NASA 1989 SBIR Phase 1 Solicitation

Project Title:

Flow in Turbine Blade Passages

01.01-0333B
NAS3-25835
Flow in Turbine Blade Passages
Scientific Research Associates, Inc.
	P.O. Box 1058
	Glastonbury, CT 06033
		Brian E. Thompson
(203-659-0333)

Abstract:

	Knowledge of the detailed flow structure in internal passages of gas turbine blades
is needed to understand measured heat transfer phenomena and to validate computational
analysis and design methods. The objectives of this project are to obtain measurements,
validate computational techniques, assess cooling strategies,and contribute to design
practices all relevant to turbine-blade passages. Recently developed, refractive-index-matching
techniques will be used to obtain detailed measurements of mean and fluctuating velocity
components in rotating passages with geometries and conditions representative of
those found in gas-turbines. In Phase I, a refractive-index-matching experiment will
be compared to heat transfer results previously obtained in a simplified but relevant
rotating passage configuration. In Phase II, this experiment would be extended to
more complex geometries closer to those of turbine-blade passages. Results would
be obtained to provide bench-mark data for Phase II code validation. These experimental
and computational techniques would be also applied in Phase II to assess cooling
strategies in preparation for integration into turbine-blade design systems.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Improved turbine-blade configurations that allow
higher turbine inlet temperatures with performance and design advantages would be
of great interest to commercial gas-turbine engine manufacturers.

Project Title:

Grid-Generation Code with Automatic Zoning

01.01-1732A
NAS3-25880
Grid-Generation Code with Automatic Zoning
Program Development Corp. of Scarsdale
	300 Hamilton Avenue, Suite 409
	White Plains, NY 10601
		Peter R. Eiseman
(914-761-1732)

Abstract:

	The grid generation code TURBO is a menu-driven code that operates interactively
to produce single-block grids for numerical flow-field simulations of turbomachinery
problems. To gain a substantive advantage, a zoning scheme will be developed for
TURBO so that it can readily be applied in a multi-block environment. For a given
grid topology, the zoning would be accomplished in an automatic manner once certain
defining parameters are inserted. Upon accomplishment, the capability will be established
for a user to select a grid topology from a menu and then proceed quickly from a
good global start to exercise the local grid-manipulation controls in TURBO.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: A greatly enhanced TURBO code should have a ready
market among the scientists and engineers who need to study turbomachinery flow fields.

Project Title:

Reaction Mechanics and Kinetic Rates for Soot Formation

01.01-9030A
NAS3-25839
Reaction Mechanics and Kinetic Rates for Soot
	Formation
Physical Sciences, Inc.
	20 New England Business Center
	Andover, MA 01810
		W. Terry Rawlins
(508-689-0003)

Abstract:

	The design of advanced gas turbine engines needs predictive models of soot formation
and radiation in the high-pressure combustion of future, practical hydrocarbon fuels.
The development of such models requires a fundamental data base, in the appropriate
pressure regimes for elucidating the mechanisms governing polycyclic molecular growth,
oxidative inhibition of sooting, and soot-particle nucleation and growth. Advanced
optical shock tube techniques will be used to provide a data base against which to
test modeling concepts.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This work would support design of advanced gas
turbine and diesel engines for use in both the public and private sectors.

Project Title:

Evaluation of PS200 Coating as a Thermal Barrier in an Air-Cooled Rotary Engine

01.02-5086
NAS3-25873
Evaluation of PS200 Coating as a Thermal
	Barrier in an Air-Cooled Rotary Engine
Moller International, Inc.
	1222 Research Park Drive
	Davis, CA 95616
		Mike Griffith
(916-756-5086)

Abstract:

	Thermal-barrier coating applied to housings of rotary engines reduce engine heat
rejection, improve thermal efficiency and reduce cooling requirements. However, recent
tests indicate that a thermal-barrier coating on the side housing of an air-cooled
rotary engine results in surface temperatures beyond the capability of conventional
hydrocarbon lubricants. This project will investigate the application of the PS200
coating over the thermal-barrier coating in order to provide high-temperature lubricity.
The PS200 plasma-applied coating, developed at the NASA Lewis Research Center as
an unlubricated wear coating for Stirling engines, consists of chromium carbide with
silver and a fluoride eutectic for high temperature lubricity. Applied over a thermal
barrier coating, it may permit engine operation without external lubrication. The
coating evaluation on a side housing could lead to the insulation of the entire combustion
chamber of the rotary engine by coating the rotor housing with the same thermal-barrier
and PS200 coating combination.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This technology could be applicable to any low-heat-
rejection engine (piston or rotary, liquid or air-cooled) including the stratified-charge,
multi-fuel rotary engine in development for several military and commercial applications.

Project Title:

Rapid-Mix Concepts for Low-Emission Combustors in Gas Turbine Engines

01.02-6576
NAS3-25834
Rapid-Mix Concepts for Low-Emission
	Combustors in Gas Turbine Engines
CFD Research Corporation
	3325-D Triana Boulevard
	Huntsville, AL 35805
		Clifford E. Smith
(205-536-6576)

Abstract:

	Innovative rapid-mix concepts will be studied for rich-burn, quick-quench, and lean-burn
(RQL) gas turbine combustors applicable to future high-speed aircraft. Conventional
quick quench sections for circular flame tube configurations have employed radial
in-flow holes or slots, and little mixing optimization has been performed. Two concepts
are proposed for improved mixing: asymmetric jet penetration (AJP) and a lobe mixer
(LM). In Phase I, the AJP concept will be studied. Two schemes of the AJP concept
will be analyzed: a counter-vortex scheme and a co-vortex scheme. These schemes produce
multiple vortex patterns which are substantially different from the conventional
concepts and have the potential of enhancing overall mixing. Three-dimensional computational
fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques will be employed to analyze and compare the proposed
AJP schemes with a conventional rapid-mix concept. In Phase II, the same CFD methods
would be employed to screen the LM concept. The most promising AJP or LM concept
would be selected, optimized, and experimentally tested to show its potential of
minimizing NOx formation.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The final optimized and tested RQL combustor design
can be patented and commercialized to gas turbine engine manufacturers.

Project Title:

Influence of Tooth-Profile Modification on the Lubrication of Involute Gearing

01.02-9888
NAS3-25955
Influence of Tooth-Profile Modification on the
	Lubrication of Involute Gearing
Management Project Marketing Consultants
	5902 East Hadrians Court
	Anaheim, CA 92807-3919
		Lotfi E. El-Bayoumy
(714-637-8910)

Abstract:

	A transient thermal analysis approach will be utilized in evaluating the effect
of profile modification on the bulk temperature of involute gears. Linear, parabolic,
and circular-arc modifications will be considered. A finite-element generation program,
designed for use in gear cooling analysis, will be modified to incorporate profile
modification capability. A recently developed,thermal model will be used in assessing
the impact of these profile modifications. An optimization process is planned to
develop design charts in terms of amplitude and normalized length of the modified
portion so as to minimize the temperature rise over the gear tooth. The results of
this project should be of significant value in designing high speed gearing where
scoring is a primary mode of failure.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Commercial applications would be in improved gear
manufacturing methodology, improvement of the gear scoring index, and enhanced gear
transmission reliability

Project Title:

High-Temperature, Hostile-Environment Instruments Manufactured by CVD

01.03-4888
NAS3-25826
High-Temperature, Hostile-Environment
	Instruments Manufactured by CVD
Delta G Corporation
	9960-A Glenoaks Boulevard
	Sun Valley, CA 91352
		Robert A. Holzl
(818-767-4888)

Abstract:

	This project takes advantage of the develop-ment, made in the mid-1960s for the
US Atomic Energy Commission, of a temperature-measuring device for the nuclear rocket
reactor. It was successfully tested at temperatures over 2200C. This project will
reproduce the device with modifications to make it useful in a high-temperature oxidizing
and erosive environment. The design includes a tungsten and tungsten 25-rhenium,
co-axial thermocouple made entirely by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process.
The miniaturization made possible by the use of CVD allows for minimal intrusion
of the probe into a working fluid. The high-temperature strength suggests good longevity
for the device. A working model will be constructed and tested at 1900C in air. Other
possible uses for CVD processing for instrument devices for hostile environments
will also be studied.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Commercial applications include gas temperature
measurements in gas turbine engines, rocket nozzles, and natural gas furnaces.

Project Title:

Laser-Induced Fluorescence Measurements of Velocity in Supersonic Reacting Flowfields

01.03-9030
NAS3-25840
Laser-Induced Fluorescence Measurements of
	Velocity in Supersonic Reacting Flowfields
Physical Sciences, Inc.
	20 New England Business Center
	Andover, MA 01810
		Mark G. Allen
(508-689-0003)

Abstract:

	This project's approach to non-intrusive velocity measurements in reacting flow
fields is based on the Doppler-shifted fluorescence of the OH radical. It addresses
a critical need in the area of non-intrusive combustion diagnostic measurements and
finds particular application in the design of supersonic ramjet propulsion systems.
The innovation is based on the Doppler-shift of a moving ensemble of molecules relative
to a stationary ensemble. By recording the relative fluorescence profiles of stationary
and moving groups of molecules, the mean velocity component aligned with the laser
beam may be determined. In reacting flows, the radical OH will be distributed over
a large portion of the flow field and is proposed as the fluorescence tracer species.
In flows without chemical reactions, possible tracers include NO seeded into the
flow or O2. This approach circumvents inherent limitations in laser Doppler anemometry
and hot-wire techniques. Preliminary signal estimates with OH show good sensitivity
for velocities as low as 3 X 104 cm/s.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The proposed technique will find extensive application
throughout the aerospace industry and other industries developing air-breathing propulsion
systems.

Project Title:

Non-Intrusive, Single-Point Pressure and Temperature Sensor for Aeronautical

01.03-9654A
NAS3-25828
Non-Intrusive, Single-Point Pressure and
	Temperature Sensor for Aeronautical
	Propulsion Applications
Teknowlogica, Inc.
	P.O. Box 145
	Princeton Junction, NJ 08550
		Robert W. McCullough
(609-799-9654)

Abstract:

	A non-intrusive instrument to measure pressure and temperature at a point in flows
containing oxygen is being investigated. It would use an ultraviolet source to induce
fluorescence in oxygen. The intensity and spectral content of the fluorescent signal
in combination with the Rayleigh signal would be used to infer pressure and temperature
at a point in the flow field. The concept differs from laser-induced fluorescence
(LIF) in the use of a low-cost pump source and the examination of broad spectral
regions. Phase I research uses existing spectral models to explore design concepts,
to perform simple lab experiments using available equipment to validate models, and
to develop a preliminary conceptual design of a prototype instrument. Phase II efforts
would consist of detailed design, fabrication, and testing of the prototype instrument.
Due to the physical mechanism involved, it is expected to be applicable for pressures
ranging from 0.1 atm to 10 atm and temperatures from 200K to 1500K. This range of
operation would make it valuable for supporting the development of aeronautical propulsion
systems.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Remote measurement of temperature and pressure
fields inside wind tunnels and propulsion systems would be the primary application.

Project Title:

High-Efficiency Flow Induction

01.04-2685
NAS3-25941
High-Efficiency Flow Induction
Foa Engineering
	11319 Commonwealth Drive, #101
	North Bethesda, MD 20852
		Joseph V. Foa
(301-467-3926)

Abstract:

	This project investigates a method for improving the energy transfer efficiency
of "direct-flow induction" processes through enhancement of the single nondissipative
component that is the work of interface pressure forces. This is achieved by imparting
a transverse motion to paddle-like jets of the energizing fluid without, however,
imparting the same motion to the fluid particles that make up the jets themselves
and, hence, at no energy cost except for frictional losses. The transfer of momentum
and energy from these "fluid paddles" to the flow to be induced will take place in
good part through the work of the pressure forces that the two flows exert on one
another at their moving interfaces. Use of this mechanism can be expected to lead
to the development of improved jet pumps and thrust- or lift-augmenting ejectors.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications would occur in thrust or lift augmenters
for airliners and general aviation, improved water jet thrusters for marine propulsion,
improved ejector pumps, and fuel injectors for scramjets.

Project Title:

Two-Equation Turbulence Modeling of Hypersonic Transitional Flows with the UPS

02.01-1427
NAS2-13176
Two-Equation Turbulence Modeling of
	Hypersonic Transitional Flows with the UPS
	Code
Applied and Theoretical Mechanics, Inc.
	4501 Sequoyah Road
	Oakland, CA 94605
		Joelle M. Champney
(415-635-1427)

Abstract:

	The project seeks to improve the ability of turbulence models to solve transition
and turbulence phenomena in the hypersonic regime. The state-of-the-art UPS computer
code, developed at NASA Ames Research Center, will be the basic numerical tool. Two-equation
turbulence models, upgraded by a transition model, will be incorporated into the
UPS code in a "loosely" coupled manner. The transition model, based upon the production
term modification (PTM) developed by Schmidt and Patankar for low speed flows, will
be extended to hypersonic flows. The transition model will determine onset and end
of transition; no such hypersonic transitional model exists at the present time.
The PTM technique includes two constants that will be adjusted using empirical correlations
for onset and end of transition for hypersonic flows over cones. The model will be
tested by predicting transition processes and comparing them with transition experiments
for hypersonic flows over cones at Mach numbers of 6 and 8.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This work will provide a numerical tool to predict
the important transitional processes on hypersonic aircraft and will improve the
numerical design process presently used by industry.

Project Title:

Coupling Grid Adaption to an Implicit Navier-Stokes Solution Procedure

02.01-3304
NAS8-38471
Coupling Grid Adaption to an Implicit Navier-Stokes Solution Procedure
Amtec Engineering, Inc.
	3055 112th Avenue NE #208
	Bellevue, WA 98004
		Scott T. Imlay
(206-827-3304)

Abstract:

	A grid-adaption procedure will be investigated for a recently developed class of
Navier-Stokes solvers which use relaxation rather than approximate factorization
to solve the linear system of equations. The objective is the implicit coupling of
an existing two-dimensional Navier-Stokes code and an existing two-dimensional grid-adaption
code. The grid-adaption code uses a spring and damper analogy and a novel non-linear
spring to avoid   grid-depletion problems. During the Phase I, the grid-adaption
procedure will be refined to control grid orthogonality and improve convergence,
and methods of implicitly coupling grid-adaption to the Navier-Stokes solver will
be investigated. The combined adaptive-grid, Navier-Stokes solution procedure will
then be tested on representative supersonic and transonic flow problems.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Commercial and federal government applications
may occur in the analysis of viscous flow fields for a wide range of flight vehicles
and components.

Project Title:

Advanced Modeling of Combustion Systems

02.01-3800
NAS1-19024
Advanced Modeling of Combustion Systems
creare.x Inc.
	Box A-219
	Hanover, NH 03755
		Jayathi Y. Murthy
(603-643-2600)

Abstract:

	The accurate prediction of flow, species concentration, and temperature is essential
to the characterization and design optimization of combustors. To this end, it is
essential to include the effects of non-gray radiation and finite-rate chemical kinetics
in combustion modelling. This project addresses novel and highly parallel techniques
for this purpose. The discrete transfer model is used for non-gray radiation. For
stiff kinetics, a point-wise solution technique using stiff solvers for ordinary
differential equations is utilized. The Phase I effort will evaluate these techniques
within the framework of our commercial code FLUENT; verification problems from the
literature will serve to establish the correctness of results obtained. Phase II
would extend the implementation to non-orthogonal grids in our code FLUENT/BFC. At
culmination, this work would provide a comprehensive tool for the modelling of turbulent,
reacting subsonic flow and heat transfer in complex combustor geometries.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Enhanced capabilities for our current code, FLUENT,
which is presently being applied by industrial clients to model combustion applications,
will find reception in the gas turbine and the chemical vapor deposition communities.

Project Title:

Wind Tunnel Noise Reduction

02.02-0559
NAS1-19031
Wind Tunnel Noise Reduction
Atlantic Applied Research Corp.
	4 A Street
	Burlington, MA 01803
		John F. Wilby
(617-273-2400)

Abstract:

	Sound and turbulence generated by the interaction between the flow and structures
in wind tunnels adds to the fan noise and establishes the lower limit of background
noise. It interferes with the measurement of acoustic radiation from test articles
and the performance of transition experiments. Rather than attenuating sound after
it has been generated, this project addresses the reduction of flow-structure noise
at the source by modification of structures such as turning vanes, struts, and nozzle
lips. The concept involves the use of porous, perforated, or serrated edges to provide
a gradual hydrodynamic and acoustic transition at the edge so that the flow experiences
a gradual change of boundary conditions from a solid body to free air rather than
a discontinuous change at a leading or trailing edge. Experiments on three types
of trailing edges will be performed in the firm's quiet wind tunnel to validate the
analytical relations and to establish scaling relations. Results will be applicable
to the retrofit of existing facilities and to the design of new acoustic research
tunnels.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Results will have application to many government,
aerospace, and automobile industry wind tunnels. Quiet wind tunnels are planned in
all these areas.

Project Title:

Transition to Turbulence in Complex Aerodynamic Flows

02.03-5750
NAS1-19017
Transition to Turbulence in Complex
	Aerodynamic Flows
Nektonics, Inc.
	875 Main Street
	Cambridge, MA 02139
		Edward T. Bullister
(617-868-0101)

Abstract:

	The goal is of this project is to develop a user-friendly CFD tool based on the
spectral-element, general geometry computer code, NEKTON, to compute the transition
to turbulence in complex geometry flows. The spectral-element, flow solvers in NEKTON
offer the advantage of accuracy, efficiency, and robustness in comparison with other
numerical methods. This code will be enhanced through the introduction of a renormalization-
group-based subgrid model to allow the code to calculate from laminar flow to developed
turbulence. Phase I will study prototypical, complex geometry flows, will explore
the supercritical versus subcritical character of shear-flow transition in complex
geometry, and will test the RNG sub-grid model. Phase II would extend NEKTON into
a general-purpose, transition-simulation tool for engineering through improved meshing
schemes, improved subgrid models, and general purpose interfaces to workstations.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The enhanced NEKTON transition analyzer should
reduce design costs and improve design reliability for airframe manufacturers, process
and manufacturing industries, and users of any industrial process in which flow stability
is important.

Project Title:

Calculation of Surface Pressure Fluctuations Based on Time-Averaged, Turbulent Flow

02.03-9391
NAS8-38466
Calculation of Surface Pressure Fluctuations
	Based on Time-Averaged, Turbulent Flow
	Computations
Engineering Analysis, Inc.
	715 Arcadia Circle
	Huntsville, AL 35801-5909
		Frank B. Tatom
(205-533-9391)

Abstract:

	The structural dynamic analysis of a space vehicle during atmospheric flight requires
knowledge of the mean and fluctuating pressure distribution over the surface of the
vehicle. Computational fluid dynamic techniques can readily calculate the mean pressure
component but not the fluctuating component. Experience with the turbulence analysis
(TURBAN) software model will be applied to develop an accurate and efficient method
to predict the intensity of surface-pressure fluctuations based on the properties
of the mean flow field as computed by standard CFD procedures. Specific objectives
for Phase I are: to establish the basic governing equation for the covariance of
pressure fluctuations; to determine the most practical numerical procedure; to develop
computational algorithms; to select candidate two-dimensional incompressible flow
problems which have CFD solutions; and to predict distribution of surface pressure
fluctuations. During Phase II, the technique would be expanded to apply, first, to
three-dimensional incompressible flow and, then, to two-dimensional and three-dimensional
compressible flow. In its final stage of development, the concept would take the
form of a CFD post-processor which could be used in conjunction with a variety of
CFD software programs.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Commercial applications would be through the sale
of the software as a post-processor to companies developing and utilizing CFD software.

Project Title:

A Holographic Interferometer Spectrometer for Hypersonic Flow

02.04-0688A
NAS2-13171
A Holographic Interferometer Spectrometer for
	Hypersonic Flow
Metrolaser
	18006 Skypark Circle #108
	Irvine, CA 92714-6428
		James D. Trolinger
(714-553-0688)

Abstract:

	Holographic interferometry, widely used for diagnosis of flow fields, provides an
instantaneous, three-dimensional density distribution by observation of the fringe
variations of an interferogram. When optical path-length changes exceed one wavelength
of light, the flow field can be easily observed. When optical path-length changes
are much less than a wavelength of light, the problem is complicated since fringe
shifts are barely visible. A problem of current critical interest in aerodynamics
is the diagnosis of hypersonic flows involving low densities, short path-lengths,
and the mixing of flows. As a result, improved sensitivity and the ability to distinguish
constituents are needed. This project combines unique and innovative concepts with
state-of-the-art hardware to improve sensitivity and information content by orders
of magnitude over current systems. Specifically, the innovations include recording
the Fourier transform at resonance with tunable or multiple wavelength lasers and
reconstructing with a new phase shifting technique.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This system will have applications in industries
requiring flow diagnoses in hypersonic wind tunnels, combustion facilities, and other
types of test facilities.

Project Title:

Remote Measurement System for Arc-Jet Temperature and Density

02.04-1520
NAS2-13172
Remote Measurement System for Arc-Jet
	Temperature and Density
Deacon Research
	2440 Embarcadero Way #B
	Palo Alto, CA 94303
		Douglas Bamford
(415-493-6100)

Abstract:

	The properties of arc-jets used in laboratory simulation of the shock-created plasmas
experienced during atmospheric re-entry must be known in order to assess direct spacecraft
heating and hot-gas transport to the rear of the vehicle. We will investigate the
use of laser-induced fluorescence to obtain detailed information about arc-jet properties.
One advantages of this technique is direct measurement of the absolute number densities
and translational temperatures of oxygen and nitrogen atoms, which should improve
predictions of spacecraft heating by surface recombination. Another advantage is
direct measurement of vibrational and rotational temperatures for minor components
of the flow, which should serve as "thermometers" for the overall energy distribution
within the flow. The LIF technique is sensitive, is flexible enough to be used on
many different species, and can make multiple species measurements (or temperature
measurements on a single species) instantaneously. After choosing the optimum LIF
scheme, we will design a prototype, laser-based detection system. This system would
be constructed and calibrated in a Phase II effort and, eventually, installed and
operated on an appropriate NASA arc-jet facility.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The applications would be in the design of advanced
space vehicles and aircraft such as the National Aerospace Plane.

Project Title:

Transport Properties in Non-Equilibrium Air Mixtures

02.04-4007
NAS1-19018
Transport Properties in Non-Equilibrium Air
	Mixtures
Hansen Research Associates
	P.O. Box 30133
	Eugene, OR 97403
		C. Frederick Hansen
(503-344-4007)

Abstract:

	The first purpose of this project are to determine how closely simple, weighted,
cross sections can match the collision integrals of the Chapman-Cowling formulation
as a function of temperature. The second is to demonstrate that simple formulae for
viscosity, thermal conductivity, and mass diffusion of gas mixtures approximate the
functional form of more exact models. The third purpose is to find empirical adjustments
of the cross sections and/or constant coefficients in the mixture formulae which
will not only retain the proper functional form but will also quantitatively reproduce
more exact models. The goal is to provide a fast, efficient algorithm which can be
used in CFD programs with the most speed possible so that these programs can find
solutions to complex, non-equilibrium airflow conditions in reasonable computation
times. The methods developed will also provide a basis for quick calculation of transport
properties of gas mixtures other than air.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The methods developed would apply to all high
temperature gas systems such as combustors, turbines, internal combustion engines,
etc., whether for commercial or government applications.

Project Title:

High-Velocity Gas-Surface Accommodation

02.04-9030
NAS9-18326
High-Velocity Gas-Surface Accommodation
Physical Sciences, Inc.
	20 New England Business Center
	Andover, MA 01810
		George E. Caledonia
(508-689-0003)

Abstract:

	A knowledge of the velocity-dependent, gas-surface accommodation behavior of ambient
species impacting high- performance aerospace materials is critical for the proper
design of hypersonic vehicles which operate in rarefied atmospheres. To investigate
surface-energy and momentum accommodation of high-velocity gases on selected materials,
we will employ a unique beam source which can provide high fluxes of oxygen atoms
and mixtures of N and N2 at hypersonic velocities of interest, 4 to 12 kilometers
per second. The resulting data base would find direct application for performance
predictions for flight vehicles such as AFE and NASP.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: A unique test facility for the characterization
of the accommodation and surface-catalytic properties of high performance aerospace
materials could be used in hypersonic rarefied-flow applications in both terrestrial
and planetary atmospheres.

Project Title:

A Model for Shock Turbulence Interaction

02.04-9457
NAS1-19027
A Model for Shock Turbulence Interaction
Nielsen Engineering & Research, Inc.
	510 Clyde Avenue
	Mountain View, CA 94043-2287
		Robert E. Childs
(415-968-9457)

Abstract:

	One of the most important issues in developing computational fluid dynamics methods
for hypersonic flow is turbulence modeling. One of the unique aspects of hypersonic
flow is the substantial effect of the shock waves on turbulence. Previous work has
found that current turbulence models do not represent the interaction of the shock
motion with the turbulence and that this interaction is considerable. This project
is concerned with developing a turbulence model to account for this phenomenon.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This model will be useful to the aerospace industry
and will enhance the company's range of commercially available software.

Project Title:

Coupling of Unsteady Fluid Dynamics and Structures in Low-Density, High-Speed Flows

02.05-8581
NAS8-38456
Coupling of Unsteady Fluid Dynamics and
	Structures in Low-Density, High-Speed Flows
Remtech, Inc.
	3304 Westmill Drive
	Huntsville, AL 35805
		Sarat C. Praharaj
(205-536-8581)

Abstract:

	NASA has been reviewing lightweight, umbrella-type elastic aerobraking orbital transfer
vehicles to operate at the hypersonic Mach numbers in the low-density region of the
atmosphere. The payloads which are mounted in the wake region of the aerobrake will
be subject to time-varying aerodynamic loads due to impingement of the non-steady
shear layer separating from the aerobrake. Cyclic variations in the aerodynamics
and aeroheating of the aerobrake and shear layer impingement on the payload may cause
structural failure. A computational technique is required to couple a compressible,
time-accurate CFD code with a structural analysis code to simulate fluids-structures
interactions. Some investigations have been made for fluids-structures coupling in
transonic flow, but almost no significant developments exist for the low-density,
hypersonic flow regime. This project will conduct a literature survey of compressible
time-dependent flow, choose a suitable structural response code, and develop a coupling
procedure including a moving grid algorithm and time-step calculation procedure.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This code will be applicable to any high-altitude
ascent or reentry vehicle.

Project Title:

Aerodynamic Control of the F/A-18 Using Forebody Vortex Blowing

02.06-8228A
NAS2-13155
Aerodynamic Control of the F/A-18 Using
	Forebody Vortex Blowing
Eidetics International, Inc.
	3415 Lomita Boulevard
	Torrance, CA 90505
		Gerald N. Malcolm
(213-326-8228)

Abstract:

	Improved agility and maneuverability for future fighter aircraft by use of aerodynamic
control at high angles-of-attack has been demonstrated through forebody vortex manipulation.
This project applies the generic technology to a forebody blowing scheme that could
be flight tested by the NASA F-18 HARV. The Phase I effort will determine the most
effective placement and orientation of blowing nozzles or slots on an F-18 model
to create the largest effect on the forebody vortex structure with the minimum blowing
rate. Water tunnel flow experiments in the firm's 24x36-inch water tunnel will be
used in visualizing the vortex structure with various blowing schemes over an angle-of-attack
range to at least 60. Results will guide planning for wind tunnel force and moment
tests of sub-scale models in Phase II and for possible tests of a full-scale F-18
in the NASA Ames 40x80x120-foot wind tunnel. Successful development of a forebody
blowing system in Phase II could lead to full-scale flight tests on the F-18 HARV.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Forebody vortex control could become a viable
option for the design of aerodynamic control systems of future aerospace vehicles.

Project Title:

Soft Hub for Bearingless Rotors

02.07-3017A
NAS2-13157
Soft Hub for Bearingless Rotors
Advanced Technologies, Inc.
	812 Middle Ground Blvd
	Newport News, VA 23606
		Peter G. Dixon
(804-873-3017)

Abstract:

	The rotary wing industry has striven to develop a bearingless main rotor (BMR) having
no mechanical bearings. All true BMR systems are limited by the strength in static-fatigue
loads versus flapwise flexibility, resulting in limited G-maneuvers from a highly
responsive rotor system. Our soft-hub rotor concept allows tilting of the rotor by
a disc moving the virtual hinge inboard, eliminating this undesirable limitation.
It provides the simplicity of a true bearingless main rotor system with flapping
angles up to plus-or-minus 15 degrees and allows the BMR to be used on all rotorcraft
configurations, even tandem rotors. The objective is to develop a feasible soft-hub
design based on the use of existing composite materials. Various levels of "soft
hub" stiffness will be analyzed to obtain a match of mission and rotorcraft response
requirements. The    soft-hub rotor concept has universal applications for rotor
systems allowing co-planer BMR rotor configurations with 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 blades.
A Phase II proof-of-concept, scaled wind tunnel test would prove the soft hub capabilities
and generate a data base for full scale design.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The system would be of value to military and civilian
rotorcraft industries.

Project Title:

General Time-Domain Unsteady Aerodynamics of Rotors

02.07-3944
NAS2-13125
General Time-Domain Unsteady Aerodynamics
	of Rotors
Johnson Aeronautics
	P.O. Box 1253
	Palo Alto, CA 94302
		Wayne Johnson
(415-325-3944)

Abstract:

	A general theory for the time-domain unsteady aerodynamics of helicopter rotors
will be developed. The wake theory gives a linearized relation between the downwash
and the wing-bound circulation in terms of the impulse response obtained directly
in the time domain. This approach makes it possible to treat general wake configurations.
The impulse response can be related to the influence coefficients of a trim-wake
model, allowing direct use of sophisticated wake models developed for the trim-loading
problem. The development will encompass implementation of the wake theory and include
model order reduction and identification of a differential equation representation.
The result of this activity would be an approach for analyzing aeroelastic behavior
while retaining the important influence of the complicated wake configuration

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The resulting analysis would support research,
design, and evaluation of advanced rotorcraft configurations.

Project Title:

A High-Temperature, Directional, Spectral Emissivity Measurement System

02.08-0371
NAS1-19026
A High-Temperature, Directional, Spectral
	Emissivity Measurement System
Information & Control Systems, Inc.
	28 Research Drive
	Hampton, VA 23666
		Nesim Halyo
(804-865-0371)

Abstract:

	In addressing the need for wind tunnel instrumentation to measure temperature and
heat flux in the range 1500C to 3000C, this project is developing a new, high-temperature,
directional, spectral emissivity-measurement system based on a special integrating-sphere
configuration. With known directional, spectral emissivity, the temperature is directly
obtained from the emitted flux. Current systems determine emissivity only in the
normal direction by measuring the emitted flux, which is highly sensitive to temperature
uncertainties. The proposed approach measures the reflected energy, which is insensitive
to sample temperature uncertainties. It can determine the emissivity in any direction
from normal to 80 degrees, in the wavelength region from 0.25 microns to 25 microns,
and from room temperature to 3000C with a theoretically established accuracy (to
be confirmed experimentally). The measurement procedure and theoretical accuracy
will be validated experimentally at temperatures reaching 3000C by testing the integrating
sphere configuration with other essential equipment in an experimental measurement
system. In Phase I, feasibility will be demonstrated at room temperature; Phase II
would be directed toward a demonstration at high temperatures.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications would be in hypersonic wind tunnels,
infrared
imaging, and thermal laboratory equipment for jet propulsion, nuclear reactor technology,
and solar energy.

Project Title:

Cross-Correlation, Optical Strain Sensor for Wind Tunnel Test Instrumentation

02.08-0655
NAS1-19022
Cross-Correlation, Optical Strain Sensor for
	Wind Tunnel Test Instrumentation
American Research Corp. of Virginia
	P.O. Box 3406
	Radford, VA 24143-3406
		Adel Sarrafzadeh
(703-731-0655)

Abstract:

	Wind tunnel testing requires instrumentation which is rugged, reliable, and accurate
and which provides test data quickly to the test operator. Measurements of static
and dynamic strains and proof testing on aerospace structural models are performed
in various types of wind tunnels. The typical strain sensors used in such applications
at very high temperatures have inherent limitations such as signal reproducibility
and incompatibility with the test surface. The laser speckle-based, cross-correlation
strain sensor addresses these problems by providing a flexible, noncontacting system
for evaluating the large static and dynamic strain fields on the surface of advanced
structural materials at temperatures of 1100C and higher. Phase I will identify high-temperature,
high-level strain measurement requirements; configure a rugged, interrogating optical
system; integrate solid-state imaging devices; assess test data; and design a proof-of-concept,
cross-correlation, optical strain sensor for development and extensive testing in
Phase II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Potential applications are in various types of
wind tunnels within the commercial aerospace manufacturing industries.

Project Title:

General Flow-Field Analysis Methods for Helicopter Rotor Aeroacoustics

02.09-9282
NAS1-19023
General Flow-Field Analysis Methods for
	Helicopter Rotor Aeroacoustics
Continuum Dynamics, Inc.
	P.O. Box 3073
	Princeton, NJ 08543
		Alan J. Bilanin
(609-734-9282)

Abstract:

	The importance of reducing the noise emitted by helicopter rotors has been widely
recognized for many years. Previous work in this field has led to the development
of an efficient and accurate Lagrangian simulation of the unsteady vorticity field
in the vicinity of the main rotor. It could serve as the foundation for a general
analysis of the noise generated by main-rotor-wake and tail-rotor interactions. This
simulation, a technology demonstration for a limited class of interactions, must
be considerably enhanced before it can become a generally applicable tool for the
prediction of rotor noise. The overall objective of this project is to demonstrate
techniques for generalizing the existing analysis so it can address broad classes
of rotor-wake and rotor interaction phenomena, particularly those that figure in
main rotor noise generation. These enhancements focus on the expansion of the reconstruction
program to handle arbitrary vortex wake intersections of three-dimensional regions
around or near main rotors, the development of new nearfield velocity corrections
for such interactions, and a preliminary study of methods for using the new high-resolution
flow-field analysis for acoustic predictions.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: A general predictive capability for noise due
to rotor-wake and rotor interactions would aid in the design of helicopters to meet
both civil and military noise specifications.

Project Title:

The Applications of Fractional Calculus to Noise Simulation

02.09-9391
NAS8-38452
The Applications of Fractional Calculus to Noise
	Simulation
Engineering Analysis, Inc.
	715 Arcadia Circle
	Huntsville, AL 35801-5909
		Frank B. Tatom
(205-533-9391)

Abstract:

	The realistic stochastic simulation of noise processes is important in a number
of areas. These include aircraft and helicopter noise, electro-optical sensor (1/f)
noise, atmospheric background noise for scanning systems, atmospheric turbulence
for flight training simulation, ocean background noise for sonar systems, and seismic
noise for the detection of underground explosions. Unfortunately, the most rigorous
stochastic models are often characterized by spectra with certain irrational properties.
Previously such spectra could only be approximated in the stochastic generation process.
By the application of fractional (non-integer) derivatives in the time domain, improved
difference equations may be obtained which will permit new noise generation techniques
that are more efficient, flexible, and rigorous than their predecessors. Such techniques
have the potential for simulating noise series with time-varying spectral properties.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Realistic simulations of stochastic noise processes
would be valuable design tools during product development and also useful aids for
training operating personnel. Such simulations may also lead to advanced techniques
for detecting target signals under low signal-to-noise conditions.

Project Title:

Computer Simulation and Design of Jet-Noise Suppressors

02.10-7070
NAS3-25829
Computer Simulation and Design of Jet-Noise
	Suppressors
Aerochem Research Laboratories, Inc.
	P.O. Box 12
	Princeton, NJ 08542
		Charles H. Berman
(609-921-7070)

Abstract:

	Computational, rather than experimental, methods are proposed to develop, design,
and test the noise suppressors that will be needed to quiet the jet turbulence noise
produced by the High Speed Civil Transport and other supersonic vehicles. The viability
of this approach is due to recent advances in turbulence theory and numerical methods.
These combine renormalization- group methods and spectral-element techniques so that
fully three-dimensional, time-dependent flows can be treated at high Reynolds number.
The Phase I program will focus on user-friendly procedures for specifying the coordinates
of the suppressor nozzles and the computational grid. The turbulent jet flows of
several complex, three-dimensional nozzles will be computed using time-averaged turbulent
transport methods. Fully time-dependent computations of turbulence and the near-
field sound will be performed for planar nozzles both with and without upstream excitation.
This approach will lead to more rational and systematic methods for the optimization
of jet-noise suppressors and allow simulation at conditions inaccessible to laboratory
test facilities.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The results of this project may be applicable
to problems involving turbulent mixing, including mixing of hot and cool gas streams
to reduce infrared signatures, fuel and oxidizers, and reactants in any chemical
synthesis system.

