete recovery depends on the stage of predisturbance primary succession. Soil compaction was estimated to require a century for complete amelioration but did not appear to substantively affect the course of recovery. The successional sequence on alluvial terraces proceeded from short-lived, reproduction-oriented species (Hymenoclea salsola) to long-lived, maintenance-oriented species (Larrea, Ambrosia). Successional sequences in Death Valley apparently require thousands of years. Recovery of disturbed desert plant assemblages is linked with ongoing successional processes in ambient, undisturbed plant assemblages.] Mojave/California/ succession/community structure/recovery/pipeline/town.

69. Germano, D. J. and C. R. Hungerford. 1981. Reptile population changes with manipulation of Sonoran Desert shrub. Great basin Naturalist. 41(1):129-137. shrub/Desert/Sonoran/Reptile.

101. Cox J. R., H. L. Morton, T. N. Johnson, G. L. Jordan, S. C. Martin, and L. C. Fiero. 1982. Vegetation restoration in the Chihuahuan and Sonoran Deserts of North America. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Agricultural Reviews and Manuals, ARM-W-28. 37 pp. [ask David Bainbridge about authors.] restoration/Chihuahuan/Sonoran.

223. Allen, E. B. 1989. The restoration of disturbed arid landscapes with special reference to mychorrizal fungi. Journal of Arid Environments. 17:279-286. Salsola/restoration/mycorrhizae/fungi/degradation.

187. Amme, D. and B. M. Pitschel. 1990. Restoration and management of California's grassland habitat. In, pp. 532-542. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. grass/Restoration.

199. Bainbridge, D. A. 1990. The restoration of agricultural lands and drylands. In, pp. 4-13. Berger, J. J. (ed.). Environmental restoration: science and strategies for restoring the earth. Island Press, Washington, D. C. restoration.

9. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1990. Restoration in the Sonoran desert of California. Restoration and Management Notes. 8(1):3-13. models/techniques/Restoration/Sonoran/desert/California.

108. Bentley, H. L. 1898. Cattle ranges of the southwest: a history of the exhaustion of the pasturage and suggestions for its restoration. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Farmers Bulletin. (72):1-31. restoration/history/Cattle.

245. Bradshaw, A. D. and M. J. Chadwick. 1980. The restoration of land. University of California Press, Berkeley. 317 pp. restoration.

256. Brown, D. and R. G. Hallman. 1984. Reclaiming disturbed lands. USDA Forest Service. 1454.1-Technical Services, Range. restoration/techniques.

389. Cairns, J. J. 1988. Increasing diversity by restoring damaged ecosystems. In, Wilson, E.O. and Peter, Frances M. (eds.), pp. 333-343. Biodiversity. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. [A review of the role of restoration in converting degraded land to useful purposes with emphasis on increasing biodiversity.] biodiversity/restoration.

59. Cairns, J. J. 1988. Restoration and the alternative: a research strategy. Restoration and Management Notes. 6(2):65-67. Restoration/philosophy.

379. Call, C. A. and B. A. Roundy. 1991. Perspectives and processes in revegetation of arid and semiarid rangelands. Journal of Range Management. 44(6):543-549. [This article stresses the importance of establishing diverse and persistent plant assemblages on ranges instead of vigorous exotic species.] restoration/revegetation/ecology.

62. Dixon, R. M. 1988. Land imprinting for vegetative restoration. Restoration and Management Notes. 6(1):24-25. Restoration/imprinting.

200. Dixon, R. M. 1990. Land imprinting for dryland revegetation and restoration. In, pp. 14-22. Berger, J. J. (ed.). Environmental restoration: science and strategies for restoring the earth. Island Press, Washington, D. C. techniques/restoration.

208. Falk, D. A. 1990. Restoration of endangered species: a strategy for conservation. In, pp. 328-334. Berger, J. J. (ed.). Environmental restoration. Island Press, Washington, D.C. restoration.

186. Hackeling, L. C., M. K. Leach and S. Apfelbaum. 1990. Ecological restoration and environmental mitigation: a relationship worth scrutinizing. In, pp. 381-383. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. philosophy/restoration.

25. Hiebert, R. D. 1990. An ecological restoration model: application to razed residential sites. Natural Areas Journal. 10(4):181-186. models/restoration.

395. Jackson, L. L., J. R. McAuliffe and B. A. Roundy. 1991. Desert restoration. Restoration and Management Notes. 9(2):71-80. Sonoran/Arizona/desert/restoration.

397. Johnson, M. B. and R. P. Upchurch. 1991. Legumes and the recovery of the endangered masked bobwhite quail. Aridus. 3(4):1-3. restoration.

354. Jordan, W. R., III, R. L. Peters II and E. B. Allen. 1988. Ecological restoration as a strategy for conserving biological diversity. Environmental Management. 12(1):55-72. [A review of opportunities to use restoration as a tool to manage biodiversity. Possibilities include moving reserves in response to long-term events such as climate change, and increasing diversity through management of utility corridors, transportation rights-of-ways, and parks.] philosophy/restoration/biodiversity.

180. Keammer, W. R. 1990. Monitoring restoration results. In, pp. 194-201. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. techniques/restoration.

385. Malone, C. R. 1991. The potential for ecological restoration at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The Environmental Professional. 13:216-224. [Federal policy requires that "reasonable and necessary" steps are taken to restore the Yucca Mountain high-level nuclear waste site. The probability of success is low due to present levels of restoration technology and the environmental characteristics of the site. The author stresses that practical goals are needed. Site restoration is complicated by the presence on the desert tortoise.] Nevada/restoration.

60. Maser, C. 1988. Ends and means: restoration and the future of land management. Restoration and Management Notes. 6(1):28-29. philosophy/Restoration.

28. Nuzzo, V. A. and E. A. Howell. 1990. Natural area restoration planning. Natural Areas Journal. 10(4):201-209. techniques/restoration.

296. O'Malley, P. G. 1991. Large-scale restoration on Santa Catalina Island, California. Restoration and Management Notes. 9(1):7-15. restoration.

340. Ostler, W. K., T. P. O'Farrell, V. K. Winkel and B. W. Schultz. 1991. The reclamation program for the Yucca Mountain Project. In, American Nuclear Society (ed.). International high level radioactive waste management conference. Las Vegas, Nevada (9 pp.) Report # EGG--10617-2074. DE91 010763, [This document summarizes the three phases DOE has developed in its comprehensive reclamation program. These include planning, operational, and research. Reclamation activities start before surface disturbance with detailed surveys.] restoration/models.

176. Rodman, J. 1990. Reflections on tamarisk bashing. In, pp. 59-68. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. restoration/tamarisk.

300. Romney, E. M., R. B. Hunter and Wallace A. 1990. Field trip report: natural and managed recovery of vegetation on disturbed areas at the Nevada Test Site. pp. 344-349. McArthur, E. D. et al. (eds.). Proceedings Symposium on cheatgrass invasion, shrub die-off, and other aspects of shrub biology and management. U. S. Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, Utah. [The first decade of recovery was characterized by prolific annual plant production. The second decade was dominated by pulse establishment of perennial grasses following years of high rainfall. Noticeable shrub germination did not occur until after 3 years of high rainfall accompanying El Nino. Germination prior to this period failed in successive years due to drought or jackrabbit grazing. Transplanting is best done in March and April to take advantage of the moisture available from winter rains. Given protection from jackrabbits they experienced better than 80% survival of transplanting.] techniques/rabbits/restoration/recovery.

185. St. John, T. V. 1990. Practical application of Ewel's criteria for a successful restoration. In, pp. 376-380. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. philosophy/restoration.

255. Thornburg, A. A. 1982. Plant materials for use on surface-mined lands in arid and semiarid regions. USDA Soil Conservation Service. SCS-TP-157. restoration.

175. Tyson, W. 1990. Ecological restoration and management: ethical foundations. In, pp. 56-58. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. philosophy/restoration.

174. Valbracht, D. 1990. The art of ecological restoration. In, pp. 49-55. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. restoration/philosophy.

