Disclaimer: These guidelines were developed under contract using generally accepted secondary sources. The protocol used by the contractor for surveying these data sources was developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the Department of Energy (DOE). The information contained in these guidelines is intended for reference purposes only. None of the agencies have conducted a comprehensive check of the information and data contained in these sources. It provides a summary of information about chemicals that workers may be exposed to in their workplaces. The secondary sources used for supplements 111 and 1V were published before 1992 and 1993, respectively, and for the remainder of the guidelines the secondary sources used were published before September 1996. This information may be superseded by new developments in the field of industrial hygiene. Therefore readers are advised to determine whether new information is available.

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH GUIDELINE FOR NITROGLYCERIN

INTRODUCTION

This guideline summarizes pertinent information about nitroglycerin for workers and employers as well as for physicians, industrial hygienists, and other occupational safety and health professionals who may need such information to conduct effective occupational safety and health programs. Recommendations may be superseded by new developments in these fields; readers are therefore advised to regard these recommendations as general guidelines and to determine whether new information is available.

SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION

* Formula

C(3)H(5)N(3)O(9)

* Structure

(For Structure, see paper copy)

* Synonyms

Anginine, blasting gelatin, blasting oil, glyceryl nitrate, nitroglyn, nitrol, NG, NTG, nitroglycerine, nitroglycerol

* Identifiers

1. CAS No.: 55-63-0

2. RTECS No.: QX2100000

3. DOT UN: 0143 (desensitized, with not less than 40 percent non-volatile water insoluble phlegmatizer, by mass); 1204 26 (solution in alcohol, with not more than 1 percent nitroglycerin); 3064 26 (solution in alcohol, with more than 1 percent but not more than 5 percent nitroglycerin); 0144 (solution with alcohol, with more than 1 percent but not more than 10 percent nitroglycerin) 4. DOT label: Explosive, poison (0143); Flammable liquid (1204, 3064);

Explosive (0144)

* Appearance and odor

Nitroglycerin is a pale yellow, oily liquid or solid crystal with a sweet, burning taste.

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

* Physical data

1. Molecular weight: 227.11

2. Boiling point (at 760 mm Hg): Explodes at 218 degrees C (424.4 degrees F)

3. Specific gravity: 1.59 at 20 degrees C (68 degrees F)

4. Vapor density: 7.84

5. Melting point: 13 degrees C (55.4 degrees F)

6. Vapor pressure at 20 degrees C (68 degrees F): 0.00026 mm Hg

7. Solubility: Slightly soluble in water; miscible with acetone, ether, benzene and other organic solvents.

8. Evaporation rate: Data not available.

* Reactivity

1. Conditions contributing to instability: Heat, flames, shock, or ultraviolet radiation may cause explosive or violent reactions to occur.

2. Incompatibilities: Contact of nitroglycerin with strong acids (such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, and nitric) or ozone may cause violent reactions.

3. Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic gases and vapors (such as oxides of nitrogen) may be released in a fire involving nitroglycerin.

4. Special precautions: None reported.

* Flammability

The National Fire Protection Association has assigned a flammability rating of 2 (moderate fire hazard) to nitroglycerin.

1. Flash point: Explodes

2. Autoignition temperature: 270 degrees C (518 degrees F)

3. Flammable limits in air: Data not available.

4. Extinguishant: For small fires use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam. Use water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam to fight large fires involving nitroglycerin.

Fires involving nitroglycerin should be fought upwind from the maximum distance possible. Keep unnecessary people away; isolate the hazard area and deny entry. Isolate the area for 1/2 mile in all directions if a tank, rail car, or tank truck is involved in the fire. For a massive fire in a cargo area, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from the area and let the fire burn. Emergency personnel should stay out of low areas. Vapors may travel to a source of ignition and flash back. Vapors are an explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors, or in sewers. Containers of nitroglycerin may explode in the heat of the fire and should be moved from the fire area if it is possible to do so safely. If this is not possible, cool fire exposed containers from the sides with water until well after the fire is out. Stay away from the ends of containers. Personnel should withdraw immediately if a rising sound from a venting safety device is heard or if there is discoloration of a container due to fire. Firefighters should wear a full set of protective clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving nitroglycerin.