Project Title:

Eddy Current Repulsion De-Icing Strip

03.01-2403
NAS3-25836
Eddy Current Repulsion De-Icing Strip
Electroimpact, Inc.
	2721 N.E. Blakeley Street
	Seattle, WA 98105
		Peter Zieve
(206-525-2403)

Abstract:

	This project addresses an innovative and unique deicing system suitable for composite
leading edges of aircraft. Helicopter rotors, engine inlets, as well as many recently
designed aircraft are made of composite materials. The concept consists of a thin
spiral coil encapsulated in elastomer and bonded to the composite leading edge. A
thin metal strip is formed across the leading edge over the coil. A bank of capacitors
discharges through the coil, inducing eddy currents in the thin metal strip and creating
the impulse deicing force. The outer strip serves as a surface for the collection
and shedding of ice and does not require any structural properties. The eddy-current
repulsion deicing strip (EDS) concept has five advantages. Stress and fatigue effects
are limited to the replaceable, outer metal strip. It would be easy to retrofit since
there is no impact on aircraft design or structure. It provides a tough, erosion
resistant metal leading edge. There would little electromagnetic interference due
to the shielding effect of the metal. Ice does not adhere to metal as well as to
elastomer.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This product may aid in the certification of numerous
aircraft for use 
in known icing conditions.

Project Title:

An Improved Methodology to Assess Departure Susceptibility Versus Agility

03.03-8228A
NAS1-19009
An Improved Methodology to Assess Departure
	Susceptibility Versus Agility
Eidetics International, Inc.
	3415 Lomita Boulevard
	Torrance, CA 90505
		Joseph R. Chody
(213-326-8228)

Abstract:

	This project will investigate new and innovative criteria to evaluate the relationship
between departure susceptibility and agility of several modern fighter aircraft.
The criteria consider high-angle-of-attack stability requirements and the controllability
limits of agile combat maneuvers. One aspect of the effort will be an analytical
assessment of the F-18 HARV aircraft to be performed in parallel with the F-18 high-angle-of-attack
flight test program. The results of this project will be design methodologies which
quantify the trade-offs that must be considered in designing an aircraft having optimal
agility but with a high level of departure resistance.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The new design criteria will define minimum requirements
for stability and controllability for aircraft capable of agile, high-angle-of-attack
maneuvering.

Project Title:

Real-Time Adaptive Identification and Prediction of Flutter

03.05-5355
NAS2-13132
Real-Time Adaptive Identification and Prediction
	of Flutter
Scientific Systems, Inc.
	500 West Cummings Park Suite 3950
	Woburn, MA 01801
		Shahjahan Mahmood
(617-933-5355)

Abstract:

	The existing methods for the identification and predication of flutter damping characteristics
are not sufficiently accurate or fast enough for real-time wind tunnel or flight
testing. The objective of this project is to demonstrate that recent developments
in system identification and model structure determination can be developed into
reliable and automatic software on microprocessors for the identification, tracking,
and prediction of changing flutter characteristics. Demonstration of feasibility
includes modifying system-identification and structure-determination algorithms to
handle changing systems, applying simultaneous confidence bands for prediction of
flutter damping characteristics, testing the modified algorithms with flutter data,
and evaluating computational and storage requirements for microprocessor implementation.
The anticipated results are the demonstration of an algorithm suitable for microprocessor
implementation which reliably and automatically identifies, tracks, and predicts
the changing flutter dynamics.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Possible applications for the technology are in
chemical process control, control and identification of power plants, and adaptive
control in industrial manufacturing.

Project Title:

Flight Instrumentation for Simultaneous Detection of Flow Separation and Transition

03.05-7093
NAS2-13023
Flight Instrumentation for Simultaneous
	Detection of Flow Separation and Transition
Analytical Services & Materials, Inc.
	107 Research Drive
	Hampton, VA 23666
		Siva M. Mangalam
(804-865-7093)

Abstract:

	A portable data acquisition and instrumentation system (DAISy), developed by the
company for use in wind-tunnel tests, accurately identifies and demarcates regions
of flow separation and reattachment and the leading-edge stagnation point. Simultaneously,
it also determines laminar-to-turbulent transition and the spectral content of the
most amplified disturbances in the boundary layer. This project will apply this powerful
technique in a simple, portable, effective, real-time, in-flight, flow-diagnostic
tool. A sailplane will be used during Phase I of the project for the in-flight detection
of the surface boundary-layer characteristics. Multi-element, non-intrusive, hot-film
sensors will be installed on the wing. A light-weight, compact instrumentation package
consisting of a bank of constant temperature anemometers, signal conditioners, and
a microcomputer-based data acquisition system similar to DAISy will be used. The
instrumentation system and the associated software package will be designed as a
general purpose diagnostics tool for a variety of flight-test applications. High-speed
applications would occur during Phase II using a suitable aircraft.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The product would be an instrumentation system
for flight-test applications.

Project Title:

Low-Cost, Angle-of-Attack Sensor for Subsonic Aircraft

03.06-0533
NAS1-19006
Low-Cost, Angle-of-Attack Sensor for Subsonic
	Aircraft
Innovative Dynamics
	244 Langmuir Lab, Cornell Research Park
	Ithaca, NY 14850-1296
	Joseph J. Gerardi
(607-257-0533)

Abstract:

	The objective of this project is to develop a low-cost, smart, angle-of-attack and
angle-of-sideslip sensor (SAASS).  The design has a fixed-position sensing element
capable of measuring velocity heading and flow direction over a complete 360-degree
angle. This will produce a 3-axis velocity vector that will enable the determination
of angle-of-attack and angle-of-sideslip.  Use of a microprocessor in the SAASS will
allow digital compensation for airflow temperature and pressure to calculate absolute
velocity.  A prototype airflow sensor with an angular sensitivity of 1 degree will
be designed, fabricated, and tested during the Phase I effort. By combining a simple
mechanical design with low-cost CMOS-VLSI circuitry, a probe can be developed at
a cost of approximately $200 per unit.  The probe, software, and serial interface
will be delivered to NASA at Phase I completion for demonstration on a standard personal
computer.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:	A low-cost, low-drag, smart aircraft flow measurement
instrument would have enormous potential because a device that will determine true
airspeed is presently unavailable using conventional pitot-static instrumentation.

Project Title:

Laser-Speckle Interferometer for Surface- Acoustic-Displacement Measurements

03.06-0655
NAS2-13129
Laser-Speckle Interferometer for Surface-	Acoustic-Displacement Measurements
American Research Corp. of Virginia
	P.O. Box 3406
	Radford, VA 24143-3406
		Adel Sarrafzadeh
(703-731-0655)

Abstract:

	Techniques for real-time characterization of the properties of structures and propulsion
systems of advanced aeronautical and aerospace vehicles require accurate measurement
of dynamic properties. This project will develop a non-intrusive, rugged, optical
imaging method compatible with poorly reflecting surfaces of advanced propulsion
system components. This approach, based on guided-wave propagation phenomena, can
use the Lamb-wave technique, in which measurements of acoustic wave speeds can be
directly related to material stiffness properties. The project addresses the detection
problems associated with surface acoustical measurements employing optical technology.
Technical objectives include identification of elastic wave parameters and testing
requirements; evaluation of a rugged, multi-axis acoustic displacement sensor; integration
of acousto-optical ultrasonic detection subsystems; assessment of test data; and
design of a proof-of-concept system for development and testing in the Phase II program.
Successful completion of these objectives will result in instrumentation for monitoring
the performance characteristics of flight vehicles.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications include non-destructive evaluation
in industrial processes and dynamic measurements in aircraft testing.

Project Title:

Evaluation of PVDF Film as a Pressure Sensor

03.06-1223
NAS2-13024
Evaluation of PVDF Film as a Pressure Sensor
B&D Instruments and Avionics
	209 W. Main
	Valley Center, KS 67147
		Richard Kreeger
(316-755-1223)

Abstract:

	This project investigates the feasibility of developing a highly accurate, low-cost
polymer sensor utilizing the piezoelectric properties of PVDF combined with a diaphragm
and/or other force sensitive structure to produce a pressure sensor. The polymer
sensor will be easily adapted to commercial and general-aviation aircraft for sensors
utilized in smart angle-of-attack and angle-of-sideslip measurements.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications cross industry lines. Pressure measurements
must be made in most industrial processes.

Project Title:

Ceramic-Matrix-Composite for Hypersonic Engine Structures

03.07-8061
NAS1-19011
Ceramic-Matrix-Composite for Hypersonic
	Engine Structures
Refractory Composites, Inc.
	12220-A Rivera Road
	Whittier, CA 90606
		Edward L. Paquette
(213-698-8061)

Abstract:

	Advanced composites based on ceramic or carbon matrices are candidates for hot wall
structures of hypersonic engines. The advantages of these composites relative to
metals are reduced weight, reduced risks of hydrogen corrosion or embrittlement,
improved acoustic damping, and higher mean operating temperatures. The higher temperature
capability reduces the cooling load imposed on the hydrogen fuel and allows use of
warm hydrogen (1400-1600oF) for cooling ceramic-matrix-composite (CMC) structures
to (2200-2400oF). Initial development will be conducted on CMC panel structures with
integral coolant passages.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Cooled CMC wall structures could be applied in
heat transfer equipment of interest to energy conversion and chemical process industries.

Project Title:

An Advanced Heat Rejection System for an AVCD Engine in a High-Altitude Research

03.08-3226B
NAS2-13131
An Advanced Heat Rejection System for an
	AVCD Engine in a High-Altitude Research
	Platform
Dieseldyne Corporation
	3044 Middleboro Road
	Morrow, OH 45152
		Richard P. Johnston
(513-899-3226)

Abstract:

	This project will evaluate the requirements for heat rejection from the various
systems of an ultra-high-altitude, advanced variable-cycle diesel (AVCD) installed
in an airframe suitable for atmospheric sampling missions. A combination of convective
and radiation heat transport systems will be evaluated and then incorporated into
a diesel simulator code for performance evaluation. Configurations and ultimate performance
levels will be determined, and an assessment of the installation effects performed.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: These heat exchanger systems could be applicable
to the NASP or supersonic transport aircraft.

Project Title:

Fuel-Cell Propulsion System for a High-Altitude Research Platform

03.08-5694
NAS2-13158
Fuel-Cell Propulsion System for a High-Altitude
	Research Platform
Aurora Flight Sciences Corporation
	Box 11998
	Alexandria, VA 22312
		John S. Langford
(703-845-5694)

Abstract:

	A fuel-cell-based electric propulsion system for very high-altitude aircraft will
be investigated. This system would potentially be capable of reaching altitudes of
up to 40 km (131,000 ft) with a scientific payload in excess of 450 kg (1000 lbs).
It would be an attractive propulsion alternative for NASA'S proposed High Altitude
Research Platform or other very high altitude aircraft. Phase I will design a system
that uses either cryogenic oxygen or compressed air as the oxidizer for the fuel
cell. The seven tasks to be completed include:  fuel cell selection; evaluation of
turbocharging concepts; prediction of propeller performance; analysis of electric
propulsion drive trains; analysis of cooling requirements; preliminary design of
a baseline system; and formulation of results so as to support parametric studies
for aircraft sizing and optimization.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This project is applicable to high-altitude aircraft
needed to support global, climate research. The company has prospects for private
funding of full-scale development.

Project Title:

Very-High-Altitude Aircraft with Joined Wings

03.08-7121
NAS2-13156
Very-High-Altitude Aircraft with Joined Wings
ACA Industries, Inc.
	28603 Trailriders Drive
	Rancho Palos Verdes, CA 90274
		Julian Wolkovitch
(213-539-7121)

Abstract:

	This project investigates the application of joined wings to subsonic aircraft designed
to fly above 100,000 feet. Joined-wing airplanes employ two sets of wings rigidly
connected together to form a triangulated self-bracing structure. Structural analyses
and wind-tunnel tests have shown that, compared to cantilever wings, joined wings
are lighter, stiffer, and have higher span-efficiency factors, giving lower induced
drag. Aircraft flying above 100,000 feet must operate near the drag-divergence Mach
number while generating high lift coefficients. For such flight conditions, thin
supercritical airfoils are desirable. Cantilever wings employing such thin airfoils
tend to be heavy and/or excessively flexible. For joined wings, however, reducing
thickness-chord-ratio gives only small penalties in structural weight and rigidity.
The net effect is that the joined wing can increase the altitude and payload capabilities
of very high altitude aircraft. This project will delineate suitable joined-wing
configurations, and will select one configuration for detailed structural and aerodynamic
investigations.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The results would apply to very-high altitude
aircraft intended for atmospheric sampling or earth resources surveys and may also
yield improvements in range, speed, and payload of transport aircraft.

Project Title:

Methods and Tools for Assessing Limits of System Intelligence

03.09-1457B
NAS1-19021
Methods and Tools for Assessing Limits of
	System Intelligence
Search Technology, Inc.
	4725 Peachtree Corners Circle, Suite 20
	Norcross, GA 30092
		William B. Rouse
(404-441-1457)

Abstract:

Intelligent systems technology is envisioned as being an important component of future
aviation and space systems.  Expert systems for mission planning, flight control,
and flight management are primary examples.  While the ability to build intelligent
systems has been demonstrated, we do not understand their properties in ways that
we understand, for example, control systems.  Limitations of the physical and behavioral
models that underlie intelligent systems can lead to undesirable behaviors analogous
to oscillation and instability in traditional systems.  This project will develop
methods and tools for analyzing intelligent systems and predicting likely undesirable
behaviors.  The overall methodology will involve iterative use of analytical and
empirical methods to assess internal consistency and external validity, respectively.
 The eventual product will be computer-based tools for analyzing designs of intelligent
systems such as are likely to be part of future NASA systems, as well as a plethora
of commercial systems.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Computer-based tools for assessing intelligent
systems could be applied in aviation, space, manufacturing, power, and process industries.

Project Title:

A Knowledge-Based Simulation Design, Development, and Coding Environment

03.10-0753
NAS2-13130
A Knowledge-Based Simulation Design,
	Development, and Coding Environment
G & C Systems, Inc.
	30250 Rancho Viejo Road, Suite B
	San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675
		David M. Tartt
(714-248-7212)

Abstract:

	This project involves the development of a knowledge-based  environment for simulation
design, development and coding. This software development environment would provide
a common user interface, knowledge base, and data base for all computers used at
NASA-Dryden to develop and code simulations. The environment would encourage the
development of portable code. This would be accomplished by encouraging the user
to select routines and/or routine formats from a data base and by employing automated
code generation and code conversion programs. Coding practices which inhibit and
promote portability would be made readily available on the system documentation.
The environment would allow the user to build a simulation by responding to prompts
from the system. The user would be allowed to access code, subroutines, or complete
programs from other simulations as required. The innovation would significantly reduce
the cost of developing simulations and of rehosting them in other computers.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The product could apply throughout the aerospace
community which relies extensively on modeling and simulation for system design and
analysis. It could save time and money in developing and rehosting simulations and
exchanging them among contractors and government agencies.

Project Title:

A Coated, Titanium Diboride, Whisker-Toughened, Silicon Carbide Matrix Composite

04.01-1980A
NAS3-25630
A Coated, Titanium Diboride, Whisker-Toughened, Silicon Carbide Matrix
	Composite
Materials and Electrochemical Research
	7960 S Kolb Road
	Tucson, AZ 85706
		J. C. Withers
(602-574-1980)

Abstract:

	Silicon carbide is a very desirable structural ceramic, but state-of-the-art monoliths
lack toughness and reliability. Whisker toughening has not been effective due to
the disappearance of the SiC in the very high temperature consolidation process.
Titanium diboride particles have demonstrated stability in the SiC consolidation
process but do not have a major impact on increasing toughness and lack oxidation
stability above about 1200oC. This project will explore the use of TiB2 whiskers
that should substantially increase toughness and apply a Y2O3 coating to the TiB2
whiskers that should provide oxidation protection above 1400C. The target properties
are 8 MPam toughness and 800 MPa strength above 1400C. Rigorous and unique processing
will be utilized to avoid large particles or agglomerations to produce a theoretical
dense composite with flaw sizes less than the critical size.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Toughened, oxidation-stable, TiB2 whisker-reinforced
SiC will have applications in aerospace propulsion and power applications, components
for diesel and spark ignition engines, pump seals and parts, nozzles, wear plates,
armor, heat exchangers, etc.

Project Title:

High-Temperature, Film-Based Polybenzoxazole/Polymide Microcomposite

04.01-3200
NAS3-25871
High-Temperature, Film-Based
	Polybenzoxazole/Polymide Microcomposite
	for Turbine Engines
Foster-Miller, Inc.
	350 Second Avenue
	Waltham, MA 02154-1196
		Ted E. Kirchner
(617-890-3200)

Abstract:

	High-temperature composites must be used extensively on aircraft turbine engines
to meet high thrust-to-weight requirements on all classes of next-generation aircraft.
This project will develop a film-based composite of PBO (poly p-phenylene benzobisoxazole)
and PMR-II that will have the properties of high-performance carbon composites without
the cost and microcracking associated with discrete-fiber and matrix composites.
The approach is to introduce the PMR-II into the PBO through an interpenetrating
network (IPN) process that assures a homogeneous microcomposite which is impermeable
and is highly resistant to delamination. The PBO/PMR-II laminate will be tested at
room temperature and up to 650K to verify its high-temperature performance. In the
Phase II program, we will bring in a turbine manufacturer to identify a suitable
component to fabricate with PBO/PMR-II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Advanced aircraft turbine engine components could
be fabricated with high-temperature composites at considerable cost and weight savings.
This is also true with internal airframe structures for advanced supersonic aircraft
and hypersonic vehicles such as the National Aerospace Plane.

Project Title:

Soluble, Conducting-Polymer-Based Conductive Coatings

04.01-9049
NAS3-25889
Soluble, Conducting-Polymer-Based Conductive
	Coatings
Gumbs Associates, Inc.
	11 Harts Lane
	East Brunswick, NJ 08816
		Prasanna C. Sekhar
(201-257-9053)

Abstract:

	Recent unrelated work by the company has yielded a breakthrough in conducting polymer
technology. These polymers are processible and soluble with 6 percent or higher solubility
in organic solvents. They produce homogeneous, reproducible thin films with conductivities
as high as 1 S/cm. This project will seek to enhance conductivities of these polymers
and to synthesize new polymers based on trends identified in the prior work. The
work will also attempt to improve solubilizing, processing, and coating techniques.
The design of the targeted new polymers includes consideration of environmental stability
by exclusion of reactive constituents. Besides the advantages of weight, processibility,
their one-component nature and stability, the polymers will also have anticipated
superior conductivity compared to currently available composites.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications of light-weight, processible, and
stable conductive coatings include such uses as EMI shielding, IR emissivity and
radar signature reduction, odd-shaped electrodes, electrochromic displays, and ultrafast
electro-optic switches.

Project Title:

Probabilistic Structural Mechanics for Parallel Processing Computers

04.02-0018
NAS3-25824
Probabilistic Structural Mechanics for Parallel
	Processing Computers
Applied Research Associates, Inc.
	6404 Falls Of Neuse Road Suite 200
	Raleigh, NC 27615
		Robert H. Sues
(919-876-0018)

Abstract:

	This project will explore the use of parallel processing computers to solve problems
in probabilistic structural mechanics (PSM) that arise in the assessment of reliability
of complex aerospace structures. PSM problems, solved by Monte Carlo simulation,
are inherently parallel and are ideally suited for solution on parallel computers.
Relatively little research, however, has been conducted in probabilistic structural
mechanics to exploit the power of these machines. The objectives of the Phase I effort
will focus on the evaluation, in a parallel computer architecture, of probabilistic
Monte Carlo implementation strategies, including pipelining (vectorization), concurrency
(multitasking), synchronization, and variance reduction techniques. While much of
the research in PSM over the last two decades has focused on basic theory development,
the next decade of research in computational PSM may open up a whole new class of
finite-element and dynamics problems to probabilistic structural analysis.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The solution of probabilistic structural mechanics
problems on parallel processing computers will provide direct guidance for probabilistic,
reliability-based analysis and design of space, defense, and critical commercial
structures.

Project Title:

LaRC-TPI and Liquid-Crystal Polymer Blends

04.03-3200
NAS1-19025
LaRC-TPI and Liquid-Crystal Polymer Blends
Foster-Miller, Inc.
	350 Second Avenue
	Waltham, MA 02154-1196
		Richard W. Lusignea
(617-890-3200)

Abstract:

	Spacecraft structures, such as the precision, segmented reflector, truss tubes,
and solar cell array panels, require the development of low coefficient-of-thermal-expansion
(CTE) polymers with excellent processibility. A blend of novel liquid-crystal polymers
(LCPs) with NASA's high-performance thermoplastic polyimide, LARC-TPI is an approach
for developing material with properties that meet future requirements for spacecraft.
Such blends can reduce CTE by more than a factor of 10 and can increase modulus by
more than three times at volume ratios of 30 to 50 percent for the LCP. These materials
are much easier to process because viscosity is reduced by two orders of magnitude.
Such improvements will make LARC-TPI and LCP blends fully competitive with fiber-reinforced
composites but at lower cost. These high-temperature, high-stiffness, low-density,
near-zero CTE films and molded parts will make ideal materials for a variety of applications,
such as high-strength, high-stiffness, thin-walled space structures and precision,
segmented reflectors for solar collectors.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications may include antenna and reflector
structures, solar array panels, thermal insulation layers, self-deployable structures,
thermally stable interlayers for components used for direct surface mounting and
multilayer board construction, and high-temperature vacuum bagging films for composite
fabrication.

Project Title:

Multi-Angular Weaving for Composite Preforms

04.03-5325
NAS1-19002
Multi-Angular Weaving for Composite Preforms
Textile Technologies, Inc.
	2800 Turnpike Drive
	Hatboro, PA 19040
		Steve Walker
(215-443-5325)

Abstract:

	The need to reduce labor expenses for the production of advanced composite preforms
has been a major issue in the composite industry. The ability to weave angular yarns
integrally, with standard warp (0 degree) and filling (90 degree) yarns, would be
an asset. Currently, labor intensive off-axis hand lay-ups are used to produce multiangular
preforms. This project will develop a concept to produce composite preforms with
off-axis fibers. In addition, this concept will not crimp or impale fibers.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The development of this technology would reduce
cost and improve mechanical properties of composite preforms. Such technology would
advance the U.S. in the composite industry.

Project Title:

Methods for Producing Fine-Particle, Thermoplastic Polyimide Sulfone Powder

04.03-8072
NAS1-19013
Methods for Producing Fine-Particle,
	Thermoplastic Polyimide Sulfone Powder
High Technology Services, Inc.
	250 Jordan Road, Suite 210
	Troy, NY 12180
		Milton L. Evans
(518-283-8072)

Abstract:

	This project will design and develop innovative methods for producing powders of
polyimide sulfone polyamic acids as well as the polyimide sulfone. These materials
are becoming well known in the scientific and industrial communities for their array
of outstanding properties, including thermoplasticity. However, to exploit these
properties fully, the materials must be available in forms which allow diverse processing
options. One form which allows many options is the powder form. While several polyimides,
such as LARC-TPI powder, are available and being evaluated extensively, polyimide
sulfone powder with particle sizes of 10-20 microns is not available. Several major
aerospace companies and NASA materials organizations are keenly interested in evaluating
these powders in composite and adhesives applications. This project will develop
production techniques and supply developmental quantities to appropriate firms.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Polyimide sulfone thermoplastics are being evaluated
as matrix resins and adhesives for applications in aircraft and space vehicles. These
include fuselage and engine parts as well as adhesives for other polyimide composites.

Project Title:

CVD Chromium-Diboride Fibers for Metal-Matrix Composites

04.04-0236
NAS3-25886
CVD Chromium-Diboride Fibers for Metal-Matrix
	Composites
Ultramet
	12173 Montague Street
	Pacoima, CA 91331
		Andrew J. Sherman
(818-899-0236)

Abstract:

	Ever-increasing design and performance requirements escalate the demands on materials
for gas turbine applications. The operational capabilities of the superalloys have
increased dramatically in the last decade, but further increases can be achieved
only through the addition of second-phase reinforcements. Acceptable reinforcements,
however, are not yet available due to drawbacks such as high density, low thermal
expansion, and poor oxidation resistance. Chromium diboride (CrB2) has a CTE matching
that of superalloys, good oxidation and corrosion resistance, high modulus, reasonable
density, and potentially high strength suitable for superalloy reinforcement. In
this Phase I project, the company will demonstrate the feasibility of producing continuous,
high-strength CrB2 monofilaments by chemical vapor deposition on a suitable wire
substrate and evaluate its stability in contact with various superalloys through
the use of diffusion couples. Specific program goals include developing a fine-grained,
microcrystalline CrB2 monofilament with a strength in the 100-200 ksi range and evaluating
its thermal and mechanical properties.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: CrB2-reinforced superalloys will find use in various
jet propulsion components including combustion liners, afterburner liners, exit nozzles,
turbine shrouds, blades and vanes, among others.

Project Title:

Rapidly Solidified, Narrow, Titanium-Aluminide Strip

04.04-5444A
NAS3-25872
Rapidly Solidified, Narrow, Titanium-Aluminide
	Strip
Ribbon Technology Corporation
	P.O. Box 30758
	Gahanna, OH 43230
		Mark Farrell
(614-864-5444)

Abstract:

	NASA Lewis Research Center has developed an arc spray process which can fabricate
laminated titanium-aluminide composites using titanium-aluminide wire to form the
matrix. This is a significant materials advance in high-strength, high-temperature
properties with reduced weight. A major limitation to the application of this process
has been the brittleness of conventionally formed titanium-aluminide wire and its
high cost. The company will seek to direct-cast rapidly solidified titanium-aluminide
strip for use in place of wire to gain the following advantages: improved ductility,
longer lengths of strip, and improved process economics.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Aerospace applications for thin, advanced, intermetallic
strip will open up as manufacturability and cost efficiencies are demonstrated.

Project Title:

Microstructurally Toughened, Intermetallic Matrix Composites

04.04-8044
NAS3-25838
Microstructurally Toughened, Intermetallic Matrix
	Composites
Cordec Corporation
	8270-B Cinder Bed Road -- P.O. Box 188
	Lorton, VA 22079-0188
		Raymond J. Weimer
(703-550-8044)

Abstract:

	Hypersonic flight vehicles and engines depend upon development of new, high-temperature,
metal-matrix-composite (MMC) materials.  Fiber-reinforced, titanium-aluminide alloys
have great potential to meet the engineering requirements of such structures.  Considerable
effort has gone into developing these MMCs with large-diameter, silicon-carbide fibers
(5.6 mil monofilaments), and mechanical properties have been impressive.  However,
the toughness has been too low for damage-tolerant structural applications.  The
manufacture of MMCs by vapor deposition offers the prospect of producing polyphase
microcomposite precursors in the form of continuous monofilaments or thin monotapes.
 This would contain fiber in the desired volume fraction with diffusion barriers,
a titanium-aluminide matrix, and a ductile, high-temperature interphase for crack
arrest.  Phase I will establish the feasibility of such MMC monotapes; demonstrate
thin-gauge composite panels consolidated from such tapes; and develop preliminary
process, structure, and property relationships to establish their potential for structural
use at temperatures above 1000oC.  Phase II would demonstrate pilot scale production
of precursors and fabricability of complex structural shapes.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:	This material could be extremely attractive for
advanced commercial aircraft turbine engine components where weight savings of more
than 50 percent are possible compared to superalloy components.

Project Title:

Advanced Finite-Elements for Structural Analysis

04.05-7351
NAS3-25879
Advanced Finite-Elements for Structural
	Analysis
CSA Engineering, Inc.
	560 San Antonio Road, Suite 101
	Palo Alto, CA 94306-4682
		Warren C. Gibson
(415-494-7351)

Abstract:

	Many industrial firms in the United States, particularly the aerospace and automotive
industries, rely heavily on finite-element structural analysis. This project should
improve the returns on this investment by providing more accurate results and reduced
computing times. It is based on an approach called the integrated force method (IFM).
Like the standard force method, the IFM offers increased accuracy, especially in
stress calculations, but does not require selection of redundants. The present approach
uses a derivative of the IFM, called the dual-IFM. The dual formulation preserves
most of the benefits of the IFM within the context of a displacement-based, finite-element
computer program. This makes it possible to introduce new IFM elements into a code
like NASTRAN with minimal disruption, thus taking advantage of most of the existing
facilities of NASTRAN. Some preliminary results are available for simple plate bending
test problems. The discretization errors shown by the new elements are considerably
smaller than those produced by two established codes, ASKA and MSC/NASTRAN, by factors
of five or more.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This development has potential for commercial
applications in the strong market for finite-element software.

Project Title:

Digital, Optical Phase-Lock-Loop for Non- Destructive Evaluation

04.06-0318
NAS1-19032
Digital, Optical Phase-Lock-Loop for Non-	Destructive Evaluation
Systems & Processes Engineering Corp.
	1406 Smith Road, Suite A
	Austin, TX 78721
		Gary B. McMillian
(512-385-0318)

Abstract:

	The company has developed an innovative design for a digital, optical phase-lock-loop
(DOPLL) for measurement of strain, displacement, or vibration in non-destructive
evaluation applications. The technique offers a number of advantages over previous
analog phase-lock-loop designs. The digital system is capable of seeking multiple
lock-points under software control and successively refining the measurement precision
by seeking lock points at higher modulation frequencies. The digital system has a
broad operating bandwidth through use of a digital frequency synthesizer in place
of a bandwidth-limited voltage-controlled oscillator. The digital system is capable
of significantly faster operation, since the precise modulation frequency is known
at phase lock and no precision measurement is required to determine frequency. The
design is relatively insensitive to the path of the intensity-modulated light, and
a common DOPLL path length measurement system can be utilized with a number of sensor
types, each connected via fiber optics.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The DOPLL design can be utilized for non-destructive
evaluation and monitoring of aging aircraft structural integrity. The basic DOPLL
design also has applications in direction finding, beam steering, and communications.

Project Title:

Aircraft Health Monitoring System

04.06-0533
NAS1-19014
Aircraft Health Monitoring System
Innovative Dynamics
	244 Langmuir Lab, Cornell Research Park
	Ithaca, NY 14850-1296
		Gail A. Hickman
(607-257-0533)

Abstract:

	The company has developed a unique, thin-film sensor design that when integrated
with a structural member could detect fatigue cracks, corrosion, and ice accretion
as well as external pressure variations indicative of an impending wing stall.  These
sensors and signal processing software can be integrated into an advanced health
monitoring system (HMS) to extend significantly the life span of the aging, commercial
aircraft fleet.  Based on the concept of smart structures, the HMS is designed to
emulate the human nervous system.  An array of sensors ("nerves") located throughout
the aircraft structure will be connected by a common data bus or network to a signal
processing chip ("brain").  The HMS will continuously scan sensor arrays integral
with the aircraft skin.  By monitoring the structural vibration signatures induced
under normal aerodynamic loading, the HMS will determine structural abnormalities
through pattern recognition techniques.  When an abnormality is detected, the system
will identify it, log the time and location, and issue a warning.  This system has
the potential for lifetime monitoring of structural properties and providing real-time,
non-destructive evaluation in flight.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:	In addition to extending the life of commercial
aircraft, this technology may also find application in monitoring strain in large
structures, such as buildings, ships, storage tanks, dams, bridges, and in monitoring
earthquakes.

Project Title:

Portable Spectroreflectometer

04.08-6381
NAS8-38463
Portable Spectroreflectometer
AZ Technology, Inc.
	3322 Memorial Parkway, SW, Suite 93
	Huntsville, AL 35801
		Donald R. Wilkes
(205-880-7481)

Abstract:

	Future space missions place stringent requirements on materials used on space vehicles.
The spectral reflectance properties of materials are critically important for controlling
manufacturing processes and assessing effects of exposure to ground handling and
the space environment. Current instruments for measuring spectral reflectance are
high-resolution laboratory devices that apply to small samples. In many applications,
it is undesirable or impossible to remove a small sample for laboratory evaluation.
The objective of this project is to develop the conceptual and functional design
for a portable spectroreflectometer to measure spectral reflectance of extended surfaces.
This instrument will use a prism monochrometer and an integrating sphere to provide
total hemispherical reflectance measurements from 0.25 to 2.5 m. Configurations will
be developed for a hand-held unit for both ground and space use and for a remotely
operated unit suitable for use on orbit with a remote manipulator system. (Note:
 Phase I contract awarded to John M. Cockerham & Associates, Inc.)

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This instrument could be applied in optical and
thermal surface process control; in-process monitoring; receiving and pre-flight
inspection; on-site evaluation of surfaces; materials R&D; and paint and surface
treatment development.

Project Title:

Process Control for Melt-Overflow, Rapid Solidification Technology

04.09-5444
NAS1-19019
Process Control for Melt-Overflow, Rapid
	Solidification Technology
Ribbon Technology Corporation
	P.O. Box 30758
	Gahanna, OH 43230
		Thomas Lease
(614-864-5444)

Abstract:

	A promising new technique for directly casting rapidly solidified titanium alloy
ribbons for airframe honey-comb structures was developed by the company with NASA
support. The plasma-melt-overflow process combines transferred plasma-arc, skull-melting
techniques and melt-overflow, rapid-solidification technology to cast directly ribbons
and strip that are amenable to processing to foil gauges. In this project, the company
will control the as-cast strip's physical dimensions and increase the melt size through
four innovative techniques: redesign of the water-cooled, copper hearth used to contain
the liquid titanium; control of the hearth pouring rate; monitor and control the
hearth water-cooling system; and use metallic insulating mats between the titanium
skull and hearth as a barrier to heat transfer. If successful, these four techniques
will both increase the amount of liquid titanium that can be melted by the plasma-arc,
skull-melting process and improve the dimensional uniformity of the titanium alloy
ribbons cast by the melt-overflow, rapid-solidification process.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The ability to achieve direct-cast, thin metallic
strip or foils opens up a wide range of applications in the aerospace or commercial
industries which use advanced, light-alloy metallic structures.

Project Title:

A Mathematical Model To Investigate Undercutting and To Optimize Weld Quality

04.10-6576
NAS8-38447
A Mathematical Model To Investigate
	Undercutting and To Optimize Weld Quality
CFD Research Corporation
	3325-D Triana Boulevard
	Huntsville, AL 35805
		H. Q. Yang
(205-536-6576)

Abstract:

	This project is aimed at providing plausible explanations for the undercutting feature
of welds. A mathematical model will be developed to simulate weld pool motion. Particular
emphasis will be placed on the variation of surface tension with temperature and
local concentrations of oxygen and other impurities that may diffuse to the weld
pool surface through shield gas. The spatial variation of concentration, which is
expected to be quite significant, will be properly accounted for. Such variation
has the potential of causing secondary eddies in the weld pool and, hence, the undercutting
feature on the surface. In Phase I, the model will be developed by adapting an existing
CFD code, and a parametric study will be performed to establish the proof-of-the-concept.
In Phase II, the adapted code will be improved, validated, and documented for use
in NASA and the welding industry.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The mathematical model and computer code could
become an industry standard for optimization of weld conditions and parameters. Such
a capability is crucial for the success of automation of welding processes.

Project Title:

Macro- and Task-Level Programming of Arc Welding Robots for Aerospace Applications

04.10-7900
NAS8-38448
Macro- and Task-Level Programming of Arc
	Welding Robots for Aerospace Applications
Automatix, Inc.
	755 Middlesex Turnpike
	Billerica, MA 01821
		John E. Agapakis
(508-667-7900)

Abstract:

	The goal of the overall project is an innovative programming environment for the
next generation of advanced welding robot controllers. This environment will incorporate
macro-level programming, icons for user interfaces, graphical simulation, and, possibly,
elements of task-level programming, e.g. automatic path planning and weld sequence
optimization. Macro-level programming, aspects of which will be considered in Phase
I, refers to the generation of complex part programs from primitives which encapsulate
all the required motions and operations needed to weld generic classes of parts,
components, or joints. Such developments could significantly improve productivity
and consistency of teaching welding robot programs and impact the cost and reliability
of robotic welding in aerospace application. Phase I tasks include: a brief review
of related work, analysis of welding requirements for aerospace fabrication, preliminary
design of the advanced programming environment, and evaluation of macro-level programming
approaches. The feasibility of the proposed schemes will be examined, needs for future
research will be identified, and the Phase II effort will be planned.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Advanced welding robot controllers may benefit
commercial low-volume/small-batch robotic welding applications.

