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Contents Preface i Figures vi Tables viii Summary xi Overview xi Identifying JUT Requirements xiv Identifying JUT Capabilities xvi What Are the Shortfalls Between Requirements and Capabilities? xix Deriving JUO Training Modules xxii Conducting Cost Analysis xxviii Question 1: Joint Training: A Separate Entity or an Augmentation of Service Preparation? xxix Question 2: Build, Adapt, Rent, or Otherwise Acquire Training Capabilities? xxix Question 3: Virtual and Constructive Training : Alternatives or Supplements? xxxii Developing a DoD-Wide JUO Training Strategy xxxii Developing the Strategy xxxii Implementing the Strategy xxxvii Concluding Thoughts xli Acknowledgments xliv Glossary, List of Symbols, etc. xlvi Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Background 1 Objective and Scope 5 Approach 7 Organization of This Document 11 Chapter 2: Identifying Joint Urban Training Requirements 13 Introduction 13 The Process Used 14 Step 1: Conducting the Comprehensive Review 14 Step 2: Conduct First Screen 15 Step 3: Aggregate and Summarize 20 Chapter 3: Determining Current and Planned Joint Urban Training Facilities, Simulations, and Other Training Capabilities 25 Introduction 25 Purpose-Built Urban Training Sites 26 Approach 26 Basic Facility Types 29 Simulation and Simulated Capabilities 34 Simulation-Based Training Systems 36 Enhanced Individual Simulations 40 Large-Scale Composite Simulations and Simulators 43 Special Simulation Cases Only Considered for Farther Term and Unique Urban Training Applications 45 Important Research Directions in Joint Urban Training Simulation 47 Near- and Far-Term Milestones in Joint Urban Training Simulation 50 Innovative/Novel Urban Training Sites/Capabilities 50 Approach 52 Survey of Current Capabilities Set for Alternative Training Options 53 Chapter 4: What Are the Shortfalls Between Requirements and Capabilities? 65 Introduction 65 Challenges to Determining Requirements/Capabilities Shortfalls 65 How We Assess Shortfalls Between Requirements and Capacity 68 Whether a Capability Exists 69 Whether Throughput Capacity Exists 77 Environmental Restrictions and Encroachment 80 Identifying the Shortfalls Between Requirements and Capabilities 81 Summary 92 Chapter 5: Deriving JUO Training Modules 95 Introduction 95 Why a Modular Approach? 96 The Training Modules 99 First-Cut at Training Modules 99 The Initial Screen 109 The Final List 117 Chapter 6: Cost Analysis 121 Methods and Assumptions 121 Cost Analyses for Purpose-Built Facilities 123 Module 1. Battalion and Larger Purpose-Built Facility 123 Module 2. Company Purpose-Built Facility 126 Module 3. Platoon Purpose-Built Facility 129 Module 7. Hybrid Facility 130 Module 8. Air/Ground facility 132 Cost Analyses for Use of Populated Urban Areas 133 Module 10. Terrain Walks 133 Module 15. Use of Buildings Scheduled for Demolition 133 Module 16. Use of Public Facilities During Hours of Closure 134 Cost Analyses of Alternative/Other Training Concepts 134 Module 17. Use of Abandoned Domestic Urban Areas 134 Module 18. BRAC'd Installation 137 Module 21. Abandoned Factories 140 Module 22. Abandoned/Constructed Overseas Urban Areas 140 Module 24. Classroom Instruction 140 Module 25. Conduct of Combatant Command or JTF Headquarters, Large-scale School, or Multi- echelon/Interagency Exercises 140 Cost Analyses for Simulation Capabilities Modules 142 Modules 26 and 29. Tactical Behaviors in and Around Structures; Specialized Technology Models 142 Modules 27, 28, and 32. Higher Echelon Planning and Coordination; Joint, Multinational, and Interagency Operations; Geographically Distributed Joint Simulation 144 Modules 30, 31, and 33. Scenario Variant Generation; Physiological and Other Stress Simulation; Environmental Degradation and Urban Biorhythm 144 Summary of Simulation Capabilities Costs 145 Cost Analyses for Training Support Elements 145 Module 34. Infrastructure Trappings 145 Module 35. OPFOR 146 Module 36. Noncombatant Role Players 147 Module 39. Joint Force Headquarters 147 Training Transportation 148 Cost-related Summary and Observations 148 Issue 1: Joint Training: A Separate Entity or an Augmentation of Service Preparation? 148 Issue 2: Build, Adapt, Rent, or Otherwise Acquire Training Capabilities? 