EXPOSURE LIMITS

* OSHA PEL

The current Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) for nitroglycerin is 0.2 part per million (ppm) parts of air (2 mg/m(3)) ()as a ceiling limit. A worker's exposure to nitroglycerin shall at no time exceed this ceiling level. The OSHA PEL also bears a "Skin" notation, which indicates that the cutaneous route of exposure (including mucous membranes and eyes) contributes to overall exposure [29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1].

* NIOSH REL

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has established a recommended exposure limit (REL) for nitroglycerin ()as a short-term exposure limit (STEL) of 0.1 mg/m(3) for periods not to exceed 15 minutes. Exposures at the STEL concentration should not be repeated more than four times a day and should be separated by intervals of at least 60 minutes. NIOSH also assigns a "Skin" notation to nitroglycerin [NIOSH 1992].

* ACGIH TLV

The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has assigned nitroglycerin a threshold limit value (TLV) of 0.05 ppm (0.46 mg/m(3)) as a TWA for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek. The ACGIH also assigns a "Skin" notation to nitroglycerin [ACGIH 1994, p. 28].

* Rationale for Limits

The NIOSH limit is based on the risk of circulatory system effects [NIOSH 1992].

The ACGIH limit is based on the risk of circulatory system effects .

HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION

* Routes of Exposure

Exposure to nitroglycerin can occur through inhalation, ingestion, eye or skin contact, and absorption through the skin [Hathaway et al. 1991]

* Summary of toxicology

1. Effects on Animals: Nitroglycerin affects the cardiovascular system, blood, and nervous system of experimental animals. The dermal LD(50) in rabbits is greater than 280 mg/kg [NIOSH 1991]. The oral LD(50) in rats is 105 mg/kg [NIOSH 1991]. Animals administered nitroglycerin orally developed hypotension, tremors, ataxia, lethargy, hyperpnea, cyanosis, prostration and went into convulsions [NLM 1992]. Nitroglycerin has caused methemoglobinemia in dogs [NLM 1992].

2. Effects on Humans: Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator which affects the cardiovascular system, blood, and nervous system in humans [Hathaway et al. 1991]. Workers exposed to between 0.03 and 0.11 ppm complained of headaches and irritation [ACGIH 1991]. Chronic exposure results in the development of tolerance to the cardiovascular effects of nitroglycerin. A break in chronic exposure of one to three days can result in malaise, severe chest pains, palpatations, and even sudden death [Clayton and Clayton 1993; Rom 1992; NLM 1992]. Monday morning headaches or angina occur in chronically exposed workers as a result of a withdraw from exposure while not working over the weekend. Normally, if the individual is again exposed to nitroglycerin the symptoms will disappear. Exposure to nitroglycerin can also cause abnormalities of blood including methemoglobinemia and leukopenia. In addition, abnormal liver function tests have been observed in individuals exposed to nitroglycerin [Rom 1992]. Symptoms of Raynaud's phenomenon and peripheral neuropathy have also been reported in exposed workers [Rom 1992].

* Signs and symptoms of exposure

1. Acute exposure: Acute exposure to nitroglycerin can cause headaches, nausea, vomiting, occasionally diarrhea, sweating, and lightheadedness. High exposure can cause abdominal cramps, vomiting, depression or mania, mental confusion, delirium, convulsions, paresthesias or paralysis, aphasia, impaired vision, breathing difficulties, methemoglobinemia and blue skin (cyanosis), bradycardia, circulatory collapse, or death [Sittig 1991; Rom 1992].

2. Chronic exposure: Chronic exposure to nitroglycerin can lead to the development of tolerance, and sudden withdrawal from exposure can result in angina-like chest pains which may be accompanied by malaise, weakness, vomiting, dizziness, headache, or impaired vision. Sudden death may also result. Chronic exposure may also result in severe headache, hallucinations, and skin rashes. Allergic contact dermatitis can occur secondary to topical exposure to nitroglycerin.