201. Virginia, R. 1990. Desert restoration: the role of woody legumes. In, pp. 23-30. Berger, J. J. (ed.). Environmental restoration: science and strategies for restoring the earth. Island Press, Washington, D. C. restoration.

63. Anderson, B. 1988. Deep tillage aids tree establishment in riparian revegetation projects in arid southwest. Restoration and Management Notes. 6(2):84-86. tree/riparian/revegetation.

315. Burley, J. 1990. The conservation and use of plant resources in dry lands. In, pp. 199-218. Andrew S. Goudie (ed.). Techniques for desert reclamation. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. [A review of the use of plants as conservation and land management tools.] techniques/revegetation.

379. Call, C. A. and B. A. Roundy. 1991. Perspectives and processes in revegetation of arid and semiarid rangelands. Journal of Range Management. 44(6):543-549. [This article stresses the importance of establishing diverse and persistent plant assemblages on ranges instead of vigorous exotic species.] restoration/revegetation/ecology.

58. Clary, R. F. 1987. Roadside revegetation in the Mojave Desert. Restoration and Management Notes. 5(2):97. revegetation/Mojave/Desert/Roadside.

15. Clary, R. F. and R. D. Slayback. 1984. Revegetation in the Mojave Desert using native woody plants. In, pp. 42-47. Reiger, J. P. and B. A. (eds.) Steele. Proceedings of the Native Plant Revegetation Symposium. Southern California Chapter and San Diego Chapter of the California Native Plant Society., Revegetation/Mojave/Desert/native/woody.

30. Graves, W. L., B. L. Kay and W. A. Williams. 1978. Revegetation of disturbed sites in the Mojave Desert with native shrubs. California Agriculture. March:4-5. shrubs/Desert/Mojave/disturbed/Revegetation.

179. Howald, A. M. and C. D'Antonio. 1990. Designing a monitoring program for a native plant community revegetation project. In, pp. 182-193. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. models/revegetation.

279. Jaynes, R. A. and K. T. Harper. 1978. Patterns of natural revegetation in arid southeastern Utah. Journal of range Management. 31(6):407-411. revegetation.

100. Kay, B. L. 1988. Artificial and natural revegetation of the second Los Angeles aqueduct. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (24):1-32. revegetation/aqueduct.

45. Kay, B. L. 1985. Important revegetation concepts with emphasis on the Mojave-Tehachapi area. (Manuscript). revegetation/Mojave.

98. Kay, B. L. 1979. Summary of revegetation attempts on the second Los Angeles aqueduct. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (22):1-23. revegetation/aqueduct.

40. Kay, B. L. and W. L. Graves. 1983. History of revegetation studies in the California Deserts. In, pp. 315-324. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. Deserts/California/revegetation/History.

155. Kay, B. L. and W. L. Graves. 1983. Revegetation and stabilization techniques for disturbed desert vegetation. In, pp. 325-340. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. revegetation/techniques.

181. Mulroy, T. W. 1990. Facilitating the use of indigenous genotypes in natural area revegetation projects. In, pp. 205-214. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. revegetation.

189. Newton, G. A. 1990. A summary of three dune revegetation/stabilization projects. In, pp. 569-580. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. revegetation/dunes.

13. Romney, E. M. and A. Wallace. 1980. The role of pioneer species in revegetation of disturbed desert areas. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):31-33. recovery/revegetation.

19. St. John, T. V. 1984. Mycorrhizal fungi and revegetation. In, pp. 87-93. Reiger, J. P. and B. A. (eds.) Steele. Proceedings of the Native Plant Revegetation Symposium. Southern California Chapter and San Diego Chapter of the California Native Plant Society., Mycorrhizae/fungi/revegetation.

46. Van Kekerix, L. and B. L. Kay. 1986. Revegetation of disturbed lands in California. California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology. 105 pp. Open File Report 86-14 SAC. California/revegetation.

111. Virginia, R. A. and D. A. Bainbridge. 1987. Revegetation in the Colorado Desert: lessons from the study of natural systems. In, pp. 52-63. Proceedings of the Second Native Plant Revegetation Symposium. Revegetation/Colorado/Desert.

215. Wallace, A., R. B. Hunter and E. M. Romney. 1980. The challenge of a desert: revegetation of disturbed desert islands. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):216-225. island/revegetation/desert.

204. Wallace, A., R. B. Hunter and E. M. Romney. 1980. Fencing enhances shrub survival and growth for Mojave Desert revegetation. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):212-215. techniques/revegetation/Mojave.

63. Anderson, B. 1988. Deep tillage aids tree establishment in riparian revegetation projects in arid southwest. Restoration and Management Notes. 6(2):84-86. tree/riparian/revegetation.

65. Pope, D. P., J. H. Brock and r. A. Backhaus. 1990. Vegetative propagation of key southwestern woody riparian species. Desert Plants. 10(2):91-95. propagation/riparian.

64. Siegel, R. S. and J. H. Brock. 1990. Germination requirements of key southwestern woody riparian species. Desert Plants. 10(1):3-8. Germination/riparian.

295. Artz, M. C. 1989. Impacts of linear corridors on perennial vegetation in the East Mojave Desert: implications for environmental management and planning. Natural Areas Journal. 9(2):117-129. powerlines/ohv/pipeline/road.

346. Boarman, W. I. 1991. Effectiveness of fences and culverts for protecting desert tortoises along California State Highway 58: final report on study design. California Energy Commission Contract No. 700-89-007; Task 2.3. [A review of the Highway 58 tortoise-proof fence experiment.] tortoise/road.

273. Garland, T. J. and W. G. Bradley. 1984. Effects of a highway on Mojave Desert rodent populations. American Midland Naturalist. 111(1):47-56. roads/Mojave/rodent.

352. Johnson, H. B., F. C. Vasek and T. Yonkers. 1975. Productivity, diversity and stability relationships in Mojave Desert roadside vegetation. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 102(3):106-115. [The edge effect of a paved road increases plant standing crop 17 fold on the vases of the vegetated area alone and 6 fold when the area of the bare road surface is included in the area calculation. Unpaved roads show increases of 6 and 3 times respectively. Increases in diversity values along roads were due mainly to increased richness.] community structure/succession/roads.

58. Clary, R. F. 1987. Roadside revegetation in the Mojave Desert. Restoration and Management Notes. 5(2):97. revegetation/Mojave/Desert/Roadside.

66. Mortenson, M. A. 1979. Establishing vegetation on highway slopes in Arizona. Desert Plants. 1(2):58-60. techniques/Arizona/roadside.

407. Beatley, J. C. 1976. Rainfall and fluctuating plant populations in relation to distributions and numbers of desert rodents in southern Nevada. Oecologia. 24:21-42. rain/Mojave/Nevada/rodent.

32. Brown, J. H. and E. J. Heske. 1990. Control of a desert-grassland transition by a keystone rodent guild. Science. 250:1705-1707. rodent.

273. Garland, T. J. and W. G. Bradley. 1984. Effects of a highway on Mojave Desert rodent populations. American Midland Naturalist. 111(1):47-56. roads/Mojave/rodent.

353. Hafner, M. S. 1977. Density and diversity in Mojave Desert rodent and shrub communities. Journal of Animal Ecology. 46:925-938. [This study emphasizes that few generalities are possible when comparing desert communities. Rainfall is the strongest component in these systems. The ultimate effect of rainfall on desert rodent communities depends on the influence and interactions of other biotic and abiotic factors.] rodent/community structure.

48. Heske, E. J. and M. Campbell. 1991. Effects of an 11-year livestock exclosure on rodent and ant numbers in the Chihuahuan Desert, southeastern Arizona. Southwestern Naturalist. 36(1):89-93. grazing/exclosure/rodent/ants/Chihuahuan/Desert/Arizona.

284. Meyer, M. W. and W. H. Karasov. 1989. Antiherbivore chemistry of Larrea tridentata: effects on woodrat (Neotoma lepida) feeding and nutrition. Ecology. 70(4):953-961. [Abstract only.] rodent/plants/Larrea.

