DESCRIPTION:
Economic Impact of the May 18, 1980 Eruption

MSH81_dredging_toutle_river_02-05-81.jpg
In order to remove the May 18, 1980 sediment deposits, and to keep up with new sedimentation, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers began a dredging program on the Toutle (shown here), the Cowlitz, and the Columbia Rivers. By 1987, nearly 140 million cubic yards (110 million meters) of material had been removed from the channels. This is enough material to build twelve lanes of highway, one-foot thick, from New York to San Francisco.
USGS Photograph taken on February 5, 1981, by Lyn Topinka.
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The May 18, 1980, eruption (of Mount St. Helens) was the most destructive in the history of the United States. Novarupta (Katmai) Volcano, Alaska, erupted considerably more material in 1912, but owing to the isolation and sparse population of the region affected, there were no human deaths and little property damage. In contrast, Mount St. Helens' eruption in a matter of hours caused loss of lives and widespread destruction of valuable property, primarily by the debris avalanche, the lateral blast, and the mudflows.

Landscape changes caused by the May 18 eruption were readily seen on high-altitude photographs. Such images, however, cannot reveal the impacts of the devastation on people and their works. The May 18 eruption resulted in scores of injuries and the loss of 57 lives. Within the United States before May 18, 1980, only two known casualties had been attributed to volcanic activity - a photographer was struck by falling rocks during the explosive eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, in 1924; and an Army sergeant who disappeared during the 1944 eruption of Cleveland Volcano, Chuginadak Island, Aleutians. Autopsies indicated that most of Mount St. Helens' victims died by asphyxiation from inhaling hot volcanic ash, and some by thermal and other injuries.

The lateral blast, debris avalanche, mudflows, and flooding caused extensive damage to land and civil works. All buildings and related manmade structures in the vicinity of Spirit Lake were buried. More than 200 houses and cabins were destroyed and many more were damaged in Skamania and Cowlitz Counties, leaving many people homeless. Many tens of thousands of acres of prime forest, as well as recreational sites, bridges, roads, and trails, were destroyed or heavily damaged. More than 185 miles of highways and roads and 15 miles of railways were destroyed or extensively damaged.

Trees amounting to more than 4 billion board feet of salable timber were damaged or destroyed, primarily by the lateral blast. At least 25 percent of the destroyed timber was salvaged after September 1980. Hundreds of loggers were involved in the timber-salvage operations, and, during peak summer months, more than 600 truckloads of salvaged timber were retrieved each day. Wildlife in the Mount St. Helens area also suffered heavily. The Washington State Department of Game estimated that nearly 7,000 big game animals (deer, elk, and bear) perished in the area most affected by the eruption, as well as all birds and most small mammals. However, many small animals, chiefly burrowing rodents, frogs, salamanders, and crawfish, managed to survive because they were below ground level or water surface when the disaster struck. The Washington Department of Fisheries estimated that 12 million Chinook and Coho salmon fingerlings were killed when hatcheries were destroyed; these might have developed into about 360,000 adult salmon. Another estimated 40,000 young salmon were lost when they were forced to swim through the turbine blades of hydroelectric generators because the levels of the reservoirs along the Lewis River south of Mount St. Helens were kept low to accommodate possible mudflows and flooding.

Downwind of the volcano, in areas of thick ash accumulation, many agricultural crops, such as wheat, apples, potatoes, and alfalfa, were destroyed. Many crops survived, however, in areas blanketed by only a thin covering of ash. In fact, the apple and wheat production in 1980 was higher than normal due to greater-than-average summer precipitation. The crusting of ash also helped to retain soil moisture through the summer. Moreover, in the long term, the ash may provide beneficial chemical nutrients to the soils of eastern Washington, which themselves were formed of older glacial deposits that contain a significant ash component. Effects of the ash fall on the water quality of streams, lakes, and rivers were short lived and minor.

The ash fall, however, did pose some temporary major problems for transportation operations and for sewage-disposal and water-treatment systems. Because visibility was greatly decreased during the ash fall, many highways and roads were closed to traffic, some only for a few hours, but others for weeks. Interstate 90 from Seattle to Spokane, Washington, was closed for a week. Air transportation was disrupted for a few days to 2 weeks as several airports in eastern Washington shut down due to ash accumulation and attendant poor visibility. Over a thousand commercial flights were cancelled following airport closures.

The fine-grained, gritty ash caused substantial problems for internal-combustion engines and other mechanical and electrical equipment. The ash contaminated oil systems, clogged air filters, and scratched moving surfaces. Fine ash caused short circuits in electrical transformers, which in turn caused power blackouts. The sewage-disposal systems of several municipalities that received about half an inch or more of ash, such as Moses Lake and Yakima, Washington, were plagued by ash clogging and damage to pumps, filters, and other equipment. Fortunately, as these same cities used deep wells and closed storage, their water-supply systems were only minimally affected.