149 Issue 3: Virtual and Constructive Training : Alternatives or Supplements? 157 Investment Versus Annual Training Budgets 159 Chapter 7: Developing a DoD-wide JUO Training Strategy 161 Some Principles for Joint Urban Training 162 The Training Strategy Must Be Comprehensive 162 The Training Strategy Must Be Dynamic 163 Much Improvement Is Needed in Lower Tactical-Level JUO Training, but Greatest Shortfalls Are at the Highest Echelons. 163 U.S. Trainers Must Remain on "Receive Mode" 164 Joint Training Modules Are Only Some of a Training Strategy's Building Blocks 165 Systems of Effective Capabilities Underpin Successful Training 165 Even the Best Training and Most Effective Training Strategy Can Sometimes Not Fully Prepare a Force 166 Size Has a Quality All Its Own 166 Bigger Is Better. Bigger and Denser Is Better Yet 168 If a Capability Is in the Field, Find a Way to Replicate It for Training 168 The Size of an Organization with Elements in, Around, or Over an Urban Training Site May Not Equate to the Organization Being Trained 169 Simulations, virtual and constructive training, and synthetic environments will not be capable of fully replacing live training during the period 2005-2011 169 Promote Innovation; Reconsider Proven Methods 169 Designing a JUO Training Strategy 170 A JUO Training Strategy: The Immediate Term (2005/2007) 170 A JUO Training Strategy: The Longer Term (2008/2011) 174 Key Considerations for a JUO Training Investment Strategy 182 What to Build 182 How Many Facilities? 186 Where Is It Best to Locate Battalion And Larger-Capable BRAC, Hybrid, Or Other Type Of Urban Training Facilities? 187 Assessing the Upgrade Candidates: Creating Facilities Capable of Supporting Major JUO Training Events 194 Four Challenges About the JUO Training Strategy Implementation 199 Build, Adapt, Rent, or Otherwise Acquire Training Capabilities? 199 Joint Range Coordination? 200 The Authority to Manage Ranges Effectively: Joint Oversight of Range Funding 204 Joint Urban Live, Virtual, and Constructive Training Standards 204 Three additional considerations during joint training strategy implementation 207 Better Link Lessons from the Field and Joint Force Urban Training 208 Do Not Conduct JUO Training in Isolation 211 Train for the Generic and the Specific 213 A Roadmap for JUO Training Strategy Application 214 Implementing the Joint Urban Training Strategy: A Cost Estimate 215 Joint Headquarters Support5 218 Chapter 8: Concluding Thoughts 219 Some Thoughts on Instrumentation 219 Some Thoughts on Urban Live-Fire Training 220 Some Thoughts on Targetry 221 Closing Thoughts 221 APPENDIX 1: Joint Training Definitions 223 Doctrinal definitions 223 Author Definitions developed in support of this study 223 APPENDIX 2: Consolidated Joint Urban Training Requirements 227 APPENDIX 3: Roster of 250 Requirements with Sources 228 APPENDIX 4: RAND Urban Facility Survey 236 APPENDIX 5: Facility Summary 256 APPENDIX 5, ANNEX A: FOUO Expanded Facilities List (Selected Distribution) 264 APPENDIX 6: Training Retention 265 Factors affecting retention 265 Computer simulations may aid retention 267 Concluding comments 268 APPENDIX 7: Module v. Requirements Matrix (culled) 270 Bibliography 281 Books 281 Articles 281 Manuals, Emails, and Miscellaneous Sources 284 Interviews 292 Figures Figure S.1: Process of Identifying Joint Urban Operations Training Requirements xv Figure S.2: Average Annual Cost Per Person (FY2004-FY2011) Based on 30- year Life Cycle xxx Figure S.3: Overview of How Primary Components of JUO training strategy Should Be Undertaken During the 2007/2011 Period xxxix Figure 2.1: Process of Identifying Joint Urban Operations Training Requirements 14 Figure 2.2: JUO Is the Intersection Between Joint and Urban 17 Figure 3.1: Marine Corps Air Station Yuma's "Yodaville" Range from the Air and Ground 33 Figure 3.2: JCATS screen shot of a hostage rescue operation showing detections of enemy (red) and noncombatant entities (green) by forward- deployed UGVs. (U.S. dismounts in blue are readying for an attack from behind buildings.) 