193. Wallace, A., R. B. Hunter and E. M. Romney. 1980. Rodent-denuded areas of the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):208-211. rodent/Mojave.

334. Berry, J. A., I. P. Ting and E. Zeiger. 1983. The biology of desert plants: opportunities and needs for basic research. Waverly Press, Baltimore, MD. 35 pp. [This is a conference report from a meeting of the American Society of Plant Physiologists. A variety of topics are covered, most dealing with purely physiological processes of desert plants.] plants/roots/physiology.

167. Dobrowski, J. P., M. M. Caldwell and J. H. Richards. 1990. Basin hydrology and plant root systems. In, pp. 243-292. Osmond, C. B., L. F. Pitelka and G. M. (eds.) Hidy. Plant biology of the Basin and Range. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. soil/roots.

182. Wallace, A., J. W. Cha and E. M. Romney. 1980. Depth distribution of roots of some perennial plants in the Nevada Test Site area of the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):201-207. roots/Mojave.

47. Lightfoot, D. C. and W. G. Whitford. 1991. Productivity of creosotebush foliage and associated canopy arthropods along a desert roadside. American Midland Naturalist. 125(2):310-322. insects/plants/Productivity/desert/Larrea/ruderal.

89. Kay, B. L., C. M. Ross and W. L. Graves. 1977. Bladder sage. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (14):1-4. plants/Mojave/desert/Salazaria.

369. Allen, E. B. 1982. Germination and competition of Salsola kali with native C3 and C4 species under three temperature regimes. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 109(1):39-46. Salsola/competition/weed.

223. Allen, E. B. 1989. The restoration of disturbed arid landscapes with special reference to mychorrizal fungi. Journal of Arid Environments. 17:279-286. Salsola/restoration/mycorrhizae/fungi/degradation.

368. Allen, E. B. 1982. Water and nutrient competition between Salsola kali and two native grass species (Agropyron smithii and Bouteloua gracilis). Ecology. 63(3):732-741. Salsola/weed/competition.

367. Lodhi, M. A. K. 1979. Allelopathic potential of Salsola kali L. and its possible role in rapid disappearance of weedy stage during revegetation. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 5(3):429-437. [This plant is allelopathically active and decreases the growth of selected associated species while it decays. It is autotoxic, but its germination was not inhibited by application of any isolated phytotoxins.] Salsola/weed/competition.

372. Stormer, F. A. 1981. Characteristics of scaled Quail loafing coverts in northwest Texas. pp. 1-6. U. S. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado: Research Note. U. S. Forest Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. Salsola/weed.

370. Hunter, R., F. B. Turner, R. G. Lindberg and K.-B. Hunter. 1987. Effects of land clearing on bordering winter annual populations in the Mohave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist. 47(2):234-238. solar/California/weed/Schismus/Erodium.

362. Ackerman, T. L. 1979. Germination and survival of perennial plant species in the Mojave Desert. Southwestern Naturalist. 24(3):399-408. [Germination and survival of 11 perennial plant species was studied in Rock Valley Nevada. Only one seedling out of 201 germinating between 1971 and 1975 survived until the spring of 1977.] germination/seed/Nevada/Mojave/Great Basin.

401. Ellner, S. and A. Shmida. 1981. Why are adaptations for long-range seed dispersal rare in desert plants? Oecologia. 51:133-144. seed/dispersal.

42. Graves, W. L., B. L. Kay and W. A. Williams. 1975. Seed treatment of Mojave desert shrubs. Agronomy Journal. 67:773-777. Seed/Mojave/desert/shrubs.

99. Kay, B. L., W. L. Graves and J. A. Young. 1988. Long-term storage of desert shrub seed. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (23):1-23. desert/shrub/seed.

4. Ackerman, T. L., E. M. Romney, A. Wallace and J. E. Kinnear. 1980. Phenology of desert shrubs in southern Nye County, Nevada. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):4-23. plants/shrubs/seeds/germination.

119. Bainbridge, D. A., N. Sorensen and R. A. Virginia. 1990. Direct seeding. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: Notes (unpublished ms). seeds/techniques.

120. Bainbridge, D. A., R. A. Virginia and N. Sorensen. 1989. Inoculating desert plants with symbiotic microorganisms. Restoration in the Sonoran Desert (unpublished ms). desert/techniques/mycorrhizae/seeds.

56. Newland, K. C. 1980. Sources of arid land plant seeds. Desert Plants. 2(4):231. seeds.

274. Reichman, O. J. 1984. Spatial and temporal variation of seed distributions in Sonoran Desert soils. Journal of Biogeography. 11:1-11. seeds/soil.

118. Sorensen, N. 1990. Desert harvester ants. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: Notes (unpublished ms). ants/seeds.

377. Busack, S. D. and R. B. Bury. 1974. Some effects of off-road vehicles and sheep grazing on lizard populations in the Mojave Desert. Biological Conservation. 6(3):179-183. [Lizard populations were adversely affected by both factors.] ohv/sheep/grazing/Mojave/California.

54. Marrs, R. H., A. Rizand and A. F. Harrison. 1989. The effects of removing sheep grazing on soil chemistry, above-ground nutrient distribution, and selected aspects of soil fertility in long-term experiments at Moor House National Nature Preserve. Journal of Applied Ecology. 26:647-661. sheep/grazing/soil.

364. Nicholson, L. and K. Humphreys. 1981. Sheep grazing at the Kramer study plot, San Bernardino County, California. In, pp. 163-194. Hashagen, K. A. (ed.). Proceedings of the 1981 Symposium of the Desert Tortoise Council. sheep/grazing/tortoise.

363. Webb, R. H. and S. S. Stielstra. 1979. Sheep grazing effects on Mojave Desert vegetation and soils. Environmental Management. 3(6):517-529. [Heavy grazing by sheep caused a 60% reduction in above-ground biomass under creosote bushes. Trampling caused an increase in soil strength in grazing and bedding areas and decreased intershrub annual densities up to 28%. Volumes of individual burro bushes were up to 65% less in grazed areas than in lightly grazed areas.] sheep/grazing.

34. Barbour, M. G. 1969. Age and space distribution of the desert shrub Larrea divaricata. Ecology. 50(4):679-685. Larrea/shrub/desert/distribution.

69. Germano, D. J. and C. R. Hungerford. 1981. Reptile population changes with manipulation of Sonoran Desert shrub. Great basin Naturalist. 41(1):129-137. shrub/Desert/Sonoran/Reptile.

99. Kay, B. L., W. L. Graves and J. A. Young. 1988. Long-term storage of desert shrub seed. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (23):1-23. desert/shrub/seed.

71. Martin, S. C. 1975. Ecology and management of southwestern semidesert grass-shrub ranges: the status of our knowledge. USDA Forest Service Research Paper RM-156. :1-39. range/grass/shrub/desert.

4. Ackerman, T. L., E. M. Romney, A. Wallace and J. E. Kinnear. 1980. Phenology of desert shrubs in southern Nye County, Nevada. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):4-23. plants/shrubs/seeds/germination.

30. Graves, W. L., B. L. Kay and W. A. Williams. 1978. Revegetation of disturbed sites in the Mojave Desert with native shrubs. California Agriculture. March:4-5. shrubs/Desert/Mojave/disturbed/Revegetation.

42. Graves, W. L., B. L. Kay and W. A. Williams. 1975. Seed treatment of Mojave desert shrubs. Agronomy Journal. 67:773-777. Seed/Mojave/desert/shrubs.

72. Wallace, A., E. M. Romney, H. Kaaz and V. Q. Hale. 1980. The role of shrubs on redistribution of mineral nutrients in soil in the Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):124-133. soil/Mojave/shrubs.

44. Williams, W. A. and O. D. Cook. 1974. Germination of native desert shrubs. California Agriculture. (August):13. shrubs/desert/Germination.

306. Abrahams, A. D. and A. J. Parsons. 1991. Relation between infiltration and stone cover on a semiarid hillslope, southern Arizona. Journal of Hydrology. 122:49-59. [There is a negative correlation between infiltration and stone cover. Infiltration rates are higher under shrubs where fine sediments and organic compounds have accumulated, and digging and burrowing activity of animals is higher.] soil.