EMERGENCY MEDICAL PROCEDURES

* Emergency medical procedures: [NIOSH to supply]

5. Rescue: Remove an incapacitated worker from further exposure and implement appropriate emergency procedures (e.g., those listed on the Material Safety Data Sheet required by OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard [29 CFR 1910.1200]). All workers should be familiar with emergency procedures, the location and proper use of emergency equipment, and methods of protecting themselves during rescue operations.

EXPOSURE SOURCES AND CONTROL METHODS

The following operations may involve nitroglycerin and lead to worker exposures to this substance:

* The manufacture and transportation of nitroglycerin

* The manufacture of gun powder, dynamite, and other explosives

* Use in rocket propellants and in medicines

Methods that are effective in controlling worker exposures to nitroglycerin, depending on the feasibility of implementation, are as follows:

* Process enclosure
* Local exhaust ventilation
* General dilution ventilation
* Personal protective equipment

Workers responding to a release or potential release of a hazardous substance must be protected as required by paragraph (q) of OSHA's Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Standard [29 CFR 1910.120].

Good sources of information about control methods are as follows:

1. ACGIH [1992]. Industrial ventilation -- a manual of recommended practice. 21st ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

2. Burton DJ [1986]. Industrial ventilation -- a self study companion. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

3. Alden JL, Kane JM [1982]. Design of industrial ventilation systems. New York, NY: Industrial Press, Inc.

4. Wadden RA, Scheff PA [1987]. Engineering design for control of workplace hazards. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

5. Plog BA [1988]. Fundamentals of industrial hygiene. Chicago, IL: National Safety Council.

MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE

OSHA is currently developing requirements for medical surveillance. When these requirements are promulgated, readers should refer to them for additional information and to determine whether employers whose employees are exposed to nitroglycerin are required to implement medical surveillance procedures.

* Medical Screening

Workers who may be exposed to chemical hazards should be monitored in a systematic program of medical surveillance that is intended to prevent occupational injury and disease. The program should include education of employers and workers about work-related hazards, early detection of adverse health effects, and referral of workers for diagnosis and treatment. The occurrence of disease or other work-related adverse health effects should prompt immediate evaluation of primary preventive measures (e.g., industrial hygiene monitoring, engineering controls, and personal protective equipment). A medical surveillance program is intended to supplement, not replace, such measures. To detect and control work-related health effects, medical evaluations should be performed (1) before job placement, (2) periodically during the term of employment, and (3) at the time of job transfer or termination.

* Preplacement medical evaluation

Before a worker is placed in a job with a potential for exposure to nitroglycerin, a licensed health care professional should evaluate and document the worker's baseline health status with thorough medical, environmental, and occupational histories, a physical examination, and physiologic and laboratory tests appropriate for the anticipated occupational risks. These should concentrate on the function and integrity of the cardiovascular system and blood.

A preplacement medical evaluation is recommended to assess medical conditions that may be aggravated or may result in increased risk when a worker is exposed to nitroglycerin at or below the prescribed exposure limit. The health care professional should consider the probable frequency, intensity, and duration of exposure as well as the nature and degree of any applicable medical condition. Such conditions (which should not be regarded as absolute contraindications to job placement) include a history and other findings consistent with diseases of the cardiovascular system or blood.

* Periodic medical evaluations

Occupational health interviews and physical examinations should be performed at regular intervals during the employment period, as mandated by any applicable Federal, State, or local standard. Where no standard exists and the hazard is minimal, evaluations should be conducted every 3 to 5 years or as frequently as recommended by an experienced occupational health physician. Additional examinations may be necessary if a worker develops symptoms attributable to nitroglycerin exposure. The interviews, examinations, and medical screening tests should focus on identifying the adverse effects of nitroglycerin on the cardiovascular system or blood. Current health status should be compared with the baseline health status of the individual worker or with expected values for a suitable reference population.

* Termination medical evaluations

The medical, environmental, and occupational history interviews, the physical examination, and selected physiologic or laboratory tests that were conducted at the time of placement should be repeated at the time of job transfer or termination to determine the worker's medical status at the end of his or her employment. Any changes in the worker's health status should be compared with those expected for a suitable reference population.