38 Figure 3.3: Screen shot of IUSS with fire team about to clear a building 38 Figure 3.4: OneSAF depictions of urban and open terrain engagements 39 Figure 3.5: Full Spectrum Warrior (left) and Full Spectrum Command (right) 40 Figure 3.6. Illustration of FCS training database being developed by Meta-VR 43 Figure 3.7. Screen Shot from Urban Resolve (courtesy IDA/JAWP) 45 Figure 3.8: Bagram, Afghanistan urban training site 60 Figure 4.1; The Complex Interaction in Dealing with IEDs (Source: MAJ John Strycula, 4ID, US Army) 67 Figure 6.1: Twentynine Palms Mega MOUT Concept Plan 125 Figure 6.2: Combined Arms Collective Training Facility (CAMTF Study) 128 Figure 6.3: Central Area of Playas, New Mexico 135 Figure 6.4: Average Annual Cost Per Person (FY2004-FY2011) Based on 30- year Life Cycle 150 Figure 6.5: Average Annual Cost Per Person Based on 30-year Life Cycle and Movement Distance (Platoon and Company Purpose-Built Costs Are Constant and 100% Home Station Usage Is Assumed.) 154 Figure 6.6; Average Annual Cost Per Person based on 30-year Life Cycle and Event Duration 155 Figure 6.7: Alternative Cost per Individual Trained Values for Brigade-Size Purpose-Built Facility at Twentynine Palms, CA 157 Figure 7.1 Overview of How Primary Components of JUO training strategy Should Be Undertaken During the 2007/2011 Period 214 This ¶ is a kludge to fix a bug in MS Word. Don't delete it! Tables Table S.1: Consolidated Joint Urban Training Requirements xvii Table S.2: Initial List of 39 Modules xxiv Table S.3: Final List of Modules Ranked Retained xxvii Table S.4: Summary of Short-Term and Longer-Term Strategy xxxiv Table S.5: Estimated Costs for Sample Joint Urban Training Strategy Implementation ($M) xl Table 2.4: Levels of Joint Urban Training 19 Table 2.5: Consolidated Joint Urban Training Requirements 23 Table 3.2: Facilities Within Each Category of Alternative Facilities 52 Table 5.1: Initial List of 39 Modules 101 Table 5.2: Initial List of 39 Modules Ranked in Terms of How Well They Meet JUO Requirements 113 Table 5.3: Final List of Modules Ranked Retained 118 Table 6.1: Converting Current $ to Constant Discounted $ (PV) 123 Table 6.2: Cost Estimates for Battalion or Larger Purpose-Built Facility ($ thousands) 126 Table 6.3: Cost Estimates For Company Purpose-Built Facility (24 buildings) ($ thousands) 128 Table 6.4: Cost Estimates For Company Purpose-built Facility (70 buildings) ($ thousands) 129 Table 6.5: Cost Estimates For Platoon Purpose-Built Facility ($ thousands) 130 Table 6.6: Cost Estimates For Battalion Sized Hybrid Facility ($ thousands) 132 Table 6.7: Cost Estimates for Air/Ground Purpose-Built Facility (fairly near a seaport location) ($ thousands) 133 Table 6.8: Cost Estimates for Air/Ground Purpose-Built Facility (Salt Lake City, Utah) ($ thousands) 133 Table 6.9: Cost Estimate For Renting Playas, NM ($ thousands) 135 Table 6.10: Cost Estimate For Muscatatuck ($ thousands) 137 Table 6.11: Cost Estimate For BRAC'd Military Installation (George AFB) ($ thousands) 138 Table 6.12: Cost Estimate For BRAC'd Realigned Installation ($ thousands) 139 Table 6.13: Cost Estimates For JTF Training (J8 Alternative Echo-BRAC) ($ thousands) 142 Table 6.14: Cost Estimates For JTF Training (J8 Alternative Foxtrot) ($ thousands) 142 Table 6.15: Cost Estimate for Fire Team Simulation Modules ($ thousands) 144 Table 6.16: Cost Estimate for a Simulation Center ($ thousands) 144 Table 6.17: Cost Estimates for OPFOR 146 Table 7.1: Requirements Not Met at a "Run" level Based on Strategy That Combines Modules 18 and 7 180 Table 7.2: Selected U.S Facilities Evaluated in Terms of Facility Features that would Enable Level 4 JUO Training 196 Table 7.3: Selected U.S Facilities Evaluated in Terms of Accessibility Features that would Enable Level 4 JUO Training 197 Table 7.4: Selected U.S Facilities Evaluated in Terms of Forces Supported Features that would Enable Level 4 JUO Training 197 Table 7.5: Selected U.S Facilities Evaluated in Terms of Infrastructure Features that would Enable Level 4 JUO Training 197 Table 7.6: Selected U.S Facilities Evaluated in Terms of Architecture Features that would Enable Level 4 JUO Training 198 Table 7.7: Selected U.S Facilities Evaluated in Terms of Scenarios Supported that would Enable Level 4 JUO Training 198 Table 7.8: Estimated Costs for Sample Joint Urban Training Strategy Implementation ($M) 217
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Urban warfare -- United States.
Unified operations (Military science) -- United States.
Soldiers -- Training of -- United States.
Military education -- United States.