293. Amundson, R. G., O. A. Chadwick and J. M. Sowers. 1989. A comparison of soil climate and biological activity along an elevational gradient in the eastern Mojave Desert. Oecologia. 80:395-400. soil.

308. Anderson, D. C., K. T. Harper and S. R. Rushforth. 1982. Recovery of cryptogamic soil crusts from grazing on Utah winter ranges. Journal of Range Management. 35(3):355-359. [The amount of lichen, moss and algal cover was considerably reduced by domestic grazing. High cryptogamic cover was associated with heavy textured soils and greater salinity relative to sites with light cryptogamic cover. Cryptogamic cover increased from 4% to 15% after 14-18 years of grazing exclusion, but only 1% during the next 20 years.] soil/cryptogam.

322. Andraski, B. J. 1991. Balloon and core sampling for determining bulk density of alluvial desert soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 55(4):1188-1190. [Large decreases in the accuracy of the core method were not related to rock-fragmrnt content, but to extremes in the cohesiveness of the strata sampled.] soil/techniques.

225. Bainbridge, D. A. 1990. Soil solarization for restorationists. Restoration and Management Notes. 8(2):96-98. techniques/soil.

102. Cole, D. N. 1990. Trampling disturbance and recovery of cryptogamic soil crusts in Grand Canyon National Park. Great Basin Naturalist. 50(4):321-325. [Crusts were trampled by hikers under controlled conditions to determine how rapidly they were pulverized and how quickly they recovered. 15 passes destroyed the structure of the crusts and visual evidence was virtually obliterated after 50 passes. Crusts redeveloped in 1-3 years. After 5 years recovery was almost complete. However, surface irregularity remained low after 5 years.] Trampling/cryptogam/soil.

165. DeLucia, E. H. and W. H. Schlesinger. 1990. Ecophysiology of Great basin and Sierra Nevada vegetation on contrasting soils. In, pp. 143-178. Osmond, C. B., L. F. Pitelka and G. M. (eds.) Hidy. Plant biology of the Basin and Range. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. soil/climate.

167. Dobrowski, J. P., M. M. Caldwell and J. H. Richards. 1990. Basin hydrology and plant root systems. In, pp. 243-292. Osmond, C. B., L. F. Pitelka and G. M. (eds.) Hidy. Plant biology of the Basin and Range. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. soil/roots.

140. Dregne, H. E. 1983. Soil and soil formation in arid regions. In, pp. 15-30. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. soil.

29. El-Ghonemy, A. A., A. Wallace and E. M. Romney. 1980. Socioecological and soil-plant studies of the natural vegetation in the northern Mojave Desert-Great Basin desert interface. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):73-88. plants/soil.

144. Gillette, D. A. and J. Adams. 1983. Accelerated wind erosion and prediction of rates. In, pp. 97-109. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. erosion/ohv/soil.

203. Harding, M. V. 1990. Erosion control effectiveness: comparative studies of alternative mulching techniques. In, pp. 149-156. Berger, J. J. (ed.). Environmental restoration: science and strategies for restoring the earth. Island Press, Washington, D. C. erosion/soil.

205. Harding, M. V., C. D. Betts and A. W. Juncker. 1990. Use of erosion control blankets on harsh sites. In, pp. 157. Berger, J. J. (ed.). Environmental restoration: science and strategies for restoring the earth. Island Press, Washington, D. C. soil/erosion.

143. Hinckley, B. S., R. M. Iverson and B. Hallet. 1983. Accelerated water erosion in ORV-use areas. In, pp. 81-96. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. erosion/ohv/soil.

276. Hunter, R. B., E. M. Romney and A. Wallace. 1982. Nitrate distribution in Mojave Desert soils. Soil Science. 134(1):22-30. soil.

104. Kleiner, E. F. and K. T. Harper. 1977. Soil properties in relation to cryptogamic groundcover in Canyonlands National Park. Journal of Range Management. 30(3):202-205. A comparative study was made of the soils of a virgin grassland and an adjacent grazed area in Canyonlands National Park. Soils from virgin site were finer textured than those of the grazed area, and the surface 5 cm contains a significantly lower amount of calcium. In addition, the surface 5 cm of the virgin site contains significantly greater amounts of phosphorus, potassium, and organic matter. Subsurface soils in the two parks are less dissimilar. Cryptogams on the virgin grassland appear to have an important influence on chemical characteristics of the surface 5 cm of soil. The difference in surface soils between the parks may be related to the presence of these species. data point strongly to light winter grazing as a disturbing influence that has contributed to the differences in the surface soil and in vegetational characteristics between the sites. Soil/cryptogam.

314. Lal R. 1990. Water erosion and conservation: an assessment of the water erosion problem and the techniques available for soil conservation. In, pp. 161-198. Andrew S. Goudie (ed.). Techniques for desert reclamation. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. [A review of soil erosion due to water.] erosion/water/soil/techniques.

54. Marrs, R. H., A. Rizand and A. F. Harrison. 1989. The effects of removing sheep grazing on soil chemistry, above-ground nutrient distribution, and selected aspects of soil fertility in long-term experiments at Moor House National Nature Preserve. Journal of Applied Ecology. 26:647-661. sheep/grazing/soil.

348. Prose, D. V. 1985. Persisting effects of armored military maneuvers on some soils of the Mojave Desert. Environ. Geol. Water Sci. 7(3):163-170. [A single pass from an M3 tank is sufficient to increase soil resistance 50% in comparison with adjacent undisturbed soil. Dirt roadways could not be penetrated with a soil penetrometer below 5-10 cm. Physical modifications to the substrate extend vertically beneath the track to 25 cm and outward from the edge to 50 cm.] military/soil.

349. Prose, D. V. and S. K. Metzger. 1985. Recovery of soils and vegetation in World War II military base camps, Mojave Desert. U.S. Geological Survey. Open File Report # 85-234, 114 pp. [This report is the basis for the publication by Prose (1985).] military/soil/cryptogam.

274. Reichman, O. J. 1984. Spatial and temporal variation of seed distributions in Sonoran Desert soils. Journal of Biogeography. 11:1-11. seeds/soil.

312. Rhoads, J. D. 1990. Soil salinity: causes and controls. In, pp. 109-134. Andrew S. Goudie (ed.). Techniques for desert reclamation. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. [A review of causes of soil salinity and techniques for controlling it.] soil.

280. Rostagno, C. M. 1989. Infiltration and sediment production as affected by soil surface conditions in a shrubland of Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Range Management. 42(5):382-385. soil.

216. Seckler, D. 1987. Issues in the economic evaluation of soil and water conservation programmes. pp. 84-96. Blaikie, P. and H. e.) Brookfield. Land degradation and society. Methuen and Co. Ltd., London. soil/water/philosophy.

166. Smith, S. D. and R. S. Nowak. 1990. Ecophysiology of plants in the intermountain lowlands. In, pp. 179-241. Osmond, C. B., L. F. Pitelka and G. M. (eds.) Hidy. Plant biology of the Basin and Range. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. plants/soil/climate.

202. Sotir, R. B. 1990. Introduction to soil bioengineering restoration. In, pp. 146-148. Berger, J. J. (ed.). Environmental restoration: science and strategies for restoring the earth. Island Press, Washington, D. C. soil.

72. Wallace, A., E. M. Romney, H. Kaaz and V. Q. Hale. 1980. The role of shrubs on redistribution of mineral nutrients in soil in the Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):124-133. soil/Mojave/shrubs.

142. Webb, R. H. 1983. Compaction of desert soils by off-road vehicles. In, pp. 51-79. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. ohv/soil.

320. Webb, R. H. 1982. Off-road motorcycle effects on a desert soil. Environmental Conservation. 9(3):197-208. [Controlled motorcycle traffic was used to study soil compaction in the Mojave of California. Treatments were 1, 10, 100, and 200 motorcycle passes. Penetration resistance, density, infiltration rate, and response to rainfall, all varied between treatments; the first two were higher in traffic impacted areas while porosity decreased. Maximum compaction in treatments occurred between 30-60 mm depth, and penetration resistance could be measured to 0.21-0.25 m. One year after the trials, densities at depths of 0-30 mm decrease significantly, but densities at 30-60 mm remained unchanged.] ohv/soil.

