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------------------- L J Chapter 1. Introduction -----. - -.-------..-..--------.-----------. 1 Chapter 2. Background: Anti-Terrorism Legislative Pack- ages --......- .....---------------..-----------.--------------- 3 A. Introduction ---......----.---..-. ----------------..-----------.--- 3 C. The major legislative packages------------------------..-------------------. 4 2. The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act ...--------- 4 3. The USA PATRIOT Act ..---.------------............. -----.------- 4 Questions -----...-.... ----.-..-....-...... --..-- --................... 9 Chapter 3. Definitions of Terrorism and Terrorism Crimes 10 B. Terrorism: Definitions and definitional approaches ...-..----------- 10 1. In general --------- --------------------------------------------- 10 2. Statutory definitions of terrorism----------.. ---------------------.--- 12 4. Definitions of terrorism: What difference does it make? ------ 13 Chapter 4. Statutory Offenses in Terrorism Prosecutions; The Crimes of Providing Material Support for Use in Terrorist Offenses and Material Support to a Foreign Terrorist Organization: 18 U.S.C. § 2339A and § 2339B 15 A. Introduction: Statutory offenses used in prosecuting terrorism cases... ------------------------------ ------------ 15 B. 18 U.S.C. § 2339A and § 2339B ...---.....--...------------ 16 1. The statutory provisions --------------- ----------------.------------.. 16 2. The concept of material support as used in § 2339A and § 2339B and the mens rea for § 2339A ------------------- 18 United States v. Sattar -----.......-.......--------....----------.....------- 18 Notes and Questions ...---.-------------..------------------- --------------- 30 3. The mens rea for § 2339B .----..-....-........--- ....--------------- 30 Humanitarian Law Project v. U.S. Department of Justice --.--------- 31 Humanitarian Law Project v. United States DOJ.--.-...------------- 32 Notes and Questions ..----.........-.....-.....-..... ------------------------------- 32 United States v. Al-Arian ..-...-.........------...-----------.--..---- 34 Notes and Questions ...-.......------..------------------------- -------37 4. Administrative designation as a "Foreign Terrorist Organi- zation" for purposes of § 2339B; hearing procedure and judicial review under 8 U.S.C. § 1189 ---...........--....... ---- 39 raug B. 18 U.S.C. § 2339A and § 2339B-Continued National Council of Resistance Of Iran v. Department of State -----.....-- 39 Notes and Questions ------...----------------------------------------- 4 Notes and Questions -..---------------------------------..-----------.------------- 4 5. Criminal prosecution under § 2339B ... ........-------------------- 5 United States v. Afshari ................----- --........---------------...----. 5 Chapter 5. What Kind of War is It? ------... ---------------------. 56 A. Introduction .................---------- -- . .....----------------------------- 56 B. Comparing past metaphorical wars ............----------------.---.----- 57 C. Sources and doctrines relating to a traditional kind of war ---.-- 59 Chapter 6. Extended Detention I: Material Witnesses and Aliens -----------------------..-..-------------------- .----------- ------ ------ 72 A. Introduction .........-----------....----------------------------------- ------ 72 B. Material witness detention ----.... ...--...--------.......---.--.--------- 73 Notes and Questions ....... ..... ........------------------- ......--------------------- 74 United States v. Awadallah .......---------------.........------------..-----....... 75 Notes and Questions ....----.......----------------------..-----.---..--------. 85 C. Detention of aliens..... ..........------------ --....------------.... ... --------- 87 1. Introduction .............-------------------------- --...-----------. .87 3. Post 9/11/01 detentions and removals based on immigration law violations ------------------ -------------------------------------. 88 a. The use of authority to detain aliens in violation of the immigration laws as an aid to terrorism investigation and as a form of preventive detention --........------------- 88 c. Is indefinite, open-ended detention possible in connec- tion with efforts to remove an individual from the United States? --------------------------..------------------- 89 Zadvydas v. Davis .---........----.....----.....--------.-----------... 89 Notes and Questions ...-------------.......--....... ----------.........-------- 95 d. Detention and removal provisions directed specifically toward terrorists under the USA PATRIOT Act and other immigration law provisions-------.------------------..-- 96 Notes and Questions .......--- ----... ---...--------..........--...------------ 97 Chapter 7. Extended Detention II: Enemy Combatants ------ 100 A. Introduction: The recent case law ---------------------------------------- 100 Rasul v. Bush .------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- 100 Hamdi v. Rumsfeld......-........---------- - --.............. --------------.........105 Notes and Questions --...------------------------------------------- ----------------- 117 Padillla v. Hanft -----------......--------.......----........ ---...------------- 120 B. What status to accord to detainees at Guantanamo? "Enemy Combatants"? ---.....--......------... --.... --------.. ----- 130 Notes and Questions ......-----.......--- -----------.....