Project Title:

New Perfluoropolyether Elastomers for Low- and High-Temperatures

04.11-3812
NAS5-30809
New Perfluoropolyether Elastomers for Low- and
	High-Temperatures
Exfluor Research Corporation
	P.O. Box 7807
	Austin, TX 78713-7807
		Hajimu Kawa
(512-454-3812)

Abstract:

	The company has developed a technology to fluorinate high-molecular-weight hydrocarbon
polyethers. A wide variety of perfluoroalkylether elastomeric polymers exhibiting
excellent low-temperature flexibility have been prepared. Some of those perfluoropolyether
elastomers were found to have glass transition temperatures as low as -100oC. However,
none of those polymers has the good processability required in commercial applications.
Perfluorinated polymers have such low molecular interactions that they do not stick
together very well like most hydrocarbon and partially fluorinated polymers do. The
lack of reactive sites in those perfluoropolyether elastomers makes it impossible
chemically to cross-link the polymers. Efforts will be made to solve the above processability
problems by introducing some functionality into perfluoropolyether elastomers using
recently developed fluorination techniques. The physical properties of the polymers
will be studied by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Elastomeric polymers based on perfluoropolyether
structures that are capable of retaining their elasticity at low temperatures (-100C)
while exhibiting oxidative and thermal stability at high temperatures (400C) could
solve many materials problems and be fabricated into O-rings and other seals.

Project Title:

Improved Electro-Rheological Fluids for Lubricant Viscosity Control

04.11-5911
NAS5-30858
Improved Electro-Rheological Fluids for
	Lubricant Viscosity Control
Cape Cod Research, Inc.
	P.O. Box 600
	Buzzards Bay, MA 02532
		Francis Keohan
(508-759-5911)

Abstract:

	The company will produce novel, structured copolymer material that promises to advance
the state of electro-rheological (ER) fluid technology. The new system will provide
the electro-vicous response of conventional ER fluids without their temperature sensitivity
and physical instability. The new ER fluids will give controllable lubricant properties
over a broad temperature range, will have outstanding mechanical stability, and will
be non-corrosive to metal parts. This fundamentally different approach to controlling
rheological properties will represent a significant step in the commercialization
of ER lubricants.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The proposed ER fluid technology could have wide
applications in the lubrication and hydraulic processes of future spacecraft, aircraft,
automobiles, heavy machinery and robotic systems. The commercial potential for effective
ER fluids is evidenced by the high level of industrial R&D currently underway.

Project Title:

A Composite Material Flywheel for Energy Storage

04.11-7412
NAS5-30855
A Composite Material Flywheel for Energy
	Storage
FARE, Inc.
	4716 Pontiac Street, #304
	College Park, MD 20740
		Douglas M. Ries
(301-982-2093)

Abstract:

	An innovative composite-material flywheel design suited for the GSFC/UOM, magnetically
suspended, energy-storage flywheel rotor will be developed. The rotor is an interference-assembled
(i.e. prestressed) collection of composite-material, thin rings that, when assembled
together, collectively form a thick ring flywheel rotor. There are no spokes or stress
concentration geometries on this rotor, and, with proper design, the specific energy
densities of the rotor can approach their theoretical design limit. The rotor can
operate reliably with minimum containment. Rotor stresses will be computed, and performance
will be optimized. Fabrication methodologies and composite-material properties will
be investigated with the end objective of selecting the most suitable materials and
fabrication method to prepare and cure the composite rotor.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications of high-strength, fatigue-resistant
composites include flywheels for space energy storage and attitude control and ultra-high-strength,
high-reliability pressure vessels and missile casings.

Project Title:

Miniature, Thin-Film Deposition System

04.12-2332
NAS7-1079
Miniature, Thin-Film Deposition System
ISM Technologies, Inc.
	9965 Carroll Canyon Road
	San Diego, CA 92131
		James R. Treglio
(619-530-2332)

Abstract:

	NASA's CRAF probe will be using a scanning electron microscope for analysis of the
dust from comets. As the dust is not likely to be conducting, some means must be
found to apply thin films (20 nanometers) to the surfaces of micron-sized dust particles
without heating them excessively. The firm will adapt its patented MicroMEVVA, a
miniature metal-ion source, to produce a metal-ion plasma and directly deposit thin
films of conducting metals onto dust particles. The MicroMEVVA is particularly suited
to the space application because it requires no carrier gas, works with many stable
metals, does not require heating of the surface to be coated to achieve good adhesion,
and has no moving parts. In addition, it has already been tested in a three inch
size, so it is readily miniaturized for this mission. A wide variety of metals can
he deposited, including the noble metals such as platinum and rhodium.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: A small deposition source could be used for coating
complex surfaces that cannot be reached by conventional systems and as an ion source,
allowing ion implantation of complex shapes and interior surfaces as well. A large
array of small sources could serve to replace a single, larger source for treating
fibers and other objects.

Project Title:

New Fabrication Methods for Dimensionally Stable, Graphite-Magnesium Space Structures

04.13-8044
NAS9-18313
New Fabrication Methods for Dimensionally
	Stable, Graphite-Magnesium Space Structures
Cordec Corporation
	8270-B Cinder Bed Road -- P.O. Box 188
	Lorton, VA 22079-0188
		Raymond J. Weimer
(703-550-8044)

Abstract:

	In fabricating thin-gauge graphite in magnesium composites, the firm has produced
the first such material to have a zero coefficient of thermal expansion and no perceptible
dimensional hysteresis during cycling over the entire orbital temperature range of
-250oF to +250oF even after 100 cycles.  Coupled with density of less than 2 grams
per cubic centimeter, a tensile strength over 70 ksi, and a Young's modulus over
50 Msi, this thermal expansion behavior makes the material extremely attractive for
large, orbiting space structures.  This project seeks to develop techniques for fabricating
thin-gauge, net-shape components in complex geometries and facilitating joining into
such structures.  Phase I will establish feasibility of using a novel isostatic pressurization
system to mold such components;  Phase II would develop full-scale prototype components
for evaluation.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:	These new graphite-in-magnesium composites are
well-suited for many anticipated structural applications in space stations, antennas,
vehicles, and platforms.

Project Title:

Magnetostrictive, Active-Member Control of Space Structures

04.14-0540
NAS7-1091
Magnetostrictive, Active-Member Control of
	Space Structures
Satcon Technology Corporation
	12 Emily Street
	Cambridge, MA 02139-4507
		Bruce G. Johnson
(617-661-0540)

Abstract:

	Large space structures--characterized by low natural frequencies, lightly damped
structural modes, and stringent shape control requirements--pose unique and difficult
control problems. One promising approach uses active truss members that incorporate
sensors and actuators and allow both closed-loop control of the space structure shape
and suppression of unwanted structural vibrations. In the past, these active truss
members have incorporated piezoelectric or electrodynamic actuators. Recent developments
in magnetostrictive materials, however, offer the opportunity for increased strain,
increased power density, and decreased hysteresis compared to piezoelectric materials.
For example, maximum strains and power densities can be over an order of magnitude
higher than for piezoelectric materials. Innovations are needed, however, to integrate
these high-performance magnetostrictive materials into active truss members. This
effort will develop advanced active truss members based on magnetostrictive materials
including the associated sensors and controller.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Active structure control could be applied in vibration
absorption, vibration isolation, and noise control for inertial instrument test tables,
crystal growing, optical test benches, and vibration reduction in large mechanical
systems.

Project Title:

Direct Measurement of Bolt Tension Utilizing Magnetostriction

04.15-0540
NAS9-18331
Direct Measurement of Bolt Tension Utilizing
	Magnetostriction
Satcon Technology Corporation
	12 Emily Street
	Cambridge, MA 02139-4507
		James H. Goldie
(617-661-0540)

Abstract:

	A new method for measuring bolt tension directly exploits the relationship between
stress and magnetic flux density in magnetostrictive materials. A conventional washer
is either replaced or supplemented by a washer made from a magnetostrictive alloy.
A wrench modified to include a Hall-effect probe and a permanent magnet is utilized
to monitor the change in magnetic flux due to compression of the washer. This represents
an improvement over current techniques in that the compressive force on the washer
is a direct measure of the tension in the bolt. Consequently, calibration to account
for bolt parameters such as length, stressed length, diameter, velocity of sound,
tensile stiffness, and surface characteristics is not necessary. The objective of
Phase I is to determine the feasibility of this approach and to develop a optimal
configuration. The anticipated result is a bolt tension measurement technique which
is easy to use, accurate, and applicable to all joint configurations and bolt types
and that does not require bolt preparation or calibration on an individual basis.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The result would be applicable to all equipment
containing critical or remote bolt joints, such as aircraft and undersea vehicles.
In addition, there are important applications in automated assembly and robotics.

Project Title:

A Whisker-Reinforced, High-Temperature Structural Insulation

04.15-1980
NAS9-18318
A Whisker-Reinforced, High-Temperature
	Structural Insulation
Materials and Electrochemical Research
	7960 S Kolb Road
	Tucson, AZ 85706
		J. C. Withers
(602-574-1980)

Abstract:

	New, unique high-temperature ceramic matrix composites with low thermal conductivity,
high strength, and thermochemical stability to 5000oF are prerequisite to significant
advances in heat-shield technology. Available heat shields, including carbon phenolics
and the recently developed reusable surface insulation, have a temperature capability
limited to about 2500oF. Both of these heat shield insulators have extremely low
mechanical properties. Some ceramic oxides have thermochemical stability to temperatures
in the range of 5000F. Such compositions coupled with selected advanced whisker reinforcements
offer the potential for ceramic composites with ultra-high-temperature structural
and insulative properties that have not heretofore been achieved. Sol-gel technology
coupled with a plasma sintering technique produces a porous yet well-bonded composite
that has very low thermal conductivity with good structural strength. This project
will fabricate new and unique zirconia-matrix-based composites with whisker reinforcements
and evaluate thermal and mechanical properties for the development of a load-bearing
heat shield for use at 5000oF.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: A high-temperature structural insulation would
have commercial applications as thermal barrier coatings in gas turbine engines,
spark ignition and diesel engines, furnace insulation, etc.

Project Title:

Protective Coatings for Components Used in Space

04.15-5301
NAS9-18301
Protective Coatings for Components Used in
	Space
Advanced Diversified Technology, Inc.
	5965 Pacific Center Boulevard, Suite 715
	San Diego, CA 92121
	Charles Y. Lin
(619-455-5301)

Abstract:

	In low earth orbit, surface materials of the space transportation system and space
station are subjected to deleterious environmental factors.  This project investigates
two new inorganic oxide polymers (invented by the principal investigator) as protective
coverings for components used in space.  After application and curing, these polymers
form covalent bonds to metal and non-metal surfaces.  The final coatings are non-permeable
to corrosive gases; resist oxidation, erosion, and high-temperatures; and they are
relatively low in cost.  In Phase I, various substrate coupons commonly used for
components in the space industry will be coated with these polymers for preliminary
testings of the surface properties.  In Phase II work will further characterize these
coatings and various means of surface applications by simulated and real environmental
testing.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Economical, versatile, and high quality protective
coatings are needed in almost all industries with product lines ranging from common
household products to high-tech components.

Project Title:

Atomic-Layer CVD of Yttrium-Barium-Cuprate Over a Low-Dielectric Substrate

04.16-4995
NAS7-1094
Atomic-Layer CVD of Yttrium-Barium-Cuprate
	Over a Low-Dielectric Substrate
APA Optics, Inc.
	2950 N.E. 84th Lane
	Blaine, MN 55434
		M. Asif Khan
(612-784-4995)

Abstract:

	Atomic-layer chemical vapor deposition (CVD) will be used to apply high-Tc, YBaCuO
layers over a composite AlxGa1-xAs/AlxGa1-xN/sapphire substrate. The unique atomic
layer process is expected to reduce the epitaxy temperature well below that required
for conventional metallo-organic CVD and thus eliminate the need for a post-deposition
anneal. The substrate stack is also unique. It has a dielectric constant much lower
and thermal conductivity and mechanical strength much superior to GaAs. Utilizing
the firm's work on high-Tc superconductor deposition and single crystal, multilayer
AlxGa1-xAs/AlxGa1-xN depositions over sapphire substrates, the Phase I effort will
lead to a multilayer stack well suited for fabrication of high-frequency, low-loss
MMIC circuits with superconductor electrodes. The resulting films will be characterized
for their superconducting transition temperatures. Phase II will focus on the fabrication
of integrated MMIC devices.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This project could yield several high-performance
sensor and 
MMIC devices for applications in NASA and commercial communication systems.

Project Title:

In-Situ Thallium Films by Laser Ablation

04.16-7646A
NAS7-1090
In-Situ Thallium Films by Laser Ablation
Superconductor Technologies, Inc.
	460 Ward Drive, Suite F
	Santa Barbara, CA 93111-2310
		J. L. Nilsson
(805-683-7646)

Abstract:

	It is generally accepted that the best high-temperature superconducting films will
be epitaxially grown on single crystal substrates using vapor-phase deposition techniques.
The highest quality films of YBCuO have been produced using vapor-phase deposition,
but the best films in the thallium system have been produced via post-deposition
annealing. Preliminary experiments have demonstrated that it is possible to grow
at least one phase of the thallium family (1122) on a single crystal substrate that
is microwave compatible by laser ablation in the presence of active oxygen. This
project addresses two problems facing the successful growth of thallium films via
vapor deposition techniques. These films should have far superior properties to those
films produced by post deposition annealing. Innovative techniques to control both
oxygen activity and thallium volatility will be tested in Phase I to prove feasibility.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Single crystal films are expected to exhibit much
lower microwave loss and much lower surface resistance, making possible the commercialization
of these materials in microwave components and subsystems.

Project Title:

High-Field, High-Tc Superconducting Magnets

04.17-1167
NAS1-19012
High-Field, High-Tc Superconducting Magnets
Radiation Monitoring Devices, Inc.
	44 Hunt Street
	Watertown, MA 02172
		Michael R. Squillante
(617-926-1167)

Abstract:

	The discovery of superconductivity at high temperatures (90K) in copper-containing
ceramics has resulted in the rapid acceleration of research directed toward producing
and examining new compounds both to improve performance characteristics and to understand
better the phenomenon. Realization of the potential commercial benefits of this new
discovery depends as much on advances in production technology as on materials research.
Many applications for high-Tc superconductors, including magnets, need large-area
films and tapes. However, many of the processes for making superconductors are limited
to expensive, small-scale, laboratory techniques. This project will investigate the
use of a proven, low-cost process--chemical spray pyrolysis--to deposit large-area
superconductor films. This innovative technique is versatile and should allow for
rapid improvements in the electrical, magnetic, and mechanical properties. This project
demonstrate the feasibility of depositing large-area, high-quality films of Tl2Ca2Ba2Cu3O10
superconductors using spray pyrolysis. This technique will be studied with the specific
goal of developing a high-field superconducting electromagnet.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: A practical fabrication process for high-Tc superconductors
could enable usage for magnets, very-high-speed switching, microwave waveguides,
homopolar generators, EMI shielding, and hybrid superconductor/semiconductor devices.

Project Title:

Novel Process for Thin-Film Growth of Yttrium-Barium-Cuprate

04.17-2681
NAS3-25868
Novel Process for Thin-Film Growth of Yttrium-Barium-Cuprate
Advanced Technology Materials, Inc.
	520-B Danbury Road
	New Milford, CT 06776
		Peter S. Kirlin
(203-355-2681)

Abstract:

	Realization of the performance advantages of high-Tc, superconducting devices in
high-frequency communications depends on the development of a low-temperature deposition
process with exacting control of stoichiometry and morphology. Metallo-organic chemical
vapor deposition (MOCVD) can meet these needs; however, recent work by the company
shows that films of YBaCuO and BiSrCaCuO grown by MOCVD at temperatures less than
800oC are amorphous mixtures of oxides, with a cauliflower-like morphology indicative
of low-surface-mobility growth. Surface mobilities can be enhanced through the use
of a plasma. At 600oC, a 50 eV oxygen ion beam oxidized BaF2 to BaO which suggests
that plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) will effect growth of superconducting
thin films with the existing reagents at 600oC or below. Phase I will demonstrate
the growth of in-situ superconducting thin films with PECVD. Phase II will focus
on process optimization through the correlation of plasma properties with the high-temperature,
superconducting thin-film characteristics. This will allow a Phase III scale-up of
the PECVD process to multi-wafer production.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications are expected in the fabrication of
passive, high-frequency devices which have the potential to enhance the bandwidth
and range of NASA's next generation of deep-space and satellite communication systems.

Project Title:

Microwave-Compatible, High-Tc Superconducting Films on Sapphire Substrates

04.17-2694
NAS3-25869
Microwave-Compatible, High-Tc Superconducting
	Films on Sapphire Substrates
Neocera Associates, Inc.
	100 Jersey Avenue, Building D, Box D-12
	New Brunswick, NJ 08901
		Roger Edwards
(908-220-9149)

Abstract:

	Among the potential applications of the new high-temperature ceramic superconductors
are microwave devices for communications applications. Fabrication of such devices
will require well-controlled techniques for preparing thin films of the materials
on substrates having low microwave losses such as single-crystal alumina (sapphire).
The innovative feature of this project will be to form high-temperature superconductor
films on sapphire with a buffer layer interposed between the substrate and film to
alleviate interface problems such as chemical interactions and thermal expansion
mismatch. To promote well-ordered crystal growth of the superconductor layer, the
buffer layer must be deposited epitaxially on the substrate, and close crystal-lattice
matching between the buffer material and substrate are required. Several materials--including
ZrO2, LaGaO3 and LaAlO3--will be investigated for their suitability as buffer layers,
and double-layer buffers will also be considered as a means of satisfying the different
requirements. The effort emphasizes the use of a single technique, pulsed laser deposition,
for forming both the buffer layers and the superconductor films.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Microwave device applications which could benefit
from the availability of high-Tc films on sapphire substrates include passive components
such as resonators, filters, and striplines and active detectors and mixers based
on Josephson tunneling phenomena.

Project Title:

Ultra-Rapid, Textured Growth of Yttrium-Barium-Cuprate Filaments for Composite HTSC

04.17-3422A
NAS3-25876
Ultra-Rapid, Textured Growth of Yttrium-Barium-Cuprate Filaments for Composite HTSC
Wire
CPS Superconductor Corp.
	155 Fortune Boulevard
	Milford, MA 01757
		John W. Halloran
(508-634-3422)

Abstract:

	A process will be developed for manufacturing continuous, multi-filamentary HTSC
wire with high critical current using an innovative, ultra-rapid, textured-growth
process. This process is based on experiments showing locally oriented growth of
Y-123 by metastable congruent melting and solidification during two-second rapid
anneals. This method will be developed for processing continuous Y-123 fibers for
multi-filamentary composite wire.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications for multi-filamentary HTSC wire could
be in magnets, motors, bearings, and power transmission.

Project Title:

Increasing Critical Current Densities in High-Tc Superconductors

04.17-5634
NAS8-38464
Increasing Critical Current Densities in High-Tc
	Superconductors
Castle Technology Corp.
	262 West Cummings Park
	Woburn, MA 01801
		J. Paul Pemsler

Abstract:

	(Last Known Address)

	Recent excitement over advances in high-temperature superconductivity has been tempered
by the difficult problems that need to be solved before practical use can be made
of these discoveries. Foremost among these problems, and the one which is addressed
in this project, is the ability to achieve adequate current densities in moderate
magnetic fields in the high-Tc materials. The major source of the "weak-link" behavior
in polycrystalline materials is poor inter-grain contacts. This project seeks largely
eliminate these weak-link, inter-grain contacts by producing a novel morphology wherein
the grain-boundary composition is modified by the presence of nanometer-thick films
of silver.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Success in improving critical current densities
for high-Tc superconductors,  would enhance their use in smaller, faster computers,
magnetic levitation for transportation, improved magnetohydrodynamic energy generators,
large scale (>1000 hp) electric motors, fusion reactors, medical imaging systems,
and electric power transmission.

Project Title:

Production of Oxygen by Electrolysis of Lunar Soil in Molten Salt

04.18-3260A
NAS9-18315
Production of Oxygen by Electrolysis of Lunar
	Soil in Molten Salt
EMEC Consultants
	R.D. 3, Roundtop Road
	Export, PA 15632
		Rudolf Keller
(412-325-3260)

Abstract:

	Costs for missions in space may be reduced significantly by utilizing lunar resources,
particularly oxygen. This project will investigate electrolytic production of oxygen
from molten salt. This process would use lunar soil with minimum or no beneficiation
and not produce any waste. A metal alloy would be  obtained as a useful byproduct.
Trouble-free cathodic deposition, recovery of the metal components, minimal electrolyte
losses, and sufficient stability of anodes are major prerequisites for the process
to be viable. In Phase I, the cathodic deposition of the metal components of lunar
soil will be studied. Experimentation will be conducted with Carlton Peak anorthosite
and University of Minnesota MLS-1 to simulate lunar soil. While mainly carbon anodes
will be employed in Phase I, electrolysis with oxygen-evolving anodes would be studied
in Phase II, introducing a wide range of feed material compositions. Phase II will
also include work on the recovery of lithium from the cathode product.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Potential terrestrial spin-offs are the technology
for the processing of fly-ash and unconventional ores.

Project Title:

Feasibility Study for Lunar Cement Production

04.18-7500
NAS9-18312
Feasibility Study for Lunar Cement Production
Construction Technology Laboratories
	5420 Old Orchard Road
	Skokie, IL 60077
		T. D. Lin
(312-965-7500)

Abstract:

	Man-made bases on the moon will require structures capable of resisting a differential
pressure of one atmosphere as well as solar wind and radiation. Small structures
may be prefabricated on earth and transported to the moon. However, large structures
must be constructed using lunar materials. A potential material for such construction
is concrete made from lunar materials. Concrete is basically a mixture of cement,
water and aggregate. It has been shown that lunar soils can be used as aggregate
and that oxygen to produce water can be extracted from lunar ilmenite. The only terrestrial
substance needed for making concrete on the moon is hydrogen of which about 5 oz.
is required for 100 lbs. concrete. Possible methods for producing cement materials
from lunar anorthite and other lunar materials such as glasses will be explored.
Use of ultra-high-heat-flux, solar-energy-concentrator optics recently developed
at the University of Chicago will be considered as a possible mechanism to provide
heat for pyro-processing the candidate lunar materials.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Possible spin-offs could be the replacement of
current rotary kilns with the ultra-high flux solar energy concentrators to save
fossil fuel and minimize air pollution.

Project Title:

Wavelength-Diplexed, Fiber-Coupled, Coherent Laser Radar Measurement System

05.01-9200
NAS1-19020
Wavelength-Diplexed, Fiber-Coupled, Coherent
	Laser Radar Measurement System
Digital Signal Corporation
	8003 Forbes Place
	Springfield, VA 22151
		Anthony R. Slotwinski
(703-321-9200)

Abstract:

	Fiber-coupled proximity sensors with high speed and accuracy are needed for robotic
end effectors and automated inspection and quality control. This project will demonstrate
a novel, robust, integrated sensor concept with multiple sensor capability. Fiber-optic
sensors have geometric flexibility. Phase-modulated, interferometric-type sensors
have high sensitivity as well. However, due to the sensitivity of conventional, single-mode
fibers to environmental perturbations, polarization fading and drift are limiting
factors. The Phase I effort is to design and demonstrate a wavelength-diplexed, fiber-optic
measurement system that utilizes both a multi-mode laser radar and a frequency-modulated
laser radar in a coherent detection configuration that eliminates the problem of
environmental perturbations. The proposed design has the flexibility to multiplex
a number of miniature sensors mounted on robotic end effectors and tools to measure
proximity, tactile pressure (touch), force, and torque.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Potential applications would be in factory automation,
telerobotics, machine tools, robotic sensors, process control, and non-contact sensing
and gauging.

Project Title:

Identifying, Locating, and Tracking Objects by Detecting Pre-Affixed Colored Targets

05.01-9355
NAS1-19005
Identifying, Locating, and Tracking Objects by
	Detecting Pre-Affixed Colored Targets
American Innovision, Inc.
	9581 Ridgehaven Court
	San Diego, CA 92123-1624
		Jose R. Torre-Bueno
(619-560-9355)

Abstract:

	The sensing and perception requirements for NASA's automated operations are addressed
in this project with a novel combination of tracking targets and algorithms that
would simultaneously identify, locate, and track many objects viewed by a pair of
color video cameras. The key innovation is the use of pre-affixed, multi-colored
tracking targets and a hardware preprocessor for rapidly identifying them under variable
illumination. This system offers advantages in capacity, speed, ease of programming,
and cost. Hundreds of thousands of objects could be identified, and dozens tracked
simultaneously. Locations and orientations of dozens of identified objects could
be determined every 60th of a second. The system design is inherently self-teaching
and requires only two low-cost, color cameras and one board built with off-the-shelf
LSI and VLSI components. The anticipated positional accuracy is plus or minus several
millimeters at a range of 10 meters. In Phase I, the company will build and test
a prototype which has all the capabilities of the final system except real-time tracking.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications would be found in numerous robotic
vision systems for aerospace and industrial applications.

Project Title:

High-Performance, Multi-Axis Strain Sensing

05.03-0559B
NAS5-30853
High-Performance, Multi-Axis Strain Sensing
Sarcos Research Corporation
	261 East 300 South, Suite 150
	Salt Lake City, UT 84111
		Ian D. McCammon
(801-531-0560)

Abstract:

	Internal sensing and control of adaptive mechanical structures such as robots, teleoperators,
and large space structures require strain measurement at nodes within the structure.
These measurements have usually been accomplished using uniaxial strain gauges. However,
when several strains must be measured at a single point, elaborate compensation approaches
must be devised in order to determine accurately their magnitudes. The resulting
transducers are large, costly, and unreliable. The goal of this project is the development
of miniature, reliable, low-cost, six-axis load cells for measuring strains at structural
nodes. Based on the analysis of an existing prototype, this project will address
two specific aspects of the device: reliability and packaging. The Phase I effort
will analyze device structure and electrical performance; reliability and performance
of the electronics; and packaging requirements for reliability and low cost.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: At the conclusion of Phase I, we will deliver
a recommendation to NASA for work in later phases.

Project Title:

Integrated Ergonomic System Software Development

05.03-1522
NAS5-30872
Integrated Ergonomic System Software
	Development
Photon Research Associates, Inc.
	9393 Towne Centre Drive, Suite 200
	San Diego, CA 92121
		James D. Turner
(617-354-1522)

Abstract:

	NASA's need for modeling astronauts during EVA and space construction activities
requires the development of an integrated simulation capability. Since astronauts
wear restrictive clothing, they must be modeled in a way that reflects their loss
of normal range performance. An integrated simulation environment provides the means
for modifying the task structure and work space environment so as to reduce the work
load in a manner consistent with the individual's physical capabilities. The basic
human-machine dynamics prediction capability must be able to analyze complex, rigid
and flexible machines as well as dealing with human models ranging from simple stick
structures through complete myocybernetic musculoskeletal models. A two level approach
will be utilized for addressing functional unit-to-tasks and high-level anatomical-to-functional
performance assessments.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Several direct spin-offs are possible in rehabilitation,
design of active and neural prosthetics, sports performance, and medicine.

Project Title:

Telerobot Control Interface Based on Constraints

05.03-40071
NAS5-30807
Telerobot Control Interface Based on
	Constraints
Intelligent Automation, Inc.
	1370 Piccard Drive, Suite 210
	Rockville, MD 20850
		Leonard S. Haynes
(301-424-4007)

Abstract:

	Fine manipulation via teleoperation is time consuming and unreliable because of
limited sensory feed-back. A preferred approach would be to use pre-stored, off-line
programs that would allow the robot to perform the tasks autonomously under the supervision
of an operator. This would result in the safety and flexibility of a teleoperated
system but with the efficiency of an autonomous robot. This project will employ the
firm's formal approach for specifying the manipulation tasks steps that are required
to develop software for adaptively controlling and monitoring robotic operations.
Fifteen primitive operations have been defined based on the reduction in the degrees
of freedom that occurs when components are assembled and manipulated. These primitives
appear to define elegantly and completely the fine manipulation required for simple
assembly tasks. Each of the primitives has an execution strategy and a set of recovery
algorithms in the event the operation fails. This project will expand the work already
done and demonstrate its applicability to teleoperation.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This system would be applicable to off-line robot
programming, would define complex manipulation tasks based on a small number of primitives,
and would allow an operator to understand and alter pre-coded, fine-manipulation
algorithms.

Project Title:

A Robot Wrist Using New Mechanism Technology Invented for Whole-Arm

05.04-3909
NAS9-18307
A Robot Wrist Using New Mechanism
	Technology Invented for Whole-Arm
	Manipulation
Barrett Technology, Inc.
	545 Concord Avenue
	Cambridge, MA 02138-1105
		William T. Townsend
(617-868-7730)

Abstract:

	The project will adapt mechanical transmission technologies invented at MIT to a
modular wrist for arm and hand grasping consistent with whole-arm manipulation. The
resulting wrist design will feature a cabled differential driven by remotely located
motors via high-speed transmissions. The differential will allow access through the
wrist for hand actuation. The wrist will be built integrally with the forearm for
modular connection to the MIT Whole-Arm Manipulator and Robotics Research Arm (both
are being evaluated by NASA/JSC for EVA Helper and EVA Retriever programs) or in
another modular arm. Phase I will develop a design concept including wrist performance
specifications, determine the kinematics, and identify key actuation-component mechanisms.
In Phase II, the required component mechanisms would be developed and integrated
into a working wrist prototype. The anticipated result is a modular wrist for the
integration of robotic arms and hands in support of NASA's EVA robotic programs.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This wrist would enable the grasping of objects
ranging in size from sub-millimeters to several meters. The cabled differentials
and high-speed drives could apply to mechanisms such as copying machines, printers,
and cassette players

Project Title:

Glove Controller with Force and Tactile Feedback for Dexterous Robotic Hands

05.04-5042
NAS9-18308
Glove Controller with Force and Tactile
	Feedback for Dexterous Robotic Hands
Begej Corporation
	5 Claret Ash Road
	Littleton, CO 80127
		Stefan Begej
(303-973-5042)

Abstract:

	This project addresses the control of robotic hands in space applications for remote
performance of highly dexterous tasks such as EVA or remote exploration. The objectives
are to establish the feasibility of developing a master glove controller that provides
both force and fingertip tactile feedback and to determine the extent to which tactile
feedback improves dexterous task performance. The work includes development of an
electrically-driven, three-fingered, exoskeletal glove controller; assembly of drivers
and signal processors for fingertip-shaped tactile stimulator and sensor arrays,
each containing 44 elements; and evaluation of the performance of the master-slave
system while operating in a bilateral force and tactile control mode. The prototype
glove controller will serve to guide the development of an advanced device in Phase
II to include additional fingers, smaller glove size and weight, faster actuators,
and higher density tactile stimulator arrays placed at the fingertips and other areas
of the glove.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications would be in high-value, remote work
such as manufacture of semiconductors or pharmaceuticals, radioactive hot-cell operations,
hazardous waste processing, and undersea operations.

Project Title:

An Expert Advisor for Failure Mode and Effects Analysis

05.05-6900
NAS9-18310
An Expert Advisor for Failure Mode and Effects
	Analysis
Carnegie Group, Inc.
	Five PPG Place
	Pittsburgh, PA 15222
		David A Hornig
(412-642-6900)

Abstract:

	Failure mode effects analysis (FMEA), used extensively in defense and aerospace
projects, is currently performed either by hand or with software that only supports
formatting and criticality propagation. This project investigates an expert systems
advisor for FMEA generation that will apply domain-specific knowledge gained from
experts and from analogous FMEAs of similar designs. The advisor will improve the
accuracy and completeness of the FMEA and reduce the time for its preparation. These
factors will lead to its earlier use in the design cycle and result in more reliable
designs for space systems. Feasibility of the advisor will be demonstrated by evaluating
a prototype against three small-but-realistic design examples that will test the
representation and reasoning mechanisms of the prototype. The long-range development
strategy (Phase II and beyond) covers conventional tools for FMEA generation, integration
of FMEA with other automated design tools, criticality analysis of redundant systems,
and automatic diagnostic tools from FMEA studies.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The advisor would be used by companies that produce
products where reliability is a critical issue. Opportunities exist for consulting
and for selling knowledge bases that cover FMEA generation for specific design domains.

Project Title:

A VLSI Three-Dimensional Processor for Advanced Robotic Manipulation

05.06-3729
NAS7-1096
A VLSI Three-Dimensional Processor for
	Advanced Robotic Manipulation
Dynamic Microsystems
	475E Cannon Green Drive
	Goleta, CA 93117
		Yulan Wang
(805-961-4974)

Abstract:

	The digital control of robotic systems, an extremely numerically intensive problem,
is important to the automation of manipulation tasks in space. Algorithms for solving
these problems are most efficiently formulated using three-dimensional geometric
computations (i.e. cross products, vector rotations, and homogeneous transformations).
Joint work with the Center for Robotic Systems Microelectronics at the University
of California at Santa Barbara has developed a unique processor architecture-the
3DP--that demonstrates superior performance for three-dimensional computations. This
architecture has already been proven by a discrete-logic implementation. An object-oriented
C++ compiler has already been written to support this unique design. This project
integrate the 3DP into VLSI. A VLSI-3DP will provide a small, energy-efficient processor
with the computational power to perform advanced manipulations in space.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The VLSI-3DP will be incorporated into the firm's
own controller products for advanced manipulation in manufacturing and automation.
This chip will also be useful in other fields such as animation and three-dimensional
modeling.

Project Title:

A Precise, Force-Controlled Robotic System

05.06-3729A
NAS7-1086
A Precise, Force-Controlled Robotic System
Dynamic Microsystems
	475E Cannon Green Drive
	Goleta, CA 93117
		Yulan Wang
(805-961-4974)

Abstract:

	A robot capable of dexterous, force-controlled manipulation would allow the automation
of delicate tasks in space, particularly during unmanned missions or extra-vehicular
activities. Analytic proofs show that existing advanced control strategies should
be capable of dexterous force control. The development of precise force controlled
robots requires a mechanism able to execute the force commands and a control system
that can satisfy the computational requirements of advanced force control algorithms.
A new robot controller, the 3DP, developed by the firm offers the computational power
needed for advanced robot control. By coupling this controller with a carefully designed,
low-inertia, redundant mechanism, a precise, force-controllable robotic system will
be developed. Phase I will demonstrate, through computer simulation and analysis,
that the robotic system described can produce precise, force-controlled manipulations.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: A force-controllable robot opens commercial robotics
to a completely new world of automation applications. A few examples are polishing
material, valve assembly, cooperative moving of large delicate objects, and assisting
in surgical operations.

Project Title:

Global-Local Environment Telerobotic Simulator

05.06-8500
NAS7-1074
Global-Local Environment Telerobotic Simulator
KMS Fusion, Inc.
	P.O. Box 1567
	Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1567
		Frederick S. Schebor
(313-769-8500)

Abstract:

	Because autonomous robots are far beyond the state-of-the-art in artificial intelligence
and computer vision, NASA must use telerobotic systems to reduce the frequency of
potentially unproductive and dangerous extravehicular activities by space station
astronauts. Past experience shows that teleoperation is demanding and requires the
operator to maintain an accurate mental model of the local environment of the manipulator
even in adverse lighting and sensory conditions. To simplify teleoperation, a global-local
environment telerobotic simulator (GLETS) will be designed to simulate the remote
manipulator and its local environment. It will update continually the simulated environment
using remote sensors and display the simulated environment with rich visual and audio
cues that can be easily interpreted by the operator. CAD/CAM will be used databases
for the simulated robot environment and robot descriptions. The simulator will provide
a flexible software architecture that is easily modified and extended. It will adhere
to the NASREM standard for telerobotic control to allow its easy integration into
NASA's telerobotic program.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: A telerobotic simulator that could adapt to nearly
any type of applications environment would provide a safe and inexpensive training
facility and facilitate configuring of robots, mission and contingency planning,
and error recovery.

Project Title:

Robotic Actuator Optimization

05.07-2137
NAS3-25833
Robotic Actuator Optimization
Unique Mobility, Inc.
	3700 South Jason Street
	Englewood, CO 80110
		David W. Parish
(303-761-2137)

Abstract:

	A novel means of constructing a lightweight, brushless dc motor that operates with
high efficiency, high power output, and low torque ripple has been invented by the
firm. This motor can be configured for direct drive or be combined with a high-efficiency,
high-rigidity, zero-backlash reducer, such as a cycloidal reducer, to provide an
ideal actuator for teleoperators, robotic manipulators, or space mechanisms. This
actuator would be an important component to allow such advanced manipulator control
techniques as output decoupling of robot arm dynamics, remote center of compliance
control, or disturbance decoupling of reaction forces and moments. The specific Phase
I technical objective is to design an optimal electro-mechanical actuator for precise,
incremental, motion control for teleoperated and robotic manipulators in an outer-space
environment and to assess its merit with respect to other existing actuators for
use in advanced control systems.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: A brushless, dc actuator featuring low torque-ripple,
high power-density and high efficiency could be utilized for teleoperated robotic
manipulators in a variety of industrial and space applications.