* Biological monitoring

Biological monitoring involves sampling and analyzing body tissues or fluids to provide an index of exposure to a toxic substance or metabolite. No biological monitoring test acceptable for routine use has yet been developed for nitroglycerin.

WORKPLACE MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT

Determination of a worker's exposure to airborne nitroglycerin is made using a Tenax-GC tube (100/50 mg sections, 35/60 mesh). Samples are collected at a maximum flow rate of 1 liter/minute (for both ceiling and STEL) until a maximum collection volume of 15 liters is reached. Analysis is conducted by high performance liquid chromatography using a thermal energy analyzer and or ultraviolet detector (HPLC/TEA and or UV). This method (ID 43) is described in the OSHA Computerized Information System [OSHA 1994] and is fully validated. NIOSH has a similar method that relies upon analysis by gas chromatography using an electron capture detector (GC/ECD) which is described in Method No. 2507 [NIOSH 1994b].

PERSONAL HYGIENE PROCEDURES

If nitroglycerin contacts the skin, workers should immediately wash the affected areas with large amounts of soap and water.

Clothing contaminated with nitroglycerin should be removed immediately, and provisions should be made for the safe removal of the chemical from the clothing. Persons laundering the clothes should be informed of the hazardous properties of nitroglycerin, particularly its potential for causing cardiovascular effects.

A worker who handles nitroglycerin should thoroughly wash hands, forearms, and face with soap and water before eating, using tobacco products, using toilet facilities, applying cosmetics, or taking medication.

Workers should not eat, drink, use tobacco products, apply cosmetics, or take medication in areas where nitroglycerin or a solution containing nitroglycerin is handled, processed, or stored.

STORAGE

Nitroglycerin should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area in tightly sealed containers that are labeled in accordance with OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard [29 CFR 1910.1200]. Containers of nitroglycerin should be protected from physical damage, ignition sources, shocks (or jolts), and ultraviolet radiation, and should be stored separately from strong acids (such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, and nitric) or ozone [NIOSH 1994a; NJDH 1986, p. 4].

SPILLS AND LEAKS

In the event of a spill or leak involving nitroglycerin, persons not wearing protective equipment and clothing should be restricted from contaminated areas until cleanup has been completed. The following steps should be undertaken following a spill or leak:

1. Do not touch the spilled material; stop the leak if it is possible to do so without risk.

2. Notify safety personnel and find experts for conducting the spill clean-up.

3. Remove all sources of heat and ignition.

4. Water spray may be used to reduce vapors, but the spray may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

5. For small liquid spills, take up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into closed containers for later disposal.

6. For large liquid spills, build dikes far ahead of the spill to contain the nitroglycerin for later reclamation or disposal.

SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requirements for emergency planning, reportable quantities of hazardous releases, community right-to-know, and hazardous waste management may change over time. Users are therefore advised to determine periodically whether new information is available.

* Emergency planning requirements

Nitroglycerin is not subject to EPA emergency planning requirements under the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) (Title III) in 42 USC 11022.

* Reportable quantity requirements for hazardous releases

A hazardous substance release is defined by EPA as any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment (including the abandonment or discarding of contaminated containers) of hazardous substances. In the event of a release that is above the reportable quantity for that chemical, employers are required to notify the proper Federal, State, and local authorities [40 CFR 355.40].

The reportable quantity of nitroglycerin is 10 pounds. If an amount equal to or greater than this quantity is released within a 24-hour period in a manner that will expose persons outside the facility, employers are required to do the following:

- Notify the National Response Center immediately at (800) 424-8802 or at (202) 426-2675 in Washington, D.C. [40 CFR 302.6].

* Community right-to-know requirements

Employers who own or operate facilities in SIC codes 20 to 39 that employ 10 or more workers and that manufacture 25,000 pounds or more of nitroglycerin per calendar year or otherwise use 10,000 pounds or more of nitroglycerin per calendar year are required by EPA [40 CFR Part 372.30] to submit a Toxic Chemical Release Inventory form (Form R) to EPA reporting the amount of nitroglycerin emitted or released from their facility annually.