319. Webb, R. H. and E. B. Newman. 1982. Recovery of soil and vegetation in ghost-towns in the Mojave Desert, southwestern United States. Environmental Conservation. 9(3):245-248. [The time required for vegetation to recover to predisturbance levels appears to be about 10 times that required for the soil to recover from compaction. Estimates range from 80-110 years. Invading vegetation is composed of pioneer species such as Hymenoclea and Chrysothamnus. Total plant cover is restored in 20-50 years, but 1000 years may be required for complete recovery comparable to pre-disturbance.] soil/town.

153. Webb, R. H., H. G. Wilshire and M. A. Henry. 1983. Natural recovery of soils and vegetation following human disturbance. In, pp. 279-302. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. soil.

141. Wilshire, H. G. 1983. The impact of vehicles on desert soil stabilizers. In, pp. 31-50. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. ohv/soil.

370. Hunter, R., F. B. Turner, R. G. Lindberg and K.-B. Hunter. 1987. Effects of land clearing on bordering winter annual populations in the Mohave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist. 47(2):234-238. solar/California/weed/Schismus/Erodium.

101. Cox J. R., H. L. Morton, T. N. Johnson, G. L. Jordan, S. C. Martin, and L. C. Fiero. 1982. Vegetation restoration in the Chihuahuan and Sonoran Deserts of North America. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Agricultural Reviews and Manuals, ARM-W-28. 37 pp. [ask David Bainbridge about authors.] restoration/Chihuahuan/Sonoran.

112. Bainbridge, D. A., R. A. Virginia and N. Sorensen. 1991. Deep roots for plant establishment in dry environments. Restoration in the Sonoran Desert (unpublished ms). techniques/Sonoran/desert.

9. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1990. Restoration in the Sonoran desert of California. Restoration and Management Notes. 8(1):3-13. models/techniques/Restoration/Sonoran/desert/California.

57. Bowers, J. E. 1980. Catastrophic freezes in the Sonoran Desert. Desert Plants. 2(4):232-236. freezes/Sonoran/Desert.

323. Brown, D. E. and R. A. Minnich. 1986. Fire and changes in creosote bush scrub of the western Sonoran Desert, California. American Midland Naturalist. 116(2):411-422. [Most desert shrubs are poorly adapted to low intensity fires. When destroyed, these species are replaced by native ephemerals, and European exotics including mostly Bromus and Schismus barbatus. Recent fires in the Coachella Valley are related to persistent above normal precipitation and increases in native and exotic herb cover. European exotics survive dry years with their winter annual habit. Slow rates of decomposition result in increased fuel loads.] fire/Sonoran/Larrea.

69. Germano, D. J. and C. R. Hungerford. 1981. Reptile population changes with manipulation of Sonoran Desert shrub. Great basin Naturalist. 41(1):129-137. shrub/Desert/Sonoran/Reptile.

395. Jackson, L. L., J. R. McAuliffe and B. A. Roundy. 1991. Desert restoration. Restoration and Management Notes. 9(2):71-80. Sonoran/Arizona/desert/restoration.

318. Johnson, J. R., J. R. Beley, T. M. Ditsworth and S. M. Butt. 1983. Secondary succession of arthropods and plants in the Arizona Sonoran Desert in response to transmission line construction. Journal of Environmental Management. 16:125-137. [Density of arthropods was greatly reduced along a powerline access road in Arizona relative to an undisturbed control plot. Diversity increased on the disturbed plot following construction, but density decreased. Restoration of numbers of arthropods on the disturbed site was dependent on the total plant cover on the plot, regardless of the plant species composition.] powerlines/Sonoran.

290. Smith, S. D., D. T. Patten and R. K. Monson. 1987. Effects of artificially imposed shade on a Sonoran Desert ecosystem: microclimate and vegetation. Journal of Arid Environments. 13:65-82. Sonoran/techniques.

332. Bosch, O. J. H. and K. Kellner. 1991. The use of a degradation gradient for the ecological interpretation of condition assessments in the western grassland biome of southern Africa. Journal of Arid Environments. 21(21-29) [A multivariate model is used to quantitatively assess rangeland degradation.] statistical methods/degradation.

304. Eberhardt, L. L. and J. M. Thomas. 1991. Designing environmental field studies. Ecological Monographs. 61(1):53-73. techniques/statistical methods.

305. Hurlbert, S. H. 1984. Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecological Monographs. 54(2):187-211. techniques/statistical methods.

22. Travis, J. and R. Sutter. 1986. Experimental designs and statistical methods for demographic studies of rare plants. Natural Areas Journal. 6(3):3-12. techniques/statistical methods.

329. Beatley, J. C. 1979. Fluctuations and stability in climax shrub and woodland vegetation of the Mojave, Great Basin and Transition deserts of southern Nevada. Israel Journal of Botany. 28:149-168. [A high rate of turnover was observed in Mojave Desert communities over a 12 year period. 20-30% of the shrubs living at the end of the study were new. Overall, about 14% of the shrubs living at the beginning of the study were dead at the end. Complete, or nearly complete, replacement was estimated to take 50 years.] community structure/succession.

352. Johnson, H. B., F. C. Vasek and T. Yonkers. 1975. Productivity, diversity and stability relationships in Mojave Desert roadside vegetation. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 102(3):106-115. [The edge effect of a paved road increases plant standing crop 17 fold on the vases of the vegetated area alone and 6 fold when the area of the bare road surface is included in the area calculation. Unpaved roads show increases of 6 and 3 times respectively. Increases in diversity values along roads were due mainly to increased richness.] community structure/succession/roads.

5. Vasek, F. C. 1979. Early successional stages in Mojave Desert scrub vegetation. Israel Journal of Botany. 28:133-148. Mojave/succession/community structure.

400. Vasek, F. C. and L. J. Lund. 1980. Soil characteristics associated with a primary plant succession on a Mojave Desert dry lake. Ecology. 61(5):1013-1018. succession/Mojave/California.

325. Webb, R. H., J. W. Steiger and R. M. Turner. 1987. Dynamics of Mojave Desert shrub assemblages in the Panamint Mountains, California. Ecology. 68(3):478-490. [Colonization of human-disturbed sites in the desert was highly variable with species compositions differing from predisturbance sites. Models of desert succession should consider several factors: 1) colonization is dependent in the severity of disturbance and residual biotic components; 2) time span for recovery may be longer than past periods of climatic and geomorphic stability; 3) colonizing species may have considerable range in their life-history strategies.] Mojave/California/succession/community structure/town.

326. Webb, R. H., J. W. Steiger and E. B. Newman. 1988. The response of vegetation to disturbance in Death Valley National Monument, California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin. 1793:1-103. [Plant assemblages were compared on debris flows, alluvial terraces, abandoned townsites, and a pipeline corridor. Disturbed townsites, abandoned for 42-74 years, were generally colonized by short-lived, reproduction-oriented species. The time required for complete recovery depends on the stage of predisturbance primary succession. Soil compaction was estimated to require a century for complete amelioration but did not appear to substantively affect the course of recovery. The successional sequence on alluvial terraces proceeded from short-lived, reproduction-oriented species (Hymenoclea salsola) to long-lived, maintenance-oriented species (Larrea, Ambrosia). Successional sequences in Death Valley apparently require thousands of years. Recovery of disturbed desert plant assemblages is linked with ongoing successional processes in ambient, undisturbed plant assemblages.] Mojave/California/ succession/community structure/recovery/pipeline/town.

176. Rodman, J. 1990. Reflections on tamarisk bashing. In, pp. 59-68. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. restoration/tamarisk.

322. Andraski, B. J. 1991. Balloon and core sampling for determining bulk density of alluvial desert soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 55(4):1188-1190. [Large decreases in the accuracy of the core method were not related to rock-fragmrnt content, but to extremes in the cohesiveness of the strata sampled.] soil/techniques.