The removal and disposal of ash from highways, roads, buildings, and airport runways were monumental tasks for some eastern Washington communities. State and Federal agencies estimated that over 2.4 million cubic yards of ash-equivalent to about 900,000 tons in weight-were removed from highways and airports in Washington State. Ash removal cost $2.2 million and took 10 weeks in Yakima. The need to remove ash quickly from transportation routes and civil works dictated the selection of some disposal sites. Some cities used old quarries and existing sanitary landfills; others created dumpsites wherever expedient. To minimize wind reworking of ash dumps, the surfaces of some disposal sites have been covered with topsoil and seeded with grass. About 250,000 cubic yards of ash have been stockpiled at five sites and can be retrieved easily for constructional or industrial use al some future date if economic factors are favorable.

What was the cost of the destruction and damage caused by the May 18 eruption? Accurate cost figures remain difficult to determine. Early estimates were too high and ranged from $2 to $3 billion, primarily reflecting the timber, civil works, and agricultural losses. A refined estimate of $1.1 billion was determined in a study by the International Trade Commission at the request of Congress. A supplemental appropriation of $951 million for disaster relief was voted by Congress, of which the largest share went to the Small Business Administration, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency.

There were indirect and intangible costs of the eruption as well. Unemployment in the immediate region of Mount St. Helens rose tenfold in the weeks immediately following the eruption and then nearly returned to normal once timber salvaging and ash-cleanup operations were underway. Only a small percentage of residents left the region because of lost jobs owing to the eruption. Several months after May 18, a few residents reported suffering stress and emotional problems, even though they had coped successfully during the crisis. The counties in the region requested funding for mental health programs to assist such people.

Initial public reaction to the May 18 eruption nearly dealt a crippling blow to tourism, an important industry in Washington. Not only was tourism down in the Mount St. Helens-Gifford Pinchot National Forest area, but conventions, meetings, and social gatherings also were canceled or postponed at cities and resorts elsewhere in Washington and neighboring Oregon not affected by the eruption. The negative impact on tourism and conventioneering, however, proved only temporary. Mount St. Helens, perhaps because of its reawakening, has regained its appeal for tourists. The U.S. Forest Service (USFS) and State of Washington opened visitor centers and provided access for people to view firsthand the volcano's awesome devastation.

The spectacular eruption impressed upon the people in the Pacific Northwest that they share their lands with both active and potentially active volcanoes. With the passage of time, the damaged forests, streams, and fields will heal, and the memory of the 1980 eruption and its impacts will fade in future generations. The Mount St. Helens experience has been so thoroughly documented, however, that it likely will be a reminder for decades in the future of the possibility of renewed volcanic activity and destruction.

Economic losses in the State of Washington have been estimated officially at $860 million, down substantially from earlier estimates. The largest loss, reported to be $450 million, was standing timber in areas affected by the lateral blast and mudflows. Losses in agricultural output, which apparently are less than officials had expected, may range from $40 to $100 million. Except for losses in areas near the volcano, most economic damages were caused by ashfall. Notable exceptions are the flood damage along the Toutle and lower Cowlitz rivers, the costs of dredging and levee building, and economic losses related to interrupted shipping on the Columbia River. The economic impacts on communities in the "ash belt" varied greatly, but, as a general rule, the greater the ashfall thickness, the greater the economic loss.

Oregon also has suffered economic losses, mostly because of ash effects and cleanup costs. A notable agricultural loss in northwestern Oregon (and also in southwestern Washington) occurred after the ashfall of June 12 and 13. Much of the strawberry crop rotted in the fields when ash-laden leaves pressed the fruit against the soil. Other losses to berry crops occurred because ash could not be washed from the fruit.

Most economic loss in the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan area has been related to ash cleanup, but a major loss also has resulted from the disruption of shipping on the lower Columbia River. For example, the Port of Portland reportedly expects to lose at least $5 million in revenues through the month of August 1980 because of closure of the Columbia River shipping channel. In addition, workers dependent on port business reportedly are losing about $4 million a month, and shipping firms also are suffering loss of business.

... Eruptions of Mount St. Helens in May and June 1980, that were small in volume relative to possible future events in California, resulted in estimated shortterm losses to the economy of Washington State of $970 million dollars (MacCready, 1982**). Moreover, 60 lives were lost during the May 18 eruption, and additional economic losses are still accumulating at the time of this writing (fall 1987).

**MacCready, J.S., 1982, Some economic consequences of the eruptions, in Mount St. Helens one year later [S.A.C. Keller, ed.], Eastern Washington University Press, Cheney, p.215-224.

More then $1 billion in property and economic losses was caused by Mount St. Helens' 1980 eruption -- much of it by ash.

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