Project Title:

Self-Contained, Deployable, Serpentine Truss for Prelaunch Access of Orbiter Payloads

05.08-3200
NAS10-11659
Self-Contained, Deployable, Serpentine Truss for
	Prelaunch Access of Orbiter Payloads
Foster-Miller, Inc.
	350 Second Avenue
	Waltham, MA 02154-1196
		Ken Pasch
(617-890-3200)

Abstract:

	The self-contained, deployable, serpentine truss (SCDST), which would be deployed
from a transportable tube, is an articulated, modular truss structure and control
system capable of snake-like curvature and snaking along a desired trajectory. The
system is controlled by an algorithm of linear computational complexity and is specifically
designed to allow inspection and light tasks to be performed on payloads in the cargo
bay of the space shuttle orbiter while on the launch pad. The proposed SCDST is a
cost, time, and safety alternative to the present procedure in which technicians
erect temporary scaffolding.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications of the SCDST system are inspection
and light tasks performed in cramped or uninhabitable quarters such as heat exchangers,
boilers, storage vessels, etc.

Project Title:

Tortuous-Path Robot Transport

05.08-8988
NAS10-11658
Tortuous-Path Robot Transport
Transitions Research Corporation
	15 Great Pasture Road
	Danbury, CT 06810
		J. F. Engelberger
(203-798-8988)

Abstract:

	This project investigates a built-up structure to transport a robot arm to its work
site for spacecraft assembly, test, and maintenance. The robot includes a nested,
limp member that can be extended and continuously rigidized in any angular orientation
with respect to the robot. The robot would lock its "tail" to some structure before
entering the obstructed work zone. Then the robot would proceed on its circuitous
path supported by extending the rigidized tail to conform to the path that the robot
travels. The robot arm reels in its tail to follow the reverse route. There would
be no need for continuous articulation of a series of elements to maintain relative
position within the tunnel. The robot arm would be "built" as a rigid support for
the robot no matter what the path to the work site. Mechanical complexity for a universal
solution would be greatly reduced. In Phase I, a variety of operating principles
will be examined. Most promising is a flexible tube filled with fluidized particles
that interlock upon fluid extraction.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications would be in maintenance of nuclear
power plants, ships, aircraft and space vehicles, etc., particularly where the environment
is hazardous or where extensive disassembly would be necessary to permit human access
to a work site.

Project Title:

Advanced Telerobotic Concepts Using Neural Networks

05.09-5959A
NAS8-38443
Advanced Telerobotic Concepts Using Neural
	Networks
Accurate Automation Corporation
	1548 Riverside Drive, Suite B
	Chattanooga, TN 37406
		Craig T. Harston
(615-622-4642)

Abstract:

	By applying neural network technology to telerobotics, this project will benefit
from some of the advances that are being done for autonomous robots. These concepts
will extend the capabilities of the human operator. The telerobotic controller will
be taught using backward shaping to improve its speed of learning and a capability
for association-based, sensor-data fusion will be added. The controller will be adapted
to have multiple joints controlled by hybrid neural networks. The project will see
if the neural network can improve performance for minimum jerk and minimum torque
criteria based upon the learning. These concepts should allow for control of multiple
joints or degrees of freedom in the robotic problem.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This project is applicable to various robotic,
control, and assembly applications and could be applied to avionics and process control
systems. It may provide a basis for long-term development of robust, effective autonomous
and semi-autonomous systems.

Project Title:

Active Detection and Tracking Sensor for Passive Targets

05.09-6511
NAS8-38458
Active Detection and Tracking Sensor for
	Passive Targets
Computer Algorithm Development
	2806 A Nueces
	Austin, TX 78705
		Richard E. Shultz
(512-474-6511)

Abstract:

	This project will demonstrate a superior, active, detection and tracking sensor,
ADTS, by combining artificial intelligence software with a microcomputer, video camera,
and image digitizing electronics. It will apply a novel object recognition algorithm
being developed by the firm for the USAF. With a passive marker (high contrast symbol
or target) affixed to an object, the ADTS will be able to detect and track the object's
attitude and position in three dimensions and real time. The ADTS will be innovative
because of its tolerance of clutter in the image and because of its speed. Project
objectives are to develop programs that can detect edges, lines, and targets in real
time on a microcomputer. The company will develop AI-computer-vision algorithms and
code for detection programs using two Macintosh II computers. Applications for the
ADTS include terminal guidance of a telerobot for grasping or berthing any object
to which a marker target is attached.
The ADTS could also guide the Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle during an autonomous docking.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Some commercial uses would be package sorting
for the Post Office, UPS, and Federal Express, sorting containers for trash recycling,
and stowing and retrieving items in an automated warehouse.

Project Title:

The LAFS Kernel File System

06.01-2490
NAS1-19034
The LAFS Kernel File System
Galloway Research
	795 Beaver Creek Way
	San Jose, CA 95133
		John R. Galloway, Jr.
(408-259-2490)

Abstract:

	Over the past 15 years improvements in the price and capacity of disk drives have
roughly matched the dramatic gains made in processor speeds. However, raw input-output
and seek rates of disks have improved far less, and the basic architecture of kernel
file systems has remained essentially unchanged. The result is that today's high
performance systems are often severely limited by file-system throughput. This project
investigates a new kernel file-system architecture called LAFS which, through the
use of a new addressing paradigm, offers higher performance and reliability and greater
ease of use than current designs. Improvements are available for both multi-threaded
diverse loads (e.g. file servers, timesharing, DBMS) and for single stream applications
(e.g. computation intensive analysis, graphics). Phase I will result in a functional
emulation of this system operating on a single drive hosted in a conventional workstation.
Performance under various loads will be compared to the standard system. These results
and the host system software and interfaces would be directly used in Phase II/III
for a full scale prototype.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The key innovation is architectural and may be
expressed in a wide variety  of implementations for incorporation into existing product
lines. The firm intends to license LAFS technology to computer system vendors. .

Project Title:

Parallel, Multilevel, Adaptive Methods for Flows in Transition

06.01-8633
NAS1-19016
Parallel, Multilevel, Adaptive Methods for Flows
	in Transition
Colorado Research Development Corp.
	1727 Conestoga Street
	Boulder, CO 80301
		Chaoqun Liu
(303-441-2491)

Abstract:

	The purpose of this project is to develop an accurate and highly efficient parallel
algorithm based on asynchronous, multilevel, adaptive methods for computational fluid
dynamic problems involving transition caused by canonical roughness elements. Boundary
layer transition is extremely sensitive to the presence and nature of roughness elements,
but very little in known either experimentally or numerically about the precise nature
of this relationship. The ultimate goal of this project is to develop effective computational
tools for numerical analysis of these physical processes. The Phase I project will
develop a prototype method for two-dimensional and three-dimensional, steady, incompressible
flow in a channel. The approach will involve the development of the asynchronous,
fast, adaptive, composite-grid method for such problems on the INTEL iPSC/2 using
several different roughness elements, hemisphere, sphere, and cylinder.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This project should enable parallel computer simulation
of steady-state and time-dependent simulation of three-dimensional flows in transition
involving canonical roughness elements.

Project Title:

CASE Visualization System

06.02-3370
NAS5-30848
CASE Visualization System
Software Productivity Solutions, Inc.
	122 North Fourth Avenue
	Indialantic, FL 32903     
		Andres Rudmik
(407-984-3370)

Abstract:

	In order to improve computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools, this project
applies a constraint-based, object-oriented paradigm to provide user-tailorable graphic
visualizations. The company has applied this paradigm with considerable success to
the modeling of complex object and process structures. The integration of the CASE
visualization system with our object management system will provide a powerful, tailorable
CASE framework. These combined capabilities will allow users to define new methods,
supply the automation to support these methods, and provide the graphic renderings
through which objects are manipulated. The objective of this project is to provide
a visualization system that will allow users to adapt CASE tools to match the needs
of large complex software development projects.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Commercialization may proceed by development of
new or customized CASE tools or by licensing the CASE framework technology to major
corporations and CASE vendors.

Project Title:

Three-Dimensional, Solid-State, Multi-Port Memory System

06.02-8211
NAS5-30871
Three-Dimensional, Solid-State, Multi-Port
	Memory System
Irvine Sensors Corporation
	3001 Redhill Avenue, Bldg 3 #208
	Costa Mesa, CA 92626
		David E. Ludwig
(714-549-8211)

Abstract:

	A three-dimensional packaging technique will be applied to develop a solid-state,
multi-port, high-speed, high-density memory system for spaceborne applications utilizing
multiple data recording instruments. The system configuration will be as generic
as possible. Since the memory system is solid state and contains no moving parts,
it can withstand severe environments. It can also be configured with different, integrated-circuit
memory technologies (SRAM, DRAM, EEPROM, ferroelectric) to best fit the specific
application requirements. For example, a 64-megabyte mass memory based upon 256-kilobyte,
radiation-hardened SRAM ICs would occupy less than 4 cubic inches. Using more advanced
1 megabit ICs, it will be possible to package a terabit of data into less than one
cubic foot. The innovation is to replace optical recorders with this technology.
During Phase I, the upper limits on size, bandwidth, and radiation resistance will
be explored, and a low risk Phase II demonstration unit configured. In Phase II,
a high-density, memory design suitable for near-term space use would be demonstrated.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications are foreseen in supercomputers, mainframe
computers, engineering workstations, spaceborne and airborne computers, and neural
networks.

Project Title:

Formal Verification of C with Unix

06.03-2020
NAS1-19008
Formal Verification of C with Unix
Odyssey Research Associates, Inc.
	301-A Harris B. Dates Drive
	Ithaca, NY 14850-1313
		Douglas N. Hoover
(607-277-2020)

Abstract:

	An automated, formal verification system for programs written in the C programming
language is the objective of this project. This system will support verification
of programs that include Unix system calls, including those which make possible concurrent
execution such as fork and pipe. It will also support verification of programs that
do floating point arithmetic. The verifier will be based on an operational semantics
which is powerful, easy to understand, and easy to use. Verifying a program with
this system will he similar to symbolic execution. The system will be easy enough
to use that it can be a routine debugging tool. The system will be based on the Ariel
prototype C verification system developed at the company. The work of this project
is to support full C including input-output. It must also develop and implement semantics
for Unix system calls including those for concurrent programming.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The system could be used commercially to verify
critical software.

Project Title:

Site-Specific, Air-Traffic-Control Training Simulator with Speech Input and Output

06.04-0885
NAS2-13175
Site-Specific, Air-Traffic-Control Training
	Simulator with Speech Input and Output
Speech Systems, Inc.
	18356 Oxnard Street
	Tarzana, CA 91356
		Philip C. Shinn
(818-881-0885)

Abstract:

	The goal of this project is to develop a site-specific, functional, prototype, air-traffic-control
(ATC) training simulator. The system will support speaker-independent, continuous
speech recognition for input of trainee commands and real-speech output of pseudo-pilot
responses, allowing a trainee to use the system without other personnel.
Training ATC staff is an expert, labor-intensive activity which may be improved through
a sophisticated simulation of the ATC environment. The simulator can also be used
to determine the feasibility of proposed changes in ATC procedures. This project
will integrate the firm's expertise in automated speech recognition with that of
a company which produces an ATC simulator in an effort to produce a practical site-specific
demonstration.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications would be in training for site-specific,
air-traffic-control situations.

Project Title:

Semi-Automatic Data Structure Selection

06.04-6871
NAS2-13174
Semi-Automatic Data Structure Selection
Kestrel Development Corporation
	3260 Hillview Avenue
	Palo Alto, CA 94304
		Lee Blaine
(415-493-6871)

Abstract:

	This project addresses efficient prototyping of reliable software systems and deals
with the four intertwined issues of reliability, reusability, coping with changes
to the prototype, and generating efficient code from specifications. The company
has developed a language for describing implementations of data structures and a
data-type refinement environment (DTRE) for transforming to code the specifications
annotated with implementation directives. In order to generate efficient code from
specifications, the implementations of data structures must be carefully selected.
Since fully automatic selection of implementations is beyond current technology,
a semi-automatic system for data structure selection (DSS) will be developed. With
this system, the user will supply some implementation directives and the system will
determine the remainder. The DSS together with the DTRE will lead to critical, asymptotic
improvements in the efficiency of rapid prototypes based on executable specifications.
Just as critical is the increase in reliability that comes from automating the derivation
of efficient code from specifications.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: DTRE is being considered for a commercial software
development environment based on executable specifications and program synthesis.
DSS combined with DTRE could be applied for generation of early, reasonably efficient
prototypes in requirements analysis and as a design and coding tool.

Project Title:

Knowledge-Based, Aerospace Program- Management Decision-Support System

06.04-8265
NAS2-13161
Knowledge-Based, Aerospace Program-	Management Decision-Support System
ISX Corporation
	501 Marin Street, Suite 214
	Thousand Oaks, CA 91360
		David Rosenberg
(805-495-8265)

Abstract:

	This effort will develop an associate structure for the organization and specification
of knowledge related to program management decision support. Solution of the problems
in associate systems requires progress in areas of software architecture, representational
components, and development methodology. In the past, applications have been built
using AI-shell tools that provide collections of low-level knowledge representation
and inference capabilities. This effort will develop of a set of high-level, yet
domain-independent, knowledge-representation constructs and application mechanisms.
The general capability will be applied to a manager's associate for space systems
process modelling and management. Phase I targets the development of a core capability
of advanced knowledge representation and knowledge application. Phase II would focus
on extension of the core capabilities and generalization of an associate system development
methodology to aid in translating domain knowledge into this target environment.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Preliminary market research indicates a tremendous
need for a knowledge-based, decision-support system for engineering managers. There
is currently nothing like it on the market.

Project Title:

Passive Knowledge Acquisition System

06.05-3370
NAS9-18334
Passive Knowledge Acquisition System
Software Productivity Solutions, Inc.
	122 North Fourth Avenue
	Indialantic, FL 32903     
		Vincent Kovarik
(407-984-3370)

Abstract:

	The development of knowledge-based systems currently requires the use of a knowledge
engineer to translate and encode the knowledge extracted from an expert into the
target representation and reasoning system. Although the goal of providing systems
with which the expert can directly interact has been pursued for some time, current
do not meet it. A major reason is that experts must shift the focus of their cognitive
processing between the performance of the task to be captured and thinking about
how to encode that process. This project will develop a passive knowledge acquisition
system which unobtrusively monitors and records the expert's actions. Then, using
a collection of elicitation and discovery heuristics, the system queries the expert
regarding the rationale and decision process behind the actions. This approach will
provide an expert knowledge elicitation system which behaves much the same as a human
knowledge engineer.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The results could apply to the insertion of the
technology into NASA programs, to capturing tactical knowledge in the battlefield
for the military, and commercial applications such as medical diagnosis and financial
analysis.

Project Title:

Fuzzy-Clips Expert System

06.05-8522
NAS9-18335
Fuzzy-Clips Expert System
Togai Infralogic, Inc.
	30 Corporate Park, Suite 107
	Irvine, CA 92714
		Masaki Togai
(714-975-8522)

Abstract:

	Fuzzy logic is the reasoning methodology that has grown out of a branch of formal
mathematics known as fuzzy set theory. It has been used to handle uncertainty in
rule-based software systems, where it is particularly effective in capturing qualitative
aspects of human reasoning. Many applications using the fuzzy logic inference mechanism
for ill-defined expert systems have been successfully demonstrated in Japan and Europe.
In spite of its apparent potential, this unique method has not been extensively used
in NASA applications. A general lack of confidence in the use of this powerful technology
stems from the lack of adequate tools to develop systems. This project should result
in user-friendly, easy-to-use, expert-system shells with this new paradigm embedded
in the existing expert system shell, CLIPS.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This software tool can be effectively used to
construct expert systems for vehicle and process control, pattern classification,
financial decision making, sales prediction, industrial design, and psychology.

Project Title:

Knowledge Networks for Mission Planning and Flight Control

06.05-9896
NAS9-18306
Knowledge Networks for Mission Planning and
	Flight Control
Associated Dynamics International
	139 South Beverly Drive, Suite 220
	Beverly Hills, CA 90212
		Cleveland W. Donnelly
(213-271-9896)

Abstract:

	Mission planning and flight control involve the coordination of both conceptual
and physical variables. The fuzzy cognitive map (FCM) framework will investigated
as a flexible architecture for coordinating these variables in real-time parallel
systems. FCMs are adaptive knowledge networks for representing uncertain goal, policy,
utility, causal, resource, and physical variables that interact in the mission planning
and flight control process. They synthesize expert-system search tree and neural
network technologies in a novel, expressive framework. FCM knowledge acquisition
reduces to causal-policy picture drawing and improves, not degrades, with increasing
numbers of experts. Their inferential dynamics resemble neural network computations.
The FCM matrix structure allows each matrix column to be concurrently processed in
parallel. Neural networks can estimate FCM variables, such as mission success rates,
from historical and on-line data. Expert system meta-rules can govern the firing
of different FCMs, and vice versa, in complex, hybrid systems. Fuzzy control subsystems
can be activated in parallel by FCMs and can, in turn, activate embedded FCMs to
different degrees.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Hardware implementations of adaptive decision
support systems would facilitate medical, economic, financial, legal, and business
management decision processes.

Project Title:

Program Mapping Strategies for Multiprocessor Computers

06.06-2748A
NAS2-13165
Program Mapping Strategies for Multiprocessor
	Computers
Dataflow Computer Corp.
	55 Wellesley Road
	Belmont, MA 02178
		Jack B. Dennis
(617-484-8932)

Abstract:

	The paradigm compiler implements a new technology for compiling programs for scientific
computation in large-scale, multiprocessor computers. The technology is based on
analysis of the source program into code blocks, each of which defines a data structure.
Each such data structure is mapped into the collection of processing elements of
the target computer so that the collection of mappings yields the best possible performance.
This project will provide a user-friendly interface through which users may advise
the compiler regarding mapping choices for each code block and implement means for
estimating performance of the compiled code as a function of target machine parameters
and mapping decisions. It will evaluate various mapping strategies for several significant
application codes and demonstrate the compiling technology at Connection Machine
user sites. The benefits will be easier development of efficient codes for multiprocessor
computers and clearer expression for scientific computation through use of a functional
programming language. Another benefit is that the user of paradigm can experiment
with several mapping choices without having to make any changes to the high-level
source language program.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The results of this project can simplify the construction
of efficient programs for large-scale multiprocessor computers.

Project Title:

Application of High-Performance Digital Video to Computer Storage

06.06-2985
NAS2-13164
Application of High-Performance Digital Video to
	Computer Storage
Demografx
	10720 Hepburn Circle
	Culver City, CA 90232
		Gary Demos
(213-837-2985)

Abstract:

	This project adapts ways to utilize high-performance digital television equipment
for high-performance storage of digital information. This equipment allows data transfer
rates of between 10 Megabytes/second and 120 Megabytes/second. Storage in RAM is
available up to a few Gigabytes. Storage on disk systems is available up to 5 Gigabytes.
Storage on magnetic tape is available up to 100 Gigabytes per reel or cassette. Phase
I of this project will develop designs for hardware interfaces to this equipment
and algorithms for software to support data coding and error correction. Phase I
will also produce a system architecture design for using this equipment in several
useful computer system configurations. The hardware interfaces would be designed
for VME and Ultrabus backplanes.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The results of this project could provide high
data-transfer rate, high-volume, secondary data storage for supercomputers.

Project Title:

Advanced Optical Head Technology

06.06-6642
NAS2-13163
Advanced Optical Head Technology
Microwave Monolithics, Inc.
	465 East Easy Street, Unit F
	Simi Valley, CA 93065
		Daniel R. Ch`en
(805-584-6642)

Abstract:

	The firm has, with private funds, developed a proprietary optical device for focusing
laser beams down to sub-micron spots for optical disc and drum applications. These
devices are characterized by milligram masses, high numerical aperture, diffraction-limited
performance at full numerical aperture, and fault tolerance. They operate at wavelengths
many times shorter than the wavelengths of current optical disc systems. Through
the use of such a device, disc information capacity can be theoretically increased
by a factor as high as 500, i.e. to an estimated 5624 gigabytes for a 30 cm disk.
Without increase of disc rotation speed, a single such device increases the data
transfer rate by more than a factor of 22. Their extremely low mass allows heads
based upon arrays of these optical devices with all array elements simultaneously
available for use. Additionally, several such heads can in principle read or write
from a disc or drum simultaneously without mechanical or optical interference. Combining
these two techniques, a further hundredfold increase in data transfer rates is theoretically
possible.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Initial applications are expected to be in large
database management and supercomputer peripherals. Eventually the market for these
devices should exceed the present market for magnetic hard disks.

Project Title:

A High-Resolution Autostereoscopic Display

06.06-7450
NAS2-13177
A High-Resolution Autostereoscopic Display
Dimension Technologies, Inc.
	176 Anderson Avenue
	Rochester, NY 14607
		Jesse B. Eichenlaub
(716-442-7450)

Abstract:

	Innovative computer graphics techniques are needed for the visualization of complex,
three-dimensional, fluid-flow phenomena. These are often difficult to interpret when
displayed in perspective on a two-dimensional screen even when color, shading, and
other monocular cues are used. A display that provides true depth perception to the
user is necessary to interpret results. This project's goal is the development of
a flat panel autostereoscopic (three-dimensional) display providing color, high resolution,
and depth perspective imaging. It will enable several observers situated across a
wide angle in front of the display to see the image without optical aids. The specific
aim of Phase I will be the construction of a "breadboard" demonstration model of
the basic optical illumination technique that will prove the concept. This model
would establish the foundation for further development of a full prototype during
phase II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications would be in telerobotics, CAD displays,
laptop PCs, medical imaging, avionics displays, and simulation and entertainment
displays.

Project Title:

A Distributed, Object-Oriented, Data Facility for Local-Memory, Parallel Computers

06.07-7505
NAS7-1085
A Distributed, Object-Oriented, Data Facility for
	Local-Memory, Parallel Computers
MIMD Systems, Inc.
	1301 Shoreway Road, Suite 430
	Belmont, CA 94002
		Robert E. Larson
(415-595-7303)

Abstract:

	Local-memory, parallel-processing computer systems offer the potential for higher
levels of performance at costs far lower than permitted by current uni-processor
technology. However, the architectures of these parallel systems present difficult
problems for both data access and data communication. The Arachnid system will be
developed as a general solution to these problems. Arachnid would consist of an interconnected
series of servers using object-oriented database technologies to provide a high-level
facility that would reduce the mean time required to gain access to arbitrary data
structures in a distributed system. Arachnid would interface to clients executing
on the host and could also provide additional services including data integrity and
concurrency control.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Arachnid would enhance high-performance computation
and data-intensive processing by addressing the problems associated with configuring
data in a local-memory, parallel processor in response to processing loads. The system
could also form the basis of a powerful object-oriented database manager.

Project Title:

A Programmable, Image-Data-Compression Subsystem for Workstations

07.01-4429
NAS1-19116
A Programmable, Image-Data-Compression
	Subsystem for Workstations
Optivision, Inc.
	4009 Miranda Avenue
	Palo Alto, CA 94304
		Paul Farrelle
(916-756-4429)

Abstract:

	This project will develop a programmable image-data-compression subsystem containing
multiple DSP chips to provide high-speed compression of images. The subsystem will
plug into an inexpensive workstation and provide an extremely flexible, general-purpose,
image-compression station. It will be readily programmed to compress high-resolution,
multi-spectral images of any size in lossless and lossy compression modes. It is
intended to provide a set of different algorithms (lossless, DCT, DPCM, Laplacian
pyramid coding) that would be suitable in a wide range of applications. This cost-effective
approach will allow the same capabilities to be provided to many scientists who can
each investigate the particular properties of compression for their imaging requirements.
This is desirable since each situation is somewhat different, and any compression
system that fails to retain the features of interest in a given application will
render the images unusable.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The product of this project would apply to image
communication for teleradiology, video conferencing, and surveillance and to image
database applications including picture ID systems, digital mapping, real estate.
data compression, image coding, image communication, image processing

Project Title:

HIRIS-Oriented Visualization Software System

07.02-0094
NAS5-30869
HIRIS-Oriented Visualization Software System
Vexcel Corporation
	2477 55th Street, #201
	Boulder, CO 80301-5703
		Wolfgang Kober
(303-444-0094)

Abstract:

	This project will develop a software system for conveniently and meaningfully visualizing
large, multi-dimensional data sets such as those from the future HIRIS sensor for
the Earth Observing System. The techniques for visualization will include volumetric
rendering and band compression as well as image displays, contour plots, spectral
curve plots, and scatter plots. In particular, the ability to manipulate and navigate
conveniently through the data will be provided.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The direct commercial applications of such visualization
software will be the effective use of multi-spectral imagery for exploration of natural
resources and environmental monitoring.

Project Title:

A Hybrid Simulation System for Image-Data Compression

07.02-4429
NAS5-30890
A Hybrid Simulation System for Image-Data
	Compression
Optivision, Inc.
	4009 Miranda Ave
	Palo Alto, CA 94304
		Paul Farrelle
(916-756-4429)

Abstract:

	Future NASA missions will be severely limited without suitable data-compression
algorithms to allow use of high-resolution and high-frame-rate sensors.  This project
will develop a hybrid simulation subsystem specifically designed for research in
image-data compression.  The system will contain multiple DSP chips and custom hardware
modules interconnected to provide compression at (near) real-time, video processing
rates.  The subsystem will plug into an inexpensive workstation and provide an image-
compression station that can be readily programmed to investigate different compression
algorithms.  This will provide the raw computing power needed to allow truly interactive
subjective optimization of compression parameters.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:	A flexible, near-real-time-image-data compression
board for available workstations would be a low-cost approach for research in image-data
compression.

Project Title:

Application of Fractals to Smoothing over the Parameter Space

07.03-1127
NAS13-411
Application of Fractals to Smoothing over the
	Parameter Space
Technology International, Inc.
	429 West Airline Highway, Suite S
	Laplace, LA 70068
		Abdo A. Husseiny
(504-652-1127)

Abstract:

	This project explores the use of fractal geometry for smoothing spatially oriented
data sets over the parameter space. The implementation algorithm will be capable
of spatial auto-correlation among random time samples distributed over a given geographical
location. Iterative methods will be employed to develop a graphical computer code
for use by NASA-SSC as a statistics tool in analysis of spatial patterns and spatial
interaction processes. Data sets will involve remotely sensed data and ancillary
maps. One objective of Phase I is the exploration of a fractal, iterative, recursive
algorithm in smoothing over the parameter space and in image restoration and reconstruction.
Another objective is the development of the logic for the fractal algorithm appropriate
for the statistics of spatial patterns and spatial interaction processes

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Commercial applications include rendering elevation
maps and graphics of irregular objects for use by the aerospace and movie industries.
The capability would be useful in digital terrain displays for robotic applications
and in interpretation of geological maps.

Project Title:

Improved Accessing of Digital Data Bases by Geographic Information Systems

07.04-4000
NAS13-409
Improved Accessing of Digital Data Bases by
	Geographic Information Systems
Autometric, Inc.
	5301 Shawnee Road
	Alexandria, VA 22312-2312
		Daniel K. Gordon
(703-658-4000)

Abstract:

	This project weds advanced optical technology and hardware with state-of-the-art
data base management systems (DB) and geographic information systems. The principal
goal of this project is to develop digital data-transfer and workstation technology
needed to convert magnetic tape archives to optical disk. During Phase I, an assessment
of future optical technology hardware will be made; a requirements definition performed;
an optical database designed; an estimate made for archive conversion at the National
Space Technology Laboratory (NSTL); and a plan for optical disk system integration
at NSTL developed. This will lead to actual Phase II installation of hardware and
software at NSTL.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The integrated optical testbed developed under
Phase II will provide an experience base from which optical engineering and database
management services can be marketed to industry and government.

Project Title:

Raster and Vector Data Integration, Interactive Edit and Analysis

07.04-6685
NAS13-410
Raster and Vector Data Integration, Interactive
	Edit and Analysis
Spatial Information Sciences, Inc.
	Mississippi Tech Transfer Office
	Stennis Space Center, MS 34529
		Gregory T. Reinecke
(703-430-6685)

Abstract:

	The goal of this effort is to establish a capability to combine raster and vector
data structures into a unified data set. This unification of data structures will
allow for the simultaneous, interactive editing of combined geographical positions
and data values and the restructuring of raster data sets into topological structures.
This project will test and evaluate the efficiency of automatic vector digitizing
for the conversion of non-imaged spatial information. Spatial data, both imaged and
non-imaged, are critical to the effective utilization of the newly developing geographic
information systems (GIS) in resource management. Currently, imaged and non-imaged
spatial data files cannot be integrated into a single, digital data base for analytical
purposes. Once operational, this new technology will enhance the value of NASA'S
satellite and remotely sensed data for use with GIS technology.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications are in mapping, planning, and maintenance
in areas of land use, communications systems, transportation systems, environmental
impact assessment, utilities, military logistics, and resource management.

Project Title:

Wideband, Multi-Channel, Acousto-Optic Spectrometer for Radio Astronomy

07.05-8181
NAS5-30847
Wideband, Multi-Channel, Acousto-Optic
	Spectrometer for Radio Astronomy
	Applications
Photonic Systems, Inc.
	1900 South Harbor City Boulevard
	Melbourne, FL 32901-2625
		Dennis R. Pape
(407-984-8181)

Abstract:

	A compact, rugged, 4-channel, acousto-optic spectrometer for processing radio astronomy
signals will be developed. It will employ a multi-channel Bragg cell. This cell utilizes
a special acoustic mode in gallium phosphide that allows multiple channels to be
fabricated on a single substrate while maintaining at least 40 dB isolation between
adjacent channels throughout the optical aperture. This new cell uses a self-collimating
acoustic mode as well as apodized electrodes to minimize channel-to-channel crosstalk.
The system will have a bandwidth of 1 GHz and a frequency resolution of 1 MHz. During
Phase I, the multi-channel Bragg cell will be designed with rigorous crosstalk and
thermal modeling to assure adequate performance in the spectrometer system. Optical
and electronic components will be specified and evaluated, and an optical and opto-mechanical
design completed with attention to long-term stability.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Multi-element sensors are used in many industrial
applications particularly in manufacturing and testing.

Project Title:

Visible, Semiconductor Diode Lasers Grown by Hydride Vapor-Phase Epitaxy

07.06-1188
NAS1-19030
Visible, Semiconductor Diode Lasers Grown by
	Hydride Vapor-Phase Epitaxy
Epitaxx, Inc.
	3490 US Route One
	Princeton, NJ 08540
		Donald E. Ackley
(609-452-1188)

Abstract:

	Visible, semiconductor diode lasers are of interest for optical recording having
increased densities and direct read-after-write applications. Available devices based
on InGaP/InGaAlP heterostructures operate at wavelengths of 0.67 m; these cannot
be easily reduced due to the need to incorporate aluminum into the active layers.
An alternate approach of InGaP lattice-matched and strained layers grown by hydride
vapor-phase epitaxy (VPE) on a GaAsP substrate with buffer layers may achieve operating
wavelengths as short as 0.62 m. Diode lasers grown by VPE with an GaAsP active layer
and InGaP cladding have already demonstrated operating wavelengths as short as 0.68
m. The use of InGaP, quantum-well, strained active layers and wide-gap, InGaP cladding
layers, lattice-matched to GaAsP instead of GaAs, will allow reduction in operating
wavelengths without adding aluminum to the active layers. These structures should
provide an attractive alternative to InGaP/InGaAlP devices for visible laser structures.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Solid-state, visible (0.62 m) lasers could replace
gas lasers in optical scanning and recording and enable new applications such as
projection displays and character recognition systems.

Project Title:

A Neural-Network, Dynamic Sequencer for Distributed Mission Planning and Control

07.07-3327
NAS5-30845
A Neural-Network, Dynamic Sequencer for
	Distributed Mission Planning and Control
General Purpose Machines Laboratory
	16 Dickens Court
	Irvine, CA 92715
		Jurn Sun Leung
(715-856-3327)

Abstract:

	Scheduling of tasks for a future space mission under joint management by distributed
control centers responsible for different components of the mission objective will
be faced with different priorities, release dates, deadlines, interdependencies,
and even conflicting demands on instruments, communication channels, and expendable
resources. This project investigates a neural-network-based sequencer for the generation
and continuous optimization of task schedules which, taking into account resource
constraints, internal states, and external dynamics, balances the requirements of
distributed control centers. The central innovation of this dynamic sequencer is
an optimizing scheduling loop. The heart of this loop is a modified Hopfield network
whose many-termed energy function is constructed to reflect task priority, processing
expenditure (time and resources), communication requirements, resource constraints,
and time dependencies.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: An optimizing planner is a key element in manufacturing
systems such as just-in-time manufacturing and factory automation for improved productivity.

Project Title:

A Distributed, Object-Type Management System for Heterogeneous Environments

07.08-1745
NAS5-30840
A Distributed, Object-Type Management System
	for Heterogeneous Environments
REI Systems
	P.O. Box 9183
	McLean, VA 22102-0183
		Veer V. Bhartiya
(703-281-1745)

Abstract:

	The innovation described here is the development of a distributed object type management
system (DOTS) kernel that provides an integrated, uniform, and extensible framework
for storage, retrieval, and update of heterogeneous objects. The DOTS approach provides
a uniform framework to integrate heterogeneous objects of diverse forms such as text,
structured data, and image in a distributed environment. It enables both of data
and applications and/or functions to be integrated without modifying existing systems.
It allows new systems to be developed and integrated easily by emphasizing the reusability
of existing systems. In Phase I, a methodology to represent heterogeneous information
systems using the object-type abstraction will be developed and evaluated by applying
it to selected NASA systems. High-level design specifications for the DOTS kernel
will also be developed in Phase I. The thrust of Phase II would be to design DOTS
in detail and demonstrate it for selected NASA data systems.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: DOTS is applicable to organizations in the commercial
and federal sectors many of which face problems in managing heterogeneous, distributed
data.

Project Title:

Ultra-Dense Magneto-Resistive Mass Memory

07.09-8659
NAS7-1077
Ultra-Dense Magneto-Resistive Mass Memory
Nonvolatile Electronics, Inc.
	5805 Amy Drive
	Edina, MN 55436
		James M. Daughton
(612-920-8659)

Abstract:

	The goal of this project is an ultra-dense magnetoresistive mass memory with an
access time of a few microseconds, 100 megabytes/second data rates. It will be highly
reliable due to the inherent reliability of magnetic storage with no moving parts.
This mass memory requires no standby power and can be radiation hardened. The conceptual
design will utilize the magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) technology conceived
by two of the investigators and developed for space application at Honeywell. The
conceptual design effort for a MRAM mass memory will include verification testing
of memory densities in excess of 108 bit/cm2; design and simulation of all circuit
blocks; a floor plan for circuits; and the thermal, electrical power, and data bus
analysis and density calculations for the integrated system . At the conclusion of
the Phase I, all preliminary work for the start of a mass-memory system development
will be completed.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: All computers from personal computers and work
stations through large mainframes and supercomputers are becoming performance limited
due to latency of disks. This technology would improve access time by a factor of
1000 while retaining nonvolatility.

Project Title:

A 128 X 128 Element, Indium-Gallium-Arsenide, IR Detector Array at 300 K

08.01-1188
NAS7-1087
A 128 X 128 Element, Indium-Gallium-Arsenide,
	IR Detector Array at 300 K
Epitaxx, Inc.
	3490 US Route One
	Princeton, NJ 08540
		Gregory H. Olsen
(609-452-1188)

Abstract:

	A two-dimensional, indium-gallium-arsenide detector array of unprecedented size
(128 x 128 elements) will be developed for room-temperature operation between 1.0
and 2.5 microns. An innovative, hydride vapor-phase epitaxy crystal-growth method
and fiber-optic probing technique to measure quantum efficiency at the wafer level
will be applied. Phase I will deliver 30 x 30 microns pixels (spaced 50 X 50 microns)
of conventional In.53Ga.47As detectors (for 1.0-to-1.7 microns) on a two-inch-diameter
InP substrate together with probe data. Performance goals are an 80-percent QE (1.3
microns) and a 300K dark-current (-5V) density below 1 x 10-6 amp/cm2. In the same
pixel geometry, detectors of In.8Ga.2As/InAs.6P.4 (for 1.0-to-2.5 microns sensitivity)
on three-inch-diameter InP substrates would be developed in Phase II. Two working
128 x 128 detector arrays mounted on a two-dimensional Reticon multiplexer would
also be delivered. Performance goals include one-percent pixel dropouts and 300K
D* > 3 x 1011 cm(Hz)1/2/W at 2.5 microns.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications would be in satellite imaging, remote
sensing, LIDAR, windshear avoidance, and spectroscopy.