------------. .-------...... 130 C. Administrative process reviews for the Guantanamo detainees-- 136 1. Introduction--------------------------------------------------------- ----- ...136 2. Administrative reviews: enemy combatant status; continu- ing dangerousness or intelligence value ---------------------.---- 137 Notes and Questions ---------------------.------------------..... ------------------ 137 3. Judicial consideration of the status of the detainees ---------- 140 Khalid v. Bush ----------------------------- .---. --------------------------------- .140 Notes and Questions ----..-----------.-----.....--------.------..----- 145 In Re Guantanamo Detainee Cases--....-.....-----.......-----........--------....... 145 Notes and Questions .........---- --......---...... ..........-------------------------... 159 D. Conditions and terms of detention ..--------------------.... ---- --------.. 160 1. Methods of interrogation: the torture controversy --...---------- 160 Notes and Questions ........................ ...---------------------- ---------------- 160 Chapter 8. Military Tribunals -------------- -----------------.. 162 A. Introduction ---- -------------........ ---.. ----- ------------..---.------.. 162 Notice ........--..........---........----------------------------------...............162 B. The question of legal authority -----------.--------------------------..--- 167 Ex Parte Quirin ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 167 Notes and Questions ------------.---------------------------------------.. 179 C. Procedures used in the military tribunals-Due Process con- cerns----------------------------------------------------- ------------- -----. . 181 Notes and Questions ----...........-....--------------------------.. 182 Notes and Questions ...................................-------------------- 184 Hamdan v. Rumsfeld ...............------------------..................--------..... 186 Notes and Questions ..------ --..-- --- ----------------------------. 198 Chapter 9. Classified Information in Adjudicatory Pro- ceedings: The Classified Information Procedures Act (CIPA) and Other Approaches---------------------------- 199 A. Various approaches to dealing with classified information in adjudicatory proceedings--------------...-----------------------------.---- 199 1. Introduction ----------.....-----------.-----------------..---------------.. 199 B. The Classified Information Procedures Act-Introduction -------- 200 C. Determining relevancy and related issues------------------------ - 207 United States v. Yunis - --------------------------------------................ 207 D. Adjudging the adequacy of substitutions for classified informa- tion . ....----------------------------------------------..-......--------- .215 United States v. Rezaq---------------------------------------....................................... 215 United States v. Fernandez.-------------------- ------------------------.. 219 E. Ex parte and in camera versus in camera--------------------------.---- 227 Notes and Questions --------------------------------------------------------------...... 227 Chapter 10. The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act ...----- 230 A. Introduction --------------.-------------------------------------.---.. 230 1. A brief history -------- -------------------- --------- 230 2. The FISA statute ---------------.----------..............-------- . 231 Notes and Questions -------------------------...----------------------. 239 C. Comparing FISA surveillance rules and "normal" surveillance rules under 18 U.S.C. § 2510 et seq. .....------------------.. 241 1. The probable cause requirement ----------------------------------- 241 2. Duration of the intercept; time period within which target must be notified about the interception ----------------------- 242 3. Other aspects of FISA and "normal" surveillances------------. . 242 4. Physical searches ---.-- ---.------.------------------------------------- 243 5. Statistical comparison of FISA and "normal" electronic surveillances-...------------------------------- ---....-........---------- ..243 D. Gathering foreign intelligence information versus gathering information with a view to criminal prosecution.------------------ 244 1. Background......----- ...-- ...------.----- ---------------------------------.. 244 2. An opinion of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review ---------- -------- -------- ---------- --------------- 246 Page D. Gathering foreign intelligence information versus gathering information with a view to criminal prosecution-Continued In Re: Sealed Case No.'s 02-001, 02-002 -----..... --- ---..-----.. 247 Notes and Questions ....-----..--..---- ---------- ------------ 258 Chapter 13. U.S. Agents Acting Abroad ----------.--- ---------.. 260 A. Introduction ------------------. ------------------------------------------..---- 260 B. Investigation and information-gathering ------------------------.----.. 261 Notes and Questions ------------------------------- --- ----------------------------- 261 United States v. Bin Laden ----------...-----------------..---.-.. ------------------. 262 D. Targeted killing abroad by U.S. agents ------------------------------ 268 Executive Order 11905 (United States Foreign Intelligence Activities) 268 Executive Order 12333 (United States Intelligence Activities) -----.---... - 269 Notes and Questions --------------.-----------.------------.------------.. 269