225. Bainbridge, D. A. 1990. Soil solarization for restorationists. Restoration and Management Notes. 8(2):96-98. techniques/soil.

119. Bainbridge, D. A., N. Sorensen and R. A. Virginia. 1990. Direct seeding. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: Notes (unpublished ms). seeds/techniques.

121. Bainbridge, D. A. and N. Sorensen. 1990. Plant protection for plant establishment on extreme arid sites. Restoration in the Sonoran Desert: Notes (unpublished ms). techniques.

112. Bainbridge, D. A., R. A. Virginia and N. Sorensen. 1991. Deep roots for plant establishment in dry environments. Restoration in the Sonoran Desert (unpublished ms). techniques/Sonoran/desert.

120. Bainbridge, D. A., R. A. Virginia and N. Sorensen. 1989. Inoculating desert plants with symbiotic microorganisms. Restoration in the Sonoran Desert (unpublished ms). desert/techniques/mycorrhizae/seeds.

122. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1989. Irrigation trials. Restoration in the Colorado Desert: Notes (unpublished ms). irrigation/techniques.

9. Bainbridge, D. A. and R. A. Virginia. 1990. Restoration in the Sonoran desert of California. Restoration and Management Notes. 8(1):3-13. models/techniques/Restoration/Sonoran/desert/California.

212. Blaikie, P. and H. Brookfield. 1987. Approaches to the study of land degradation. In, pp. 27-48. Blaikie, P. and H. e.) Brookfield. Land degradation and society. Methuen and Co. Ltd., London. philosophy/techniques.

256. Brown, D. and R. G. Hallman. 1984. Reclaiming disturbed lands. USDA Forest Service. 1454.1-Technical Services, Range. restoration/techniques.

207. Brumback, B. C. and R. A. Brumback. 1990. Land acquisition for restoration and protection. In, pp. 306-311. Berger, J. J. (eds.). Environmental restoration. Island Press, Washington, D.C. techniques.

315. Burley, J. 1990. The conservation and use of plant resources in dry lands. In, pp. 199-218. Andrew S. Goudie (ed.). Techniques for desert reclamation. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. [A review of the use of plants as conservation and land management tools.] techniques/revegetation.

288. Cox, J. R., M. H. Martin-R., F. A. Ibarra-F. and H. L. Morton. 1986. Establishment of range grasses on various seedbeds at creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) sites in Arizona, U.S.A., and Chihuahua, Mexico. Journal of Range Management. 39(6):540-546. techniques/grass/plants/Larrea.

183. D'Antonio, C. M. and A. M. Howald. 1990. Evaluating the effectiveness of hydroseed mixes, topsoil conservation and other revegetation techniques: a case study in Santa Barbara County, California. In, pp. 338-348. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. techniques.

200. Dixon, R. M. 1990. Land imprinting for dryland revegetation and restoration. In, pp. 14-22. Berger, J. J. (ed.). Environmental restoration: science and strategies for restoring the earth. Island Press, Washington, D. C. techniques/restoration.

304. Eberhardt, L. L. and J. M. Thomas. 1991. Designing environmental field studies. Ecological Monographs. 61(1):53-73. techniques/statistical methods.

17. Fisher, J. C., Jr. 1984. Use of native vegetation for dust control at Owens Dry Lake. In, pp. 36-41. Reiger, J. P. and B. A. (eds.) Steele. Proceedings of the Native Plant Revegetation Symposium. Southern California Chapter and San Diego Chapter of the California Native Plant Society., dust/techniques.

305. Hurlbert, S. H. 1984. Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecological Monographs. 54(2):187-211. techniques/statistical methods.

38. Kay, B. L. 1983. Straw as an erosion control mulch. University of California, Davis, Agronomy Progress Report. (140):1-12. erosion/techniques.

155. Kay, B. L. and W. L. Graves. 1983. Revegetation and stabilization techniques for disturbed desert vegetation. In, pp. 325-340. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. revegetation/techniques.

180. Keammer, W. R. 1990. Monitoring restoration results. In, pp. 194-201. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. techniques/restoration.

297. King, D. M. 1991. Costing out restoration. Restoration and Management Notes. 9(1):15-21. techniques.

159. Kockelman, W. J. 1983. Management concepts. In, pp. 399-446. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. techniques/ohv.

161. Kockelman, W. J. 1983. Management practices. In, pp. 445-494. Webb, R. H. and H. G. (eds.) Wilshire. Environmental effects of off-road vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York. techniques/ohv.

314. Lal R. 1990. Water erosion and conservation: an assessment of the water erosion problem and the techniques available for soil conservation. In, pp. 161-198. Andrew S. Goudie (ed.). Techniques for desert reclamation. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. [A review of soil erosion due to water.] erosion/water/soil/techniques.

311. Middleton, N. J. 1990. Wind erosion and dust-storm control. In, pp. 87-108. Andrew S. Goudie (ed.). Techniques for desert reclamation. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. [A thorough review of wind erosion control.] erosion/techniques.

66. Mortenson, M. A. 1979. Establishing vegetation on highway slopes in Arizona. Desert Plants. 1(2):58-60. techniques/Arizona/roadside.

55. Newland, K. C., S. Ives, G. E. Joseph, M. A. Dimmitt, M. Mittleman, R. E. Foster, C. Scannell, W. R. Feldman, F. S. Crosswhite and C. Hansen. 1980. Propagation techniques for desert plants. Desert Plants. 2(4):205-216. Propagation/techniques/desert.

28. Nuzzo, V. A. and E. A. Howell. 1990. Natural area restoration planning. Natural Areas Journal. 10(4):201-209. techniques/restoration.

285. Powell, K. B., R. B. Vincent, E. J. Depuit, J. L. Smith and F. E. Parady. 1990. Role of irrigation and fertilization in revegetation of cold desert mined lands. Journal of Range Management. 43(5):449-. [Abstract only.] techniques.

300. Romney, E. M., R. B. Hunter and Wallace A. 1990. Field trip report: natural and managed recovery of vegetation on disturbed areas at the Nevada Test Site. pp. 344-349. McArthur, E. D. et al. (eds.). Proceedings Symposium on cheatgrass invasion, shrub die-off, and other aspects of shrub biology and management. U. S. Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, Utah. [The first decade of recovery was characterized by prolific annual plant production. The second decade was dominated by pulse establishment of perennial grasses following years of high rainfall. Noticeable shrub germination did not occur until after 3 years of high rainfall accompanying El Nino. Germination prior to this period failed in successive years due to drought or jackrabbit grazing. Transplanting is best done in March and April to take advantage of the moisture available from winter rains. Given protection from jackrabbits they experienced better than 80% survival of transplanting.] techniques/rabbits/restoration/recovery.

184. Smith, K. D. and D. F., Jr. Dvorak. 1990. The establishment and evaluation of quantitative standards for historically accurate ecosystem restoration projects. In, pp. 357-364. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin. techniques.

290. Smith, S. D., D. T. Patten and R. K. Monson. 1987. Effects of artificially imposed shade on a Sonoran Desert ecosystem: microclimate and vegetation. Journal of Arid Environments. 13:65-82. Sonoran/techniques.

213. Stocking, M. 1987. Measuring land degradation. pp. 49-63. Blaikie, P. and H. e.) Brookfield. Land degradation and society. Methuen and Co. Ltd., London. techniques/degradation.

22. Travis, J. and R. Sutter. 1986. Experimental designs and statistical methods for demographic studies of rare plants. Natural Areas Journal. 6(3):3-12. techniques/statistical methods.

204. Wallace, A., R. B. Hunter and E. M. Romney. 1980. Fencing enhances shrub survival and growth for Mojave Desert revegetation. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. (4):212-215. techniques/revegetation/Mojave.

310. Watson A. 1990. The control of blowing sand and mobile desert dunes. In, pp. 35-85. Andrew S. Goudie (ed.). Techniques for desert reclamation. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. [A thorough review of wind erosion control.] dunes/techniques.