Project Title:

Novel, Mercury-Cadmium-Telluride Growth Process

08.01-2681
NAS7-1075
Novel, Mercury-Cadmium-Telluride Growth
	Process
Advanced Technology Materials, Inc.
	520-B Danbury Road
	New Milford, CT 06776
		James D. Parsons
(203-355-2681)

Abstract:

	Mercury-cadmium-telluride (MCT) alloys are of major importance for non-cryogenically
cooled, l.0-to-16.0 microns IR-detector arrays, but their use has been slowed by
the dearth of repeatable growth processes capable of producing high-quality films
and devices with abrupt or controlled junctions. A new, unassisted, pyrolytic metal-organic
chemical-vapor-deposition (MOCVD) approach will be developed to grow epitaxial Hg1-xCdxTe
(x < 1) alloys with +l percent composition and thickness uniformity over a large
area. High mercury concentrations at 10 microns/hour growth rates and substrate temperatures
below 300oC should be possible with this method. This approach will use a unique
reagent system to enhance the growth process and incorporate a novel reactant-inlet
port to increase the vapor pressure of mercury at the growth surface. Phase I will
yield a reproducible, epitaxial MCT growth process and lay the foundation for MCT,
IR-detector-photodiode manufacturing process development in Phase II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications are possible in space-based, airborne,
and ground passive imaging systems including uses as diverse as satellite mapping,
automobile avoidance, and fighter-aircraft early warning systems.

Project Title:

Diode-Pumped, Short-Pulse Laser for Ranging and Altimetry

08.02-3240
NAS5-30868
Diode-Pumped, Short-Pulse Laser for Ranging
	and Altimetry
Continuum            
	3150 Central Expressway
	Santa Clara, CA 95051
		Jean-Marc Heritier
(408-727-3240)

Abstract:

	To perform earth atmosphere sensing and ranging from space, a laser must meet the
following requirements: short pulse width (60 ps to 1 ns), high efficiency (> 10
percent), and high reliability. Based on an improved, solid-state, diode-pumped technology,
this project will investigate the feasibility of a short-pulse, all-solid-state laser.
High efficiency should result from diode pumping, and its compact, almost-monolithic
design should ensure high reliability.  Phase I will demonstrate a short-cavity oscillator--single
longitudinal-mode, single transverse-mode, Q-switched at up to 1 kHz--which would
deliver 10 J per pulse with a minimum pulse duration of less than 1 ns, and 1 J per
pulse with a pulse duration of about 100 ps after compression. A flashlamp-pumped,
regenerative amplifier will be used to test the amplification of these pulses. In
Phase II, the firm would build the compressor and develop an all solid-state, quasi-cw
diode-pumped, regenerative amplifier that will amplify the pulses up to the milli-Joule
level.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This could apply to soft X-ray photolithography
for the semiconductor industry and for space-based or airborne experiments such as
ranging, altimetry, bathimetry, and LIDAR.

Project Title:

Cloud-Top Radiometer

08.02-7001
NAS5-30846
Cloud-Top Radiometer
Space Instruments, Inc.
	4403 Manchester Avenue, Suite 203
	Encinitas, CA 92024
		James W. Hoffman
(619-944-7001)

Abstract:

	The cloud-top radiometer (CTR) is a new instrument that can monitor the altitude
of cloud tops at a high repetition rate as an indication of potential storm activity.
The CTR utilizes the oxygen A-band technique but incorporates a CCD area-detector
array in a staring mode to achieve long dwell times and high sensitivity. This allows
a small, lightweight instrument operating at ambient temperature to perform accurate
altitude measurements without complicated scan mechanisms and cryogenic systems.
The staring CTR also obtains high-resolution, cloud-top images for global, cloud
monitoring and modeling programs. The CTR contains a stabilization mirror that permits
making bi-directional reflectance measurements of the same cloud at multiple angles
and stereo images of the clouds to be obtained for a correlating set of cloud-top
altitude values. After the feasibility study and conceptual design of Phase I, a
complete working breadboard model that could be flown on a Get-Away-Special aboard
the STS would be built in Phase II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: A small, low-cost cloud and severe-storm monitor
would be adaptable to a variety of airborne and satellite platforms including geo-synchronous
weather satellites.

Project Title:

A Stochastic Rain Model and Its Application in Rain-Rate Estimation

08.02-7518A
NAS5-30849
A Stochastic Rain Model and Its Application in
	Rain-Rate Estimation
Interdisciplinary Science Applications
	3 Rollins Court
	Rockville, MD 20852
		Z. H. Karni
(301-468-8912)

Abstract:

	Reliable rainfall data is an important parameter in models used for weather prediction.
It is also of concern to environmentalists studying the effect of acid rain and for
water resources management. A stochastic model that captures the essence of rainfall
processes in time and space will be investigated. Such a model will be used to determine
the applicability and usefulness of the threshold method in rainfall estimation.
The rainfall model will satisfy certain consistency requirements. It will consist
of three parts; a stationary cloud field, a spatial random rain-field, and a moving
window. Once the model is verified, the threshold method will be applied.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Improved estimates of rainfall will be beneficial
in areas such as agricultural planning and prediction, water resource management,
flood control, etc. The rain-field model will be useful in hydrological modeling,
flood prediction, and scavenging of pollutants in the troposphere.

Project Title:

Very-Large-Scale-Integration Time-Interval Units

08.02-9040
NAS5-30864
Very-Large-Scale-Integration Time-Interval Units
Schmidt Instruments, Inc.
	2476 Bolsover Suite 234
	Houston, TX 77005
		Howard K. Schmidt
(713-660-8414)

Abstract:

	A fully monolithic, time-interval unit (TIU) will be constructed. It will apply
custom, very-large-scale-integration (VLSI) circuits that combine analog and digital
sections for a pre-amplifier, discriminator, enable gate, and time-to-digital converter.
This TIU will dramatically reduce the size, weight, and power consumption of space-based
laser altimeters. Additional advantages of this approach are improved reliability
and performance at reduced cost relative to printed circuit board (PCB) and hybrid
alternatives. Phase I will concentrate on design and testing of individual and independent
sub-sections of the TIU; these results will be combined in Phase II to produce a
complete TIU chip optimized for use in flight-rated, range-finding systems. Based
on their previous VLSI and PCB-level design experience, the firm expects better than
one nanosecond resolution from the segmented VLSI test part from Phase I. Refined
TIUs produced in Phases II and III should deliver 100 picosecond accuracy with conversion
times less than 30 nanoseconds.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications that may benefit from improved TIUs
include laser altimetry, bathymetry, mass spectrometry, remote sensing, LIDAR, and
electronic test equipment.

Project Title:

Multispectral, Remote Sensing Using SPRITE Technology

08.03-1522
NAS13-406
Multispectral, Remote Sensing Using SPRITE
	Technology
Photon Research Associates, Inc.
	1033 Massachusetts Avenue
	Cambridge, MA 02138
		James C. Fraser
(617-354-1522)

Abstract:

	For continuous spatial and spectral analysis of optical radiation, a new concept
for a spectrometer that performs in either a serial-scan (pushbroom) or a staring
mode to detect infrared radiation will be evaluated. It applies a new detector device
known as a SPRITE (signal processing in the element), which offers increased integration
time, increased resolution, and reduced electronic processing over current area-array
spectrometer concepts. Developed for thermal imaging at 8 to 12 microns, SPRITE currently
uses mercury-cadmium-telluride photoconductive material. Optical compounding of HgCdTe
and alternative materials for implementing SPRITE technology may allow coverage of
the spectral regime from 1.1 to 14 microns. Phase I will analyze the essential solid-state
physics of the SPRITE detector, explore alternative SPRITE materials and spectral
bands, develop design concepts for a staring and scanning spectrometer, and predict
major performance characteristics such as bandwidth signal to noise, resolution,
and readout rates.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This concept would apply to an airborne or satellite-borne
pushbroom optical sensor and in a variety of passive and active optical sensing applications
including in-situ process monitoring of industrial chemical vapor processes.

Project Title:

Novel, Cobalt-Doped, Magnesium-Fluoride Lidar Aerosol Profiler

08.04-1802
NAS1-19007
Novel, Cobalt-Doped, Magnesium-Fluoride Lidar
	Aerosol Profiler
Schwartz Electro-Optics, Inc.
	3404 N. Orange Blossom Trail
	Orlando, FL 32804
		M. Acharekar
(407-298-1802)

Abstract:

	A breadboard, eye-safe, continuously tunable, Co:MgF2, LIDAR for measurements of
vertical concentration profiles of atmospheric aerosols will be constructed. It will
use a new, room temperature, eye-safe laser based upon a proprietary Co:MgF2 crystal
that is currently the only tunable, room-temperature Co:MgF2 laser on the market.
This system will provide vertical concentration profiles of atmospheric aerosols
and can also be used for atmospheric remote sensing of water vapor, HC1, CH4, and
NO2. A differential-absorption LIDAR (DIAL) system will be assembled using a continuously
tunable, Co:MgF2 laser; steering optics; a compact, receiving telescope; a cooled
InSb detector; and a computer to record the DIAL signals and control and monitor
the laser wavelength.
An eye-safe, continuously tunable, Co:MgF2 laser for LIDAR could have a large market
for multiple systems in each urban area to provide vertical concentration profiles
of the atmospheric aerosols and to identify chemical species.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:An eye-safe, continuously tunable, Co:MgF2 laser
for LIDAR could have a large market for multiple systems in each urban area to provide
vertical concentration profiles of the atmospheric aerosols and to identify chemical
species. 

Project Title:

An Airborne, Laser-Depolarization, Imaging Sensor for Terrestrial Measurements

08.05-3232
NAS5-30863
An Airborne, Laser-Depolarization, Imaging
	Sensor for Terrestrial Measurements
Ressler Associates, Inc.
	14440 Cherry Lane Court, Suite 212
	Laurel, MD 20707
		Gerald M. Ressler
(301-206-3232)

Abstract:

	The goal of Phase I of this project is to develop a preliminary system design that
demonstrates the feasibility of a pulsed-laser imaging sensor for measuring the depolarizing
effects of materials and structures on the Earth's surface. In addition, Phase I
will investigate data analysis and image processing techniques for presentation and
interpretation of depolarization data and evaluate the performance of typical, commercially
available, CCD cameras. Phase II would see the development and fabrication of a final
design calibrated in the laboratory and then flown aboard a helicopter or aircraft.
The data acquired during the Phase II flights would be used to evaluate the system's
performance.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications would be in remote detection of oil
spills, crop and land resource management, geological and man-made feature characterization
and identification.

Project Title:

Single, Longitudinal-Mode, Alexandrite Lidar Transmitter

08.06-0600
NAS5-30851
Single, Longitudinal-Mode, Alexandrite Lidar
	Transmitter
Light Age, Inc.
	6 Powder Horn Dr.
	Warren, NJ 07060
		Donald F. Heller
(201-563-0600)

Abstract:

	A broadly tunable, narrow-band, frequency-stabilized, pulsed, alexandrite LIDAR
transmitter will be developed for airborne and spaceborne missions. This laser transmitter
will provide near transform-limited output pulses across the 760-to-770 nanometer
spectral region. The approach is based on development of an actively stabilized,
diode-laser, injection-locked, alexandrite ring laser. The Phase I feasibility investigation
includes the design, fabrication, testing, and optimization of a testbed laser prototype.
This effort will resolve the most critical performance issues and will permit the
more extensive development of a LIDAR transmitter meeting all NASA requirements,
including scaling to higher power and pulse energy, in Phase II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Direct commercial applications are possible in
the fields of spectroscopy and photochemistry and in remote sensing. The company
commercializes and markets new laser technologies for scientific and medical applications.

Project Title:

Systems for Continuous Tuning and Single- Mode Operation of Solid-State Lasers

08.06-4161
NAS5-30857
Systems for Continuous Tuning and Single-	Mode Operation of Solid-State Lasers
Science & Engineering Services, Inc.
	17 Serpentine Ct.
	Silver Spring, MD 20904
		Hyo Sang Lee
(301-236-4161)

Abstract:

	A tunable, narrow-band ( 0.001 cm-1), stable ( 0.0005 cm-1) alexandrite laser will
be produced by injection seeding the laser oscillator with a stable, tunable diode
laser. The diode laser will be precisely tuned and controlled by using a digital
wavemeter and feedback mechanism. A large array detector and specific algorithm will
process the wavemeter output which, together with a stable frequency reference, will
achieve the required accuracy. This system will use a commercially available alexandrite
laser in a ring-laser configuration for injection seeding. The diode laser beam will
be injected through an optical isolator into the ring in the direction opposite to
that of the laser output. The length of the laser resonator cavity will be precisely
controlled dynamically with an active element to match the resonator mode-frequency
with the injection-seeding frequency. True single-longitudinal-mode operation will
be achieved by using a high-resolution wavemeter interfaced with the active cavity
element of the laser resonator as the feedback element.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications are possible in LIDAR profiling of
atmospheric temperature and trace-gas concentrations and in chemical processing and
reaction dynamics research, heterodyne laser radars, communications, hydrocarbon
detection, and petroleum exploration.

Project Title:

Lasers Optimized for Pumping Titanium-Alumina Lasers

08.07-2299
NAS1-19003
Lasers Optimized for Pumping Titanium-Alumina
	Lasers
Schwartz Electro-Optics, Inc.
	45 Winthrop Street
	Concord, MA 01742
		Glen A. Rines
(508-371-2299)

Abstract:

	The goal of this project is to develop pump lasers for the single-frequency, high-energy,
Ti:Al2O3, LIDAR transmitter  currently under development for NASA Langley Research
Center. The master oscillator requires a cw (or quasi-cw) pump laser with an output
of one to two Watts. The gain-switched, high-energy oscillator requires a pulsed,
pump laser at about two Joules per pulse with a 200-to-500 nanosecond pulsewidth.
The pulsed pump laser will use a graded-reflectivity-mirror unstable resonator, high-gain
Nd:YLF laser material, a compact Faraday isolator, and the stable-relaxation-oscillation
laser concept. The ideal pump for a space-based Ti:Al2O3 master oscillator is a diode-laser-pumped,
cw, Nd-laser with efficient, intracavity-second-harmonic generation. With inventive
design approaches, longitudinally-pumped oscillators may be able to produce 1 W of
laser output at the second harmonic wavelength using existing diode lasers. An additional
goal of the Phase I effort will be to develop a design for such a device.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The resulting devices could serve either as a
1-micron source or as a pump for a commercial Ti:Al2O3 laser that could be used in
spectroscopy, terrestrial remote sensing, and medical research.

Project Title:

Development of 780- and 792-Nanometer Diode-Laser Pumps for Solid-State Lasers

08.07-6000A
NAS1-19035
Development of 780- and 792-Nanometer Diode-Laser Pumps for Solid-State Lasers
Spire Corporation
	Patriots Park
	Bedford, MA 01730
		Kurt J. Linden
(617-275-6000)

Abstract:

	For use in optically pumping the recently available Tm-activated Ho:YAG and Nd:YLF
solid-state lasers, 780-nanometer and 792-nanometer, quantum-well, diode-laser arrays
will be developed. The diode-laser array is an effective, optical-pumping method
because of its high efficiency, high reliability, and small volume and weight. To
make this diode-laser pumping scheme a commercial reality, a reproducible and inexpensive
process is required. The main contributing factor to the high cost of diode-laser
pump arrays has been the low yield of epitaxial material emitting at the proper wavelength.
The company has demonstrated the ability to make quantum-well structures of high
uniformity over two-inch wafers in a production MOCVD reactor. Building on present
808-nanometer, diode-laser array activities, operational laser arrays will be fabricated
and delivered under this project.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications would occur in pumping several different
lasers used for detection of wind shear and atmospheric microbursts, for atmospheric
aerosol sampling, and for soliton generation and femtosecond research.

Project Title:

Compact, Lightweight, Expanding-Beam CO2 Laser Amplifiers for Spaceborne Applications

08.08-1122A
NAS8-38462
Compact, Lightweight, Expanding-Beam CO2
	Laser Amplifiers for Spaceborne Applications
Science Research Laboratory, Inc.
	15 Ward Street
	Somerville, MA 02143
		Jonah Jacob
(617-547-1122)

Abstract:

	The expanding beam laser (EBL) is a revolutionary concept for efficient, lightweight,
compact CO2 lasers for space-based laser radar applications. Its main advantage is
that it enables the construction of laser power amplifiers having stage gains that
are factors of 10-to-30 times greater than with conventional approaches. In the case
of the CO2 laser, efficient power amplifiers with gains of 1000 can be built with
no isolation and with negligible losses from amplified spontaneous emission. As a
result, the oscillator that provides the injected signal for a master-oscillator,
power-amplifier (MOPA) can be reduced in energy by 10 to 30 times, thereby cutting
the overall laser weight and volume in half. The objectives for Phase I are the detailed
engineering design of a CO2 laser MOPA using the EBL architecture and verification
that the EBL amplifier results in the lightest, most-compact, laser-radar system.
Using these conceptual designs, a proof-of-principle experiment will also be designed
in Phase I.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Compact, lightweight CO2 lasers could be used
in laser welding, heat treating, scribing, cutting and drilling, wind sounding, and
remote detection of windshear.

Project Title:

Multiple-Diode-Pumped, Ho:Tm:YAG, Planar Ring Laser

08.08-4022
NAS8-38441
Multiple-Diode-Pumped, Ho:Tm:YAG, Planar Ring
	Laser
Electro-Optics Technology, Inc.
	4057 Clipper Court
	Fremont, CA 94538
		David G. Scerbak
(415-651-4022)

Abstract:

	Multiple-diode pumping of a planar, monolithic Ho:Tm:YAG, ring laser will be applied
to realize a practical, high-power, single-frequency, room-temperature laser  at
2.1 microns. Multiple-diode pumping ensures high gain in all regions of the lasing
path. This distributed high gain eliminates reabsorption losses in the Ho:Tm:YAG,
three-level laser. Diode-pumped ring lasers offer advantages over CO2 lasers. Ho:TM:YAG
ring lasers, by virtue of their monolithic structure, are inherently compact, reliable
and lightweight. Lifetimes approaching 20,000 hours, efficiencies greater than 10
percent, and frequency stabilities better than 10 kHz are all possible with diode
pumping. Redundancy of critical diode pumps precludes "hard failures". Ho:Tm:YAG
lasers at 2.1 microns are eye-safe and should find application as transmitters in
NASA's cw and pulsed, coherent, laser radar systems.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: These devices may have applications in coherent
communications with infrared fibers, in wind shear detection, and micro-surgery and
tissue welding.

Project Title:

Space-Sensor, Common-Module Electronics

08.09-8211A
NAS8-38451
Space-Sensor, Common-Module Electronics
Irvine Sensors Corporation
	3001 Redhill Avenue, Bldg 3 #208
	Costa Mesa, CA 92626
		David E. Ludwig
(714-549-8211)

Abstract:

	Electro-optical focal plane arrays (FPA) and their associated read-out electronics
are usually unique to the type of instrument in which they reside. The choice of
wavelength, detector material, spatial and temporal sample rates, and scene characteristics
significantly influence read-out electronics design. Each new application requires
a new FPA development. With the advent of Z-plane FPA architectures, the electronics
circuitry can now provide programmable analog and digital signal processing channels
for each element of a two-dimensional detector array. Thus, it appears possible to
develop an innovative, generic circuit concept that will apply to sensors as diverse
as high-resolution, visible and infrared imagers, spectrometers, and lightning mappers.
The circuit will provide on-board calibration, data compression, image-motion compensation,
and background suppression while maintaining low noise, high dynamic range, and low
power dissipation. A conceptual design and performance evaluation will be performed
during Phase I that would lead to the design, fabrication, and test of a Z-plane-compatible,
integrated circuit during Phase II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Spectral imaging for earth observations, robotics,
manufacturing process monitoring, and analytical instrumentation are possible applications.

Project Title:

A Broadband, Multichannel, Precipitation Sensor

08.09-8551
NAS8-38467
A Broadband, Multichannel, Precipitation Sensor
Millitech Corporation
	P.O. Box 109
	South Deerfield, MA 01373
		Ellen L. Moore
(413-665-8551)

Abstract:

	A sensor will be designed for satellite observations of precipitation, sea surface,
and atmospheric soundings. This sensor will comprise a common aperture antenna and
a Gaussian-optics, frequency multiplexer that will be used with low-noise receivers.
The user will be able to scan in two orthogonal polarizations over one decade of
frequency at both microwave and millimeter wavelengths. The design approach is to
mate a compact, broadband, frequency multiplexer with a high resolution antenna.
The expected design is one which would be cost efficient by allowing many bands to
be observed simultaneously with one instrument.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This system would be used for remote sensing of
many different earth resources, for environmental and weather studies, for navigation,
military operations, and intelligence gathering.

Project Title:

Miniature, Biogenic-Element Analyzer

08.10-7780
NAS2-13169
Miniature, Biogenic-Element Analyzer
Advanced Research and Applications Corp.
	425 Lakeside Drive
	Sunnyvale, CA 94086-4701
		Russell E. Stachowski
(408-733-7780)

Abstract:

	This project will establish a new capability in light-element, X-ray fluorescence
analysis that supports accurate quantitative measurement of biogenic elements. The
basis for this new capability is a class of innovative, X-ray wavelength-dispersive
optical components known as layered synthetic microstructures (LSM). These components,
when combined with existing energy-dispersive detectors, make feasible the construction
of miniature biogenic analyzer systems for NASA missions. Phase I will specify the
optimum excitation source, dispersion element, and detector components of the system
and provide a calculational end-to-end demonstration of its response properties.
These data will provide a foundation for Phase II prototype construction and experimental
evaluation.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The products could have commercial application
in the field of analytical electron microscopy, in support of life science, microelectronic,
and advanced materials research and development.

Project Title:

Adaptive, Rapid-Scanning, Imaging Spectro- Polarimeter

08.11-5435
NAS7-1078
Adaptive, Rapid-Scanning, Imaging Spectro-	Polarimeter
AOTF Technology, Inc.
	540 Weddell Drive #6
	Sunnyvale, CA 94089
		Patrick Katzka
(408-734-5435)

Abstract:

	The objective of this project is to develop an imaging, ground-based, spectro-polarimeter
utilizing state-of-the-art acousto-optical tunable filters (AOTFs). The approach
is to use a novel, optical-imaging system designed to provide access to the orthogonally
polarized, AOTF images and to use the undeviated central beam for guiding or other
purposes. Access time will be less than 25 microseconds. The tuning range will cover
0.3 microns to 3 microns, utilizing a minimum of AOTFs to cover this extended range,
and having a variable passband, nominally between 10 and 100 Angstroms at 1 microns.
Other aspects of the approach are the use of an integral-instrument, image rotator
to allow routine, linear polarization measurements using both AOTF-filtered images;
the use of automated control with an interface to the data-acquisition computer;
and the implementation of innovative transducer and/or AOTF designs to provide flexible
choices of passband shape and/or position(s).

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Remote-sensing for survey of resources and numerous
uses of AOTF in medical, biological, geological, oceanographic, and agricultural
fields could result from this project.

Project Title:

Efficient, Far-Infrared, Inductive Mesh Filters by Photoelectrochemical Etching

08.12-9450
NAS2-13166
Efficient, Far-Infrared, Inductive Mesh Filters by
	Photoelectrochemical Etching
EIC Laboratories, Inc.
	111 Downey Street
	Norwood, MA 02062
		Michael M. Carrabba
(617-769-9450)

Abstract:

	Instrumentation for far-infrared and sub-millimeter spectroscopy generally requires
beam splitters and bandpass or cutoff filters that, for these wavelengths, typically
have a mesh geometry, with the shape and dimensions of the openings determining the
optical properties. A new method for fabricating these filters using light-driven
etching of semiconductor crystals promises to provide a variety of hole shapes with
narrow hole spacings and highly vertical sidewalls; these characteristics cannot
be achieved by the present techniques of etching thin metal foils or winding fine
metal grids. Phase I will be used to define the conditions for making 1 cm2 prototype
meshes (e.g., 20 x 20 microns squares on 30 microns centers) in 50-100 microns thick
GaAs. Phase II would entail determination of optimal semiconductor-substrate materials
and photoelectrochemical processing conditions and the fabrication and evaluation
of a variety of filter structures and sets with relevance to specific NASA missions.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The filters would apply to far-infrared and millimeter
wave astronomy, meteorology, surveillance, and far-infrared lasers. New techniques
for producing finely etched vertical structures will have commercial significance
in electronics, optics, ink jets, micro-sieves, etc.

Project Title:

Backside-Illuminated, Large-Format, Charge- Coupled Devices and Mosaics

08.13-8961
NAS5-30870
Backside-Illuminated, Large-Format, Charge-	Coupled Devices and Mosaics
Photometrics Limited
	3440 E. Britannia Drive, #200
	Tucson, AZ 85706-5006
		Gary R. Sims
(602-623-8961)

Abstract:

	This project involves constructing large-format, thinned, backside-illuminated CCDs
and CCD mosaics. The problems associated with uniformly thinning large silicon areas,
mounting the thinned membrane to a rigid support such that a desired optical figure
is obtained, and making reliable electrical contact to the CCD are addressed in the
Phase I work.
Successful completion of the Phase I and Phase II work will result in the availability
of large-format CCDs and CCD mosaics that exhibit high, stable sensitivity at wavelengths
extending from the near-IR through the VUV. Such devices will be valuable for space-
and ground-based astronomy where large focal planes and high sensitivity are required.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications could occur in space- and ground-based
astronomy, optical and electron microscopy, low-light-level underwater imaging, analytical
spectroscopy, and surveillance.

Project Title:

Fiber Arrays for Low-Background Infrared Astronomy

08.13-9546
NAS5-30850
Fiber Arrays for Low-Background Infrared
	Astronomy
Infrared Fiber Systems, Inc.
	2301-A Broadbirch Drive
	Silver Spring, MD 20904
		Danh Tran
(301-622-9546)

Abstract:

	Infrared-transmitting, coherent fiber bundles will be developed for use in astronomical
and aerospace spectroscopic systems. These systems could be telescope-coupled for
in-flight or ground-based use. Applications include re-mapping pixels to match the
detector elements of an infrared, focal-plane-array detector; curved-field correction;
multi-object spectroscopy or spectroscopic mapping; image magnification; and remote
replacement of the detector. During Phase I, a 25-fiber image-slicer will be constructed
for immediate testing at Kitt Peak National Observatory. The fibers will be made
from zirconium-fluoride-based glass. Experiments will be conducted on the re-draw
technique which can be used to produce high-resolution imaging bundles. During Phase
II, a massively parallel bundle would be constructed to map the spectral elements
from a spectrometer-slit image onto the elements of a one-to-five micron, InSb-array
detector. Other infrared imaging bundles using both constant diameter and tapered
fibers would also be fabricated.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Remote observation of infrared images would be
useful for medical and industrial diagnosis, for example, thermal monitoring of electronic
systems and thermography inside a living body or a nuclear reactor. Other applications
include spectroscopic instrumentation for chemical analysis.

Project Title:

Improved Antenna for Synthetic-Aperture Radar Calibrator

08.14-0800
NAS7-1084
Improved Antenna for Synthetic-Aperture Radar
	Calibrator
Center for Remote Sensing
	P.O. Box 9244
	McLean, VA 22102
		Suman Ganguly
(703-848-0800)

Abstract:

	The goal for this project is an improved antenna for a SAR calibrator. The improvements
sought are low cross-polarization, low side-lobe, low cost and weight, and improved
stability. Numerical modeling will be applied to evaluate the performance of several
antenna configurations under realistic environments to determine the optimal antenna
configuration. A prototype will be constructed, and its performance will be measured
in a laboratory.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Improved antennas will lower the cost and improve
the performance of SAR transponders.

Project Title:

Improved Antenna for Synthetic-Aperture Radar Calibrator

08.14-0800
NAS7-1084
Improved Antenna for Synthetic-Aperture Radar
	Calibrator
Center for Remote Sensing
	P.O. Box 9244
	McLean, VA 22102
		Suman Ganguly
(703-848-0800)

Abstract:

	The goal for this project is an improved antenna for a SAR calibrator. The improvements
sought are low cross-polarization, low side-lobe, low cost and weight, and improved
stability. Numerical modeling will be applied to evaluate the performance of several
antenna configurations under realistic environments to determine the optimal antenna
configuration. A prototype will be constructed, and its performance will be measured
in a laboratory.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Improved antennas will lower the cost and improve
the performance of SAR transponders.

Project Title:

Multichannel Occultation Photometer

08.15-5262
NAS7-1106
Multichannel Occultation Photometer
Sets Technology, Inc.
	300 Kahelu Avenue
	Mililani, HI 96789
		Jonathan Gradie
(808-625-5262)

Abstract:

	This project responds to the need for an infrared photometer that is capable of
acquiring, with near simultaneity, data in at least two selectable passbands (1.0-to-5.2
microns and 8-to-13 microns). The photometer must have high sensitivity, operate
with a duty cycle of about 100 percent on-source during chopping, and sample data
continuously for one hour at 100 Hz. This project will develop a compact instrument
that can operate two state-of-the-art infrared detectors (InSb and Si:As) simultaneously
in the same cryogenic dewar. The Phase I objective is to develop detailed conceptual
and engineering designs of a prototype instrument and construct a working laboratory-bench
model. Experience gained in the laboratory model would be applied directly to development
of the prototype instrument during Phase II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This project could lead to applications in ground
and spacecraft based astrophysical and planetary science; remote sensing applications
for geological mapping and forestry; and monitoring manufacturing and industrial
processes with emitted radiation signatures.

Project Title:

Atmospheric Opacity Monitor

08.15-5262B
NAS7-1088
Atmospheric Opacity Monitor
Sets Technology, Inc.
	300 Kahelu Avenue
	Mililani, HI 96789
		Jonathan Gradie
(808-625-5262)

Abstract:

	This project addresses the development of a low-mass (less than 500 grams), low-power
(less than 5 watts) atmosphere opacity monitor for use on spacecraft operating on
the surface of Mars and on unmanned or remote, terrestrial atmospheric monitors.
The objective of Phase I is to develop detailed conceptual and engineering designs
of two potential prototype instrument concepts: all-sky imaging using a low-mass,
lens system CCD-array detector to study hourly variant phenomena and a horizon-to-zenith
swath system to study daily phenomena at many wavelengths. Both of these systems
require innovations in low-mass imaging and electronic systems. The results of Phase
I would be applied to development of a prototype instrument under Phase II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This device could be applied to emission monitoring
of smokestacks and other industrial processes where opacity measurements are required
to meet industrial standards.

Project Title:

Wideband, Acousto-Optic, Spectra Analyzer

08.16-0827
NAS7-1082
Wideband, Acousto-Optic, Spectra Analyzer
Aurora Associates
	3350 Scott Blvd., Bldg 33
	Santa Clara, CA 90504
		I. C. Chang
(415-967-0827)

Abstract:

	The goal of this project is development of a wide band, acousto-optic spectra analyzer
(AOSA) for application in IR spectrometers for space astronomy. Its inherent wide
bandwidth and parallel signal-processing characteristics make it well suited to this
application. The performance goals for development of the AOSA include a 2 GHz bandwidth
and a l MHz resolution. In Phase I, the theoretical study of feasibility of the AOSA
based on two approaches: Bragg-cell efficiency enhancement and the concept of channelized
instantaneous frequency measurement.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The applications would be in the areas of optical
signal processing and computing. Successful development of the small, wide-band processor
could lead to compact, special-purpose computers for exploration seismology.

Project Title:

Dual K- and C-Band Transponder for Satellite Altimetric Calibration

08.17-8500
NAS7-1097
Dual K- and C-Band Transponder for Satellite
	Altimetric Calibration
Interferometrics, Inc.
	8150 Leesburg Pike, Suite 1400
	Vienna, VA 22182
		David B. Shaffer
(703-790-8500)

Abstract:

	To provide the capability to establish and maintain sea-surface truth for satellite
altimeter validation, a dual-frequency (K-band and C-band) transponder that will
simulate the surface reflection of ranging pulses transmitted from the TOPEX/Poseidon
spacecraft will be investigated. This transponder must receive and transmit on the
same frequencies. It must receive the spacecraft transmissions and determine their
characteristics in order to transmit replicas at the same time are being reflected.
Detection by matched-filter, surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) correlation will enable
the generation of chirp replicas of very high precision. Because the transponder
is active, the retransmitted chirps will undergo only R2 power loss rather than the
R4 loss associated with competing systems. These high-power returns will force TOPEX
to track the transponder for calibration and orbit determination. The transponder
will use the spacecraft ephemeris and known location of the transponder to improve
greatly the speed and accuracy with which it can lock onto the spacecraft transmissions.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The new altimetric transponder could be applied
in environmental protection by monitoring surface vertical distortions at hazardous
waste sites and in water resource management by monitoring the changes in surface
height caused by changes in ground water table levels.

Project Title:

Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter

08.18-0827
NAS7-1093
Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter
Aurora Associates
	3350 Scott Blvd., Bldg 33
	Santa Clara, CA 90504
		I. C. Chang
(415-967-0827)

Abstract:

	Improved performance of acousto-optic tunable filters (AOTF), which are promising
for space-borne optical sensor and instrument applications, is the goal of this project.
The full capability of the AOTF is limited by critical deficiencies of the current
technology. The Phase I effort for overcoming these deficiencies includes: the improvement
of out-of-band rejection to 30 dB by investigating three novel apodization techniques
and the development of new, ultraviolet, AOTF materials that are at least ten times
better than crystal quartz.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications are possible in industrial process
control and medical instrumentation: for example, as an in-situ, thin-film monitor
for dielectric control or a rapid-scan spectrometer for cell-biology studies.

Project Title:

Gas-Jet Deposition of Optical Thin-Films for Extreme Ultra-Violet and Soft X-Ray

08.18-5130
NAS5-30873
Gas-Jet Deposition of Optical Thin-Films for
	Extreme Ultra-Violet and Soft X-Ray
	Applications
Schmitt Technology Associates
	25 Science Park
	New Haven, CT 06511
		Bret L. Halpern
(203-786-5130)

Abstract:

	A gas-jet deposition (GJD) technique will be tested for depositing silicon-carbide
films and gold-silicon multilayer films to make high-reflectance mirrors for the
extreme UV and X-ray spectral regions. The objectives are to learn if this method
can produce the films at an acceptable rate, over useful areas, and with sufficient
reflectance to show promise for mirror applications important to NASA's space astronomy
missions. The GJD method exploits supersonic gas jets to deposit thin films of metals,
semiconductors, insulators, and organic materials at high rates on low-temperature
substrates. The gas-jet sources will be modified to sustain microwave discharges
for plasma-assisted deposition or equipped with targets for laser vaporization. During
deposition, the films will be annealed by pulsed-laser heating and by bombardment
with high fluxes of moderate-energy neutral species. In addition, a new approach
to coverage of large areas by the periodic deflection of the gas jets will be tested.
The optical properties of the films will be characterized.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Application may be found in optical components
for X-ray lithography, synchrotron beam lines, and silicon-carbide coatings for electronic,
photonic, and wear applications

Project Title:

Ion-Beam Deposition of Large-Area, Low- Scattering Metal Coatings

08.18-7513B
NAS7-1095
Ion-Beam Deposition of Large-Area, Low-	Scattering Metal Coatings
Barr Associates, Inc.
	2 Lyberty Way
	Westford, MA 01886
		Ghanim Al-Jumaily
(508-692-7513)

Abstract:

	Metal coatings deposited using conventional evaporation are unstable when exposed
to such elements of the environment as moisture, heat, and radiation. State-of-the-art
space and astronomical applications, such as white-light, all-reflecting coronographs,
require coatings with optimum properties. These applications require large-size,
super-smooth, high-reflectance mirrors. Ion-beam-based coating techniques have shown
great promise to improve the durability and reduce the optical scatter of thin films.
Metal coatings will be deposited using conventional evaporation, ion-assisted deposition,
and ion-assisted sputtering. Coatings of silver, aluminum, and gold will be examined.
Several diagnostic techniques will be employed to examine effects of deposition conditions
on the optical properties, optical scatter, and mechanical properties of metal coatings.
Scaling of the coating process to coat large surfaces will be examined.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Metal coatings are useful for wide-band, high-reflectance
surfaces, bandpass metal-dielectric filters, and telescope mirrors and space-based
optical telescopes.

Project Title:

Photoetched Echelle Gratings in Silicon

08.18-9450
NAS5-30844
Photoetched Echelle Gratings in Silicon
EIC Laboratories, Inc.
	111 Downey Street
	Norwood, MA 02062
		Michael M. Carrabba
(617-769-9450)

Abstract:

	Echelle diffraction gratings are critical components for spectral analysis of light
from stellar and albedo sources. Photo-electrochemical etching (PEC) is a process
for producing diffraction gratings directly into semiconducting materials with a
high degree of control of reaction rate, lateral uniformity, and groove angle. Phase
I will determine the feasibility of making Echelle diffraction gratings in silicon
by the PEC method. Silicon possesses the crystallographic properties that would allow
direct PEC fabrication of deep, low-pitch, Echelle gratings. Silicon gratings greater
than 3" x 3" in size are possible since high-quality and large area (>6" diameter)
crystals are available. In Phase I, the effects of photo-etchant composition, exposure
times, light intensity, masking procedure, and doping density of the Si will be examined.
The goal of the project is the production of practical-size Echelle gratings for
evaluation by NASA.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The gratings would be useful for free-electron
lasers and synchrotron light sources and as masters for gratings used in high-resolution,
commercial spectrographs. PEC techniques could be used to fabricate solid-state electronic
devices, micro-mechanical structures, and sub-millimeter optical filters.