* Hazardous waste management requirements

EPA considers a waste to be hazardous if it exhibits any of the following characteristics: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity as defined in 40 CFR 261.21-261.24. Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) [40 USC 6901 et seq.], EPA has specifically listed many chemical wastes as hazardous. Nitroglycerin is listed as a hazardous waste under RCRA and has been assigned EPA Hazardous Waste No. P081. This substance has been banned from land disposal until treated by fuel substitution, chemical oxidation, chemical reduction, or incineration.

Providing detailed information about the removal and disposal of specific chemicals is beyond the scope of this guideline. The U.S. Department of Transportation, EPA, and State and local regulations should be followed to ensure that removal, transport, and disposal of this substance are conducted in accordance with existing regulations. To be certain that chemical waste disposal meets EPA regulatory requirements, employers should address any questions to the RCRA hotline at (703) 412-9810 (in the Washington, D.C. area) or toll-free at (800) 424-9346 (outside Washington, D.C.). In addition, relevant State and local authorities should be contacted for information on any requirements they may have for the waste removal and disposal of this substance.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

* Conditions for respirator use

Good industrial hygiene practice requires that engineering controls be used where feasible to reduce workplace concentrations of hazardous materials to the prescribed exposure limit. However, some situations may require the use of respirators to control exposure. Respirators must be worn if the ambient concentration of nitroglycerin exceeds prescribed exposure limits. Respirators may be used (1) before engineering controls have been installed, (2) during work operations such as maintenance or repair activities that involve unknown exposures, (3) during operations that require entry into tanks or closed vessels, and (4) during emergencies. Workers should only use respirators that have been approved by NIOSH and the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA).

* Respiratory protection program

Employers should institute a complete respiratory protection program that, at a minimum, complies with the requirements of OSHA's Respiratory Protection Standard [29 CFR 1910.134]. Such a program must include respirator selection, an evaluation of the worker's ability to perform the work while wearing a respirator, the regular training of personnel, respirator fit testing, periodic workplace monitoring, and regular respirator maintenance, inspection, and cleaning. The implementation of an adequate respiratory protection program (including selection of the correct respirator) requires that a knowledgeable person be in charge of the program and that the program be evaluated regularly. For additional information on the selection and use of respirators and on the medical screening of respirator users, consult the latest edition of the NIOSH Respirator Decision Logic [NIOSH 1987b] and the NIOSH Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection [NIOSH 1987a].

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Workers should use appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment that must be carefully selected, used, and maintained to be effective in preventing skin contact with nitroglycerin. The selection of the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) (e.g., gloves, sleeves, encapsulating suits) should be based on the extent of the worker's potential exposure to nitroglycerin. The resistance of one PPE material to permeation by nitroglycerin is shown below:

To evaluate the use of this or other PPE materials with nitroglycerin, users should consult the best available performance data and manufacturers' recommendations. Significant differences have been demonstrated in the chemical resistance of generically similar PPE materials (e.g., butyl) produced by different manufacturers. In addition, the chemical resistance of a mixture may be significantly different from that of any of its neat components.

Any chemical-resistant clothing that is used should be periodically evaluated to determine its effectiveness in preventing dermal contact. Safety showers and eye wash stations should be located close to operations that involve nitroglycerin.

Splash-proof chemical safety goggles or face shields (20 to 30 cm long, minimum) should be worn during any operation in which a solvent, caustic, or other toxic substance may be splashed into the eyes.

In addition to the possible need for wearing protective outer apparel (e.g., aprons, encapsulating suits), workers should wear work uniforms, coveralls, or similar full-body coverings that are laundered each day. Employers should provide lockers or other closed areas to store work and street clothing separately. Employers should collect work clothing at the end of each work shift and provide for its laundering. Laundry personnel should be informed about the potential hazards of handling contaminated clothing and instructed about measures to minimize their health risk.

Protective clothing should be kept free of oil and grease and should be inspected and maintained regularly to preserve its effectiveness.

Protective clothing may interfere with the body's heat dissipation, especially during hot weather or during work in hot or poorly ventilated work environments.

REFERENCES

ACGIH [1991]. Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

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