219. Anonymous. 1991. Society for Range Management: desert tortoise report. Renewable Resources Journal. 9(2):30. grazing/tortoise.

106. Baxter, R. J. 1987. Analyses of the population and spatial distribution of the desert tortoise Gopherus agassizii at the Twenty-nine Palms Marine Corps Base. Unpublished Masters Thesis. California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. As part of a larger contract with the United States Navy, Desert Tortoise Gopherus agassizii habitat, populations and spatial abundances were studied at the Twenty-Nine Palms Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center. The habitat was found to be typical of sparse Creosote Bush Larrea tridentata scrub. Mans impacts have altered, and continue to significantly alter, the natural landscape. The population of desert tortoise is moderate, and ranges from about 50 to 100 tortoises per square mile. No significant difference between the sex ratio (male:female) of the observed population and the expected sex ratio of 1:1 was found. Both the location of the tortoise burrows and tortoise captures/recaptures on plot 2 were compared against a random model. Tortoise burrows were found to exhibit a random distribution both across the plot as a whole, and in a fashion predicted by plant community abundance. Tortoise burrows were not located closer to washes than a random set of burrow locations. Tortoise burrows were, however, located significantly closer to the edge of the Hiliaria rigida plant distribution than random burrows. Tortoise captures recaptures were not randomly distributed across the plot, and were significantly different from a distribution expected when predicted by plant community abundance. Both all tortoise captures/recaptures, and those within the transitional MIXED community, were significantly closer to washes than randomly located capture sites. Tortoise captures/recaptures were found to be significantly closer to the edge of the H. rigida distribution for both the L. tridentata/Ambrosia dumosa community, and for captures/recaptures within this community when combined with those of the MIXED community. Although actually closer, captures/recaptures within the MIXED community were not significantly closer, statistically, than the random model predicted. It appears that desert tortoises in this area are exhibiting a localization of their numbers, and that tortoise burrows are located close to the ecotone of H. rigida. tortoise/desert/California.

346. Boarman, W. I. 1991. Effectiveness of fences and culverts for protecting desert tortoises along California State Highway 58: final report on study design. California Energy Commission Contract No. 700-89-007; Task 2.3. [A review of the Highway 58 tortoise-proof fence experiment.] tortoise/road.

381. Bostick, V. 1990. The desert tortoise in relation to cattle grazing. Rangelands. 12(3):149-151. grazing/tortoise.

378. Bury, R. B. and R. A. Luckenbach. 1986. Abundance of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) in natural and disturbed habitats, Unpublished Draft Report, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. [Tortoise densities, and tortoise burrow densities were higher on a study plot located on a control plot than on a plot exposed to ORV use. The body masses of tortoises on the ORV plot were less than on the control plot.] ohv/tortoise/Mojave/California.

347. Jennings, B. W. 1991. Desert tortoise carcass surveys along State Highways 58 and 395 San Bernardino Co., California. Prepared for the Bureau of Land Management, Riverside, California. [During a 3 week period in 1991, the carcasses of 61 tortoises were collected along the edges of the highways mentioned. All appeared to be traffic fatalities.] tortoise.

339. Jennings, B. W. 1991. Observations on the feeding habits of the desert tortoise at the Desert Tortoise Natural Area Kern County, California. , Unpublished report submitted to the Bureau of Land Management. [An adult male and female tortoise were observed at the DTNA for 12 days. The female tortoise preferred native annual plant species as food based on bite count analysis. The male appeared to prefer the exotic annual Erodium cicutarium, but ate large numbers of native annuals.] tortoise.

364. Nicholson, L. and K. Humphreys. 1981. Sheep grazing at the Kramer study plot, San Bernardino County, California. In, pp. 163-194. Hashagen, K. A. (ed.). Proceedings of the 1981 Symposium of the Desert Tortoise Council. sheep/grazing/tortoise.

343. Philippi, T. and M. Gilpin. 1991. An analysis of temporal and spatial variation in winter precipitation in the Mojave Desert, and implications for the management of desert tortoises. Report to Southern California Edison. Contract C269902. [The study shows that tortoise censuses have not been biased in terms of total winter precipitation. Another conclusion was that there is low correlation in precipitation between opposite ends of the Mojave Desert.] tortoise.

412. Smith, R. N. 1990. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; determination of threatened status for the Mojave population of the desert tortoise. Federal Register. 55(63):12178-12191. Xerobates/tortoise.

319. Webb, R. H. and E. B. Newman. 1982. Recovery of soil and vegetation in ghost-towns in the Mojave Desert, southwestern United States. Environmental Conservation. 9(3):245-248. [The time required for vegetation to recover to predisturbance levels appears to be about 10 times that required for the soil to recover from compaction. Estimates range from 80-110 years. Invading vegetation is composed of pioneer species such as Hymenoclea and Chrysothamnus. Total plant cover is restored in 20-50 years, but 1000 years may be required for complete recovery comparable to pre-disturbance.] soil/town.

325. Webb, R. H., J. W. Steiger and R. M. Turner. 1987. Dynamics of Mojave Desert shrub assemblages in the Panamint Mountains, California. Ecology. 68(3):478-490. [Colonization of human-disturbed sites in the desert was highly variable with species compositions differing from predisturbance sites. Models of desert succession should consider several factors: 1) colonization is dependent in the severity of disturbance and residual biotic components; 2) time span for recovery may be longer than past periods of climatic and geomorphic stability; 3) colonizing species may have considerable range in their life-history strategies.] Mojave/California/succession/community structure/town.

326. Webb, R. H., J. W. Steiger and E. B. Newman. 1988. The response of vegetation to disturbance in Death Valley National Monument, California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin. 1793:1-103. [Plant assemblages were compared on debris flows, alluvial terraces, abandoned townsites, and a pipeline corridor. Disturbed townsites, abandoned for 42-74 years, were generally colonized by short-lived, reproduction-oriented species. The time required for complete recovery depends on the stage of predisturbance primary succession. Soil compaction was estimated to require a century for complete amelioration but did not appear to substantively affect the course of recovery. The successional sequence on alluvial terraces proceeded from short-lived, reproduction-oriented species (Hymenoclea salsola) to long-lived, maintenance-oriented species (Larrea, Ambrosia). Successional sequences in Death Valley apparently require thousands of years. Recovery of disturbed desert plant assemblages is linked with ongoing successional processes in ambient, undisturbed plant assemblages.] Mojave/California/ succession/community structure/recovery/pipeline/town.

102. Cole, D. N. 1990. Trampling disturbance and recovery of cryptogamic soil crusts in Grand Canyon National Park. Great Basin Naturalist. 50(4):321-325. [Crusts were trampled by hikers under controlled conditions to determine how rapidly they were pulverized and how quickly they recovered. 15 passes destroyed the structure of the crusts and visual evidence was virtually obliterated after 50 passes. Crusts redeveloped in 1-3 years. After 5 years recovery was almost complete. However, surface irregularity remained low after 5 years.] Trampling/cryptogam/soil.

49. Liddle, M. J. 1991. Recreation ecology: effects of trampling on plants and coral. Trends in Evolution and Ecology. 6(1):13-17. ecology/trampling.

63. Anderson, B. 1988. Deep tillage aids tree establishment in riparian revegetation projects in arid southwest. Restoration and Management Notes. 6(2):84-86. tree/riparian/revegetation.