Project Title:

Broadband Source for a Three-Dimensional Reflectometer

08.19-5976
NAS5-30841
Broadband Source for a Three-Dimensional
	Reflectometer
TNA Technologies, Inc.
	P.O. Box 3118
	Bozeman, MT 59715
		John C. Stover
(406-586-7684)

Abstract:

	The technology to take full-hemisphere, reflective or transmissive scatter measurements
with fully automated position and polarization control of the instrument now exists.
Adoption of this technology will result in an instrument that is highly compatible
in terms of operation and data output with those at other government research laboratories.
Two significant innovative design features will extend the current state of the art.
First is a new source design that uses the FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrometer.
It should result in higher performance instrumentation because of throughput and
efficiency advantages. The second innovation is the measurement of the four Stokes
parameters. A brute force approach requires broadband waveplates to produce and measure
the required polarization components. There are two alternatives; one is easier experimentally,
and the other is more suitable to automation than the brute force method.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This device could be applied in materials research
and process and quality control in steel, aluminum, plating, and paper industries.

Project Title:

Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Instrument for Monitoring Contaminants in Space

08.20-9040
NAS5-30865
Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Instrument for
	Monitoring Contaminants in Space
Schmidt Instruments, Inc.
	2476 Bolsover Suite 234
	Houston, TX 77005
		Howard K. Schmidt
(713-529-9040)

Abstract:

	A prototype contamination detection and characterization system will be fabricated
based on a combination of time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) and quartz crystal
microbalance (QCM) technology. A novel ion-source for sampling both gas phase and
sputtered ion-species will be constructed, permitting low-level detection of contaminant
molecules both before and after deposition on test surfaces. TOF-MS features simple,
rugged construction, with high sensitivity and uniform response as a function of
mass. Sticking coefficients, re-emission rates, and chemical identity of significant
contaminants can be determined using such instrumentation. The objectives of Phase
I are construction of  a bread-board version of the QCM/TOF-MS system and assessment
of requirements for a self-contained, autonomous contamination sensor.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Commercial uses could occur in quality and process
control and leak and contamination detection.

Project Title:

Highly Transparent, Rugged Sensor for Meteoroids and Space Debris

08.21-8442
NAS9-18304
Highly Transparent, Rugged Sensor for
	Meteoroids and Space Debris
Applied Research Corporation
	8201 Corporate Drive, Suite 920
	Landover, MD 20785
		Siegfried Auer
(301-459-8442)

Abstract:

	The main purpose of this project is to develop a simple system to measure the velocity
vectors of dust particles, particularly those Earth-orbit and interplanetary dust
particles of masses of less than one milligram. The instrument--a simple, rugged
design--will be a highly transparent sensor system for accurate velocity vector measurement.
A catcher could easily be added for chemical and physical analyses of the particles.
The objective of Phase I is to design and construct a simple laboratory model and
test it using pellets and a dust accelerator (Moorhead, Minnesota or Max Planck Institute,
Heidelberg, Germany). The results will establish such critical design parameters
such as rod characteristics, rod spacing, electrical shielding, and signal-to-noise
ratio for use in Phase II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications would be mainly in the design of
space structures.

Project Title:

Cryogenic, Ultrasonic, Mass-Flow Meter and Quality Meter

08.22-2719
NAS3-25814
Cryogenic, Ultrasonic, Mass-Flow Meter and
	Quality Meter
Panametrics, Inc.
	221 Crescent Street
	Waltham, MA 02254
		Lawrence C. Lynnworth
(617-899-2719)

Abstract:

	Accurate measurement of gaseous hydrogen flow-rate by ultrasound requires new transducers
that overcome hydrogen's low acoustic impedance (Z). New ways of mounting these transducers
must be found to avoid acoustic short circuits. Two low-Z transducers will be designed.
The first uses slow, leaky flexural waves propagating in a conical radiator. The
frequency-distance product controls the phase velocity of the leaky flexural waves
and the ultrasonic radiation pattern in the H2 gas. In the second, the gas is sandwiched
between a laser-perforated plate and the solid surface of an ultrasonic piston. When
the piston is energized, the compressed gas squirts through the perforations as a
velocity-transformed pulse having ultrasonic frequency components corresponding to
vortices shed by the holes. Both transducers, if successfully developed, would measure
the bi-directional flow of low-Z cryogens with response times 0.1 seconds. Success,
however, requires that small-contact-area mounts, slow-wave structures, or other
isolation means be perfected.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications could be in measurement of mass flow
rate and quality of a variety of single and two-phase fluids; as a fast-response,
bi-directional flowmeter to measure oscillatory and pulsating flows in engines and
pumps; and in biomedical measurements of the breathing dynamics.

Project Title:

Control Structure Interaction: Optimization-Based Design Tools

09.01-1500
NAS1-19015
Control Structure Interaction: Optimization-Based Design Tools
Integrated Systems, Inc.
	2500 Mission College Boulevard
	Santa Clara, CA 95054-1215
		Robert L. Kosut
(408-980-1500)

Abstract:

	The performance requirements placed upon large structures used in space missions
may be most effectively achieved by integrating structural and control design to
accrue significant performance benefits with less costly controller hardware. One
approach to this problem involves integrating the structural and control design via
an optimization approach. This allows a great deal of flexibility in the tradeoff
between such design features as weight and power requirements entirely through cost
function selection. In prior efforts to use this approach, it was assumed that both
the controller gains and the structural parameters could vary continuously over some
specified range. This assumption is unrealistic since it is not feasible from either
a cost or a technical standpoint to construct a structure where every member is unique.
In this project, the structural members will be limited to some predefined set of
available elements selected through a combinatorial optimization approach. This will
allow for continuously varying controller parameters and discretely varying structural
parameters, while still achieving an optimal design.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The expected applications would be in the design
of large space structures.

Project Title:

A High-Speed, Fault-Tolerant Microprocessor for Space Applications

09.02-0126
NAS1-19033
A High-Speed, Fault-Tolerant Microprocessor for
	Space Applications
Spaceborne, Inc.
	742 Foothill Boulevard, Suite 2B
	La Canada, CA 91011
		Constantin C. Timoc
(818-952-0126)

Abstract:

	Advanced space systems require significant improvements in the throughput and fault
tolerance of their guidance, navigation, and control computers. The main objective
of this project is to develop a laboratory prototype  is to use approximation theory
to obtain closed-loop guidance laws. Neural networks offer an alternative to the
derivation and implementation of guidance laws. This project will formulate the space
vehicle guidance problem using a neural network approach and find the appropriate
neural net architecture for modelling optimum guidance trajectories. It will train
the developed network with a database of optimum guidance trajectories and demonstrate
its performance as an on-line classifier. Such a neural-network-based guidance approach
can readily adapt to environmental uncertainties such as those encountered by an
AOTV during atmospheric maneuvers.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The commercial application would be a front end
for neural-network software packages and computers for incorporating a priority-system
knowledge base into the selection of processing elements and interconnect structures

Project Title:

A Neural-Net Approach to Space Vehicle Guidance

09.02-3474
NAS1-19004
A Neural-Net Approach to Space Vehicle Guidance
Charles River Analytics, Inc.
        55 Wheeler Street
        Cambridge, MA 02138
                Alper K. Caglayan  (617-491-3474)

Abstract:

        The numerical algorithms involved in the solution of optimum trajectory and
guidance problems are too complex for on-line application with advanced space vehicles.
Hence, the current approach to the development of real-time guidance is to use approximation
theory to obtain closed-loop guidance laws. Neural networks offer an alternative
to the derivation and implementation of guidance laws. This project will formulate
the space vehicle guidance problem using a neural network approach and find the appropriate
neural net architecture for modelling optimum guidance trajectories. It will train
the developed network with a database of optimum guidance trajectories and demonstrate
its performance as an on-line classifier. Such a neural-network-based guidance approach
can readily adapt to environmental uncertainties such as those encountered by an
AOTV during atmospheric maneuvers.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The commercial application would be a front end
for neural-network software packages and computers for incorporating a priority-system
knowledge base into the selection of processing elements and interconnect structures.

Project Title:

Novel Direction-Finding for Robotic Tracking in the Space Station

09.04-0760
NAS9-18333
Novel Direction-Finding for Robotic Tracking in
	the Space Station
SCS Telecom, Inc.
	107 Haven Avenue
	Port Washington, NY 11050
		Tuvia Apelewicz
(516-883-0760)

Abstract:

	Conventional radio systems are proving inadequate to support the full and effective
utilization of robotics in a space station environment. The tracking and locating
of extra-vehicular robots is complicated by radio transmission multipath and station
reflections, by the number of simultaneously transmitting robots, by antenna shielding
due to the geometry of robot location, and by resolution requirements exacerbated
by limited transmission path dimensions. New signal processing techniques are needed
to solve these problems. This project will design a direction-finding system to implement
space-station-robotic tracking that overcomes these technical limitations by using
a unique chip code for individual robot identification. It uses state-of-the-art
FFT hardware chips to implement the cross-comparison and detection procedure and
discriminates secondary multipath signals.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: A direction-finding device that can track and
locate robots is required for the robotic maintenance at sophisticated electronic
equipment for commercial operations in space.

Project Title:

Dynamic, Coherently Coupled, Holographic Optical Elements Using Liquid Crystals

09.04-1416B
NAS9-18325
Dynamic, Coherently Coupled, Holographic
	Optical Elements Using Liquid Crystals
Physical Optics Corporation
	20600 Grammercy Place, Suite 103
	Torrance, CA 90501
		Behzad Moslehi
(213-530-1416)

Abstract:

	A new approach to dynamic optical switching is based on nonlinear liquid-crystal
materials and holographic techniques. The firm's holo-crystal switch (HCS) offers
high promise of being the precursor to the next generation of dynamic holographic
optical elements. Its primary innovation is dynamically variable reflection or transmission.
As a holographically fabricated element, the device is flexible with respect to its
diffractive properties. The HCS is the first-of-its-kind to employ advanced, nonlinear
liquid-crystal materials to modulate the phase relationship between spatially coupled
sub-holograms, leading to significant variations of the effective reflectivity. The
HCS will benefit future NASA missions by replacing conventional microwave systems
in space tracking and imaging applications. It will apply as well to fiber-optic
and free-space communication, optical computing, remote sensing, and altimetry.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This novel holo-crystal switch would find applications
in diverse areas such as imaging systems, robotics, fiber-optic and free space communications,
optical computing, remote sensing, and altimetry.

Project Title:

Novel Composites for Protection Against Orbital Debris

09.05-3200
NAS8-38440
Novel Composites for Protection Against Orbital
	Debris
Foster-Miller, Inc.
	350 Second Avenue
	Waltham, MA 02154-1196
		J. J. Gassner
(617-890-3200)

Abstract:

	This project investigates a unique combination of materials for space bumpers to
counter the threat posed to pressurized vehicles by micro-meteoroids and man-made
orbital debris in space. The material combinations to be examined include planar
composites possessing rod-like reinforcement in the thickness (Z) direction as well
as thin sandwiches of these materials in which Z-reinforced sections are separated
by a layer of low-density foam. A key aspect of this concept is the Z-direction reinforcement,
a dense, low-shock-compressibility metal to assist in fragmenting a projectile and
dispersing the fragments over a wide area. This concept is the small-scale analog
to the use of long-rod penetrators to defeat ground vehicle armor. In this case,
the penetrator rods are stationary with respect to the vehicle and are contained
within an organic matrix composite material, while the material to be defeated is
moving.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: No commercial applications currently exist for
improved space bumpers per se. However, there may be technology transfer to other
areas where protection at high velocities is sought, including products for law enforcement
agencies and the military.

Project Title:

Automated Seal-Flaw Detection

09.06-7062
NAS5-30856
Automated Seal-Flaw Detection
Winzen International, Inc.
	12001 Network Blvd Suite 200
	San Antonio, TX 78249
		Thomas M. Lew
(512-692-7062)

Abstract:

	This project addresses the development of an automated, real-time flaw detection
system for evaluating heat seals of scientific balloons. Several measurement devices
will be tested for their ability to distinguish a flawed seal sample from a good
seal. Measurement devices under consideration are passive thermal-wave detection,
thermal-wave through-transmission, and optical through-transmission. Based on the
test results, the best method for the application will be determined, the feasibility
of further development of the concept will be assessed, and components for a prototype
system will be specified.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The concept is potentially of great interest to
packaging and food industries where efficient and reliable heat sealing of thin films
is important.

Project Title:

A Low-Thermal-Conductivity Connector

09.07-6410
NAS5-30862
A Low-Thermal-Conductivity Connector
Tracer Technologies, Inc.
	20 Assembly Square Drive
	Somerville, MA 02145
		Fraser Walsh
(617-776-6410)

Abstract:

	The objective of the project is to develop a low-thermal-conductivity connector
using a laser-based process. The connector will consist of a graphite core, a metal
interphase layer, and a high-Tc superconducting ceramic surface layer. Lengths of
the fiber wire will be formed and tested for electrical properties; surface morphology
and chemistry will be characterized using SEM and Auger profile analysis.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The material prepared will have commercial application
as a low-thermal-conductivity connector for low temperature sensors in infrared sensing
devices, magnetometers, and SQUIDS.

Project Title:

High-Temperature Superconductor for Passive Magnetic Bearings

09.07-9722
NAS5-30852
High-Temperature Superconductor for Passive
	Magnetic Bearings
HITC Superconco, Inc.
	140 Tullytown Road
	Bordentown, PA 19007-6302
		Robert D. DeLuca
(215-943-9023)

Abstract:

	This project defines a demonstration on the advantages of high-Tc superconducting
ceramics (HTSC) in applications currently requiring the use of expensive and complex
magnetic bearings. Because of their ability simultaneously to expel and trap or pin
magnetic flux, HTSCs provide the potential for passive magnetic bearings that are
self-stabilizing. The advantages of passive magnetic bearings are reduced stored
power or power generation requirements and reduced weight and volume for rotational
equipment on a spacecraft. The objective of this work is a prototype magnetic bearing
capable of operating at or below liquid nitrogen temperature. It will incorporate
bulk HTSC components with flux expulsion and flux pinning properties optimized for
a passive bearing; an insulation and refrigeration system to demonstrate operating
characteristics and bearing stability over extended periods of time; and design parameters
for a Phase II HTSC magnetic bearings.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This project will set the foundation for frictionless,
noiseless, vibration-free, and non-power consuming bearings for a host of rotating
system applications with high and variable loadings.

Project Title:

Spacecraft Attitude Determination Using AI and Attitude Measurement Information Theory

09.08-9444
NAS5-30874
Spacecraft Attitude Determination Using AI and
	Attitude Measurement Information Theory
Microcosm, Inc.
	2601 Airport Drive, Suite 230
	Torrance, CA 90505
		James R. Wertz
(213-539-9444)

Abstract:

	Artificial intelligence techniques will be applied in conjunction with attitude
measurement information theory pioneered by the principal investigator to develop
a system capable of data rejection, ambiguity resolution, attitude determination,
and bias calibration. This technique maximizes the information derived from a given
measurement set including identification of bad data; identification of alternative
data solutions (corresponding, for example, to the discreet solutions available from
the intersection of two cones); and the identification of the presence of biases
in the solution set. Phase I will establish feasibility and efficiency by developing
a rule-based system which can be easily applied. These rules will be implemented
in software in Phase II. Because the results of the project can be clearly viewed
and judged by an observer, it will be possible to identify efficiently any algorithmic
errors and to develop a high degree of confidence in the robustness of the final
solution.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Non-space applications include remote sensing,
terrestrial navigation, and photo interpretation.

Project Title:

Low-Voltage, Thin-Film Electroluminescent Phosphor

09.09-3100
NAS9-18323
Low-Voltage, Thin-Film Electroluminescent
	Phosphor
Optron Systems, Inc.
	3 Preston Court
	Bedford, MA 01730
		Camille F. Fuleihan
(617-275-3100)

Abstract:

	High-resolution, full-color, thin-film-electroluminescent, flat-panel displays for
critical spacecraft applications will require higher pixel densities than can be
supported by conventional thin-film electroluminescent (TFEL) phosphor technology.
This is due to the high operating voltages required by these devices and the likelihood
of arcing at small pixel spacings. However, it may be possible to reduce the required
operating voltages by utilizing such recently developed deposition-enhancement techniques
as ion-beam-assisted deposition in conjunction with new, dielectric films based on
diamond-like hydrogenated amorphous carbon to reduce the thickness of the phosphor
layers. Reduced voltage requirements would also allow development of more compact
and lightweight monolithic displays with higher brightness, longer lifetimes, and
higher resolution than are achievable with conventional TFELs.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The low-voltage thin-film electroluminescent phosphor
would have commercial applications in high-performance flat-panel display systems.
In addition, the device may prove useful for large-area light panels.

Project Title:

Flat-Panel, Multicolor Display Based on Integrated Optic Scanner

09.09-4995
NAS9-18303
Flat-Panel, Multicolor Display Based on
	Integrated Optic Scanner
APA Optics, Inc.
	2950 N.E. 84th Lane
	Blaine, MN 55434
		William Phillips
(612-784-4995)

Abstract:

	The overall objective of this project is to develop a low-power, compact, multicolor,
flat-panel display. The approach is based on illuminating a three-color phosphor
screen with an infrared semiconductor laser diode and scanning it with an integrated-optics-based,
low-power laser scanner. The firm is developing a laser scanner which has no moving
parts, is very compact, and has the potential to provide very high spatial resolution
over a large deflection angle. A 1.06-micron diode-pumped laser, when used in conjunction
with "unconversion" phosphors, emits light in the visible spectrum. Successful development
of the concept will result in a display with the desired small-volume, low-power
features for space workstation applications. In Phase I, the interaction of the laser
scanner with the three-color phosphor screen will be evaluated. The requirements
and configurations for all the components of the display will be specified and the
laser-phosphor interactions will be characterized. In Phase II, a feasibility demonstration
unit would be built.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Color displays are widely sought for both commercial
and military applications.

Project Title:

Universal, Bilateral, Robotic Controller

09.09-9511
NAS9-18327
Universal, Bilateral, Robotic Controller
Quanta, Inc.
	2778 Hargrove Road, Suite 345
	Smyrna, GA 30080
		Gary V. McMurray
(404-955-5811)

Abstract:

	Teleoperator systems are distinguished from other types of robotic systems by the
active participation of a human operator. In cases where artificial intelligence
can allow partial removal of the person from the loop, it is still desirable to have
a fully functional human teleoperator back-up system. This project will develop a
universal bilateral robotic controller for the teleoperation of robotic manipulators
composed of a bilateral manual controller (joystick), communications hardware, and
mapping software. The Phase I objective is to design a counterbalanced, lightweight,
compact joystick that provides force feedback to the operator. New mapping techniques
will be investigated to provide the operator with a transparent interface. Phase
II activities would include the fabrication of the universal, bilateral, robotic
controller system and testing with several commercially available manipulators.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications of the controller are many: space
systems, underwater exploration, radioactive material handling, manufacturing, etc.

Project Title:

High-Density, Chemical-Thermal Storage System for Low-Gravity Environments

09.11-0851A
NAS9-18329
High-Density, Chemical-Thermal Storage System
	for Low-Gravity Environments
Rocky Research
	P.O. Box 1086
	Boulder City, NV 89005
		Uwe Rockenfeller
(702-293-0851)

Abstract:

	Thermal storage for manned spacecraft and planetary bases has the potential to reduce
the overall system mass through load leveling. Today's thermal storage concepts,
however, are inadequate for space application because the energy densities are low
(333 kJ/kg for ice used in cool-storage) and none of the environmentally safe systems
can provide dual-temperature (hot and cool) storage. Therefore, a water-based chemical
absorption process will be developed to provide cool and hot storage at energy densities
three times higher than obtainable with ice, eutectic salts, clathrates, or sensible
thermal storage systems. This system is based on the absorption of water vapor into
selected aqueous solutions  It is environmentally safe and benefits from low-gravity
environments. The Phase I objectives are to identify suitable sorption systems, measure
the key properties, design the principal hardware configuration, and provide experimental
proof-of-principle. Phase II would then focus on the determination of heat and mass
transfer additives and the construction and test of a prototype thermal storage system.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The results of this project would be directly
applicable for commercial HVAC, refrigeration, and industrial waste heat recovery
and reuse.

Project Title:

Heat Pump for Space Thermal Bus

09.12-3200
NAS5-30867
Heat Pump for Space Thermal Bus
Foster-Miller, Inc.
	350 Second Avenue
	Waltham, MA 02154-1196
		Andrew C. Harvey
(617-890-3200)

Abstract:

	Various space systems will require heat pumps to lift heat to a common thermal bus
and radiator system, e.g., a moon station with a relatively high radiator temperature.
A small, high-pressure compressor that avoids the problem of lubricant in the working
fluid loop is needed. Phase I will demonstrate a prototype of a compact, high-efficiency,
long-life, dry ammonia compressor at high head-pressure. In addition, system trade-offs
will be reviewed for probable applications and design refinement for zero-G demonstration.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: A high-pressure, dry-head compressor will permit
commercial refrigeration with benign-to-ozone refrigerants for which compatible oils
do not yet exist.

Project Title:

Magnetic Bearings for Miniature, High-Speed Turbomachines

09.12-3800A
NAS5-30854
Magnetic Bearings for Miniature, High-Speed
	Turbomachines
Creare, Inc.
	P.O. Box 71
	Hanover, NH 03755
		Herbert Sixsmith
(603-643-3800)

Abstract:

	This project is aimed at the development of a novel electromagnetic (E-M) bearing
system specifically for miniature, high-speed turbomachines used in spaceborne turbo-Brayton
cryocoolers. Compared with gas bearings currently in use, E-M bearings provide greater
ruggedness and will allow for operation at lower temperatures and in vacuum environments.
These attributes offer potential improvements in cryocooler efficiency and reliability,
particularly at the temperatures and refrigeration capacities associated with surveillance
sensors. In this project, the technology of active E-M bearings developed for large
shaft sizes will be extended to miniature turbomachines. The key challenge is the
development of miniature shaft position sensors that are needed to control the bearing
force. In Phase I, an E-M bearing using a novel capacitive sensor will be demonstrated.
The detailed design, development, and demonstration of a complete miniature E-M bearing
system in a prototype turbomachine is planned for Phase II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Proven E-M bearing technology for miniature, high-speed
machines will have immediate benefits in advancing the efficiency and reliability
of low-power cryocoolers that are needed for spaceborne surveillance sensors.

Project Title:

A High-Efficiency, Low-Vibration, Long-Life, Stirling Cryogenic Pre-Cooler

09.12-4000
NAS5-30860
A High-Efficiency, Low-Vibration, Long-Life,
	Stirling Cryogenic Pre-Cooler
Stirling Technology Company
	2952 George Washington Way
	Richland, WA 99352
		Peter Riggle
(509-375-4000)

Abstract:

	A technology demonstration model (TDM) model of a high-efficiency, long-life, low-vibration
CryoflexTM double-expansion cryogenic pre-cooler will be developed. This device would
be used as a standard flight pre-cooler for heat removal from lower-temperature cryocooler
stages. The key objectives for the pre-cooler are high efficiency, low vibration,
and a life of 10 to 15 years. The pre-cooler will remove heat from sources in the
20 K temperature range. High efficiency will be achieved through the minimization
of dead volume in a double-expansion Stirling device, careful selection of advanced
regenerator technology, optimized electric motor design, and flexural bearings for
high mechanical efficiency. Co-linearity of oscillating masses coupled with either
dual opposed pistons or an active balancer with adaptive control will result in trace
levels of vibration. Flexural bearings and gas clearance seals will provide 10 to
15 year life. The Phase I objective is completion of the TDM conceptual design. Phase
II objectives include design, fabrication, assembly, testing and evaluation of the
TDM.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications include cooling of medical sensors,
emerging superconductivity applications, and gas liquefaction for laboratory applications.

Project Title:

Sintered-Powder, Artery-Free Wicks for Low- Temperature Heat Pipes

09.12-6551
NAS5-30861
Sintered-Powder, Artery-Free Wicks for Low-	Temperature Heat Pipes
Thermacore, Inc.
	780 Eden Road
	Lancaster, PA 17601
		John H. Rosenfeld
(717-569-6551)

Abstract:

	Current NASA requirements include the need for one-meter-long, low-temperature heat
pipes capable of carrying 5 to 50 W of power with evaporator heat fluxes as high
as 1 W/in2. Recent advances have resulted in sintered wicks capable of meeting the
above transport requirements with five to fifteen times the lift capability and ten
to one-hundred times the evaporative heat transfer coefficient of grooved wicks.
All of this can be achieved without the need for arteries. The objective of this
project is to demonstrate the capabilities of sintered-powder-metal heat pipes to
meet short-term NASA requirements while demonstrating order-of-magnitude improvements
in evaporative heat transfer coefficient and lift capability. The Phase I effort
will update the design requirements; develop high-permeability sintered wicks; design
a full-scale heat-transport system; and demonstrate a meter-long, proof-of-concept
heat pipe for operation at 100 K.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications include cryogenic and low-temperature
heat pipes capable of operation in vibrating environments and against substantially
increased G-loads compared to currently available products.

Project Title:

High-Lift, Heat-Actuated, Solid-Vapor Heat Pump for Simultaneous Refrigeration and Water

09.13-0851A
NAS8-38469
High-Lift, Heat-Actuated, Solid-Vapor Heat Pump
	for Simultaneous Refrigeration and Water
	Heating
Rocky Research
	P.O. Box 1086
	Boulder City, NV 89005
		Uwe Rockenfeller
(702-293-0851)

Abstract:

	Refrigeration as well as hot water heating is needed on manned spacecraft. To obtain
low-mass and energy-efficient equipment, coordinative complex compounds--a special
class of non-toxic, solid-vapor media--will be applied for a dual-duty thermodynamic
cycle that provides refrigeration and hot water heating simultaneously. Such cycles
can be driven with relatively low-temperature waste heat (400 K to 500 K) or with
electric power. Current cycles and media do not allow for dual-duty cycles without
significant penalties in performance and reliability. It is, therefore, necessary
to develop unique coordinative compounds, the chemical and physical properties of
which allow for high-efficiency, low-weight, dual-duty heat pump operation. In Phase
I, proof-of-principle hardware will be designed, built and operated under actual
heat pump conditions. The hardware will not require any moving parts and will operate
under zero gravity without phase separation.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Commercial applications of heat pump cycles are
primarily in the HVAC, refrigeration, and thermal storage sector.

Project Title:

Condenser Design for Alkali-Metal Thermoelectric Conversion Systems

09.13-3800
NAS8-38436
Condenser Design for Alkali-Metal
	Thermoelectric Conversion Systems
Creare, Inc.
	P.O. Box 71
	Hanover, NH 03755
		Christopher J. Crowley
(603-643-3800)

Abstract:

	This project relates to energy conversion systems that utilize a liquid-vapor phase
change with liquid metals, in particular, alkali-metal, thermoelectric conversion
(AMTEC) systems. These thermally regenerative, electrochemical devices for the direct
conversion of heat to electrical energy are being considered for use in space nuclear
and solar power generation. AMTEC systems are good candidates for space power applications
because they have high efficiency, long life expectancy, redundancy, and no moving
parts. The objective of this project is to assess the performance of a novel condenser
design for liquid metals, with specific application to AMTEC devices that are of
immediate interest. This design for a thin-film condenser is based upon capillary
principles, which take advantage of the high surface tension of liquid metals.
AMTEC technology could be applied to solar power conversion systems for Earth-based
power systems.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: thermoelectric, liquid metal, condensation, AMTEC

Project Title:

Composite Material Heat Pipes

09.13-6551
NAS8-38437
Composite Material Heat Pipes
Thermacore, Inc.
	780 Eden Road
	Lancaster, PA 17601
		Nelson J. Gernert
(717-569-6551)

Abstract:

	This project will demonstrate the feasibility of using carbon-composite materials,
recognized for their significant strength-to-weight ratio and stiffness, in the construction
of ambient-temperature heat pipes. It will link a lightweight composite material
with a high-performance, aluminum powder-metal-wick structure to yield a heat pipe
with an outstanding power-to-mass ratio. Higher heat transport and lower mass will
benefit future thermal control systems on NASA, military, and commercial spacecraft
as well as for use on future lunar and planetary bases. Technical feasibility will
be demonstrated through the design, fabrication, and test of a proof-of-principle
composite heat pipe.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications are primarily for thermal control
systems in spacecraft.

Project Title:

Finite-Element, and Adaptive-Grid Thermal Analyzer with Enhanced Graphics Capability

09.13-8122
NAS8-38453
Finite-Element, and Adaptive-Grid Thermal
	Analyzer with Enhanced Graphics Capability
Huntsville Sciences Corporation
	3315 Bob Wallace Avenue, Suite 107
	Huntsville, AL 35805
		James V. McAnally
(205-536-8122)

Abstract:

	A new thermal analysis code will be developed employing methods that are currently
being used successfully in computational fluid dynamics. The finite-element thermal
analyzer will solve heat conduction equations for non-homogeneous and anisotropic
materials and will determine the transient and steady-state thermal characteristics
for structures of arbitrary shape and material composition. From user input describing
the structure being modeled, the code will generate the geometry and element mesh
for the thermal computational domain. Modern graphics software, installed on an engineering
workstation along with the new code, will permit checking of the input geometry prior
to the thermal conduction run. Environment data will be input automatically, and
the results will be automatically down-loaded to stress analysis codes. The procedure
will be a fully interactive, user-friendly operation.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications would include the design of aircraft,
HVAC systems for large buildings, and power plants. Uses could occur in the study
of atmospheric phenomena such as thunderstorms, tornados, and thermal inversions.

Project Title:

Integrated, CAD, Venting Analysis Package

09.14-8561
NAS8-38457
Integrated, CAD, Venting Analysis Package
Remtech, Inc.
	3304 Westmill Drive
	Huntsville, AL 35805
		G. Hamilton Woods
(205-536-8581)

Abstract:

	A standardized computer code will be developed to analyze the venting of components
for which pressure transients exist, ranging from pressurized to free-molecular vacuum
conditions. This code will not require that a user be a specialist in venting methodologies
and will use conventional CAD techniques in its execution. A standardized code is
needed to assure adequate attention is given to the venting requirements of space
hardware for safe deployment. Development of a standardized venting analysis package
will require the integration of a venting code for continuum flow, another for rarefied
flow, a CAD package to provide a user interface, and a data base of flow characteristics
for complex vent structures. This code will provide a tool for pre-flight certification
of all flight hardware and for the design of space-based experiments and manufacturing
processes. 

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The code will be applicable to the design of hardware
for manufacturing in space (crystal growth and pharmaceuticals). Ground-based applications
include vacuum deposition research and development, crystal growth studies, and pharmaceutical
production research.

Project Title:

Integrated Power and Attitude-Control System for the Space Station

10.01-0540
NAS8-38461
Integrated Power and Attitude-Control System
	for the Space Station
Satcon Technology Corporation
	12 Emily Street
	Cambridge, MA 02139-4507
		Richard L. Hockney
(617-661-8942)

Abstract:

	Integrated power- and attitude-control systems (IPACS), which store energy in the
momentum wheels used also for spacecraft attitude control, were shown in studies
conducted a decade ago to have advantages over other contemporary energy-storage
and attitude-control systems. Recent technology advances in composite rotors, magnetic
bearings, and power-control electronics trigger new optimism regarding the feasibility
and merits of IPACS. The focus of this project is to define an advanced IPACS and
to evaluate its merits for the NASA Space Station and other applications. A design
concept will be developed to establish the system feasibility and performance capability.
A system-level trade study, including life-cycle costing, will be performed to define
the merits of the system relative to two other candidate systems. Prototype hardware
demonstrating key technical issues would be developed and tested as a Phase II effort.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications are expected mainly for space systems.

Project Title:

Flexible, Lightweight, Amorphous-Silicon Solar Cells Tuned for AMO Spectrum

10.01-3203
NAS3-25825
Flexible, Lightweight, Amorphous-Silicon Solar
	Cells Tuned for AMO Spectrum
Iowa Thin Film Technologies, Inc.
	Suite 607, ISIS - ISU Research Park
	Ames, IA 50010
		Frank Jeffrey
(515-294-7732)

Abstract:

	A new type of amorphous-silicon solar cell will be fabricated and monolithically
interconnected on polyimide film using continuous roll-to-roll processes developed
specifically for polyimide. This technology, tailored for space use, will provide
a great improvement over current technologies in both power-to-mass  ratio and cost.
The device structure consists of an amorphous-silicon p-i-n diode deposited on 2
mil metalized polyimide. A transparent conductor is deposited on top of the diode
structure, giving a total device thickness of less than 1 microns. In Phase I, several
innovations that ensure device stability and improve device efficiency in the space
environment will be studied. These involve modifying the top layer to improve blue
and near UV responses, establishing deposition procedures for fabricating tandem-junction
devices of layers of amorphous-silicon and insulators with different bandgap levels,
and developing a lower bandgap SiGe bottom layer in the tandem cell.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications would occur mainly for space missions
in high Earth orbit and on lunar and Mars surfaces.

Project Title:

New Thermionic Converter for Out-of-Core Space Power System

10.01-4310
NAS3-25875
New Thermionic Converter for Out-of-Core
	Space Power System
Advanced Energy Technology, Inc.
	16966 Cloudcroft Drive
	Poway, CA 92064
		Gary O. Fitzpatrick
(619-455-4310)

Abstract:

	This project concentrates on the application of an out-of-core NETCON (new thermionic
converter) to a space nuclear-power system. The emitters are typically 0.5 cm in
dimension. The emitter and collector are separated by less than 0.5 mils (12 microns),
with operation in the quasi-vacuum (unignited) mode. The inter-electrode gap is set
by the thermal expansion of a ceramic pedestal supporting the emitter. Heat transport
to the emitter is by radiation. A good lead efficiency, typically 10 percent or more,
is achievable at a relatively low emitter temperature of 1300 K and a collector temperature
850 K. This contrasts with an emitter temperature of 1700 K or more for the normal,
ignited-mode converter. Systems analysis and a proof-of-principle NETCON cell will
be constructed and tested for reliability in Phase I. Phase II will begin the product
development of an out-of-core NETCON for application with a nuclear reactor.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Low work function collectors (1 eV) will result
in high thermionic converter efficiency at low collector temperature for solar and
other terrestrial power systems.

Project Title:

Composite Regenerator for Stirling Engine

10.01-4688
NAS3-25888
Composite Regenerator for Stirling Engine
Energy Science Laboratories, Inc.
	P.O. Box 85608
	San Diego, CA 92168
		Timothy R. Knowles
(619-455-4688)

Abstract:

	This project will investigate the use of carbon-carbon and carbon-ceramic thermal
composite materials in regenerators for Stirling engines. The goal is to obtain high-thermal-performance
regenerator structures having a low flow-impedance, small dead volume, and dimensional
stability over a wide temperature range. Enhancement of gas-side heat transfer with
coated graphite fibers crossing the gas-flow channel will also be considered. The
scope of work includes design and fabrication of regenerator components using graphite
fibers with carbon- and ceramic-matrix materials. Thermal and mechanical testing
will establish the effectiveness of heat transfer in these materials and their mechanical
stability under the dynamic, hot-flow conditions of high-power Stirling engines.
Thermal test data will be analyzed using composite-material numerical models. Preliminary
design of an annular composite regenerator will be developed based on the results
obtained in Phase I. A prototype regenerator would be fabricated in Phase II and
tested in existing space Stirling engines.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: These regenerators may improve the efficiency
of all types of Stirling engines for use in terrestrial and space power generators
and in automobiles.

Project Title:

Constant-Temperature Heat Storage in Metal Hydrides

10.01-7972
NAS3-25885
Constant-Temperature Heat Storage in Metal
	Hydrides
Hydrogen Consultants, Inc.
	12420 North Dumont Way
	Littleton, CO 80125
		Franklin E. Lynch
(303-791-7972)

Abstract:

	Thermal storage is a crucial element of solar-dynamic space power systems. Storing
heat in solid-liquid phase-change materials is not ideal. These materials are usually
highly corrosive salts, and undercooling and heat-transfer temperature differentials
cause significant deviations from ideal isothermal conditions. Metal hydrides are
equivalent to molten salts in terms of heat storage per unit mass but store more
heat per unit volume. In addition, hydrides may enable recovery of stored heat without
a reduction in temperature. This effect may be achieved by using pairs of metal hydrides
operating in tandem to pump waste heat from the radiator loop to the receiver. A
temperature swing in one of the two hydrides overcomes the irreversible energy losses
of storing and recovering heat from the other. In effect, this provides isothermal
heat storage for maintaining rated output from the power system while the stored
heat is recovered. Phase I would compare alternate concepts and prepare for the fabrication
of a ground test article in Phase II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Hydride thermal storage could be applied in terrestrial
solar electric power and in thermal load-leveling for batch processing at high temperatures
in chemical industries.

Project Title:

Rechargeable Lithium/Titanium-Disulfide Cells with Long Cycle-Life

10.02-6901
NAS7-1081
Rechargeable Lithium/Titanium-Disulfide Cells
	with Long Cycle-Life
Wilson Greatbatch Ltd.
	10000 Wehrle Drive
	Clarence, NY 14031
		Esther S. Takeuchi
(716-759-6901)

Abstract:

	The objective of this project is the development of an AA lithium/titanium-disulfide
rechargeable cell with an energy density above 100 Wh/kg and with a cycle life of
1000 discharge-charge cycles. The project will focus on the design, assembly, and
testing of AA cells in practical hardware. Experimental design techniques will be
used to investigate modifications of anode, cathode, and electrolyte. Data analysis
of the experiment results will determine the variable having the greatest impact
on cycle life and any interaction occurring between variables. Phase II efforts would
concentrate on the area in greatest need of improvement for a cell with the desired
performance specifications.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: An advanced rechargeable battery could potentially
fill any segment of the current $8 billion rechargeable battery market; early uses
would most likely be in the specialized cell market.

Project Title:

Nickel-Cadmium Battery Separator Design and Development

10.03-7270
NAS5-30843
Nickel-Cadmium Battery Separator Design and
	Development
Giner, Inc.
	14 Spring Street
	Waltham, MA 02254-9147
		Larry Swette
(617-899-7270)

Abstract:

	This project addresses the development of a long-term replacement separator for
aerospace Ni-Cd cells. The Pellon 2505 nylon separator, which has demonstrated more
than five years of low-earth-orbit (LEO) cycling in Ni-Cd cells, is no longer available.
The alternative nylon separator, Pellon 2536, is not a direct replacement in terms
of cell performance. A fundamental concern is that the design and fabrication of
Ni-Cd cells have been empirically adjusted to accommodate the deficiencies of Pellon
2505; that is, nylon-based separators are chemically unstable in the cell environment
and have not been optimized for this application. A replacement separator will be
developed with materials that are essentially inert in the cell environment. The
physical properties, primarily electrolyte retention and oxygen-transport, will be
permanent and optimized for sealed Ni-Cd, LEO-cycling operation.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The novel separator could be applied to communication
satellites. In addition, a KOH-stable separator may be applicable to other sealed
alkaline batteries as an incremental improvement in performance, reliability, and
life.

Project Title:

Vertical, Multijunction, Photovoltaic Cells with Buried Silicide Interconnections

10.04-6000
NAS1-19028
Vertical, Multijunction, Photovoltaic Cells with
	Buried Silicide Interconnections
Spire Corporation
	Patriots Park
	Bedford, MA 01730
		Fereydoon Namavar
(617-275-6000)

Abstract:

	Vertical, multi-junction cells will be examined for photovoltaic conversion of high-intensity
laser radiation at 1.06 microns. The series-connected, multi-junction structure results
in the low series resistance required for efficient energy conversion. A small junction-width,
furthermore, would make possible efficient collection of long-wavelength light without
a long carrier-diffusion length, resulting in good radiation resistance. In order
to achieve the small junction-width (10 to 20 microns), ion-implanted silicides will
be used for the metal interconnection layers. CoSi2, which has a high conductivity
and a small lattice mismatch with silicon, can be formed as a buried layer by ion
implantation of cobalt and annealing. High-quality, epitaxial silicon can be grown
on the top layer after this process. Thin films produced by this method are generally
coherent and uniform, and their interfaces are sharp and free from contamination.
In addition, buried silicides act as a getter of their own metal from the bulk silicon,
preventing contamination of the solar cell active layer by the implanted metals.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The results of this project would apply to space-to-space
power transmission.

Project Title:

Intelligent Protection System for Space Power Applications

10.06-8911
NAS8-38442
Intelligent Protection System for Space Power
	Applications
Micon Engineering
	One Graham Road
	College Station, TX 77845
		R. Page Heller
(409-690-8911)

Abstract:

	The purpose of this project is to develop an intelligent, power-distribution protection
system for space power applications. Such a system offers significant advantages
over conventional protective devices and would provide high reliability for the power
system. An automated protection system would monitor the health of the distribution
circuits, clear circuit segments that are not healthy, and reconfigure the system
to provide continuity of service to critical loads. The system would take advantage
of knowledge-base and learning-system approaches to maximize information about the
system at all times. Phase I objectives are to identify and evaluate the functions
to be performed by the automated protection system. Various approaches involving
fault identification, protection, monitoring, control, and configuration-recovery
actions will be investigated for feasibility and effectiveness of application to
a space-borne system.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Concepts to be developed in this project would
be applicable to terrestrial power-protection systems including land-based and ship-borne
systems.

Project Title:

Robust High-Tc Ribbon for Power Transmission

10.07-9450
NAS7-1092
Robust High-Tc Ribbon for Power Transmission
EIC Laboratories, Inc.
	111 Downey Street
	Norwood, MA 02062
		James D. Klein
(617-769-9450)

Abstract:

	This project will develop a method for producing flexible, high-Tc, superconducting
ribbons for space power transmission applications. It will address mechanical integrity,
critical- current density, and scale-up capability essential for the use of ceramic
superconductors. Dual, ion-beam deposition techniques will be employed to grow films
of YBa2Cu3O7 and Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox on a textured, metallic-foil substrate. The markedly
oriented grain structure provided by epitaxial growth will permit high critical-current
densities in the plane of the polycrystalline, superconducting material. Robust mechanical
properties will result from the metallic substrate and the inherent flexibility of
the thin foil design. Commercial production would utilize multiple-beam, sputter
roll coaters to give a wide, continuous sheet of conductor foil that would be slit
and wound for each application. Phase I will demonstrate the production of crystallographically
oriented, superconducting thin films on metal foil substrate. Process refinement,
extension to other superconducting oxides, and scale-up technology would occur in
Phase II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: A flexible, high-Tc superconductor ribbon having
a high critical- current density would have commercial application in magnets, electrical
machinery, power transmission, and shielding applications.

Project Title:

Simultaneous Measurement of Temperature, Size, and Velocity of Drops in Sprays

11.01-0321A
NAS3-25830
Simultaneous Measurement of Temperature,
	Size, and Velocity of Drops in Sprays
Aerometrics, Inc.
	894 Ross Drive, Unit #105
	Sunnyvale, CA 94089
		William D. Bachalo
(408-745-0321)

Abstract:

	Theoretical models of spray-combustion processes require experimental validation
before they can be used with sufficient confidence for the design of propulsion engines.
Data required for validation include--apart from various gas phase flow properties--the
size, velocity, and temperature of moving droplets. Currently, the simultaneous measurement
of droplet size and velocity is possible with a phased-Doppler-particle-analysis
(PDPA). However, no instrument is available for the measurement of droplet temperatures.
This project, therefore, describes the development of an innovative instrument for
the non-intrusive and simultaneous measurement of temperature, size, and velocity
of individual droplets in reactive spray environments.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This instrument could be applied for research
in the aerospace, aeronautical, and automotive industry as well as in government
laboratories and universities.

Project Title:

A Catalytic, Thermal Management System for Hydrogen-Fueled Injection Vehicles

11.01-4577
NAS3-25887
A Catalytic, Thermal Management System for
	Hydrogen-Fueled Injection Vehicles
Accel Catalysis, Inc.
	Technology Innovation Center
	Iowa City, IA 52242
		Katherine B. Gloer
(319-335-4457)

Abstract:

	A cooling system utilizing the endothermic conversion of para- to ortho-hydrogen
has the potential to meet the requirements for thermal management in hydrogen-fueled
injection vehicles. This project will determine the feasibility of developing such
a cooling system using new, alumina-supported formulations as catalysts for the conversion
of para- and ortho-hydrogen. New catalyst materials will be prepared to contain paramagnetic,
transition-metal ions dispersed in high-surface-area, porous alumina. They will be
prepared using various methods: super-homogeneous co-precipitation, sol-gel formation,
support impregnation, and combinations of these. These catalysts will be characterized
by determination of metal-ion content, total surface area, pore volume and average
diameter, and magnetic susceptibilities. Various activation techniques will be applied
to determine their influence on catalytic activities. These will be evaluated by
measuring the rate of conversion of ortho- to para-hydrogen upon cooling from ambient
temperatures to liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K).

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: A market exists for catalysts used for the conversion
of ortho- to para-hydrogen during hydrogen liquefaction.

Project Title:

High-Temperature, Oxidation-Barrier Coatings for Refractory Metals

11.01-4707
NAS3-25837
High-Temperature, Oxidation-Barrier Coatings for
	Refractory Metals
Electroformed Nickel, Inc.
	283 Winfield Circle
	Corona, CA 91720
		Glenn A. Malone
(714-371-4704)

Abstract:

	When exposed to high-temperature, oxidizing environments, many refractory metals
form volatile oxides and erode at appreciable rates. Several noble metals are refractory
in nature but are far less susceptible to oxidation. Such metals can be electro-deposited
from aqueous solutions in thin coatings on various substrates to form oxidation barriers.
In this project, refractory metal structural devices will be protected in this way
to demonstrate that electro-deposition of noble metals can overcome the size, configuration,
and cost disadvantages of other fabrication techniques.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Noble metal coatings on refractory substrates
could be
applied to aircraft engine turbine blades, chemical reaction vessels, and liquid
metal handling and other corrosive chemical systems.

Project Title:

An Eulerian-Lagrangian Analysis for Liquid Flows with Vapor Bubbles

11.02-0333
NAS8-38438
An Eulerian-Lagrangian Analysis for Liquid
	Flows with Vapor Bubbles
Scientific Research Associates, Inc.
	P.O. Box 1058
	Glastonbury, CT 06033
		Jayant S. Sabins
(203-659-0333)

Abstract:

	An analysis for liquid flows containing vapor bubbles--such as those which occur
in bearings, seals, and pumps in liquid rocket engines--will be developed. The approach
is based on a combined Eulerian-Lagrangian analysis in which the continuous (liquid)
phase is treated by solving a system of Eulerian conservation equations, while the
discrete (vapor bubble) phase is dealt with by integrating Lagrangian equations of
motion. Vapor bubbles of changing size can be accommodated easily by this analysis,
and the processes of vapor-bubble formation, growth, coalescence, and collapse can
be simulated by including appropriate models. Bubble mass, momentum, and energy-interchange
source terms in the Eulerian conservation equations will account for the effects
of bubble motion and other bubble processes on the continuous (liquid) phase.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The results of this project would apply to the
design of liquid rocket engine components.

Project Title:

Heat Transfer in Rocket Engine Combustion Chambers and Regeneratively Cooled

11.02-2008
NAS8-38454
Heat Transfer in Rocket Engine Combustion
	Chambers and Regeneratively Cooled
	Nozzles
Seca, Inc.
	3311 Bob Wallace Avenue, Suite 203
	Huntsville, AL 35805
		Yen-Sen Chen
(205-534-2008)

Abstract:

	An improved heat transfer analysis for liquid-rocket engine design will be developed.
State-of-the-art computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodology will be used to describe
accurately the radiation, combustion, and boundary conditions of the flow field at
and within combustion-chamber walls and regeneratively cooled nozzles. While current
heat transfer analyses separate the problem into three segments--inviscid flow, boundary
layer flow, and structural heat transfer,  this project will couple all of these
processes into a unified computational tool. The approach will use a CFD analysis
that places node points in the flow field and the structure simultaneously to obtain
the required solution. Regenerative cooling will be described with boundary conditions
external to the wall. The detail and rigor of this high-speed, turbulent flow analysis
and the unique treatment of the wall heating will provide a more accurate thermal
analysis of the engine than has been previously possible.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This project could be important in designing the
next generation of rocket engines, which are expected to utilize gas generator cycles.

Project Title:

Ortho-Para Conversion in Space-Based Hydrogen Dewar Systems

11.03-8629C
NAS8-38449
Ortho-Para Conversion in Space-Based
	Hydrogen Dewar Systems
Alabama Cryogenic Engineering, Inc.
	P.O. Box 2470
	Huntsville, AL 35804
		John B. Hendricks
(205-536-8629)

Abstract:

	A new catalyst configuration will be designed for para-ortho conversion of hydrogen.
This endothermic reaction, which can have a significant refrigeration effect, is
very important for long-term cryogenic storage of liquid hydrogen on-orbit. This
project will investigate suitable catalytic materials, friction- factor and heat-transfer
correlations, processing trade studies, and system optimization. The specific innovation
lies in the use of a high-thermal-conductivity support for the catalyst material
so that the heat of conversion can be efficiently transferred to the appropriate
thermal station. In Phase I of the project, a prototype catalytic converter will
be designed.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This innovation applies to long-term storage of
liquid hydrogen.

Project Title:

Slit, Digital Radiography for Analysis of Bond Defects in Rocket Motors

11.04-6425
NAS8-38459
Slit, Digital Radiography for Analysis of Bond
	Defects in Rocket Motors
Bio-Imaging Research, Inc.
	425 Barclay Boulevard
	Lincolnshire, IL 60069
		Bruce G. Isaacson
(312-634-6425)

Abstract:

	This project will determine the feasibility of using slit, digital radiography with
high-performance, discrete-element X-ray detectors to evaluate bond-line defects.
These detectors, developed for medical computed tomography (CT), are being applied
to industrial, digital radiography (DR) and CT imaging. Slit radiography, a DR technique,
may able to assess bond-line defects in cylindrical assemblies such as solid-rocket
motors. This technique can map density variations within the rocket-motor wall associated
with matrix-rich areas, cracks, porosity, and voids. The wide dynamic range of the
detectors accommodates the multiple-path data collection necessary for CT and allows
them to pick up small density differences in materials when used for either DR or
CT. Recent improvements also make it possible to resolve the small features of interest
in industrial applications. Simulated and actual bond-line defects will be investigated
in order to compare the results of the slit radiography with computed tomography
and traditional, tangential, film radiography to determine the effectiveness of the
innovation.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This capability would be useful to aircraft and
aerospace component manufacturers.

Project Title:

Physically Based, Failure Criteria for Carbon-Phenolic Materials

11.04-8900A
Physically Based, Failure Criteria for Carbon-Phenolic Materials
PDA Engineering

Abstract:

	2975 Redhill Avenue
	Costa Mesa, CA 92626
	John P. Norman
(714-540-8900)

	While carbon-phenolic materials have been widely used in solid- rocket motors (SRMs)
without thorough understanding of their thermal and structural behavior, their use
in the SRMs for the space shuttle requires the capability for accurate analysis,
including failure prediction, of these materials.  This project addresses this problem
through the creation of a physically based failure criterion for carbon-phenolic
materials.  Based on physical material parameters observed from test data, this failure
criterion is different from a purely mathematical "curve fit" criterion, which merely
seeks to fit test data.  This criterion will separately address three distinct phases
of carbon-phenolic behavior throughout its temperature range: the low-temperature,
pyrolysis, and high-temperature phases.  Within each of these phases, material-failure
modes, processing variables, statistical behavior, and critical-size effects will
be considered. 

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:	An accurate, practical failure criterion for carbon-phenolic
can increase the performance and reliability of large solid rocket motors and may
be applicable to commercial composites applications.

Project Title:

Assessment of Materials in Solid-Rocket Motors by Real-Time CT

11.04-9964
NAS8-38445
Assessment of Materials in Solid-Rocket Motors
	by Real-Time CT
Imatron, Inc.
	389 Oyster Point Boulevard
	South San Francisco, CA 94080
		Elan Scheinman
(415-583-9964)

Abstract:

	This project will adapt the technology of a developed electron-beam, computed tomography
scanner to evaluate property changes in materials used in solid-rocket motors. The
existing scanner is capable of imaging objects at an acquisition rate of 17 images
per second with a resolution of 4 line-pairs per cm. For an acquisition rate of 9
images per second, a resolution of 7 line pairs per cm can be achieved. The scanning
times in these two modes are 50 and 100 ms, respectively. Not only can this scanner
evaluate materials in the conventional CT scan modes, but it will scan while materials
are being subjected to real-world conditions such as extremes in temperature and/or
stress and in real-time.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:Applications could occur in airlines, military
contractors, and private companies who are now designing space vehicles.

Project Title:

Computer Simulation of Transient Operation of Small, Bipropellant Engines

11.06-1759
NAS7-1080
Computer Simulation of Transient Operation of
	Small, Bipropellant Engines
Ergo-Tech Systems, Inc.
	6937 Estepa Drive
	Tujunga, CA 91042
		Jose E. Chirivella
(818-352-1759)

Abstract:

	This project will develop a computer simulation that, by modeling the transient
operation of the propulsion system, will calculate contaminant properties at the
nozzle-exit plane. The intended user for the simulator is the engineer with a background
in propulsion. User interface and output management is provided by an expert system.
Existing transient codes will be modified, improved, and integrated; a unique feature
is that the chamber phenomena are simulated from rarefied regime to steady-state
conditions. The simulator can also be employed to develop stability rating criteria
and transient performance specifications. Phase I will establish the operational
aspects of the simulator and the feasibility of the approach will be demonstrated
with two sample cases. In Phase II, the code will be upgraded to simulate three-dimensional
two-phase flow, and experimental work will be conducted to verify injector flow dynamics.
The transient burning of propellant droplets will be verified in a small vertical
shock tube facility.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: A likely commercial application is in the design,
qualification, and selection of bipropellant engines for communication satellites.
Future modifications of the code may be extended to simulate air-breathing engines
(piston and turbine).

Project Title:

Solid-State Neutron Dosimeter for Space Applications

12.01-1167
NAS9-18328
Solid-State Neutron Dosimeter for Space
	Applications
Radiation Monitoring Devices, Inc.
	44 Hunt Street
	Watertown, MA 02172
		Gerald Entine
(617-926-1167)

Abstract:

	An important contributor to the radiation exposure of personnel engaged in space
flight is the flux of high-energy neutrons arising from both primary and secondary
sources of ionizing radiation. A suitable, compact neutron sensor that can be incorporated
in a flight instrument to provide high-quality, real-time measurement of this important
radiation flux does not exist. This project will construct such a neutron sensor
using a special PIN silicon diode that has the attractive property of being quite
insensitive to the other forms of ionizing radiation which present difficulties to
traditional neutron sensors. To achieve this result, research will be conducted on
the physics of the diode as well as on specialized electronics capable of reading
the diode without perturbing its behavior. The resulting instrument will have the
capability of being flight-packaged and readily interfaced with other dosimeters.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: A compact, accurate personal neutron dosimeter
will have application in power plants, accelerator facilities, and industrial facilities
using neutron activation analysis or neutron radiography 

Project Title:

Transdermal Drug Delivery System for Application in Space Flight

12.01-1191
NAS9-18316
Transdermal Drug Delivery System for
	Application in Space Flight
Iomed, Inc.
	2320 S. 1290 W., Suite A
	Salt Lake City, UT 84108
		Thomas J. Petelenz
(801-975-1191)

Abstract:

	Microgravity and other space flight conditions create new health problems and requirements
for new methods of drug delivery. In many instances, medical procedures applicable
on Earth are ill-suited to the environment of space, which requires minimum weight
and volume, elimination of fluid handling, and ease of operation without specialized
training or referral to fully equipped centers. This project addresses the problem
of drug administration during space flight. The effort will center on the preliminary
development of an iontophoretic system to treat medical conditions occurring in space
flight by parenteral delivery of drugs. Specifically, the work will include: determination
of the system specifications to integrate with NASA requirements; design of a battery-powered
iontophoretic dose controller; synthesis of a polymeric hydrogel matrix to contain
the drugs, and fabrication of a model system. Preliminary laboratory characterization
will include measurements of drug transport, toxicity, and dermal irritation tests.
 The final product will be a compact, light-weight system for painless, non-invasive,
non-fluidic, controllable delivery of drugs by the parenteral route. To delineate
the specifications of the system, three model drugs--fentanyl, gallium, and scopolamine--for
treatment of severe pain, bone demineralization, and motion sickness have been selected
for the project.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: An effective system for parenteral drug delivery
will have wide application in terrestrial medicine in such areas as post-operative
administration of narcotic agents and treatment of osteoporosis.^R
space, iontophoresis, drug administration, hydrogel, pentanyl, gallium, scopolamine.

Project Title:

Selective Enrichment of Stable Calcium Isotopes Using Laser Techniques

12.01-7751I
NAS9-18314
Selective Enrichment of Stable Calcium Isotopes
	Using Laser Techniques
Eastern Analytical, Inc.
	335 Paint Branch Drive
	College Park, MD 20742
		Larry J. Moore
(301-454-7751)

Abstract:

	Scientific efficacy and lack of radiation exposure preferentially commend the use
of stable calcium isotopes to study calcium metabolism in astronauts during prolonged
space flights. However, their cost and availability are a significant barrier to
 widespread applicability. Selective enrichment of calcium isotopes using laser techniques
offers the potential to eliminate the cost and availability barriers. Recent applications
of lasers in atomic physics indicate that modern laser technology may be used to
enrich selectively calcium isotopes through one or all of several mechanisms. The
purpose of this project is to use selective, laser-resonance, ionization mass spectrometry
to demonstrate the feasibility and evaluate the potential for the laser enrichment
of stable calcium isotopes. The project will determine efficiencies of two-photon
resonance ionization processes; evaluate ionization selectivity and overall enrichment
system throughput; and theoretically and experimentally evaluate highly selective
isotopic ionization.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Availability of the minor calcium stable isotopes
at low cost could enlarge an already substantial market. Commercial sales could occur
for a variety of biomedical and other applications.

Project Title:

A Reagentless Separator for Removal of Inorganic Carbon from Solution

12.02-5201B
NAS8-38460
A Reagentless Separator for Removal of
	Inorganic Carbon from Solution
Umpqua Research Company
	P.O. Box 791
	Myrtle Creek, OR 97457
		Clifford D. Jolly
(503-863-5201)

Abstract:

	This separator provides a novel method for removal of inorganic carbon from solution
prior to organic carbon analysis. It is suited for extended operation in micro-gravity,
as it does not require the addition of liquid reagents nor purge gases for inorganic
carbon removal. The device consists of a CO2 permeable-membrane degasser containing
a solid-phase acidic material. The device will be designed for integration with prototype,
flight water-quality-monitor hardware. The device functions to remove dissolved gas
from sample streams prior to analysis using IR, UV, and other methods of detection.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The separator is suitable for use in industrial
analytical instrumentation, particularly that used in remote or inaccessible locations.

Project Title:

Incipient Combustion Monitor for Zero-Gravity Environments

12.02-5615
NAS8-38439
Incipient Combustion Monitor for Zero-Gravity
	Environments
Ada Technologies, Inc.
	304 Inverness Way South, Suite 480
	Englewood, CO 80112
		James A. Armstrong
(303-792-5615)

Abstract:

	This project investigates a dynamic-expansion, condensation-nuclei chamber for the
detection of sub-micrometer particles emitted when combustible materials are heated.
Such a device would be employed as the sensor of an incipient combustion monitor
for use on the NASA space station. Combustible materials expected to be used in the
construction of the space station will be tested in a proof-of-concept laboratory
system to confirm the generation of sub-micrometer particles when heated. A Gardner
condensation-nuclei counter will be used as the dynamic expansion chamber. A computer
model of the operation of dynamic expansion chambers in terrestrial and zero gravity
environments will be used to identify differences in the operation of this system
in space. A preliminary design for a prototype monitor will be prepared. The prototype
would be tested in Phase II of the project.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This device would provide early warning of imminent
fire where the natural sub-micrometer particle count was very low so that an alarm
could be sounded at a low signal-to-noise ratio. It could also determine the presence
of sub-micrometer particles in clean room environments.

Project Title:

Thin Membrane Sensors

12.02-6706
NAS8-38470
Thin Membrane Sensors
Resource Technologies Group, Inc.
	400 Mississippi Street
	Morgantown, WV 26505-6751
		George D. Case
(304-291-6706)

Abstract:

	Thin-film-membrane-based sensors and components offer potential for very high (up
to 1O12) amplification gain and dime-sized dimensions, with specificity for biological
processes and agents. Examples are microbial pathogens in water or media, infective
agents or food spoilage indication, plant pathogens, allergens, drugs, or hormones.
Detection at unit agent levels appears feasible on a near real-time basis. At the
heart of the sensor are a thin membrane and an electrochemical switch. Phase I focusses
on improving the properties of the membrane to permit an electrically active and
mechanically stable sensor to be fabricated. Subsequent work under Phase II would
incorporate the membrane into an electronic readout system for a working prototype.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Thin membrane sensors can be adapted for use as
a rapid screening tool for a host of chemical and biological agents, such as viruses,
bacteria, and toxins in medical or pharmaceutical operations, food processing, quality
control for monoclonal antibody production, and health care products.

Project Title:

Solid-Polymer, Electrolyte-Based Electrolyzers for Water Reclamation Post-Treatment

12.03-4131
NAS9-18317
Solid-Polymer, Electrolyte-Based Electrolyzers
	for Water Reclamation Post-Treatment
Lynntech, Inc.
	111 E. 27th Street, #204
	Bryan, TX 77803
		Ramesh C. Kainthla
(409-846-4131)

Abstract:

	On long-duration space missions, water reclaimed from urine, humidity condensate,
and hygiene water will be contaminated with organic chemicals and microorganisms.
One means of completely eliminating microorganisms and total organic carbon is to
treat contaminated water with ozone and hydrogen peroxide together. Both these oxidants
react rapidly in water, and simple procedures can ensure that these reagents are
broken down to water and oxygen. A solid-polymer-electrolyte (SPE) electrolyzer unit
will be constructed that generates O3 and H2O2 directly in the water stream. No expendable
materials other than small quantities of air will be required. A solid polymer electrolyte
avoids the difficulty of separating the oxidants produced from the electrolyte. Electrochemical
technology for the anodic generation of O3 and for the cathodic generation of H2O2
is well established. The aim of this work is to construct a novel SPE electrolyzer
that combines both of these reactions.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Markets for devices providing ultra-pure, sterile
water exist in the electronics and pharmaceutical industries and for providing high-purity
sterile water for hospitals at reduced costs.

Project Title:

Electrochemical Water Recovery Process for Direct Removal of Impurities

12.03-5201
NAS9-18336
Electrochemical Water Recovery Process for
	Direct Removal of Impurities
Umpqua Research Company
	P.O. Box 791
	Myrtle Creek, OR 97457
		David F. Putnam
(503-863-5201)

Abstract:

	In this concept for water reclamation in space, organic impurities are removed by
electrolysis; inorganic impurities by electrodialysis. In previous reclamation work
a problem was caused by the relative insolubility of potassium perchlorate, which
precipitated within the electrodialysis membranes causing them to cease functioning.
Efforts to overcome the problem by preventing the formation of perchlorates in the
electrolysis step were unsuccessful. In this project a regenerable cation exchange
resin bed will remove the troublesome potassium ions and replace them with sodium
ions, which form a more soluble perchlorate salt. Regeneration will be achieved with
the concentrated sodium-rich brine from the electrodialysis step. No expendable materials
will be required.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This process would be useful in sewage treatment
for boats and ships and treatment of toxic organic wastes.

Project Title:

Methodologies for Processing Plant Materials into Acceptable Food on a Small Scale

12.04-8450B
NAS2-13168
Methodologies for Processing Plant Materials
	into Acceptable Food on a Small Scale
Food and Agrosystems, Inc.
	P.O. Box 62185
	Sunnyvale, CA 94088
		Thomas R. Parks
(408-245-8450)

Abstract:

	This project investigates processes for the direct and/or indirect use of plant
fractions that are not traditionally eaten as food for astronauts. These fractions
may improve nutritional balance by increasing fiber intake. Data on stem, leaf, and
root material from crops such as soybeans, wheat, and potato will be examined to
assess potential nutritional contribution, functional properties, and undesirable
features such as off-flavors, flatulence production, and toxic reactions. Processes
considered may include enzyme digestion, extraction, hydrolysis, and fermentation
as well as physical treatments such as heating, steam-stripping, and dehydration.
The project will evaluate the potential to improve acceptance, digestibility, functional
properties, nutritional value, and versatility. For selected processes, preliminary
estimates would be made of equipment, energy, and space requirements. The Phase I
report will discuss the processes and products considered, with emphasis on those
processes appearing most promising. Laboratory evaluation of selected processes and
products would be carried out in Phase II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Given the growing public interest in high-fiber
dietary supplements, new technologies providing additional low-cost sources of fiber
could find ready acceptance in a wide range of food products.

Project Title:

Capturing Space Crew Representations of Control Systems with Multi-Dimensional

12.05-1400
NAS9-18311
Capturing Space Crew Representations of
	Control Systems with Multi-Dimensional
	Scaling
Chi Systems, Inc.
	Gwynedd Plaza III
	Spring House, PA 19477
		Wayne W. Zachary
(215-542-1400)

Abstract:

	The complexity of spacecraft in-flight operational systems has led to the need to
support system operators with intelligent technologies. Modeling the operator's cognitive
processes is necessary for the development of these technologies. The project will
employ an innovative tool and methodology based on multi-dimensional scaling (MDS)
for capturing the cognitive structures of space-crew operators. This methodology
is innovative because, unlike existing techniques, it is quantitative, formal, and
replicable, and it accesses the underlying structure of an operator's conceptual
representation. Existing knowledge elicitation tools, in contrast, are qualitative
and heuristic; focus only on an operator's procedural knowledge; and can be more
useful in unanticipated operational conditions. An automated, knowledge-acquisition,
MDS-based shell will be developed in Phase II, based on the design and techniques
developed in Phase I.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Automated, knowledge-acquisition tools would apply
in expert systems development, operator-system interface development, and training
system design.

Project Title:

Optimal Workspace Design

12.05-2040
NAS9-18320
Optimal Workspace Design
MOCO, Inc.
	P.O. Box A
	Scituate, MA 02055-0974
		Ruth A. Maulucci
(617-545-2040)

Abstract:

	The objectives of this project are to implement and verify an optimal control model
of guided limb motion and to use this model to develop a software system for the
design of workspaces that are optimal for human performance and productivity. The
system will apply to normal, reduced-G, and zero-G environments and will facilitate
the layout of spacecraft interiors for operating instruments, recreation, and daily
living activities. The innovative features of this project are the model's realistic
representation of functional reaching and the application of optimal control software
to workspace design. The model will represent the dynamics for three-dimensional,
out-of-plane reaching for targets in multiple locations and under varying conditions
and will include plausible performance criteria. The software system for workspace
design will be developed as an interactive and parameterized structure and will produce
analytic and graphic results.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This software system could apply to the design
of vehicle interiors, instrument panels, man-machine interfaces, and factory layouts.
The system may also have application in the robotics field as a design tool and in
the rehabilitation field as an arm trajectory retraining device.

Project Title:

Performance of Groups in Extreme Environments: a Meta-Analytic Integration

12.05-9275
NAS2-13159
Performance of Groups in Extreme
	Environments: a Meta-Analytic Integration
Florida Maxima Corporation
	2180 Forrest Road
	Winter Park, FL 32789
		James E. Driskell
(407-644-9275)

Abstract:

	With future NASA missions characterized by longer flight durations, increased crew
size, and greater crew heterogeneity, managing the human component of the flight
system becomes an even more critical task. A vast amount of research has been performed
since the 1950's examining human performance in exotic environments, producing valuable
yet often seemingly conflicting results that are difficult to integrate at the narrative
level. This project takes a unique and innovative approach, using a meta-analytic
statistical technique, to analyze, compare, and integrate research on performance
in exotic environments. The results of this work will provide specific data on those
variables that have been suggested or conjectured to be critical to effective performance
in the exotic space environment. It will also identify and uncover factors that moderate
the negative effects of isolation, confinement, and risk. This data will provide
practical and reliable guidelines for the effective management of flight crews on
future space missions.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Practical specifications and guidelines for selection,
training, and human factors design of exotic environments are directly applicable
to commercial entities that perform crucial tasks in stressor environments including
commercial aviation, the nuclear industry, and the petrochemical industry.

Project Title:

Automation of Stowage

12.06-8100
NAS9-18305
Automation of Stowage
Aptek, Inc.
	1257 Lake Plaza Drive
	Colorado Springs, CO 80906-3578
		Jerry L. Udy
(719-576-8100)

Abstract:

	This project will determine optimal packing solutions for location and orientation
of items to be stowed in the space station using three-dimensional computer graphics
coupled with engineering design optimization methodologies. Constraints such as minimum
distance between objects, mass properties, fixed object orientation, object layering,
and stowage container designation will be addressed. The project will examine the
feasibility of interfacing the optimal packing capability with NASA/Air Force laser
mapping system to provide an efficient method of modeling extremely complex objects
to be stowed and with numerically controlled machining equipment to allow automatic
machining of packing material. This evolutionary innovation will improve and link
together existing capabilities to provide NASA with an imaginative, low-risk, automated
solution to the difficult space station stowage problem.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The automobile, aerospace, electronics, and shipping
industries could benefit from technology to optimally place 3-D objects into containers
(or space).

Project Title:

Charge-Coupled Device Sensors for Electronic Still Photography

12.06-8961
NAS9-18324
Charge-Coupled Device Sensors for Electronic
	Still Photography
Photometrics Limited
	3440 E. Britannia Drive, #200
	Tucson, AZ 85706-5006
		Gary R. Sims
(602-623-8961)

Abstract:

	A need has been identified for an electronic still camera for space flight applications
that incorporates a suitable solid-state electronic imaging detector. In this project,
the key performance specifications concerning the detector--including optical sensitivity,
spatial resolution, readout rate, dynamic range, dark current, and spatial crosstalk--will
be identified. A number of experiments and tests will be performed to determine the
optimal combination of charge-coupled-device (CCD) and CCD readout and signal processing
technologies to produce a detector suited for electronic still photography applications.
These include evaluation of CCD transport register architectures and approaches to
increasing sensitivity to blue/visible wavelengths; testing noise and noise spectral
characteristics of various output amplifier design approaches; evaluations of high-speed
CCD double-correlated signal processing circuits; and evaluation of the feasibility
of employing multiple CCD output ports.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Applications include space-borne and ground-based
still electronic photography, surveillance, optical microscopy, low light level underwater
imaging

Project Title:

Using Robots in Testing NASA EVA Space Suits

12.07-0559A
NAS9-18330
Using Robots in Testing NASA EVA Space Suits
Sarcos Research Corporation
	261 E. 300 South, Suite 150
	Salt Lake City, UT 84111
		Fraser M. Smith
(801-531-0560)

Abstract:

	The company and the Center for Engineering Design at the University of Utah have
developed and commercialized humanoid robots with remarkable human-like motions for
the entertainment industry. With a new computer-based program controller and data
acquisition system, this project will develop a humanoid robot into a space-suit
tester. It will be able to perform life-cycle tests and to measure mobility and range
of motion of NASA EVA space suits. This will provide a safe, economical, repeatable
and accurate means to test space suits, aiding in the design of reusable space suits
and assisting in quality assurance tests. Phase I will include the feasibility study,
conceptual design, and definition of a space-suit testing program using robots. Phase
II would produce the definitive design and the construction and testing of a functional
robot and control system.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Computer-controlled, articulated mannequins could
be used by designers and manufacturers of protective clothing and equipment for hostile
environments including nuclear, space, high-pressure, and hazardous chemical.

Project Title:

Membrane-Based, High-Pressure Gas- Dehydration Module

12.07-4100A
NAS9-18309
Membrane-Based, High-Pressure Gas-	Dehydration Module
Bend Research, Inc.
	64550 Research Road
	Bend, OR 97701-8599
		Roderick J. Ray
(503-382-4100)

Abstract:

	NASA is developing water-electrolysis cells to recharge the Extravehicular Mobility
Unit (EMU) oxygen bottles in flight. These cells produce high-pressure (up to 6000-psi)
oxygen and hydrogen streams saturated with water vapor. These gas streams must be
dehydrated to very low water-content levels--typically at least to -70F dew-point
temperature--to prevent valves from freezing or tanks and lines from becoming contaminated.
A new type of membrane module can dehydrate these gas streams at pressure using no
moving parts or external power. The driving force for dehydration is provided by
allowing a small percentage of the feed gas to permeate the membrane. Preliminary
tests and calculations indicate that this new module will have low mass and be compact;
will require only about one percent of the feed gas for operation; and involve virtually
no maintenance due to its simplicity.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: A membrane module capable of dehydrating high-pressure
gas-feed streams would have numerous commercial applications in the production of
high-quality, specialized compressed gases for radar waveguides, specialty-instruments,
and various defense applications.