109. Bainbridge, D. A. 1991. Successful tree establishment on difficult dry sites. In, pp. 78-81. Proceedings of the 3rd International Windbreaks and Agroforestry Symposium. Ridgetown College, Canada. Five years of research and demonstration planting in Sonoran Desert of California (rainfall<75mm, pan evaporation >100mm, temperature <36C possible any month, winter freezes, and high winds with blowing sand) have helped refine strategies for successful tree establishment on difficult dry sites. Natural establishment of trees and shrubs on undisturbed sites in this environment is rare and even minor disturbance can produce changes that interact to make establishment difficult or impossible. Yet with proper preparation of transplants and planting sites good survival can be achieved with minimal irrigation for the first year. Plant protection is crucial. TUBEX tree shelter or comparable protection from wire screen or plastic mesh wrapped in plastic is needed to prevent herbivory and reduce stress on young seedlings. Deep root growth is important and can be promoted by using young transplants (3-4 weeks old) or deep containers (up to 1m) for older trees and ripping or auguring the planting spots to loosen soil and improve infiltration. Deep pipe irrigation (a vertical pipe set 30-40cm deep), buried claypot irrigation (and unglazed pot filled with water) or watering into the tree protection can provide good long-term survival with only a few liters of water per month. Survival may be improved by dipping seedling roots in a loam slurry during planting. Inoculating trees with mycorrhizae and rhizobia may be important. Tree establishment on difficult, dry sites requires careful attention to ecological relationships, both above and below ground, soil characteristics, microclimate, and patterns of moisture availability. tree.

383. Young, J. A. 1991. Tumbleweed. Scientific American. 264(3):82-87. plants/weed/tumbleweed.

70. Germano, D. J. and D. N. Lawhead. 1986. Species diversity and habitat complexity: does vegetation organize vertebrate communities in the Great Basin? Great Basin Naturalist. 46(4):711-719. vertebrate/community structure.

317. Biswas, A. K. 1990. Conservation and management of water resources. In, pp. 251-265. Andrew S. Goudie (ed.). Techniques for desert reclamation. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. [A review of water management techniques in arid areas.] water.

314. Lal R. 1990. Water erosion and conservation: an assessment of the water erosion problem and the techniques available for soil conservation. In, pp. 161-198. Andrew S. Goudie (ed.). Techniques for desert reclamation. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. [A review of soil erosion due to water.] erosion/water/soil/techniques.

216. Seckler, D. 1987. Issues in the economic evaluation of soil and water conservation programmes. pp. 84-96. Blaikie, P. and H. e.) Brookfield. Land degradation and society. Methuen and Co. Ltd., London. soil/water/philosophy.

369. Allen, E. B. 1982. Germination and competition of Salsola kali with native C3 and C4 species under three temperature regimes. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 109(1):39-46. Salsola/competition/weed.

368. Allen, E. B. 1982. Water and nutrient competition between Salsola kali and two native grass species (Agropyron smithii and Bouteloua gracilis). Ecology. 63(3):732-741. Salsola/weed/competition.

370. Hunter, R., F. B. Turner, R. G. Lindberg and K.-B. Hunter. 1987. Effects of land clearing on bordering winter annual populations in the Mohave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist. 47(2):234-238. solar/California/weed/Schismus/Erodium.

367. Lodhi, M. A. K. 1979. Allelopathic potential of Salsola kali L. and its possible role in rapid disappearance of weedy stage during revegetation. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 5(3):429-437. [This plant is allelopathically active and decreases the growth of selected associated species while it decays. It is autotoxic, but its germination was not inhibited by application of any isolated phytotoxins.] Salsola/weed/competition.

372. Stormer, F. A. 1981. Characteristics of scaled Quail loafing coverts in northwest Texas. pp. 1-6. U. S. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado: Research Note. U. S. Forest Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. Salsola/weed.

383. Young, J. A. 1991. Tumbleweed. Scientific American. 264(3):82-87. plants/weed/tumbleweed.

36. Young, J. A., R. A. Evans, R. E., Jr. Eckert and B. L. Kay. 1987. Cheatgrass. Rangelands. 9(6):266-270. plants/cheatgrass/weed.

258. Anonymous. 1991. Growers weed identification handbook. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Oakland. Publication 4030. weeds.

259. Ashton, F. M. and T. J. Monaco. 1991. Weed science: principles and practice. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 466 pp. [A summary of weed management and herbicides.] weeds.

190. Baker, H. G. 1986. Patterns of plant invasion in North America. In, pp. 44-57. Mooney, H. A. and J. A. (eds.) Drake. Ecology of biological invasions of North America and Hawaii. Springer-Verlag, New York. weeds.

327. Batra, S. W. T. 1982? Biological control of weeds: principles and prospects. In, pp. 45-59. Papavizas, G. C. (ed.). Biological Control in Crop Production. BARC Symposium number 5, Allanheld, Osmun, Totowa. In the U.S., $16.2 billion was directly spent in 1978 for weed control. weeds.

328. Batra, S. W. T. 1982. Biological control in agroecosystems. Science. 215:134-139. [A review of biological control options.] weeds.

191. Bazzaz, F. A. 1986. Life history of colonizing plants: some demographic, genetic, and physiological features. In, pp. 96-110. Mooney, H. A. and J. A. (eds.) Drake. Ecology of biological invasions of North America and Hawaii. Springer-Verlag, New York. weeds.

198. Dahlsten, D. L. 1986. Control of invaders. In, pp. 275-302. Mooney, H. A. and J. A. (eds.) Drake. Ecology of biological invasions of North America and Hawaii. Springer-Verlag, New York. weeds.

117. DeLoach, C. J. 1991. Past successes and current prospects in biological control of weeds in the United States and Canada. Natural Areas Journal. 11(3):129-142. weeds.

115. Drea, J. J., Jr. 1991. The philosophy, procedures, and cost of developing a classical biological control of weeds project. Natural Areas Journal. 11(3):143-147. weeds.

266. Frenkel, R. E. 1970. Ruderal vegetation along some California roadsides. University of California Press, Berkeley. 163 pp. weeds.

114. Hester, F. E. 1991. The U.S. Park Service experience with exotic species. Natural Ares Journal. 11(3):127-128. weeds.

196. Mack, R. N. 1986. Alien plant invasion into the Intermountain West: a case history. In, pp. 191-213. Mooney, H. A. and J. A. (eds.) Drake. Ecology of biological invasions of North America and Hawaii. Springer-Verlag, New York. weeds.

197. Mooney, H. A., S. P. Hamburg and J. A. Drake. 1986. The invasions of plants and animals into California. In, pp. 250-272. Mooney, H. A. and J. A. (eds.) Drake. Ecology of biological invasions of North America and Hawaii. Springer-Verlag, New York. weeds.

192. Orians, G. H. 1986. Site characteristics favoring invasions. In, pp. 133-148. Mooney, H. A. and J. A. (eds.) Drake. Ecology of biological invasions of North America and Hawaii. Springer-Verlag, New York. weeds.

264. Parker, K. F. 1972. An illustrated guide to Arizona weeds. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 338 pp. weeds.

195. Roughgarden, J. 1986. Predicting invasions and rates of spread. In, pp. 179-188. Mooney, H. A. and J. A. (eds.) Drake. Ecology of biological invasions of North America and Hawaii. Springer-Verlag, New York. weeds.

267. USDA Agricultural Research Service. 1971. Common weeds of the United States. Dover Publications, Inc., New York. 463 pp. weeds.

194. Vitousek, P. M. 1986. Biological invasions and ecosystem properties: can species make a difference. In, pp. 163-176. Mooney, H. A. and J. A. (eds.) Drake. Ecology of biological invasions of North America and Hawaii. Springer-Verlag, New York. weeds.

68. Germano, D. J., R. Hungerford and Martin S. Clark. 1983. Responses of selected wildlife species to the removal of mesquite from desert grassland. Journal of Range Management. 36(3):309-311. plants/wildlife/mesquite/grassland/desert/Prosopis.

15. Clary, R. F. and R. D. Slayback. 1984. Revegetation in the Mojave Desert using native woody plants. In, pp. 42-47. Reiger, J. P. and B. A. (eds.) Steele. Proceedings of the Native Plant Revegetation Symposium. Southern California Chapter and San Diego Chapter of the California Native Plant Society., Revegetation/Mojave/Desert/native/woody.

412. Smith, R. N. 1990. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; determination of threatened status for the Mojave population of the desert tortoise. Federal Register. 55(63):12178-12191. Xerobates/tortoise.

91. Kay, B. L., C. R. Brown and W. L. Graves. 1977. Joshua-tree. Mojave Revegetation Notes. (16):1-6. plants/Mojave/desert/Yucca.