Project Title:

Thermally Desorbable Toxin and Odor Control Cartridge

12.08-5201
NAS9-18337
Thermally Desorbable Toxin and Odor Control
	Cartridge
Umpqua Research Company
	P.O. Box 791
	Myrtle Creek, OR 97457
		Gerald V. Colombo
(503-863-5201)

Abstract:

	A number of Space Station systems utilize air streams for transportion of materials
or for ventilation. A light-weight, low-power, regenerable air purification system
is needed for the removal of trace contaminants before these streams are returned
to the cabin. These contaminants include a wide range of organic compounds, that
are artifacts of human metabolism. Specific regenerable sorbents have been identified
which effectively remove these potential contaminants from gaseous streams by adsorption
at ambient temperatures and desorb these compounds with high efficiency at elevated
temperature. The sorption-thermal-desorption phenomenon provides the basis for the
development of a regenerable, trace-contaminant removal system.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Regenerable air purification systems would apply
in the control of industrial emissions and in home air-conditioning systems

Project Title:

Device for Sample Collection and Rapid Immunological Identification of Biological

12.08-9357
NAS9-18321
Device for Sample Collection and Rapid
	Immunological Identification of Biological
	Specimens
New Horizons Diagnostics
	9110 Red Branch Rd
	Columbia, MD 21045
		David Bernstein
(301-992-9357)

Abstract:

	This project is developing a self-contained, solid-phase, colorimetric immunoassay
for the rapid identification of biological analytes for use in a micro-gravity environment.
The patented technology for this simple-to-use, non-instrumented device can detect
as few as 2 x 103 Group A streptococci in less than 5 minutes. For use in space,
the design concept is a single-use tube which has a dacron swab for sample collection,
a series of chambers containing lyophilized extraction and colloidal gold immuno-reagents,
a reconstitution buffer, and a reaction zone on a fixed membrane. After using the
swab to collect a biological specimen, it is returned to the device and pushed through
the reagent chambers. After one to five minutes, the swab is pushed further into
the tube device where the reactants diffuse for at least one minute into a capture
membrane. The membrane is then observed with the naked eye for the presence of an
analyte indicated by development of a red spot. This device is ideal for use in space:
all transfer of reactants is accomplished by movement of the swab and diffusion;
no washing, additional steps, or reagents are required; each single-use test can
be stored at room temperature; and the device is designed for use by untrained personnel.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This technology can be utilized for diagnostic
purposes by untrained personnel for physicians offices, the home, third world countries,
space travel, the military and environmental testing.

Project Title:

Chemical Sensor System for the Identification of Organic Compounds in Water

12.09-0966
NAS8-38446
Chemical Sensor System for the Identification of
	Organic Compounds in Water
Boston Advanced Technologies, Inc. 
	656 Beacon Street          
	Boston, MA 02215
		Edward Sinofsky
(617-267-1545)

Abstract:

	An innovative, field-deployable system for detection and identification of organic
chemical pollutants in water sources is the goal of this project. The system will
utilize laser Raman light scattering as the spectroscopic sensor forming the core
of the approach and will employ surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) combined
with fiber-optic collection of the enhanced scattered light signal in its sampling
system to augment the normally low-intensity Raman scattering signal from trace materials.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: A fiber-optic sensor capable of detecting and
identifying low levels of organic pollutants in water sources on site would be useful
to industries and agencies concerned with water quality.

Project Title:

Automated Food Delivery to Rodents in Space

12.11-3309
NAS2-13167
Automated Food Delivery to Rodents in Space
Star Enterprises, Inc.
	P.O. Box 1748
	Bloomington, IN 47402
		Jeffrey R. Alberts
(812-855-3309)

Abstract:

	The goal of this project is to provide flight hardware for rodents that will collect
and store accurate data on food consumption. The approach to hardware design considers
the test animals to be part of the design team by incorporating animal testing throughout
conceptual design and model-building. Rodents' food-handling and ingestion patterns
will be related to diet type and food form. Mode of delivery will be designed to
maximize efficient eating and minimize loss and wastage. Feeding systems also involve
attention to waste products such as loose particles, as well as urine and feces production.
Metabolic output will be measured in relation to different diets. The project will
culminate with the fabrication of at least three functional models of innovative
feeding systems capable of maintaining rodents during long-duration flights and providing
accurately measurable quantities of diet. They will be serviceable without opening
the animal habitat.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Commercial ventures interested in developing life
sciences payloads involving animals will need hardware systems similar to those to
be developed in this project. Likely users include the pharmaceutical industry, genetics
researchers, and various biomedical interests.

Project Title:

Remote Moisture Sensor to Control Irrigation of Plants in Space

12.12-6700
NAS10-11657
Remote Moisture Sensor to Control Irrigation of
	Plants in Space
Axiomatics Corp.
	60 Rogers Street
	Cambridge, MA 02142
		James F. Bredt
(617-497-6700)

Abstract:

	The objective of this project is a remote moisture sensor for an automated irrigation
system that maintains a thin layer of nutrient solution on a surface occupied by
the roots of plants growing in space. Electrically isolated from the root system,
the sensor is laminated into the surface and measures the thickness of the nutrient
layer. The technical problems attending the growth of plants in space require some
form of irrigation control, and this project should provide a degree of accuracy
unobtainable by other methods. The sensor operates by continuously measuring the
dielectric properties of material adjacent to the sensor. The high-frequency response
of the sensor is correlated to a database that is programmed into the software of
the monitor. The versatility of this technique allows for the possibility of measuring
other process variables in addition to the moisture content of the plant-growth surface.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: A device for sensing moisture could apply to control
of irrigation and other agricultural processes on earth. A thin-layer sensor could
have applications in non-destructive testing in a wide variety of fields, including
composite engineering and semiconductor processing.

Project Title:

Trace-Contaminant Vapor Monitors

12.12-7070
NAS10-11652
Trace-Contaminant Vapor Monitors
Geo Centers, Inc.
	7 Wells Avenue
	Newton Centre, MA 02159
		Mary Elizabeth Tabacco
(617-964-7070)

Abstract:

	The goal of this project is to design and evaluate optrodes to monitor trace-contaminant
vapors present in NASA's Biomass Production Chamber. The target species will be either
ethylene or carbon monoxide. The approach utilizes two types of porous fiber waveguides
combined with selective chemistry. These novel optrodes offer high sensitivity, design
flexibility, and the inherent fiber-optic advantages of immunity to electromagnetic
interference, small size, ruggedness, and freedom from explosion hazard. Subsequent
to laboratory evaluation, a sensor design will be recommended for Phase II development
and field testing at the Kennedy Space Center.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: An ethylene sensor would be used for inexpensive
low level detection of ethylene vapor for commercial hydroponic and aquaculture ventures,
and, at higher levels, accurate monitoring in the plastics and welding industries.
Carbon monoxide vapor monitors are also needed. The technical approach could be applied
to sensing requirements for other contaminants.

Project Title:

Fiber Fluorometry for On-Line Chemical Analysis of Nutrient Solutions

12.12-7653
NAS10-11656
Fiber Fluorometry for On-Line Chemical
	Analysis of Nutrient Solutions
Biotronics Technologies, Inc.
	12020 West Ripley Avenue
	Wauwatosa, WI 53226
		Kenneth J. Schlager
(414-475-7653)

Abstract:

	This project will explore the feasibility of on-line measurement of ionic nutrients
such as potassium, magnesium, and nitrates used in hydroponic plant growing facilities.
It will employ the BI-401 Fiber Fluorometric Analyzer developed by the company and
applied initially for analytes with native (primary) fluorescence as in aromatic
compounds and fermentation control. Ionic concentration measurements will require
the use of an optrode (probe) coated with various immobilized chelate reagents that
vary in secondary fluorescence intensity with ionic concentrations. The interaction
between the chelate reagent and the target ion will generate fluorescence with an
intensity that is proportional to ion concentration.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: An on-line, fluorometric ion analyzer would apply
in real-time monitoring of wastewater, trace-metal pollutants such as cadmium, chromium,
or lead. The fluorometric analyzer would also have direct application in commercial
hydroponic greenhouse operations.

Project Title:

Anatomical Image Analysis Techniques

12.14-5668A
NAS10-11650
Anatomical Image Analysis Techniques
Numedloc
	430 Hollybush Rd
	Bryn Mawr, PA 19010
		Lon Crosby
(215-527-4995)

Abstract:

	Biostereometrics is the analysis of biological form or function based on principles
of analytic geometry. This technique defines the surface of an object by a finite
set of three-dimensional coordinates generated from the analysis of pairs of two-dimensional
images. Coordinates can be manipulated to determine body surface area, volume of
specific parts or the whole, lengths, breadths, etc. The comparison of data over
time also allows changes to be monitored: motion analysis for very short time periods
and growth or degradation for longer periods. This project will develop an automated,
computerized, image analysis system that will reduce the costs and improve utility
over existing manual systems. The data collection system will use commercially available
hardware and include: am MS-DOS computer, a RISC processor optimized for FORTH operation,
four CCD/MOS video cameras, a four-channel frame grabber, a video display, data storage
device(s), and dedicated data processing enhancements. Software routines will be
developed to meet specific needs.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Biostereometric systems can monitor growth and
development; determine body composition when residual gas volumes are independently
determined; monitor induced tissue catabolism; evaluate and visualize plastic and
reconstructive surgery; develop molds for prosthetic devices; and analyze motion
and range of motion.

Project Title:

A Real-Time, Particle Fall-Out Monitor

13.01-6239
NAS10-11651
A Real-Time, Particle Fall-Out Monitor
Femtometrics
	1721 Whittier Avenue, Suite A
	Costa Mesa, CA 92627
		W. D. Bowers
(714-722-6239)

Abstract:

	This project investigates an advanced approach for the measurement of particle fall-out
contamination in real time: the elutriator, quartz-crystal microbalance (EQCM). It
will replace tedious, time-consuming methods that involve collection and manual counting
of fall-out particles captured in filters or plates. The EQCM instrument will separate
airborne particles according to specific, selected cut-off sizes; collect and weigh
the particles in real time on a sensitive microbalance; and retain the collected
particles for post analysis by optical or electron microscopy. The high mass-sensitivity
of the EQCM allows detection of a single, 25-micron particle of mass density 2 g/cm3.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This particle fallout monitor would be valuable
to the aerospace and microelectronic industries to monitor critical surfaces for
contamination. The textile industry could also use it to monitor the levels of respirable
particles.

Project Title:

A Repair Coating for Cryogenic Transfer Lines

13.02-4256
NAS10-11654
A Repair Coating for Cryogenic Transfer Lines
TPL, Inc.
	3754 Hawkins NE
	Albuquerque, NM 87109
		Larry A. Harrah
(505-345-5668)

Abstract:

	This project explores a method to repair leaks in the vacuum jackets of transfer
lines for cryogenic fluids. An in-place repair process is desired, and repairs cannot
rely on conventional adhesive mechanisms. A ceramic coating will be used as a repair
material. In-place formation will be achieved through sol-gel processing. Adhesion
is obtained through mechanical forces and strong chemical bond formation. Ceramic
properties will be tailored through selective use of alkoxide precursors to match
substrate properties and operational environments. A ceramic-patch coating will be
formulated, and the ability to tailor ceramic properties to match substrate properties
will be demonstrated. Adherence of the coating to the substrate through environmental
cycling will be investigated.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The techniques developed in this project will
advance sol-gel technology for such applications as high-purity, high-fineness powders,
lubricants, and ceramic supports.

Project Title:

A Novel Laser System for Forecasting and Mitigating Lightning Strikes

13.03-1512
NAS10-11655
A Novel Laser System for Forecasting and
	Mitigating Lightning Strikes
Ophir Corporation
	3190 S. Wadsworth Boulevard, Suite 100
	Lakewood, CO 80227
		Gregory J. Fetzer
(303-986-1512)

Abstract:

	The goal of this project is to apply a high-energy, pulsed laser to ionize a preferential
path through the atmosphere along which lightning would travel. This capability would
provide lightning protection, forecasting, and/or mitigation at the shuttle launch
site. A high-energy, pulsed, UV laser operating at a wavelength never before used
would be used to multi-photon ionize trace atmospheric constituents to trigger lightning
strikes down the laser-ionized path. This device could be used to forecast the probability
of lightning strikes during vehicle launch and, perhaps, to mitigate that probability
by harmlessly and repetitively discharging the atmosphere and thereby protecting
the launch vehicle. Phase I will involve two distinct parts:  first, specification
of a laboratory system for verifying the feasibility of a laser lightning rod and,
second, extension of a laser-atmosphere model to simulate the experiments which might
be carried out during Phase II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This project would provide lightning protection,
forecasting and/or mitigation on a scale never before possible.

Project Title:

Instrumented-Rocket, Wind Profiler

13.03-1982
NAS8-38465
Instrumented-Rocket, Wind Profiler
FWG Associates, Inc.
	217 Lakewood Drive
	Tullahoma, TN 37388
		S. Leon Felkins
(615-455-1982)

Abstract:

	This project will apply advanced technology to develop an inexpensive, instrumented
rocket for measuring wind profiles in support of aerospace vehicle (STS) operations.
The goal is a system that will allow measurement of winds close to the scheduled
launch time and along the launch path. This would reduce the uncertainty margin of
calculated wind loads, increase launch probability (7 to 8 percent), and decrease
the risk of launching under adverse wind conditions. Shuttle pre-launch winds are
typically measured with slow-rising Jimsphere balloons released some 3.5 hours before
launch; these can drift miles on a day of strong winds. Accurate wind profiles can
be obtained with an instrumented aircraft in approximately 10 minutes, albeit at
high cost. A small, instrumented rocket can be directed specifically along the shuttle
launch path to measure wind-speeds well within the desired 10-minute time frame.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The wind profiler could be applied in STS, commercial
launch vehicles, USAF unmanned aerospace vehicles, and military operations on land
or sea. It could also be applied in determining NASP high-altitude wind-profile requirements
and EOS ground-truth for remote areas.

Project Title:

Meterological Monitoring System

13.03-4122
NAS10-11660
Meterological Monitoring System
ENSCO, Inc.
	5400 Port Royal Road
	Springfield, VA 22151
		Gregory E. Taylor
(407-254-4122)

Abstract:

	The goal of this project is automated, real-time monitoring of critical weather
elements for use by NASA managers and the forecasters at the Cape Canaveral Forecast
Facility (CCFF). This meteorological monitoring system (MMS) would provide for timely
issuance of weather warnings and advisories for protection of lives and property
at Kennedy Space Center. It would also monitor the weather versus constraints during
launch operations at KSC and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The MMS will continuously
monitor and review data from the weather sensors at the launch sites, alert the operator
to potential hazards or trends in the data, and sound an alarm when a weather threshold
is exceeded. The MMS will not introduce a new screen for the CCFF forecasters to
monitor; rather, it will be integrated with the existing Meteorological and Range
Safety Support System. A side benefit of the MMS will be a reduction in data overload
problems experienced by forecasters.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Designed to accept data from the meteorological
sensors in use today, this system could be used at most Air Force test ranges, and
it could serve as a developmental system for major airports for monitoring winds,
radars, wind-shear sensors, and lightning detection equipment.

Project Title:

Supercritical, Cryogenic, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus

13.04-2888
NAS10-11653
Supercritical, Cryogenic, Self-Contained
	Breathing Apparatus
Aerospace Design & Development, Inc.
	P.O. Box 672
	Niwot, CO 80544
		H. L. Gier
(303-530-2888)

Abstract:

	The purpose of this project is the development of a self-contained, breathing apparatus
(SCBA) based on the use of supercritical, cryogenic liquid air in place of a two-phase,
liquid-vapor system. The supercritical liquid air will be stored at about 50 atmospheres,
well above the critical pressure for air (37 atmospheres). In this condition, single-phase
air is available at a single, fixed outlet independent of tank attitude. Except for
a slight possibility of stratification, there will be no selective venting of the
nitrogen as happens with two-phase liquid air and oxygen enrichment is not required.
Phase I will investigate fluid properties, including stratification; SCBA weight
and volume requirements; system operation; and the refill system. Phase II would
design and produce an operating system that would meet OSHA and NISOH requirements.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This breathing apparatus would have applications
for all fire departments and rescue units currently using high-pressure, gaseous
air systems because the operating pressure would be less and the effective lifetime
longer.

Project Title:

Temperature and Shock-Position Sensor for High-Pressure, Oxygen Systems

13.06-9500
NAS9-18302
Temperature and Shock-Position Sensor for
	High-Pressure, Oxygen Systems
Aerodyne Research, Inc.
	45 Manning Road
	Billerica, MA 01821
		Kurt D. Annen
(508-663-9500)

Abstract:

	Sensors will be developed to investigate the causes of impact-initiated ignition
in high-pressure oxygen lines. This problem arises due to the adiabatic compression
of the residual oxygen in a line when it is opened to the high-pressure oxygen source.
A nonintrusive, Rayleigh scattering technique will be applied to measure the temperature
at a rate that can resolve the adiabatic compression process. This sensor would be
located in an end cap having the same diameter as the oxygen line to avoid discontinuities
in area. Based upon the measurement of changes in oxygen density by the change in
magnetic permeability, the new sensor will determine the shock velocity and location
from which the temperature distribution in the line can be determined. Phase I will
consist of a laboratory demonstration of the Rayleigh scattering measurements in
high-pressure lines, an analytical modeling effort that approximately describes the
compression processes, and the preliminary design of the Rayleigh scattering and
shock position sensors.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The oxygen density measurement technique may provide
a means of non-invasive monitoring of oxygen content or contamination of gases.

Project Title:

Automated Assessment of VLSI Circuits for Radiation Hardness and Reliability

13.07-7780
NAS7-1083
Automated Assessment of VLSI Circuits for
	Radiation Hardness and Reliability
Advanced Research and Applications Corp.
	425 Lakeside Drive
	Sunnyvale, CA 94086-4701
		Leslie J. Palkuti
(408-733-7780)

Abstract:

	This project will develop an automated test method to extract CMOS VLSI circuit
parameters to assess hot-electron reliability and radiation hardness. The instrument,
when combined with standardized test chips, would be uniquely suited for qualification
of low-volume ASIC circuits for space-borne applications. This concept includes the
development of automated transfer of test devices between X-ray irradiation, time-temperature
annealing, and electrical testing-stations under electrical bias. In addition, the
project will address the testing throughput needed to achieve a low-cost qualification
process.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: A simplified qualification procedure for low-volume
ASIC circuits could provide low-cost and quick-turnaround qualification and process
monitoring for high-reliability, radiation-hard VLSI circuits for space-borne applications.

Project Title:

Power- and Bandwidth-Efficient Digital Communications

14.01-0760A
NAS9-18332
Power- and Bandwidth-Efficient Digital
	Communications
SCS Telecom, Inc.
	107 Haven Avenue
	Port Washington, NY 11050
		Gary Lomp
(516-883-0760)

Abstract:

	Existing digital radio systems--employing continuous-phase, frequency-modulation
(CP-FM) techniques with coherent detection--trade spectral efficiency for low bit-error
rate and are subject to degradation due to multipath in certain applications. This
project will apply trellis coding of the signal space with CP-FM using PLL demodulation
for both symmetrical and asymmetrical signal constellations. System performance will
be investigated in the presence of fading, multipath, Doppler interference, and narrowband
filtering of the FM signal. These effects cause nonlinear distortion of the modulation
and tend to close the "eye" of the demodulated data. Initial research indicates that
a nonlinear adaptive equalizer can be used to open the "eye". Finally, an optimum
modulation scheme will be selected for a given code rate. The result of this work
could be more efficient communications systems for the Space Station. The advantages
of these communication systems will be lower power for the same HER; reduced weight;
higher reliability; improved spectral efficiency to reduce cost and adjacent channel
interference; better multipath performance; and lower cost.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: There would be markets in satellite and mobile
telephone systems as well as high-data-rate cable systems and in military systems
requiring a low probability of intercept.

Project Title:

An Electro-Optic Modulator for Laser Wavefront Correction and Positioning in Space

14.01-3100
NAS9-18322
An Electro-Optic Modulator for Laser Wavefront
	Correction and Positioning in Space
Optron Systems, Inc.
	3 Preston Court
	Bedford, MA 01730
		Ira Farber
(617-275-3100)

Abstract:

	Laser systems for space-based communication applications are needed for future spacecraft.
This project addresses pointing, correcting, and focusing a laser beam in order to
meet stringent mission requirements for satellite communications under a dynamic
operating environment. The fine-pointing and jitter-control requirements of these
advanced communications systems present serious challenges in acquisition, tracking,
and pointing. The objective is an adaptive optical, computer-controlled, electro-optic
phase modulator for an active optical component with no moving parts that is capable
of microradian pointing accuracy. Under software control, this electro-optical device
would be used to deflect, focus, collimate, reshape, or otherwise modulate a coherent
beam of light. With the addition of a wavefront sensor and a feedback path, the modulator
could be incorporated into closed-loop systems for such purposes as automatic wavefront
correction, automatic focusing, and target tracking. Phase I objectives include construction
and evaluation of a prototype electro-optic modulator. Phase II would address specific
issues of optimization.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The product of this project could be used in space-based
laser communications control of laser propagation through turbulent media.

Project Title:

Monolithic, Gallium-Arsenide, UHF-IF, Switch Matrix for Space Station Applications

14.01-6642
NAS9-18319
Monolithic, Gallium-Arsenide, UHF-IF, Switch
	Matrix for Space Station Applications
Microwave Monolithics, Inc.
	465 East Easy Street, Unit F
	Simi Valley, CA 93065
		Daniel R. Ch`en
(805-584-6642)

Abstract:

	The space station multiple-access communication system will provide the primary
telemetry, voice, and video link between crew members and extravehicular astronauts.
The heart of this system--which is based on a frequency-division, multiple-access
(FDMA) signal distribution system with multiple directional antennas on both the
space station and the astronaut(s) is the intermediate frequency (IF) switch matrix
that dynamically routes multiple, wideband signals to the intended destination. In
phase I, the company will design a space-qualifiable, 4 X 8 (or TBD size) monolithic
GaAs switch-matrix, its control interface, and an integral hermetic package to satisfy
this demanding requirement. The full-scale, prototype UHF-IF switch-matrix would
then be fabricated, characterized, and delivered to NASA in Phase II. This reliable,
high-performance matrix will be smaller, lighter, and consume less prime power than
all currently envisioned alternatives.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The design and fabrication techniques of this
project will be directly applicable to the rapid development and application of diverse
complex, commercial switching systems.

Project Title:

Surface-Acoustic-Wave, Spectral Limiter for Narrow-Band Interference Suppression

14.02-0211
NAS5-30842
Surface-Acoustic-Wave, Spectral Limiter for
	Narrow-Band Interference Suppression
Phonon Corporation
	7 Herman Drive, P.O. Box 549
	Simsbury, CT 06070
		Clement Valerio
(203-651-0211)

Abstract:

	Many wideband communications, radar, and EN receivers could benefit from a simple
means of narrow-band (i.e., an order of magnitude less than the desired signal's
spectral bandwidth) interference suppression. Surface acoustic waves (SAW) offer
such a capability because they can sort frequencies into multiple spatial channels
and independently saturate any channel in the presence of a large signal. The device
is monolithic, simple, small, passive, two-port, and potentially low cost. The company
will build a SAW spectral limiter on lithium-niobate using low-loss transducers with
300 MHz center frequency, 75 MHz bandwidth, at least ten effective limiting sub-channels,
and at least 10 dB of interference suppression. Since suppression can be multiplied
by cascading devices, ways to maximize suppression will be determined through analysis
and experiments. Two prototypes will be delivered.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: A SAW spectral limiter would be applicable to
any wideband system receiver susceptible to narrow-band interference.

Project Title:

High-Speed, Digital Data Transmission

14.02-7606
NAS5-30859
High-Speed, Digital Data Transmission
Galaxy Microsystems, Inc.
	10711 Burnet Rd Suite 325
	Austin, TX 78758
		Robert E. Fosdick
(512-836-7606)

Abstract:

	Use of laser technology for high speed data transmission between next-generation
spacecraft requires new circuit technology and data recovery techniques to support
the higher bit rates. This project designs the clock and data recovery circuitry
for the case where the reference clock is operating at the data rate rather than
a multiple of the data rate. The circuitry will use gallium-arsenide technology and
offer an operational data rate in the 1 to 2 gigabit per second range. Design criteria
for data coding techniques will include transmission power, reference clock rate
with respect to data rate, tolerance to jitter, error detection and correction techniques,
worst case synchronization time, implementation complexity, etc. Manchester and QPPM
coding of the data will be evaluated. GaAs is the device technology recommended because
of its superior speed-power product, tolerance to radiation effects, and high speed
operation.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The techniques for high-bit-rate data synchronization
will also be applicable for next-generation telephone transmission systems, digital
television, and optical disks. Very-high-speed serial data transfer using laser technology
may well be the best solution for the bus interconnect of large, parallel-processor
systems.

Project Title:

Advanced Monolithic, Gallium Arsenide Receiver Front-End for Spacecraft Transponders

14.04-6642
NAS7-1098
Advanced Monolithic, Gallium Arsenide Receiver
	Front-End for Spacecraft Transponders
Microwave Monolithics, Inc.
	465 East Easy Street, Unit F
	Simi Valley, CA 93065
		Wendell C. Petersen
(805-584-6642)

Abstract:

	An advanced X-band GaAs MMIC receiver front-end for spacecraft transponder applications
will be developed. This component will consist of three GaAs MMIC chips: a low noise
amplifier, a mixer/IF amplifier, and a voltage controlled dielectric stabilized oscillator
with on-chip microwave frequency-division circuitry. A hybrid first stage, possibly
utilizing pseudomorphic HEMT device(s), would be used to set the overall receiver
noise figure. The project draws considerable benefits from technologies previously
developed internally and under related NASA-supported programs at the firm. Feasibility
will be demonstrated in Phase I via the design and analysis of all three MMIC components.
Fabrication, characterization, optimization, and delivery of a breadboard receiver
front-end would then follow in a low-risk Phase II effort.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The technology developed in this project would
be transferable to a wide range of commercial communications systems, both ground-
and space-based. 

Project Title:

High-Instantaneous-Data-Rate, Burst-Signal Receiver

14.05-1112
NAS3-25717
High-Instantaneous-Data-Rate, Burst-Signal
	Receiver
Q-Dot, Inc.
	1069 Elkton Drive
	Colorado Springs, CO 80907-3579
		David E. Reed
(719-590-1112)

Abstract:

	An innovative technique will be investigated to acquire and digitize a packet of
high-data-rate burst information. In this concept, a charge-coupled device (CCD)
samples the received signal and detects the unique synchronization word. Upon unique-word
detection, the timing of the data burst is determined, and the CCD device temporarily
stores the burst-signal samples. These signal samples are then output at a slower
rate compatible with a microprocessor, signal processor, or other low-data-rate demodulator.
This device promises to greatly simplify the circuitry of time-division multiple
access (TDMA) and other burst-data demodulators for governmental and commercial communications.
It can be used in a TDMA receiver to achieve a low complexity with a low average
data rate and very high instantaneous data rate, e.g., 1500 megabits per second.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This effort could be the basis for applications
in TDMA low-cost ground terminals, high-capacity TDMA receivers, random-access packet
receivers, and other burst signal systems. The approach allows very small, low-power,
burst-modulation, multiple-access terminals, e.g., hand-held or single-board demodulators.

Project Title:

High-Indium-Content, High-Electron-Mobility Transistors for RF Communications Devices

14.05-6000A
NAS3-25867
High-Indium-Content, High-Electron-Mobility
	Transistors for RF Communications Devices
Spire Corporation
	Patriots Park
	Bedford, MA 01730
		Patricia Sekula-Moise
(617-275-6000)

Abstract:

	There exists an ongoing demand for high-performance transistors in the field of
satellite communications. This project focuses on high-electron-mobility transistors
(HEMTs) useful in a variety of microwave applications. The focus is on the growth
of high-indium-content pseudomorphic HEMTS by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition
(MOCVD). By increasing the amount of indium present in the two-dimensional electron
gas channel, significant gains may be realized in terms of electron peak velocity,
electron mobility, reduction of trap-related generation and recombination noise,
and lower output conductance. These accomplishments will result ultimately in a superior
high-speed device.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: High-indium-content pseudomorphic HEMTs should
theoretically have higher transconductances than "standard" HEMTs, leading to their
use in low-noise microwave amplifiers and oscillators in microwave control circuitry
such as shifting and phase-shifting for antenna arrays.

Project Title:

Efficient, Low-Timing-Jitter Pulsed Lasers for Space Communications

14.06-0755
NAS7-1076
Efficient, Low-Timing-Jitter Pulsed Lasers for
	Space Communications
Lightwave Electronics Corporation
	1161 San Antonio Road
	Mountain View, CA 94043
		William M. Grossman
(415-962-0755)

Abstract:

	A laser-diode-pumped, solid-state laser that delivers high energy per pulse is needed
for space communications. In this project, a full-power, laboratory version of such
a laser will be designed, built, and tested. The laser will be tailored for use in
data transmission by pulse position modulation. Over 0.1 millijoules per pulse at
pulse repetition rates of up to 5 kilohertz will be produced; this will be the highest
power available in a diode-pumped system at such a high repetition rate. Design options
to allow even higher power will be considered. The laser will be diode-pumped in
an end-pumped geometry for high efficiency and will use the emerging generation of
high-brightness, 3-watt laser diodes. In addition to high pulsed power, the laser
will have two more novel features that will make it ideal for pulse position modulation:intrinsically
low timing jitter and timing delay independent of the interpulse period. The laser
will be able to run with constant energy per pulse to higher repetition rates than
any available solid-state laser.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This pulsed laser will be used in the electronics
industry for direct repair of integrated circuits where it will have superior power
to present diode-pumped lasers.^R
laser, diode-pumping, Q-switch, Nd:YAG, Communications

Project Title:

Stabilized Electromagnetic Levitator

15.01-1772
NAS8-38468
Stabilized Electromagnetic Levitator
Intersonics, Inc.
	3453 Commercial Avenue
	Northbrook, IL 60062
		Robert Schiffman
(312-272-1772)

Abstract:

	This project will develop a novel, combined electromagnetic levitator-positioner
and heater for commercial materials-processing in a non-contact environment. The
stabilized electromagnetic levitator (SEL) is a 3-axis system that will provide stable
levitation and positioning of a wide variety of materials. The use of compact, broadband
power amplifiers with an optimized coil design will allow efficient transmission
of power to both the coils and the work-piece and permit independent control of heating,
positioning, and spin. This design is well-suited to containerless studies of metal
and metallic alloy systems, certain glasses and ceramics, and high-purity electronic
and semiconductor materials. The SEL is uniquely suited for Earth-based and space-based
processing of technologically or strategically significant materials. This is due
to: efficient power utilization, optimization of conditions for positioning and heating,
operations utilizing various atmospheres from vacuum to high pressure, and open access
for process-control instrumentation.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The results of designing, building, and characterizing
a first-generation SEL will determine its potential applications for space-based
and Earth-based manufacturing.

Project Title:

Permanent Magnet Flight Furnace

15.01-2043
NAS8-38450
Permanent Magnet Flight Furnace
Microgravity Systems, Inc.
	4215 AL 72E
	Brownsboro, AL 35741
		Billy R. Aldrich
(205-776-2043)

Abstract:

	This project will result in a melt-growth flight furnace. A permanent magnet will
provide a coaxial magnetic field along the growth axis to suppress convection flow
in the melt, permitting production of single crystals with more uniform properties
and better crystal quality. This project will develop the permanent-magnet concept
by selecting the materials and developing the preliminary design. Then a laboratory-prototype,
permanent-magnet furnace will be built and tested.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This project could lead to utilization of the
Earth-orbital environment for commercial production of materials. In addition, the
size and design of this furnace system could provide a means to perform rapid quench
or casting experiments using the KC-135 low-gravity simulator or sounding rockets,

Project Title:

Combustion Diagnostics for Microgravity Research Using Near-Infrared Diode Lasers

15.02-1322
NAS3-25815
Combustion Diagnostics for Microgravity
	Research Using Near-Infrared Diode Lasers
Southwest Sciences, Inc.
	1570 Pacheco Street #E-11
	Santa Fe, NM 87501
		Joel A. Silver
(505-984-1322)

Abstract:

	An improved method for measuring species concentrations and temperature will be
developed for microgravity combustion research. The method will utilize inexpensive,
room-temperature, laser diodes to measure absorption by important species in the
fuel, oxidizer, and combustion products at near-infrared wavelengths. Combining these
lasers with high-frequency detection techniques should result in a non-intrusive
instrument with high sensitivity, wide dynamic range, and extremely fast-response
time that is also useful for measurement of gas temperature in combustion flows.
In comparison with other optically-based methods for measuring combustion species
concentrations, the approach taken in this project uses exceptionally reliable and
inexpensive laser sources that can readily be combined with fiber optics for multi-point
monitoring. The feasibility of the technique will be demonstrated in Phase I by measurements
in a room-temperature absorption cell and in the post-flame gases of a methane-air
flame.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Commercial applications may be expected in combustion
process monitoring and control, gas monitoring in industrial chemical processes,
pollutant and toxic gas sensing, and measurement of trace atmospheric species.

Project Title:

Space-Qualified Laser for Microgravity Experiments

15.02-2299
NAS3-25813
Space-Qualified Laser for Microgravity
	Experiments
Schwartz Electro-Optics, Inc.
	45 Winthrop Street
	Concord, MA 01742
		Peter F. Moulton
(508-371-2299)

Abstract:

	The project will develop an all-solid-state laser for spectroscopic analysis of
reactive mixtures, a critical need for space-based combustion experiments. The approach
used has the distinct advantage of being based on Ti:sapphire, a tunable laser material
already under development for space-based lidar systems. The project will produce
the first, space-qualifiable, tunable laser for visible to ultraviolet laser spectroscopy.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: This laser system would provide a source of tuneable
infrared-to-ultraviolet light useful for basic spectroscopy, combustion diagnostics,
and laser photochemistry.

Project Title:

Novel, in-Situ Technique to Visualize Convection on Solid-Liquid Interfaces

15.02-5800
NAS3-25874
Novel, in-Situ Technique to Visualize Convection
	on Solid-Liquid Interfaces
Brimrose Corporation of America
	5020 Campbell Boulevard, Bldg 1
	Baltimore, MD 21236
		S. B. Trivedi
(301-529-5800)

Abstract:

	This project deals with the real-time effects of gravity-driven convection on solid-liquid
interfaces during the crystal growth from melt. It makes use of a novel technique,
based on the principles of infrared imaging, to visualize in situ the solid-liquid
interface. It uses differences in emissivity to obtain demarcation between solid
and liquid. At the same time, it also works in radiographic mode, depending upon
the infrared transmission range of the material in question. The model material for
these experiments is NaCl, chosen because of its wide IR-transmission range (0.2
microns - 26 microns) and well-understood physicochemical properties. The infrared
imaging of the solidification process will be carried out in the range of 3-5 microns.
This technique is non-intrusive and non-destructive in nature, permits safe use without
requiring any special precaution, and is amenable to both ground- and space-based
experiments.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Improved understanding of the effect of gravity-driven
convection on the solid-liquid interface will help grow high quality crystals for
various applications.

Project Title:

Numerical Modeling of Particle Formation and Growth During Chemical Vapor Deposition

15.03-3800
NAS1-19029
Numerical Modeling of Particle Formation and
	Growth During Chemical Vapor Deposition
Creare, Inc.
	P.O. Box 71
	Hanover, NH 03755
		Thomas J. Jasinski
(603-643-3800)

Abstract:

	Processing in the microgravity environment of space has the potential to improve
the quality of thin films grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Particle formation
and growth in the precursor gas mixture is an especially important phenomenon in
CVD due to its usually detrimental impact on film quality. This project will develop
numerical modeling tools to predict nucleation and subsequent growth of particles
during CVD. The effort is based on a computational fluid-dynamics-computer program
called FLUENT that simulates many phenomena of interest to CVD. Phase I consists
of implementing models for nucleation and growth in order to demonstrate that FLUENT
is a suitable framework for general-purpose modeling. Verification will be provided
by comparison of results with previous work from the literature. If results are favorable,
the models will be generalized during Phase II, yielding software for use by NASA
scientists.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Technology areas that could benefit from improved
modeling of particulate formation include: CVD of thin films for electronics and
optics; combustion with sooty flames; mitigating the fouling in heat exchangers;
and formation of preforms for optical fibers using modified CVD.

Project Title:

Automatic Fault-Detection and Failure-Prediction for Spacecraft Systems

15.05-3779
NAS8-38455
Automatic Fault-Detection and Failure-Prediction
	for Spacecraft Systems
Technology Integration & Dev. Group
	One Progress Road
	Billerica, MA 01821
		Nathan B. Higbie
(508-667-3779)

Abstract:

	An integrated, fault-detection and failure-prediction system for spacecraft mechanical,
electrical, and structural systems will be developed. The approach combines pattern-recognition
and fault-detection techniques that the firm developed for Navy helicopter gearboxes,
with new research in failure prediction and machine learning. An advantage is that
pattern recognition does not require a time-history data base, minimizing onboard
memory requirements. The approach also has the benefit of a low false-alarm rate.
The project objective is to demonstrate a hardware and software system by the end
of Phase II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: An integrated monitoring system for structures
and for electrical and rotating machinery has considerable commercial potential.
The system should be attractive to manufacturing and process industries where monitoring
is only used at a low level.